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爱德思u1 cog复习
爱德思u1 cog复习
一、multi-store memory 模型
模型是一个【输入-信息处理-输出】(input- process-output)的结构,线性的
输入靠感觉刺激,感官记忆转化为短期记忆靠注意力(attention),短期记忆转化为长期记忆靠
反复(rehearsal)。
感官记忆:
(1)encode(储存形式):各种感官的方式
(2)capacity(容量):无限
(3)duration(时长):1 秒不到
短期记忆:
Miller(1956)的实验证明短期记忆的容量只有 7 正负 2
(3)duration:一次只能记住 15-30 秒
(4)retrieve(回溯):按记住的顺序扫描一遍你的记忆,回忆出来
rehearsal 可以使我们记得更牢,甚至转化为长期记忆。但当你记越来越多的新的东西,以前记
忆就会被取代(replace)然后消亡(decay)
长期记忆:
(1)encode:以意思的形式(semantically),和已经存在的记忆结合一起记
(2)capacity:无限
(3)duration:一辈子
(4)retrieve:长期记忆分成碎片储存在大脑的很多地方,回溯的时候这些地方一起回忆
这个模型的优点:
1. 解释了记忆的结构和不同类型的记忆
2. Peterson and Peterson (1959) found that decay occurs in the STM store over a period of 18-30
seconds if rehearsal is prevented, supporting the rehearsal process of transfer to LTM.
3. Supporting evidence for separate memory stores and transference comes from the case study of
HM whose STM was unaffected by his brain damage, but he could not create new semantic long-
term memories.
4. There is evidence from the case of HM that new long term procedural memories could be created,
such as mirror drawing, which is not explained by the multi-store model, making it an incomplete
explanation of memory.
缺点:
1. 过于简单。Baddeley and Hitch (1974) suggest that short term memory comprises of multiple
slave systems, so the multi-store model may be an over simplistic explanation of information
processing in memory.
2. In the case of KF, Shallice and Warrington (1974) found that material in the STM was analysed for
meaning, and not simply for sound as the multi-store model claimed, so STM may be more
complex than Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggested.
三、Schmolck 的实验
被试做 9 个测试,都是测对动物和东西的理解,分类,定义的;部分被试和对照组还做了另外
4 个测试(具体测试见书 p129 页);这几个测试都是高标准化正规的测试(增加 reliability);
被试的分数也经过 inter- rater reliability
结果:海马体受损的患者可以成功给东西下定义,理解没问题;MTL+患者和 HM 表现很烂,
说明前颞叶皮层和我们理解定义一个东西的功能有关
四、Working memory 模型
KF 的 case study 可以证明:In the case of KF, Shallice and Warrington (1974) found that material in
the STM was analysed for meaning
Sebastián and Hernández-Gil (2012) 的实验说明了 phonological loop 和 digital span 会随着年龄的
增长而增加
缺点:Lieberman(1980)指出,原模型说空间记忆是和视觉记忆连在一起的,必须要先看到才
能产生空间记忆。但他说盲人也有空间记忆,所以空间记忆和视觉记忆是分开的。
五、Darling 的实验
(1)目的:
(3)过程:干扰任务 – 动态视觉,tapping,没有干扰(对照组)
记忆任务 – 记形状和样子
(4)结果:动态视觉干扰只会影响视觉记忆,tapping 干扰只会影响空间记忆;证明大脑里对
视觉和空间记忆的存储是分开的
(5)优点:
缺点:
六、reconstructive memory 模型
我们的记忆是会被重构的,我们的记忆经常有错误;对最近经历的记忆会被以前相似经历的记
忆所影响而产生错误;记忆会出现 gap,因为我们在记的时候对某些细节没有 pay attention,我
们会用 schema 去填补 gap
schema theory can explain why people make mistakes in their recall of events or places as they actively
reconstruct information using prior expectations to fill in gaps. Brewer and Treyens (1981) found that
an ‘office schema’ significantly affected the accuracy of participant recall for objects in an office with
objects being added that were not actually present.
缺点:Steyvers and Hemmer 提出 Barlett 的实验设计(故事)有意让被试记错,而它们的实验证
明在正常情况下,即使有 schema 影响我们的记忆,我们的回忆还是会很准确的
七、Barlett 的幽灵之战实验
目的:记忆会不会被以前的知识所影响;文化背景和对故事的不熟悉会不会导致记忆扭曲;记
忆能不能被重建和被文化 schema 影响
过程:先给他们读个故事或看一幅图,故事叫《幽灵之战》。所有人都不熟悉这个故事,里面
也有很多不认识的名字和概念。目的是为了探究文化 schema 对回忆有没有影响。
听完或看完之后,留 15 分钟记,然后复述一下,过了几天,几星期,几个月,几年再复述一遍
(serial reproduction)。
(4)结果:背的时候被试会省略缩短,用现代词汇代替古代词汇,添油加醋使故事更顺畅;说
明我们的记忆是会被重构的,是很容易就能被改变的
(5)优点:
缺点:缺少 validity,这个故事和我们平常记的东西很不像,不代表日常回忆的行为