GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 (AUGUST 06, 2022 – 10:20AM to 11:20AM)

PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
SURFACE TENSION
 the tendency of a fluid to acquire the least possible surface
area
 a water molecule has a thin film
that can accommodate other
forces
 the unbalanced forces in a water
molecule creates surface tension
IMPORTANT NOTE:
↑ IMF = ↑ S
A T
↓ IMF = ↓ S
A T

CAPILLARY ACTION
 a phenomenon in which liquids arise spontaneously in a
capillary tube
FACTORS/FORCES
o Cohesion
 attraction between like molecules
 example: mol — mol
o Adhesion
 attraction between unlike molecules

VISCOSITY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 (AUGUST 06, 2022 – 10:20AM to 11:20AM)

 a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

 stronger intermolecular forces are more resistant
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Strong
→ greater resistance to flow
IMFA
↓
higher viscosity level

Weak IMFA → lesser resistance to flow

↓
**heat**
lower viscosity level

ENTHALPY OF VAPORIZATION
 the process where the fraction of the kinetic energy of a liquid
escape from the surface to enter the vapor phase
IMPORTANT NOTE:
↑ Temperature ↑ Surface Area
↓ Temperature ↓ Surface Area

VAPOR PRESSURE
 the vapor exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid
phase in a closed system
 the lower the vapor pressure, the lower the tendency for the
liquid to escape into gas, whereas;
 the higher the vapor pressure, the higher the tendency for the
liquid to escape into gas
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 (AUGUST 06, 2022 – 10:20AM to 11:20AM)

IMPORTANT NOTE:

*hydrogen bonding is the

strongest among the
intermolecular forces*

Example: water

IMF
↓ = ↑ Vapor Pressure
A
IMF
*dipole-dipole bonding ↑ = ↓ Vapor Pressure
A
Example: acetone, alcohol,
perfume

↓ Vapor Pressure = ↑ Boiling Point

↑ Vapor Pressure = ↓ Boiling Point

SOLUBILITY
 the ability of a substance to dissolve in a given amount of
solvent at a specified temperature
 liquids with the same IMFA form a solution of the solute and
solvent
o Miscible Solutions
 “like dissolves like”
 example: ethanol and water
o Immiscible Solutions
 hexane and water
o Emulsifiers
 a substance that breakdown the attraction
 example: egg
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2 (AUGUST 06, 2022 – 10:20AM to 11:20AM)

HYDROPHILI HYDROPHOBI
AMPHIPATIC
C C
Dipole-dipole London
IMFA Both
H-Bonding dispersion
Attract water Repel water
WATER Both
molecules molecules
Substances that Waxes, greases, Soaps and
EXAMPLES
dissolve in water oils, fats detergents
* Micelles: When greasy dirt or oil is mixed with soapy water, the soap
molecules arrange themselves into tiny clusters called micelles. The water-
loving (hydrophilic) part of the soap molecules sticks to the water and points
outwards, forming the outer surface of the micelle.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
“The stronger the IMFA between the solvent molecule and the solute
molecule, the greater the solubility.”

BOILING POINT
 the temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to
gas