FUNDAMENTAL I.

Plagiarism
- act of copying another person’s ideas,
CONSIDERATIONS ON TEXT words, or work and pretending that they
PRODUCTION AND are your own
II. Note-taking techniques
CONSUMPTION A. Annotating “close reading”
- practice of marking and writing
comments to enhance one’s
I. Factors that Affect Writing and Speaking
understanding and recall of the text
A. Topic
he/she is reading
-customizing your material for your
B. Outlining
audience and considering your level of
-identifies the main point of the text and
expertise
its supporting details
B. Role of the writer
-helps in:
- is affected by the purpose of the writer,
a. pre-writing: outlining helps in
his/her knowledge of the topic, and the
rationally organizing ideas
type of audience he/she will have
b. reading: it helps in breaking
C. Purpose of the material
down the information and
-falls under two categories: (1) to help
identifying the pattern that the
other learn about a subject, carry out a
writer used to present his/her
task, or make a decision; and (2) to
ideas
reinforce or change the attitude and
C. Summarizing
motivate readers to take action
-reduces a text to its main idea and
D. Target audience
necessary information
-affects what you write and how you
III. APA Format
write your article
A. In-text citation
II. Aspects of Professional and Academic
a. Short quotations
Language
(Surname, 2006)...(p. 15)
A. Formality
b. Long quotations
-determined by the audience’s
(Surname, 2006)...(pp. 21-22)
expectations and the writer’s purpose
Half inch indent
a. Formal
c. Quotations from sources
b. Semi-formal
without pages
c. Informal
(Surname, 2006)...(para. 4)
B. Objectivity
(Surname, 2006)...(table 3)
-should be objective and unbiased
d. Summary or paraphrase
-say no to:
Paraphrase:
a. Personal language
(Surname, 2006)
b. Emotive language
Summary:
c. Judgemental language
(Surname, 2006)...(pp. 15-16)
C. Explicitness
B. Reference list
- clear and direct language
a. Books
D. Hedging
b. Periodicals
- use of linguistic devices to express
c. Electronic sources
hesitation or uncertainty as well as to
d. Audiovisual media
demonstrate politeness and indirectness

NOTE-TAKING AND CITATION THE REACTION PAPER,

REVIEW, AND CRITIQUE
I. Reaction Paper “response paper” b. the main argument or purpose of the
- an essay that conveys the writer’s reaction to work
one or several texts or films that he or she has c. a short description of the context in
read or seen which the work was created (e.g.,
A. Introduction social/political context, place, the
- the material (e.g., book, article, film) relationship of the work, and the
that has been read or seen is creator’s life)
introduced, and the focus of the d. a concluding sentence that indicates
response paper is stated either your evaluation is positive,
B. Body negative, or mixed
- one or several specific issues are B. Summary
brought up for examination. Give -contains a brief description of the main
reasons behind your reaction or points and objectives of your critique by
perception. evaluating the techniques, styles,
C. Conclusion media, characters, or symbols used in
- the thesis/argument (i.e., the response the work
to the material that has been read or C. Critical evaluation
watched) is summed up, and some -contains a systematic and detailed
conclusion is offered assessment of the different elements of
II. Review work that evaluates how well the creator
-describes, analyzes, and evaluates a work was able to achieve his/her purpose
A. Introduction
- this part contains the purpose and THE CONCEPT PAPER
importance of the review, its scope, and
I. Definition
the organizational pattern.
- defines an idea or a concept and explains its
B. Body
essence to clarify the "whatness" of that idea or
- synthesizes several of your reviewed
concept. Concept papers answer the question:
readings so that there is a clear
What is it? And What about it?
connection between the various sources
- used to summarize a research project or a
- critically analyze each source for how
project proposal
they contribute to the themes you are
- tells the reader what the project is, why it is
researching.
important, and how it will be carried out
C. Conclusion
II. Developing Concepts
- summarize the main agreements
-writing definitions is important in developing
and/or disagreements in the work and
concept papers
the reviewer’s overall perspective on the
- 3 types of definitions:
topic
a. Formal definition
III.Critique
-include the term or word to be defined,
- briefly summarizes and critically evaluates a
the class or the group where the term
work or concept
belongs, and the distinguishing features
- written by a critic or an expert on a particular
or the qualities that make the term
field
unique
- expected to contain an in-depth or technical
b. Informal definition
analysis of a material
- do not include distinguishing features
A. Introduction
and extended definitions are
-contains:
essay-length texts that elaborate the
a. title of the work, the date it was
meaning of a term or concept through
created, and the name of the author or
different rhetorical patterns
creator
 c. Extended definition -reemphasizes the thesis statement,
-define and describe, compare, and provides a summary of the body, and
contrast, and show cause-and-effect relates the concept's importance to a
relationships to provide a holistic specific field
definition of a term
THE POSITION PAPER
III.Parts of a Concept Paper
I. Definition
A. For research papers and proposals
- devoted to discussing one side of an
1. Introduction
issue
- identifies how and where the
- critical examination of a position using
applicant's/writer's mission and the
facts and inductive reasoning, which
potential sponsor's or funder's mission
addresses both strengths and
intersect or align
weaknesses of the author’s opinion
2. Purpose “need/rationale”
II. Parts of Position Paper
- outlines what others have written about
A. Introduction
the topic and focuses on the gap in
B. Body
knowledge to be filled, the problem to be
C. Conclusion
solved, or the need to be addressed by
III.Writing a Position Paper
the applicant's proposed project
- aims to convince the audience that the
3. Project description
opinion is valid and worth listening to by
- addresses the unique, unusual,
presenting credible evidence and
distinctive, innovative, and/or novel
addressing the existing counterclaims
aspects of the approach, showing why
IV. Steps to Writing a Position Paper
the applicant's team has the best
A. Select a topic for your paper
solution and presenting a compelling
B. Conduct preliminary research
case for funding
C. Challenge your own topic
-parts:
D. Continue to collect supporting
a. Goals and Objectives
evidence
b. Methodology and Timelines
E. Create an outline
c. Benefits/Anticipated Outcomes

4. Budget/Support TECHNICAL REPORT

-contains: I. Definition
a. an outline of the main budget -a formal report designed to convey technical
categories for the requested information in a clear and easily accessible
project support format
b. a single bottom-line amount of -written statement of the facts of a situation,
the request and a brief project, process or test
discussion of how that amount II. Parts of a Technical Report
will be used A. Background of the study
B. Simple concept paper -contains the history or the nature of the
1. Introduction problem in focus and the reasons why
-serves as a hook to the readers the writer is addressing it through
-glimpse of the paper's thesis statement, research
arguments and/or claims, and purpose B. Related literature
2. Body -covers previous works on the area and
-elaborate on the main points of an idea previous attempts to solve the problem
or a concept in comparison with the writer's own
3. Conclusion report/study
C. Methods, materials, and participants
-describes the different data collection
techniques and the strategies used to
answer the research questions
D. Results and discussion
- expounds the answers to the research
questions
- presents the findings from the
literature, surveys, interviews, and/or
experiments
E. Conclusion
-sums up the key points of your
discussion
F. Recommendation
-addresses the limitations of the
report/study and suggests how they
might be overcome in future work
G. Reference list
-listing of books and articles you have
used or consulted using the citation
format mandated by your school or
university
H. Appendices
-contains materials that are not included
in the main body of the text due to its
effect to the logical presentation of the
text either by its sheer volume or level of
relevance