General Awareness

Chapter - 7
Chemistry
7.1 Matter Around us
❖ Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter.

7.1.1 Types of Matters

➔ There are five states in which matter exists. Out of these , first three are most
prominent.

Bos-
Solid Liquid Gas Plasma Einstein
Condensate

Fig 7.1
7.1.1.1 Solid

➢ In solid state, shape and volume of matter is fixed.

➢ Conversion of solid to liquid is called melting and its reverse is called solidification.

➢ Direct conversion of solid into gas is called sublimation while its reverse is called
deposition.

➢ Camphor, naphthalene dry ice, iodine, etc., are known to sublimate.

Examples: ice, wood block, etc.,

7.1.1.2 Liquid

➢ In liquid state, volume of matter is fixed but have no definite shape.

➢ Conversion of liquid to gas is called Evaporation and its reverse is called

condensation

Examples: Water, oil etc.,

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7.1.1.3 Gas

➢ In gaseous state, neither shape or volume of matter is fixed.

Examples: Water vapour, air, etc.,

➢ According to kinetic theory of gases, the gaseous molecules are always in constant
random motion.
➢ At absolute zero (T=2K) the gas molecules stop their movement.

7.1.1.4 Plasma

➢ Plasma state and BEC are achieved only under certain conditions

Examples: The Sun and other stars exist in plasma state.

7.1.2 Classification of Matters

❖ On the basis of chemical composition, matter can be classified as

Matter

Pure
Mixture
Substance

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Hetrogeneous

Metals Organic In organic

Non-Metals

Metalloids

Fig 7.2

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7.1.2.1 Elements

➢ An element is made up of only one kind of atoms.

Examples: Sodium(Na), Carbon (C) , Oxygen(O), etc.,

7.1.2.2 Compounds

➢ A compound is made up two or more elements, chemically combined with one another
in fixed proportion.

Examples: Water (H2O), Carbon-di-oxide (CO2).

7.1.2.3 Homogeneous

➢ Homogeneous mixture is the one that has uniform composition through out the
mixture.

Examples: Salt in water solution, clean air (gas in gas), etc.

➢ True solutions ( or simply solutions) are homogeneous mixtures of one or more

substance called solute(in less quantity) or dissolve solvent( in large quantity).

Examples: Salt in water, sugar in water, alcohol in water, etc.

7.1.2.4 Hetrogeneous

➢ Heterogeneous mixture does not have uniform composition through out the mixture.

Examples: mud water, polluted air( dust in air), mixture of two powders, colloidal
solution(like milk etc.

➢ Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute particles of a substance is

dispersed in liquid and can be seen with naked eyes.

Examples: Mud-water, chalk-water mixture, etc.

➢ Colloidal solution are heterogeneous mixture in which size of dispersed particles is

between those in true solutions and suspensions. The particles of a colloid are
uniformly spread through out the solution.

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7.1.3 Types of Colloidal Solutions

Dispersed phase Dispersion Type of colloid Examples

medium
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds and mist
Solid Gas Aerosol (solid) Smoke, automobile exhaust
Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, Butter and face-cream
Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia and mud
Gas Solid Solid foam Foam, rubber, sponge and pumice
Solid Liquid Gel Jelly, cheese and butter
Solid Solid Solid Sol Coloured gemstone and milky glass

Table 7.1

7.2 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

❖ Dalton proposed that every substance is made up if invisible particles called atom
(literally meaning uncuttable).

❖ The theory failed with the discovery of smaller particles called sub-atomic particles.

❖ More than 30 sub atomic particles are known, among which three, namely known
electro, proton and neutron, are prominent.

Electron Proton Neutron

Fig 7.3

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 Sub-atomic Charge Mass (in u and kg) Position Discovery
Particles
Electron Negative 1/1836 = 0(9.1x10-31 In the orbits By J J Thomson as the
kg) around the constituent of cathode rays
nucleus
Proton Positive =1u(1.672x10-27 kg ) In the nucleus By E.Goldstein as the
constituent f anode or canal
rays
Neutron Neutral =1(1.674x10-27 kg) In the nucleus By J. Chadwick

Table 7.2

7.2.1 Electron

➢ J.J Thomson, who by that time was unaware of other particles, proposed an atomic
model called plum pudding model or watermelon model

➢ In the model he suggested that electrons ( negative particles) are embedded in positive
sphere like seeds are embedded in watermelon.

7.2.2 Proton

➢ With discovery of proton, Rutherford through his “gold-foil experiment” suggested

that protons are present in the nucleus ad electron revolves around it.

7.2.3 Neutron

➢ After the formulation of various theories, it is now accepted that protons and neutrons
are found in nucleus while electrons revolve around the nucleus in different orbits(also
called shells or energy levels) associated with certain amount of energy.

➢ Electromagnetic forces bind electrons with the nucleus.

➢ Nuclear forces are short range attractive forces that bind proton with nucleus

7.2.4 Atomic Number

➢ Atomic number of an element refers to the number of protons while mass number
represent the sum of number of protons and neutrons (together they are called
nucleons).

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 ➢ Isotopes are species of same element having same atomic number but different mass
number.

➢ Isobars are species of different element having different atomic number but same mass
number.

➢ When composition of a nucleus is not stable then its particles disintegrates to produce
different radiations, namely α particles, and β particles and ϒ rays. This phenomenon
is called radioactivity. It was discovered by H. Becquerel.

Radiation Constituent Penetration Ionising power Kinetic energy

Alpha α particles Positively charged Low High High

helium nuclei

Beta β Electrons Moderately high Moderate Moderate

Particles

Electromagnetic Very high Low Low

Gamma γ rays radiation

Table 7.3

➢ Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy unstable nucleus. The energy released during
this process is utilized in the nuclear reactor and atom bombs.

➢ Half-life period is the time in which a radioactive substance remains half of its original
amount.

➢ Nuclear reactor (power plant) contains Uranium-235 (92U235) as fuel, a moderator

(graphite or heavy water, D2O) slows down the neutrons produced, control rods (boron
or cadmium) to absorb neutrons and liquid sodium as a coolant.

➢ Uranium is a radioactive element. It begins with 82Pb206.

➢ Nuclear fusion is the combination of two small nuclei to form a large nuclei.

➢ It is the source of energy produced by the sun or during explosion of a hydrogen bomb.

➢ Radiocarbon dating is used in determining the age of carbon bearing materials such
as wood, animals fossils, etc.

➢ Uranium dating is used to determine the age of Earth, Minerals and rocks.

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 ➢ Chemical bond is a kind of electrostatic attraction that hold two atoms together. It is
formed by loss, gain or sharing of electrons.

➢ Cations are formed by the loss of electrons and carry positive charge.

Examples: Na+, Mg2+.

➢ Anions are formed by the gain of electrons and carry negative charge.

Examples: 𝐂𝐥− , 𝐅 − .

➢ Oxidation involves loss of electrons i.e., increase in positive charge of ion.

➢ Based on electrons transfer or sharing, a bond can be electrovalent and covalent.

➢ In electrovalent bond, one atoms (usually of metal) loses electron and the other (usually
non-metal) gains it. E.g., Table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl).

➢ In covalent bond, two atoms (both usually non-metals) share electron pairs

Examples: sugar (sucrose), water etc.

➢ Reduction involves gain of electron i.e., decrease in the oxidation state.

➢ Sharing of one electron pair by two atoms forms single bond.

Examples: hydrogen (H2, H–H), chlorine(Cl2, Cl–Cl).

➢ Sharing of two electron pair of electrons forms a double bond.

Examples: oxygen (O2, O = O)

➢ while that of three electron pairs form a triple bond.

Examples: nitrogen (N2, N ≡ N)

➢ Hydrogen bond is a special king of bond formed between hydrogen and an electro
negative atom such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine.

➢ Hydrogen bond is weaker than single, double and triple bonds.

➢ High boiling point (100◦C) of water and formation of less denser cage like structure of
ice are the results of hydrogen bonding.

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7.3 Metals, Non-metals and their compounds
❖ Based on the properties of elements, these can be broadly divided into metals and
non-metals. Some elements having intermediate properties of these two class, are
called metalloids.

Examples: Silicon, germanium, etc.

7.3.1 Metals

➢ Metals are malleable, ductile, lustrous, sonorous, hard, strong and good conductor
of heat and electricity.

Examples: Iron, Copper, Gold, Silver, Tin, Sodium, Calcium and many more.

7.3.2 Metals

➢ Non-metals are brittle, non-lustrous, non-sonorous, soft of lesser strength and bad
conductor of heat and electricity.

Examples: Carbon, Sulphur, Oxygen, Hydrogen, etc.

✓ Mercury ( a metal) is exceptionally liquid at room temperature.

✓ Graphite (non-metal) a form of carbon conducts electricity while diamond (another
form of carbon conducts electricity while diamond (another form of carbon) is
exceptionally hard and bad conductor of electricity.

7.3.3 Uses of some important Metals

(1) Iron is used in construction, rail road, tools, etc.

(2) Copper is used in electrical equipments, wires, utensils, etc.

(3) Aluminium is used to make utensils, parts of vehicles etc.

(4) Gold, Silver, Platinum is used in jewellery.

(5) Mercury is used in thermometer.

(6) Tungsten is used in making filament of electric bulb.

(7) Zinc is used to galvanise iron to protect it from rusting.

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7.3.4 Uses of some important Non - Metals

(1) Argon is filled in light bulbs.

(2) Neon is used in signaling and display lights.

(3) Helium (noble gas) is used in breathing equipment of divers and in weather balloons.

(4) Chlorine is used as bleaching agent and to purify water.

(5) Iodine is used as antiseptic.

(6) Sulphur is used in fire crackers along with phosphorus, potassium etc.

(7) Graphite (carbon) is used as lubricating agent and in pencils as writing lead.

(8) Diamond (carbon) is used in jewellery and for cutting glasses.

(9) Red phospohorus is used in match stick.

(10) Nitrogen is used in food packaging,fertilisers, etc.

❖ Alloys are homogeneous mixture of a metal with another metal (or non-metal).
Alloys and Their Uses

Alloy Percentage Composition Uses

Bronze Cu = 89%, Sn = 11% For making statues, coins, utensils, etc.
Brass Cu = 70%, Zn = 30% For making utensils, parts of
machinery, condenser tubes, wires etc
Gun metal Cu = 88% For making gun, barrels, gears
Sn = 10% + Zn(2%)
Bell metal Cu = 80%, Sn = 20% For making bells and longs
German silver Cu = 60%, Zn = 20%, Ni = 20% For making silverware, resistance wires

Magnalium Al = 95%, Mg = 5% Pressure cookers, balance beams, some

light instruments
Duralumin Al = 95%, Cu, magnesium and Making parts of aeroplanes and
manganese automobiles, pressure cookers etc.
Dental alloy Ag = 33%, Hg = 52%, Sn = 12.5%, For filling teeth
Cu = 2%, Ni = 20%
Solder Pb = 50%, Sn = 50% For soldering broken pieces
Stainless steel Fe = 73%, Cr = 17%, Ni = 10% Utensils, tools, blade, automobile parts

Table 7.4

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 Some Important Compounds
Commercial Name Chemical Name Chemical Formula
Potash Alum Potassium aluminium K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O)
Baking Soda Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
Bleaching powder Calcium chlorohypochlorite Ca(OCl)Cl
Caustic Soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Chalk Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
Galena Lead sulphide PbS
Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide CO2
Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH
Bauxite Hydrated alumina Al2O3.2H2O
Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O
Salt petre Potassium nitrate KNO3
Laughing gas Nitrous oxide N2O
Lime water Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Lime Calcium oxide CaO
Oil of vitriol Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Limestone Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Plaster of Paris Calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4)2H2O
T. N. T Trinitro toluene C6
Vermillion Mercuric sulphide HgS
Haematite Iron oxide Fe2O3
Pitch blende Uranium oxide U3O8
Table 7.5

7.4 Carbon, its Compounds and Fuels

❖ Carbon is non-metal known for making large number of compounds. It is a basic
element of living system.

❖ In nature it is found in elemental as well as combined forms.

❖ Elemental carbon occurs in various forms called allotropes, that have similar chemical
properties but different physical properties.

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 ❖ Graphite and diamond are crystalline allotropes of carbon while non-crystalline
allotropes include coal, coke, charcoal, lam black and gas carbon.

❖ Diamond is the hardest natural substance that is translucent and has extraordinary
brilliance. It is used in cutting glass and making jewellery.

❖ Graphite is dark grey substance having greasy surfaces. It is the only non metallic form
that has significant conductance of heat and electricity. It is used for making carbon
electrodes, lead pencils, lubricant and moderator in nuclear power plant.

❖ Carbon forms various classes of compounds like oxides, carbonates, cyanides, organic
compounds, etc. Organic compounds are far more numerous than any other known
chemical compounds.

❖ Chemical decomposition of an organic compound by water is known as hydrolysis.

7.4.1 Some important compounds of carbon are as follows

(1) Carbon dioxide (CO2) causes global warming. It sold form is known as dry ice.

(2) Carbon monoxide (CO) Poisonous gas formed due to incomplete combustion.

(3) Ethyl alcohol or ethanol (C2H5OH) constituent of wines.

(4) Acetic acid or ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) constituent of wines.

(5) Methane (CH4) known as marsh gas, found in coal mines and biogas.

(6) Ethylene (C2H2) Common name is acetylene and used in artificial ripening of
fruits.

→ Fuels are the substances that produce heat and light on combustion.

→ Most of the fuels (except wood, cowdung, etc.) that we use are fossil fuels which are
formed by decomposition of dead living organisms under extreme conditions of
pressure and temperature, over a long period of time. E.g., Coal, petroleum, natural gas,
etc.

→ Coal is found in varieties like peat (60%C), Lignite (70%C) bituminous (80%C; most
common) and anthracite (90%C).

→ Petroleum is a dark, oily liquid also known as rock oil or black gold. It produces petrol,
diesel, kerosene, wax, etc. upon fractional distillation.

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 → Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL) is added to petrol as antiknock compound to reduce the
knocking sound of engine.

Some Important Gaseous Fuels and their Compositions

Fuel Composition Sources

Water gas Carbon monoxide (CO) + By passing steam over red hot coke
Hydrogen (H2)
Producer gas Carbon monoxide (CO) + Nitrogen By passing insufficient air over red hot
(N2) coke
Coal gas Hydrogen (H2) + Methane (CH4) + By fractional distillation of wood
Ethylene + Acetylene + CO
Biogas or Gobar Methane (CH4) + Carbon dioxide From organic wastes
gas (CO2) + Hydrogen (H2) +
Hydrogen seelplide (H2S)
CNG Methane (CH4) + ethane (C2H6) + From natural gas
other hydrocarbons
LPG Butane + iso-butane + propane From petroleum gas
Hydrogen fuel Dihydrogen (H2) Produced by chemical methods and used in
fuel cell for generating electric power
Table 7.6

7.5 Biomolecules
➢ The compounds ( usually having large molecular size) that plays an important role in
functioning of biological system are called biomolecules.

nil
•Carbohydrates •Proteins
•Lipids •Amino acids
nil nil

Fig 7.4

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7.5.1 Carbohydrates
➢ Carbohydrate constitutes the class of biomolecules, which are formed by carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen.

Examples: Glucose, fructose (fruit sugar), sucrose (sugar cane), starch (stored in plants),
glycogen (stored in animal’s liver), cellulose (make plant fibres and wood), etc.

7.5.2 Lipids
➢ Lipids are the biomolecules that include fats (triglycerides), waxes, some hormones
(steroid hormones) etc. They form cell membrane, store energy, transport biological
signals and control metabolism.

7.5.3 Proteins
➢ Proteins ae the most abundant biomolecules of living system, made up of Carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N).

➢ In proteins, the bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.

➢ Few important proteins are keratin in hair, nails, etc, myosin(in muscles), insulin
(hormone to digest sugar), haemoglobin (in blood) various enzymes etc.

➢ When protein is heated or subjected to high acidity or basicity, then the structure of
protein is distributed and the process is called denaturation of protein.

7.5.4 Amino Acids

➢ Amino acids are the basic units that form proteins. There are twenty types of amino
acids found in our body.

➢ An amino acid molecule can attain both positive and negative charges at the same time
and is called Zwitter ion.

➢ Nucleic acids are special types of biomolecules that carry genetic information from
parents to child. E.g., Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

➢ Nucleic acid is made up of sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases. (ribose in
RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), These three compounds make one unit of nucleic acid.

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 ➢ Nitrogeneous bases in DNA are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and
thymine (T). These are similar in RNA except of thymine (T) in place of which
uracil (U) is present.

➢ The bond between two units of a nucleic acid is called phosphodiester linkage.

➢ DNA acquire a special shape called double helix in which two strands of DNA are held
together by hydrogen bonds in a helical fashion.

7.6 Acids, Bases and Salts

7.6.1 Acids
➢ Acids are the substances that have sour taste and turns blue litmus solution red. E.g.,
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Nitric acid (HNO3), sulphuric acid (H2SO4) etc. (these are
called mineral acids based on their source).

✓ Few acids which were originally extracted from living beings are called organic
acids

Organic acid Found in Uses

Acetic acid Vinegar In preservation of pickle and Chinese
foods
Formic acid Ant’s sting Leather industry, in making insecticides

Citric acid Citrus fruits such as oranges, In cloth industry, in washing metals
lemons, etc.

Lactic acid Curd In setting of milk to curd

Oxalic acid Spinach In removing ink, photography

Table 7.7

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7.6.2 Bases
➢ Bases are the substances that have bitter taste, soapy touch and turns red litmus
blue.

Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (used for making soaps), calcium hydroxide
[Ca(COH)2] (present in lime water), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2] (used as antacid),
etc.

✓ Indicators are substances that changes colour in the presence of acids and bases.

Indicators With acids With bases

Litmus (natural) Red Blue

Turmeric (natural) Yellow Red

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink

Methyl Orange Orange red Yellow

Table 7.8

✓ pH value is a measure of acidity or basicity of a solution.

✓ It is 7 for neutral solution, greater than 7 for basic solution and less than 7 for acidic
solution.

pH of Some Common Substances

Substance pH Substance pH

Gastric juice 1.0 – 3.0 Rain Water 6.0

Soft drinks 2.0 – 4.0 Tears 7.4

Lemon 2.2 – 2.4 Sea Water 8.5

Vinegar 2.4 – 3 .4 Milk or magnesia 10.5

Urine (human) 4.8 – 8.4 Milk (cow) 6.3 – 6.6

Saliva (human) 6.5 – 7.5 Blood Plasma (human) 7.30 – 7.42

Table 7.9

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7.6.3 Salts
➢ Salts (like table salt, NaCl) are formed along with water when acids (like HCl) react
with bases (like NaOH). The process is called neutralization.

7.7 Man Made Materials

➢ Soaps ae the salts formed when bases (like NaOH or KOH) react with higher fatty
acids etc.

➢ Detergents are sodium (or potassium) salts of long chain alkyl (or aryl) sulphonates
(or sulphate). It can form lather with hard water while soap cannot.

➢ Micelles are spherical aggregation of soap (or detergent) molecules that trap oily or
greasy dust inside them and clean clothes.

➢ Artificial sweeteners are non-sugar compounds (beneficial for obese and diabetic
persons) that have very low calories and high sweetness.

Example: Aspartame, sucralose, alitame, saccharin, etc.

➢ Food preservatives are the substances that prevent spoiling of food over time. E.g.,
Common salt, sugar, sodium benzoate (C6H5COONa), etc.

➢ Fertilisers are the substance that increase the fertility of soil by providing required
nutrients.

Example: Urea, Calcium nitrate, super phosphate of lime, NPK etc.

➢ Glass made up of mainly silica (SiO2) is an amorphous, transparent solid also called
super cooled liquid. It can be of the following types

→ Soda or soft glass is sodium calcium silicate (Na2O.CaO.6SiO2). It is

the ordinary glass and used for making bottles, window panes, etc.

→ Potash glass or hard glass is used for making chemical apparatus like
beakers, flasks, funnel, etc.

→ Jena glass contains zinc and barium borosilicate and alumina. It is

stronger and more resistant to acids and alkalies, that’s why used for
making laboratory bottles for keeping acids and alkalies.

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 → Glass laminates is made by fixing polymer sheets between layers of
glass. It is used to make windows and screens of cars, trains and
aircrafts. Specially manufactured glass laminates are used as bulletproof
material.

→ Flint glass contains lead oxide (PbO) and used in optical instruments
like lenses, prism.

➢ Cement is grey fine powder which becomes stone hard when comes in contact with
water.

➢ Cement consists of Calcium oxide (CaO) = 50 – 60%, silica (SiO2) = 20 – 25%, alumina
(Al2O3) = 5 – 10%, magnesium oxide (Mg)) = 2 – 3%. Gypsum decreases the rate of
setting of cement.

➢ Polymer are compounds of high molecular mass made up of small repeating units
called monometers.

Some Important polymer and their Uses

Polymer Monomers Uses
Polyethylene Ethylene For making toys, packaging material,
etc
Polyvinyl Chloride Vinyl Chloride For making rain coat, house pipes etc.
(PVC)
Polytetrafluoroethylene Tetrafluoro ethane For making non-sticky utensils,
(PTFe) or Teflon gaskets, etc.
Bakelite Formaldehyde + phenol For making electrical switches, handle
of a metal utensil, etc
Table 7.10

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 Fibre Monomers Uses
Nylon-6,6 Adipic acid + hexamethylene In making bristles for brushes, synthetic
diamine fibres and parachutes
Terylene Ethylene glycol and terephthalic For making wash and wear fabrics, tyre
acid cords, safety belts, tents, etc
Kevlar Terephthalic acid + 1,4-diamino For making bulletproof vests
benzene
Lexan or Diethyl carbonate + bis phenol – In making bulletproof windows
Polycarbonate A
Polyurethanes Toluene diisocyanate + ethylene For making washable and long lasting
glycol mattresses and cushions
Table 7.11

7.8 Environmental Chemistry

➔ Mixing of undesirable and harmful substances in environment is called environmental
pollution and such substances are called Pollutants.

➔ Atmospheric pollution is caused mainly by addition of harmful gases like CO, CO 2,

nitrogen oxides, Sulphur oxides, etc), smoke, particular matter from incomplete
combustions, dust, etc.

➔ When concentration of certain gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitric
oxide (NO), chlorofluoro carbond (CFCs), ozone (O3) and water vapours increases in
atmosphere, they trap more infrared radiation (IR) from Sun. This phenomenon is
called green house effect. It leads to global warming.

➔ Certain gases (oxides of Sulphur and nitrogen) form acids with water. This results in
precipitation of acidic rain.

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➔ Normal rain water has pH of around 5.6 (slightly acidic) while acidic rain has pH of
below 5.

pH scale

(i) For pH 0 to 6.9 = Acidic

(ii) For pH 7.0 = Neutral (distilled water)

(iii) For pH 7.1 to 14.0 = Basic

➔ Depletion of ozone layer (in stratosphere) which protect us from harmful UV rays of
sun, occurs by oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), etc.

➔ Smog (combination of smoke + fog) is of two types London (classical) smog and Los
Angeles (photochemical) smog.

➔ Classical smog is formed when the carbon soot particles (smoke) reacts with oxides of
Sulphur (present in fog), during cool and humid climate.

➔ Photochemical smog is formed when oxides of nitrogen reacts with unburnt

hydrocarbons from fuel during warm sunny days.

➔ In photochemical smog is formed when oxides of nitrogen reacts with unburnt

hydrocarbons from fuel during warm sunny days.

➔ In photochemical smog, ozone, PAN (peroxyacetylnitrate), and nitric oxide are formed
that cause irritation in eyes and respiratory tract.

➔ Water pollution is mainly caused by organic wastes, (sewage etc.), pesticides,

fertilisers, heavy metals etc.

➔ Pollution of water by organic waste is measured in terms of BOD (Biochemical Oxgen

Demand) which is a value of 5ppm for clean water while 17 ppm or more for highly
polluted water.

➔ Arsenic and fluoride are found as pollutant in the drinking water. Many harmful
diseases are caused due to these water.

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 ➔ Some elements or ions and their adverse effect are as follows.

Element/Ion Adverse effect of higher concentration

Nitrate (N𝑂3−) Methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome)
Fluorides (𝐹 −) Harmful for bones and teeth
Lead (Pb) Damage kidney, liver and reproductive system
Arsenic (As) Form deep underground water causes cancer
Cadmium (Cd) Itai-Itai disease, high blood plessure, damage to kidneys
Mercury (Hg) Minamata disease in which death may occur after diarrhea,
haemolysis and meningitis
Table 7.12

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 SOLVED QUESTIONS
Question 1:
Which of the following is the latest discovered state of matter?

(a) Solid

(b) Gas

(c) Plasma

(d) BEC

Ans:- (d) BEC

Question 2:
Iodine is separated from sand by

(a) Sublimation

(b) Chromatography

(c) Crystallisation

(d) Evaporation

Ans:- (a) Sublimation

Question 3:
Consider the following statements

I. Brass is a sand solution.

II. Sand and water is a solution
III. Salt and Sand is homogeneous mixture.
IV. Air is a mixture
The correct statements are

(a) I and II

(b) II and III

(c) III and Iv

(d) I and IV
Ans:- (d) I and IV

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Question 4:
Milk of magnesia is a suspension of

(a) Magnesium sulphate

(b) Magnesium carbonate

(c) Magnesium hydroxide

(d) Magnesium chloride

Ans:- (c) Magnesium hydroxide

Question 5:
A substance which readily forms colloidal solution in contact with water is called

(a) Extrinsic colloid

(b) Associated colloid

(c) Hydrophobic colloid

(d) Hydrophilic colloid

Ans:- (d) Hydrophilic colloid

Question 6:

Which of the following is not a nucleon?

(a) Proton

(b) Neutron

(c) Electron

(d) Positron

Ans:- (c) Electron

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Question 7:
The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its atomic mass is 12. How many protons are
there in the nucleus of carbon?

(a) 6

(b) 12

(c) 18

(d) Zero

Ans:- (a) 6

Question 8:
The mass number of a nucleus is

(a) Always less than its atomic number

(b) Always more than its atomic number

(c) Always equal to its atomic number

(d) Sometimes more and sometimes equal to its atomic number

Ans:- (d) sometimes more and sometimes equal to its atomic number

Question 9:
Which of the following can be used to absorb neutrons to control the chain reaction
during nuclear fission?

(a) Boron

(b) Heavy water

(c) Uranium

(d) Plutonium

Ans:- (a) Boron

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Question 10:
Which of the following does not forms a hydrogen bond?

(a) Nitrogen

(b) Oxygen

(c) Fluorine

(d) Chlorine

Ans:- (d) Chlorine

Question 11:
Metals are good conductors, because

(a) They contain free electrons

(b) The molecules in them are very close to each other

(c) The molecules in them collide very freely

(d) They contain reflecting surface

Ans:- (a) They contain free electrons

Question 12:
Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

(a) Haematite : Copper

(b) Bauxite : Aluminium

(c) Monazite : Thorium

(d) Pitch blende : Uranium

Ans:- (a) Haematite : Copper

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Question 13:

Now-a-days yellow lamps are frequently used as street light. Which of the following
gases is used in these lamps?

(a) Sodium

(b) Neon

(c) Hydrogen

(d) Nitrogen

Ans:- (a) Sodium

Question 14:
The gas that is used in the manufacture of Vanaspati ghee is

(a) Oxygen

(b) Carbon dioxide

(c) Hydrogen

(d) Nitrogen

Ans:- (c) Hydrogen

Question 15:
Quartz is made of

(a) Calcium sulphate

(b) Calcium silicate

(c) Sodium Sulphate

(d) Sodium silicate

Ans:- (d) Sodium silicate

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Question 16:

Hardest allotrope of carbon is

(a) Diamond

(b) Graphite

(c) Coke

(d) Lam Black

Ans:- (a) Diamond

Question 17:
When formaldehyde and potassium hydroxide are heated we get,

(a) Acetylene

(b) Methyl alcohol

(c) Methane

(d) Ethyl formate

Ans:- (b) Methyl Alcoho

Question 18:
Which gas is used as a fire extinguisher?

(a) Carbon dioxide

(b) Carbon monoxide

(c) Carbon suboxide

(d) Sulphur dioxide

Ans:- (a) Carbon dioxide

Question 19: Sucrose is abundant in

(a) Milk

(b) Orange juice

(c) Sugar cane

(d) Grapes Ans:- (c) Sugar cane

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Question 20:
Which of the following is not a function of lipids?

(a) Providing energy

(b) Formation of hormone

(c) Carrying genetic information

(d) Formation of vitamins

Ans:- (a) Carrying genetic information

Question 21:
Which of the following is not found in a DNA?

(a) Adenine

(b) Guanine

(c) Thymine

(d) Uracil

Ans:- (d) Uracil

Question 22:
Curd is sour due to presence of

(a) Tartaric acid

(b) Lactic acid

(c) Acetic acid

(d) Oxalic acid

Ans:- (b) Lactic acid

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Question 23:
The process of formation of salts by the combination of acids and bases is known as

(a) Acidification

(b) Neutralization

(c) Dissociation

(d) None of these

Ans:- (b) Neutralization

Question 24:

The addition of gypsum to Portland cement helps is

(a) Increasing the strength of cement

(b) Rapid setting of cement

(c) Preventing rapid setting of cement

(d) Reduction in the cost of element

Ans:- (c) Preventing rapid setting of cement

Question 25:
The major harmful gas emitted by automobile vehicles which causes air pollution is

(a) Carbon monoxide

(b) Methane

(c) Carbon dioxide

(d) Ozone gas

Ans:- (a) Carbon monoxide

……………………… All the best ………………………

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