15 Integral Transform Method

EXERCISES 15.1
Error Function

3. By the first translation theorem,

 
√ 
√  1  1
et erf( t ) = erf( t )  = √ 
 =√ .
s→s−1 s s + 1 s→s−1 s (s − 1)

6. We first compute
√ √ √ √ √
sinh a s ea s − e−a s e(a−1) s − e−(a+1) s
√ = √ √ = √
s sinh s s(e s − e− s ) s(1 − e−2 s )
√
e(a−1) s  √ √  e−(a+1)√s  √ √ 
= 1 + e−2 s + e−4 s + · · · − 1 + e−2 s + e−4 s + · · ·
s s
 √ √ √ 
e−(1−a) s e−(3−a) s e−(5−a) s
= + + + ···
s s s
 √ √ √ 
e−(1+a) s e−(3+a) s e−(5+a) s
− + + + ···
s s s
∞
 √ √ 
 e−(2n+1−a) s e−(2n+1+a) s
= − .
n=0
s s
Then  
√ ∞

√ √
sinh a s e−(2n+1−a) s
e−(2n+1+a) s
√ = − −
s sinh s n=0
s s
∞
    
2n + 1 − a 2n + 1 + a
= erfc √ − erfc √
n=0
2 t 2 t
∞ 
    
2n + 1 − a 2n + 1 + a
= 1 − erf √ − 1 − erf √
n=0
2 t 2 t
∞
    
2n + 1 + a 2n + 1 − a
= erf √ − erf √ .
n=0
2 t 2 t
 b  0  b  b  a
e−u du = e−u du + e−u du = e−u du − e−u du
2 2 2 2 2
9.
a a 0 0 0
√ √ √
π π π
= erf(b) − erf(a) = [erf(b) − erf(a)]
2 2 2

255
15.2
15.1 Applications of the Laplace Transform
Error Function

EXERCISES 15.2
Applications of the Laplace Transform

3. The solution of
d2 U
a2 − s2 U = 0
dx2
is in this case
U (x, s) = c1 e−(x/a)s + c2 e(x/a)s .
Since limx→∞ u(x, t) = 0 we have limx→∞ U (x, s) = 0. Thus c2 = 0 and

U (x, s) = c1 e−(x/a)s .

If {u(0, t)} = {f (t)} = F (s) then U (0, s) = F (s). From this we have c1 = F (s) and

U (x, s) = F (s)e−(x/a)s .

Hence, by the second translation theorem,

 x  x
u(x, t) = f t − t− .
a a
6. Transforming the partial differential equation gives
d2 U ω
− s2 U = − 2 sin πx.
dx2 s + ω2
Using undetermined coefficients we obtain
ω
U (x, s) = c1 cosh sx + c2 sinh sx + sin πx.
(s2 + π 2 )(s2 + ω 2 )
The transformed boundary conditions U (0, s) = 0 and U (1, s) = 0 give, in turn, c1 = 0 and c2 = 0. Therefore
ω
U (x, s) = 2 sin πx
(s + π )(s2 + ω 2 )
2

and
1
u(x, t) = ω sin πx
(s2 + π 2 )(s2 + ω 2 )
ω 1 π 1 ω
= sin πx −
ω2 − π2 π s2 + π 2 ω s2 + ω 2
ω 1
= sin πt sin πx − 2 sin ωt sin πx.
π(ω 2 −π )
2 ω − π2
9. Transforming the partial differential equation gives
d2 U
− s2 U = −sxe−x .
dx2
Using undetermined coefficients we obtain
2s s
U (x, s) = c1 e−sx + c2 esx − e−x + 2 xe−x .
(s2 − 1)2 s −1
The transformed boundary conditions limx→∞ U (x, s) = 0 and U (0, s) = 0 give, in turn, c2 = 0 and

256
 15.2 Applications of the Laplace Transform

c1 = 2s/(s2 − 1)2 . Therefore

2s 2s s
U (x, s) = e−sx − 2 e−x + 2 xe−x .
(s2 − 1)2 (s − 1)2 s −1
From entries (13) and (26) in the Table of Laplace transforms we obtain
2s 2s s
u(x, t) = e−sx − 2 e−x + 2 xe−x
(s2 − 1)2 (s − 1)2 s −1
= 2(t − x) sinh(t − x) (t − x) − te−x sinh t + xe−x cosh t.

12. We use
√ u1 x √
U (x, s) = c1 e− sx
+ c2 e
. sx
+
s
The condition limx→∞ u(x, t)/x = u1 implies limx→∞ U (x, s)/x = u1 /s, so we define c2 = 0. Then
√ u1 x
U (x, s) = c1 e− s x + .
s
From U (0, s) = u0 /s we obtain c1 = u0 /s. Hence
√
e− sx
u1 x
U (x, s) = u0 +
s s
and √  
e−x s
1 x
u(x, t) = u0 + u1 x = u0 erfc √ + u1 x.
s s 2 t

15. We use
√ √
U (x, s) = c1 e− sx
+ c2 e sx
.
The condition limx→∞ u(x, t) = 0 implies limx→∞ U (x, s) = 0, so we define c2 = 0. Hence
√
U (x, s) = c1 e− sx
.

The transform of u(0, t) = f (t) is U (0, s) = F (s). Therefore

√
U (x, s) = F (s)e− sx

and

√ 
 t
f (t − τ )e−x /4τ
2
x
u(x, t) = F (s)e−x s = √ dτ.
2 π 0 τ 3/2
18. The solution of the transformed equation
d2 U
− sU = −100
dx2
by undetermined coefficients is
√ 100 √
U (x, s) = c1 e sx
.+ c2 e− sx
+
s
From the fact that limx→∞ U (x, s) = 100/s we see that c1 = 0. Thus
√ 100
U (x, s) = c2 e− sx
+ . (1)
s
Now the transform of the boundary condition at x = 0 is

1 1 −s
U (0, s) = 20 − e .
s s
It follows from (1) that
20 20 −s 100 80 20 −s
− e = c2 + or c2 = − − e
s s s s s

257
15.2 Applications of the Laplace Transform

and so
 
80 20 −s −√s x 100
U (x, s) = − − e e +
s s s
100 80 −√s x 20 −√s x −s
= − e − e e .
s s s
Thus
√ √
1 e− sx
e− sx
u(x, t) = 100 − 80 − 20 e−s
s s s
 √   √ 
= 100 − 80 erfc x/2 t − 20 erfc x/2 t − 1 (t − 1).

21. The solution of

d2 U π
− sU = −u0 − u0 sin x
dx2 L
is
√ √ u0 u0 π
U (x, s) = c1 cosh( s x) + c2 sinh( s x) + + sin x.
s s + π 2 /L2 L

The transformed boundary conditions U (0, s) = u0 /s and U (L, s) = u0 /s give, in turn, c1 = 0 and c2 = 0.
Therefore
u0 u0 π
U (x, s) = + 2 2
sin x
s s + π /L L

and
1 1 π π
x = u0 + u0 e−π t/L sin x.
2 2
u(x, t) = u0 + u0 sin
s s + π 2 /L2 L L

24. We use
 
s s
c(x, s) = c1 cosh x + c2 sinh x.
D D

The transform of the two boundary conditions are c(0, s) = c0 /s and c(1, s) = c0 /s. From these conditions we
obtain c1 = c0 /s and
 
c2 = c0 (1 − cosh s/D )/s sinh s/D .

Therefore
   
cosh (1 − cosh s/D )
s/D x 
c(x, s) = c0 +  sinh s/D x
s s sinh s/D
   
sinh s/D (1 − x) sin s/D x
= c0  + 
s sinh s/D s sinh s/D
 √ √ √ √ 
e s/D (1−x) − e− s/D (1−x) e s/D x − e− s/D x
= c0 √ √ + √ √
s(e s/D − e− s/D ) s(e s/D − e− s/D )
 √ √ √ √ 
e− s/D x − e− s/D (2−x) e s/D (x−1) − e− s/D (x+1)
= c0 √ + √
s(1 − e−2 s/D ) s(1 − e−2 s/D )

258
 15.2 Applications of the Laplace Transform

√ √
(e− s/D x − e− s/D (2−x) )  √ √ 
= c0 1 + e−2 s/D + e−4 s/D + · · ·
s
√ √
(e s/D (x−1) − e− s/D (x+1) )  √ √ 
+ c0 1 + e−2 s/D + e−4 s/D + · · ·
s
∞
 √ √ 
 e−(2n+x) s/D e−(2n+2−x) s/D
= c0 −
n=0
s s
∞
 √ √ 
 e−(2n+1−x) s/D e−(2n+1+x) s/D
+ c0 −
n=0
s s
and so   (2n+x) √   (2n+2−x) √ 
∞
  e− √D s   e− √D s
c(x, t) = c0  − 
 s   s 
n=0
  (2n+1−x) √   (2n+1+x) √ 
∞
  e− √D s  e− √D s
+ c0  − 
 s   s 
n=0

∞
    
2n + x 2n + 2 − x
= c0 erfc √ − erfc √
n=0
2 Dt 2 Dt
∞
    
2n + 1 − x 2n + 1 + x
+ c0 erfc √ − erfc √ .
n=0
2 Dt 2 Dt
Now using erfc(x) = 1 − erf(x) we get
∞    
2n + 2 − x 2n + x
c(x, t) = c0 erf √ − erf √
n=0
2 Dt 2 Dt
∞
    
2n + 1 + x 2n + 1 − x
+ c0 erf √ − erf √ .
n=0
2 Dt 2 Dt
27. We use
√ √
U (x, s) = c1 e− s+h x
+ c2 e s+h x
.
The condition limx→∞ u(x, t) = 0 implies limx→∞ U (x, s) = 0, so we take c2 = 0. Therefore
√
U (x, s) = c1 e− s+h x
.
The Laplace transform of u(0, t) = u0 is U (0, s) = u0 /s and so
√
e− s+h x
U (x, s) = u0
s
and √
− s+h x
e 1 −√s+h x
u(x, t) = u0 = u0 e .
s s
From the first translation theorem,

√  √ x
e− s+h x = e−ht {e−x } = e−ht √ e−x /4t .
2
s
2 πt3
Thus, from the convolution theorem we obtain

e−hτ −x /4τ
t 2
u0 x
u(x, s) = √ dτ.
2 π 0 τ 3/2

259
15.3
15.2 Fourier Integral
Applications of the Laplace Transform

EXERCISES 15.3
Fourier Integral

3. From formulas (5) and (6) in the text,

 3 
3
x sin αx  1 3
A(α) = x cos αx dx =  − sin αx dx
0 α 0 α 0
3
3 sin 3α cos αx  3α sin 3α + cos 3α − 1
= + 2  =
α α 0 α2

and
 3 
3
x cos αx  1 3
B(α) = x sin αx dx = −  + α cos αx dx
0 α 0 0
3
3 cos 3α sin αx  sin 3α − 3α cos 3α
=− + = .
α α 2 0 α2
Hence
 ∞
1 (3α sin 3α + cos 3α − 1) cos αx + (sin 3α − 3α cos 3α) sin αx
f (x) = dα
π 0 α2
 ∞
1 3α(sin 3α cos αx − cos 3α sin αx) + cos 3α cos αx + sin 3α sin αx − cos αx
= dα
π 0 α2
 ∞
1 3α sin α(3 − x) + cos α(3 − x) − cos αx
= dα.
π 0 α2

6. From formulas (5) and (6) in the text,

 1
A(α) = ex cos αx dx
−1

e(cos α + α sin α) − e−1 (cos α − α sin α)

=
1 + α2
2(sinh 1) cos α − 2α(cosh 1) sin α
=
1 + α2
and
 1
B(α) = ex sin αx dx
−1

e(sin α − α cos α) − e−1 (− sin α − α cos α)

=
1 + α2
2(cosh 1) sin α − 2α(sinh 1) cos α
= .
1 + α2
Hence  ∞
1
f (x) = [A(α) cos αx + B(α) sin αx] dα.
π 0

260
 15.3 Fourier Integral

9. The function is even. Thus from formula (9) in the text

 π π 
x sin αx  1 π
A(α) = x cos αx dx =
α  − α sin αx dx
0 0 0
π
πα sin πα 1  πα sin πα + cos πα − 1
= + 2 cos αx  = .
α α 0 α2
Hence from formula (8) in the text
 ∞
2 (πα sin πα + cos πα − 1) cos αx
f (x) = dα.
π 0 α2

12. The function is odd. Thus from formula (11) in the text
 ∞
B(α) = xe−x sin αx dx.
0

Now recall
d
{t sin kt} = − {sin kt} = 2ks/(s2 + k 2 )2 .
ds
If we set s = 1 and k = α we obtain
2α
B(α) = .
(1 + α2 )2
Hence from formula (10) in the text
 ∞
4 α sin αx
f (x) = dα.
π 0 (1 + α2 )2

15. For the cosine integral,

 ∞
A(α) = xe−2x cos αx dx.
0

But we know
d s (s2 − k 2 )
{t cos kt} = − = .
ds (s2 + k 2 ) (s2 + k 2 )2
If we set s = 2 and k = α we obtain
4 − α2
A(α) = .
(4 + α2 )2
Hence  ∞
2 (4 − α2 ) cos αx
f (x) = dα.
π 0 (4 + α2 )2
For the sine integral,
 ∞
B(α) = xe−2x sin αx dx.
0

From Problem 12, we know

2ks
{t sin kt} = .
(s2 + k 2 )2
If we set s = 2 and k = α we obtain
4α
B(α) = .
(4 + α2 )2
Hence  ∞
8 α sin αx
f (x) = dα.
π 0 (4 + α2 )2

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15.3 Fourier Integral

18. From the formula for sine integral of f (x) we have

  ∞ 
2 ∞
f (x) = f (x) sin αx dx sin αx dx
π 0 0
 1  ∞ 
2
= 1 · sin αx dα + 0 · sin αx dα
π 0 1
1
2 (− cos αx)  2 1 − cos x
=  =π .
π x 0 x

EXERCISES 15.4
Fourier Transforms

For the boundary-value problems in this section it is sometimes useful to note that the identities

eiα = cos α + i sin α and e−iα = cos α − i sin α

imply
eiα + e−iα = 2 cos α and eiα − e−iα = 2i sin α.

3. Using the Fourier sine transform, the partial differential equation becomes
dU
+ kα2 U = kαu0 .
dt
The general solution of this linear equation is
u0
U (α, t) = ce−kα t +
2
.
α
But U (α, 0) = 0 implies c = −u0 /α and so
1 − e−kα
2
t
U (α, t) = u0
α
and
 ∞
1 − e−kα
2
t
2u0
u(x, t) = sin αx dα.
π 0 α
6. Since the domain of x is (0, ∞) and the condition at x = 0 involves ∂u/∂x we use the Fourier cosine transform:
dU
−kα2 U (α, t) − kux (0, t) =
dt
dU
+ kα2 U = kA
dt
A
U (α, t) = ce−kα t + 2 .
2

α
Since
{u(x, 0)} = U (α, 0) = 0
we find c = −A/α2 , so that
1 − e−kα t
2

U (α, t) = A .
α2

262
 15.4 Fourier Transforms

Applying the inverse Fourier cosine transform we obtain

 ∞
1 − e−kα
2
t
−1 2A
u(x, t) = C {U (α, t)} = cos αx dα.
π 0 α2

9. (a) Using the Fourier transform we obtain

U (α, t) = c1 cos αat + c2 sin αat.

If we write

{u(x, 0)} = {f (x)} = F (α)

and
{ut (x, 0)} = {g(x)} = G(α)

we first obtain c1 = F (α) from U (α, 0) = F (α) and then c2 = G(α)/αa from dU/dt t=0 = G(α). Thus

G(α)
U (α, t) = F (α) cos αat + sin αat
αa
and   
∞
1 G(α)
u(x, t) = F (α) cos αat + sin αat e−iαx dα.
2π −∞ αa

(b) If g(x) = 0 then c2 = 0 and

 ∞
1
u(x, t) = F (α) cos αate−iαx dα
2π −∞
 ∞  
1 eαati + e−αati
= F (α) e−iαx dα
2π −∞ 2
 ∞  ∞ 
1 1 1
= F (α)e−i(x−at)α dα + F (α)e−i(x+at)α dα
2 2π −∞ 2π −∞

1
= [f (x − at) + f (x + at)] .
2
12. Since the boundary condition at y = 0 now involves u(x, 0) rather than u (x, 0), we use the Fourier sine
transform. The transform of the partial differential equation is then
d2 U d2 U
− α2 U + αu(x, 0) = 0 or − α2 U = −α.
dx2 dx2
The solution of this differential equation is
1
U (x, α) = c1 cosh αx + c2 sinh αx + .
α
The transforms of the boundary conditions at x = 0 and x = π in turn imply that c1 = 1/α and
cosh απ 1 α
c2 = − + .
α sinh απ α sinh απ (1 + α2 ) sinh απ
Hence
1 cosh αx cosh απ sinh αx α sinh αx
U (x, α) = − + sinh αx − +
α α α sinh απ α sinh απ (1 + α2 ) sinh απ

1 sinh α(π − x) sinh αx

= − − .
α α sinh απ α(1 + α2 ) sinh απ

263
15.4 Fourier Transforms

Taking the inverse transform it follows that

  
2 ∞ 1 sinh α(π − x) sinh αx
u(x, y) = − − sin αy dα.
π 0 α α sinh απ α(1 + α2 ) sinh απ

15. We use the Fourier sine transform with respect to x to obtain

U (α, y) = c1 cosh αy + c2 sinh αy.

The transforms of u(x, 0) = f (x) and u(x, 2) = 0 give, in turn, U (α, 0) = F (α) and U (α, 2) = 0. The first
condition gives c1 = F (α) and the second condition then yields
F (α) cosh 2α
c2 = − .
sinh 2α
Hence
F (α) cosh 2α sinh αy
U (α, y) = F (α) cosh αy −
sinh 2α
sinh 2α cosh αy − cosh 2α sinh αy
= F (α)
sinh 2α
sinh α(2 − y)
= F (α)
sinh 2α
and  ∞
2 sinh α(2 − y)
u(x, y) = F (α) sin αx dα.
π 0 sinh 2α

18. We solve the three boundary-value problems:

Using separation of variables we find the solution of the first problem is

∞ 
−ny 2 π
u1 (x, y) = An e sin nx where An = f (x) sin nx dx.
n=1
π 0

Using the Fourier sine transform with respect to y gives the solution of the second problem:

200 ∞ (1 − cos α) sinh α(π − x)
u2 (x, y) = sin αy dα.
π 0 α sinh απ
Also, the Fourier sine transform with respect to y gives the solution of the third problem:

2 ∞ α sinh αx
u3 (x, y) = sin αy dα.
π 0 (1 + α2 ) sinh απ
The solution of the original problem is

u(x, y) = u1 (x, y) + u2 (x, y) + u3 (x, y).

21. Using the Fourier transform with respect to x gives

U (α, y) = c1 cosh αy + c2 sinh αy.

264
 CHAPTER 15 REVIEW EXERCISES

 
The transform of the boundary condition ∂u/∂y y=0 = 0 is dU/dy y=0 = 0. This condition gives c2 = 0.
Hence
U (α, y) = c1 cosh αy.
√
Now by the given information the transform of the boundary condition u(x, 1) = e−x is U (α, 1) = π e−α
2 2
/4
.
√
This condition then gives c1 = π e−α /4 cosh α. Therefore
2

√ e−α
2
/4
cosh αy
U (α, y) = π
cosh α
and
 ∞  ∞
e−α e−α
2 2
/4 /4
1 cosh αy −iαx 1 cosh αy
U (x, y) = √ e dα = √ cos αx dα
2 π −∞ cosh α 2 π −∞ cosh α
 ∞
e−α
2
/4
1 cosh αy
=√ cos αx dα.
π 0 cosh α

EXERCISES 15.5
Fast Fourier Transform

3. By the sifting property,

 ∞
{δ(x)} = δ(x)eiαx dx = eiα0 = 1.
−∞

6. Using a CAS we find

1
{g(x)} =
[sign(A − α) + sign(A + α)]
2
where sign(t) = 1 if t > 0 and sign t = −1 if t < 0. Thus
1, −A < α < A
{g(x)} =
0, elsewhere.

CHAPTER 15 REVIEW EXERCISES

3. The Laplace transform gives

√ √ u0
U (x, s) = c1 e− s+h x
+ c2 e s+h x
+ .
s+h
The condition limx→∞ ∂u/∂x = 0 implies limx→∞ dU/dx = 0 and so we define c2 = 0. Thus
√ u0
U (x, s) = c1 e− s+h x
+ .
s+h

265
CHAPTER 15 REVIEW EXERCISES

The condition U (0, s) = 0 then gives c1 = −u0 /(s + h) and so

√
u0 e− s+h x
U (x, s) = − u0 .
s+h s+h
With the help of the first translation theorem we then obtain
√  
1 e− s+h x −ht −ht x
u(x, t) = u0 − u0 = u0 e − u0 e erfc √
s+h s+h 2 t
   
x x
= u0 e−ht 1 − erfc √ = u0 e−ht erf √ .
2 t 2 t
6. The Laplace transform and undetermined coefficients give
s−1
U (x, s) = c1 cosh sx + c2 sinh sx + sin πx.
s2 + π 2
The conditions U (0, s) = 0 and U (1, s) = 0 give, in turn, c1 = 0 and c2 = 0. Thus
s−1
U (x, s) = sin πx
s2+ π2
and
s 1 π
u(x, t) = sin πx − sin πx
s2 + π 2 π s2 + π 2
1
= (sin πx) cos πt − (sin πx) sin πt.
π
9. We solve the two problems
∂ 2 u1 ∂ 2 u1
+ = 0, x > 0, y > 0,
∂x2 ∂y 2
u1 (0, y) = 0, y > 0,
100, 0 < x < 1
u1 (x, 0) =
0, x>1
and
∂ 2 u2 ∂ 2 u2
+ = 0, x > 0, y > 0,
∂x2 ∂y 2
50, 0 < y < 1
u2 (0, y) =
0, y > 1
u2 (x, 0) = 0.

Using the Fourier sine transform with respect to x we find

  
200 ∞ 1 − cos α −αy
u1 (x, y) = e sin αx dα.
π 0 α
Using the Fourier sine transform with respect to y we find
  
100 ∞ 1 − cos α −αx
u2 (x, y) = e sin αy dα.
π 0 α
The solution of the problem is then
u(x, y) = u1 (x, y) + u2 (x, y).

12. Using the Laplace transform gives

√ √
U (x, s) = c1 cosh s x + c2 sinh s x.

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 CHAPTER 15 REVIEW EXERCISES

The condition u(0, t) = u0 transforms into U (0, s) = u0 /s. This gives c1 = u0 /s. The condition u(1, t) = u0
√ √
transforms into U (1, s) = u0 /s. This implies that c2 = u0 (1 − cosh s )/s sinh s . Hence
√ 
u0 √ 1 − cosh s √
U (x, s) = cosh s x + u0 √ sinh s x
s s sinh s
√ √ √ √ √ 
sinh s cosh s x − cosh s sinh s x + sinh s x
= u0 √
s sinh s
√ √  √ √ 
sinh s (1 − x) + sinh s x sinh s (1 − x) sinh s x
= u0 √ = u0 √ + √
s sinh s s sinh s s sinh s
and
√ √ 
sinh s (1 − x) sinh s x
u(x, t) = u0 √ + √
s sinh s s sinh s
∞     ∞    
2n + 2 − x 2n + x 2n + 1 + x 2n + 1 − x
= u0 erf √ − erf √ + u0 erf √ − erf √ .
n=0
2 t 2 t n=0
2 t 2 t

15. Using the Fourier transform with respect to x we obtain

d2 U
− α2 U = 0.
dy 2
Since 0 < y < 1 is a finite interval we use the general solution
U (α, y) = c1 cosh αy + c2 sinh αy.
The boundary condition at y = 0 transforms into U  (α, 0) = 0, so c2 = 0 and U (α, y) = c1 cosh αy. Now denote
the Fourier transform of f as F (α). Then U (α, 1) = F (α) so F (α) = c1 cosh α and
cosh αy
U (α, y) = F (α) .
cosh α
Taking the inverse Fourier transform we obtain
 ∞
1 cosh αy −iαx
u(x, y) = F (α) e dα.
2π −∞ cosh α
But  ∞
F (α) = f (t)eiαt dt,
−∞
and so   
∞ ∞
1 cosh αy −iαx
u(x, y) = f (t)eiαt dt e dα
2π −∞ −∞ cosh α
 ∞  ∞
1 cosh αy
= f (t)eiα(t−x) dt dα
2π −∞ −∞ cosh α
 ∞  ∞
1 cosh αy
= f (t)(cos α(t − x) + i sin α(t − x)) dt dα
2π −∞ −∞ cosh α
∞ ∞ 
1 cosh αy
= f (t) cos α(t − x) dt dα
2π −∞ −∞ cosh α
 
1 ∞ ∞ cosh αy
= f (t) cos α(t − x) dt dα,
π 0 −∞ cosh α

since the imaginary part of the integrand is an odd function of α followed by the fact that the remaining
integrand is an even function of α.

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