Physiology Basic

Homeostatic
Eka Arum CP, dr., M.Kes.
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Homeostatic
Definition : Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal
environment.

Essentially all organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help
maintain these relatively constant conditions.

For instance, the lungs provide oxygen to the extracellular fluid to

replenish the oxygen used by the cells, the kidneys maintain constant ion
concentrations, and the gastrointestinal system provides nutrients.

Each organ or tissue contributes to homeostasis.

Blood Circulation
 Origin of Nutrients in the
Extracellular Fluid

Respiratory System. Blood  Lungs  Alveoli

“oxygen needed by the cells”
Alveolar membrane, is only 0.4 to 2.0
micrometers thick, and oxygen rapidly diffuses
by molecular motion through this membrane
into the blood.

Musculoskeletal System  Move your body 

you can eat from your mouth and also provides
motility for protection against adverse
surroundings, without which the entire body,
along with its homeostatic mechanisms, could be
destroyed instantaneously.
Gastrointestinal Tract. Any dissolved nutrients,
including carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids,
are absorbed from the ingested food into the
extracellular fluid of the blood.

Liver and Other Organs That Perform Primarily

Metabolic Functions  changes the chemical
compositions : fat cells, gastrointestinal
mucosa, kidneys, and endocrine glands.
Help modify the absorbed substances or store them
until they are needed.
The liver also eliminates certain waste products
produced
in the body and toxic substances that are ingested.

Removal of CO2  Lungs

Urine  Kidneys
Metabolic End GI Tract  Feces
Liver  Feces
Products
 Regulation of Body Functions

Sensory

Motoric
Nervous System

Autonomy
 Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Pancreas
Hormones Parathyroid
Testes
* Endocrine Glands Ovaries
Placenta
Kidney
Heart
Stomach
Small intestine
Adiposit
 Protection of the body

Immune system

Integumentary system
 Reproduction

Reproduction
Sometimes reproduction is not considered a homeostatic function. It does, however, help maintain
homeostasis
by generating new beings to take the place of those that are dying. This may sound like a permissive
usage of
the term homeostasis, but it illustrates that, in the final analysis, essentially all body structures are
organized
such that they help maintain the automaticity and continuity of life.
 Control systems of the body
The human body has thousands of control systems. The most intricate of
these are the genetic control systems that operate in all cells to help
control intracellular function and extracellular functions.

Local / Intrinsic

• “self service”
• Ex: Concentration of O2
Systemic / Extrinsic

• Nervous system and

Endocrine
• Ex: Blood pressure
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
 HOMEOSTATIC
DISORDER
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Abnormalities of body function
 disease  death

Pregnancy?
•Physiology
•Adaptation of various organ
systems of the body needs
during pregnancy to lactation