TD/B/C 4/334 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva Review of Maritime Transport 1989 Report by the UNCTAD secretariat UNITED NATIONS New York, 1990NOTE ‘This Review has been’ prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat in accordance with item VI of the programme of work of the Committee on Shipping. Any factual and ‘editorial corrections that may prove necessary in the light of comments made by the Committee in its consideration of this document or received diroctly from Governments ‘would be reflecied in a corrigendum to be issued subsequently. ‘Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Menon of such 2 symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations jocurment. ‘The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part ofthe Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, teritory, ety or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledge- ment is requested, together with a reference to the document number. A copy of the ublication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat. ‘ro/Bic.4/334 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION ‘Seles No, E90MD7 SBN 9211122929 ISSN 0565-7682, o1700riti Contents: Page Abbreviations vii Explanatory Note .. Vii Introduction Lg Summary of Main Developments in 1989 ix Chapter | Developments in international seaborne trade 1989 11. Development of the world fleet A.” Size and Tag distribution of the world fie B. The 3S most important maritime countries , C, Tonnage distribution of major open and international (offshore) registers 8 D. Types of vessels em onenen a E, Age distribution of the world fleet .. 10 F. Comparison of cargo turnover and registration of ships by groups of countries .. » iL G, Productivity of the we cues 30 31 iL H. Present situation between supply and demand ... 32-34 i IL, Shipbuilding 26 Ship prices . 26 B. Tonnage on order a C. Deliveries of newbuildings ... 27 D. Demolition of ships .. a IV. Port development .. 33 A. Port throughput 3 B. Containerization 33 C__ Distribution centres . 3 V, Freight markets .. 36 A. Freight rates of main cargo sectors 6 B. Estimates of global freight costs x” V1. Multimodal transport and technological developments 40 ‘A. Development of multimodal transport operators cn... 40 B, Developments in freight forwarding 4) C. Physical distribution aD D. Sea-air services... 2 E, Trans-Siberian Container Service (TSCS) 4 F, New landbridge projects .. 44 G. Double-stack train services 44 HH. Other container train service a Pakistan ... a Saudi Arabia ... 4a 1. Container traffic in inland navigation 4s J, Container leasing sn 4B K. Production of containers 50iv - Contents (continued) Chapter Paragraphs VII. Other developments 99 - 140 A. United Nations Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conference peas 99 - 104 United Nations Convention on International Multimodal B. Transport of Goods . 105 C. United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea (Hamburg Rules) 106 - 107 D. United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships 108 - 110 E. Joint UNCTAD)ICC uniform rules for MT documents ml F. Economic co-operation among developing countries 112-116 G. Consultations between shippers’ and liner conferenc 17-122 H. UNCTAD Model Clauses on Marine Hull and Cargo Insurance 123 1. Maritime liens, mortgages, and arres 124-126 J. Maritime fraud 2 127 K. UNCTAD Minimum Standards for Shipping Agents .. 128 L. Technical co-operation and training 129 - 138 M. Classification by ship's type 139-140 Annex I: Classification of countries and territories ‘Annex II: World seaborne trade according to geographical areas, 1970, 1987 and 1988... eS Sei Annex IIl(a):, Merchant fleets of the world by flag of registration, groups of countries and types of ships (in ‘000 grt) Annex II1(b):, Merchant fleets of the world by flag of registration, groups of countries and types of ships (in ‘000 duit Page SI SI 32 52 S53 53 53 34 5S 3S 36 56 56 37 59 62 a 68Contents (continued) List of boxes Box 1, Another view of international trade = 2, Amend to cheap ships -anmennisiiennmnnmnnceannnane 3. LR class for five revolutionary Nedlloyd boxships 4, World trade in port services by area, region and leading exporter, 1970 and 1987 an 5, Freight at the country level nnn 6. Fundamental changes in international shipping policy List of graphs Graph 1. International seaborne trade for selected years, 1970 to 1989 2. World seaborne trade by country groups 1989, percentage distribution of tonnage .. 3. forecast of world seaborne trade, 1990 to 4, World fleet capacity by country groups, selected years, 1970 10 1989 tilde cote ouastteestnenytn 5. World tonnage by country groups, mid-year dwt [989 sas 6. Forecast world fleet by principal type of carrier, 1990 to 2000... 7. Ten most important maritime countries and their shares under national and foreign flag, dwt under Control, JUly 1989 ....1mn 8, World fleet capacity by principal types of cartier, 1987-1989 Mid-Year ennonenenn 9, Freight as percentage of cif: comparison between DMEC and developing countries . 10, Development of NVO-MTOs J}. NVO-MTOs in Developing Regions 12. TSCS Traffic... 13. Approximate numbers o| stack Train Operators nen 14. Approximate numbers of Westbound FEL by sect double stack train operators ... 34 36 2 > eo ane un + 10 ” 41 43 47vi Contents (continued) List of tables ‘Table Page 1, Development of international seabome trade, 1970 and 1980-1989 4 2, World seaborne trade by types of cargo, 1970 and 1980-1989 4 3. World Seaborne trade in 1970, 1987, 1988, and 1989 (est.) 3 by types of cargo and country groups 4. _Distibutton offworld tonnage (grt. and dwt) by groups of countries Of registration, 1970, 1988 and 1989 .. 2 3. The 35 most important maritime countries 13 6. Distribution of flagged-out tonnage for important countries of domi 14 1. Tonnage distribution of major open-registry fleets .. 7 8. True nationality of major open registry fleets as at | July 1989 16 9. World flect by principle types of vessels, 1987-1989 ......... 17 10. Percentage shares of world tonnage by type of vessel and country ‘groups (as at 1 July), 1980, 1985, 1988 and 1989 .. 18 11. Distribution of the world fleet and TEU capacity of lula containerships by groups of countries at mid-year 1987, 1988 and 1989. 2» 12. Age distribution of the world merchant flect by type of vessel as at July 1989 2 13. Comparison between total cargo tumover and fleet ownership by groups of countries, 1970 and 1987-1989 .. 2 14. Cargo tonnage carried and ton-miles performed per dwt pf the total world fleet, 1980-1989 ne 2 15, Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined carriers and the residual fleet, 1980-1989 (ton-miles performed per divt).. 23 16. Estimated productivity of tankers, bulk carriers, corubined carriers and the residual fleet, 1980-1989 (tons carried per dwt). 2 17, ‘Tonnage oversupply in the world merchant fleet, 1980-1980 24 18. Tanker tonnage engaged in ail storage, 1981-1989 24 19. Analysis of tonnage oversupply by vessel type, 1980-1989 25 20. Representative newbuilding prices, 1980, 1985 and 1987-1980 29 21. World tonnage on order at the end of each quarter, 1987, 1988 and 1989 29 22. World tonnage on order as at 30 September 1989 , 30 23. Deliveries of newbuildings, 1987-1988 . 30 24. Distribution of deliveries of newbuildings by gro of build, 1987-1989 , 31 2S, Broken-up tonnage trends, 1980-1989. 31 26, Tonnage reported sold for breaking by type 32 27. Demolition prices in 1987-1989 .. 32 28. Container port traffic of developing countries and territories, 1987 and 1988 see 35 29, Comparative freight rates of selected commodities 1988 versus 1989. 37 30. Freight rate indices, 1987-1989 .. 38 31. Estimates of total freight costs in world trade by groups 9 32. Sea-air cargo trallic from the Far East to Europe in tons, az 33. Sea-air cargo traffic from Japan, 1988 43 34. Operation of double-stack trains in the United States, Canada, and Mexi 45 35. ICL members’ container fleet at 1 January 1989 48 36. Container services operating on the Rhine between Ni and the lower Rhine/mid-upper Rhine ports 49 37, Container production in 1987 ...... 0vil ABBREVIATIONS crs. Container freight station cif Cost, insurance and freight dyt Deadweight tons FEC European Economic Community FEU Forty-foot equivalent unit fob Free on board GDP Gross domestic product grt Gross registered tons Lot Light displacement tons NVO-MTO Non-vessel-operating multimodal transport operainr uLCC Ultra large erude carrier vice Very large crude carrier VO-MTO — Vessel-operating multimodal transport operator EXPLANATORY NOTE Reference to dollars (S) are to United States dollars. The '#° sign signifies numbers, Tons refer to metric tons, unless otherwise stated. Details and percentages in tables do not necessary add up to the totals, owing to rounding. Two dots (,,) indicate that the data are not available or are not separately reported. A dash (-) signifies that the amount is nil, or less than half (he unit used. In some tables, data shown for earlier years have been revised and updated, and may there fore differ from those shown in previous issues of this Revie In the tables and the text, references 10 “countries” are to countries, territories or areas,WaiterINTRODUCTION 1, This year the annual publication of the Review ‘of Maritime. Transport by the UNCTA sceretanat has several new substantive features. ‘These include an analysis of the participation in world shipping by 35 leading maritime countries, and short-term forecasts of world seaborne trade and the world Neet. In order to facilitate the interpretation of certain statistical material, expanded graphs and charts are shown in appropriate sections, ‘The additions are complementary to the general purpose of highlighting and examining. the main developments in world maritime transport during 1989 with particular emphasis on the maritime sector in developing countries, 2 In view of recent developments, the classi- fication and grouping of countries shown under codes 6 and 7 (see Annex 1 and note 3 thereto) is at present under review. The grouping of countries has been maintained in the present publication in order to provide continuity and permit conmparison of statistical data series as presented in earlier issues of this Review. Summary of main developments in 1989 International seahorne trade increased for the fourth consecutive year, reaching over 3.9 billion tons, * Both coal and iron ore reached record ton-mile highs with shipments exceeding 19 and 1.7 billion ton-miles, respectively. * Total ron-miles for all cargoes also in- creased to 16.2 billion —a 6.1 per cent gain over 1988. * With the significant inerease in newbuilding deliveries (up 37.1 per cent ver the previous year) and a decrease in broken up tonnage (down 42.4 per cent from 1988) the mid-year 1989 fleet reached 638.0 million dwt, © Bifective conteol of 50 per vent of the world merchant fleet through national flag and “off-shore” registers is concentrated in. five major maritime countries (Greece, Japan, United States, Norway and USSR). The developing countries’ share of the world merchant Meet dwt iy 21,) per deat of which 70 per cent is concentrated in ten countries or territories Moreover, the disparity between develop- ing country cargo generation end feet ownership remains. For example, devel- oping countries were the origin of 47.6 per cent of world trade but owned only 21.1 per cent of the world dwt. Conversely, developed —mutket-economy countries loaded 44.6 per cent of the world seabornie trade and, either directly or indirectly through open or offshore registry fleats, controlled 67.5 per cent of the world dv The overall bulance benween supply and demand in the world flect continues to im- prove as only 11-5 per cont of the active Work Rees Wes extmated 10 be surplus in 1989, Global freight payments for maritime transport reached a ten-year record high in 1988. However, the ratio of freight to Git valuc of imports for developing countries in Africa and Oceania was almost three times greater than that [or developed countries, ‘The level of freight rates, particularly in the tanker sector, increased in 1989. The largest gains occurred in the liquid and dry bulk sectors while liner indices experienced minimal changes over 1988. The growth of NVO-MTO operators in developing regions, more double-stacked trains, expanded "sea-air services and arcater use of inlsnd waterways for con- tainer traffic characterized developments in the multimodal sector.1, For the fourth consecutive year total international scaborne trade expanded. Table 1 indicates that over 3.9 billion tons were loaded in 1989 which represents a 5,5 per cent increase over the previnus year, The annual rate of change for tanker cargo loaded. in- creased 6.9 per cent but in the dry cargo sector the annual rate of change was less than in the previous year (4.4 per cent versus 6.6 per cent). ‘The decrease in the annual rate of change can be traced to a relatively small gain in the load- ing of mainbulk commodities which only in- creased 2.0 per cent over 1988. Trends in seaborne trade tonnage for crude oil and pro- ducts, five major bulks and other dry cargo for selected years are illustrated in graph | and ta- Ble 2. 2. The underlying factors driving the increase in world scaborne trade have been the size and growth of the economics of developed market- economy countries. For example, these indus- I | DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE TRADE 1989. trial countries have about 69.1! per cent of the world GDP (1987) and experienced an average annual growth rate of over 2.9 per cent over the 1980-1988 period? By comparison, developing countries’ share of the world GDP in 1987 was 18.93 per cent and average annual growth was 2.1 per cont* 3. Moreover, developed market-economy countries’ share of the 1988 value of world merchandise trade reached 70.8 per cent as compared to 19.9 per cent for doveloping countries.§ Also, the annual average rate of ex- ports during the 1980-1988 period was 6.0 per cont for developed market-economy countries while developing countries experienced a nega- tive change of -[.0 per cent.* In summary, it is the economic growth and trade, particularly of developed market-economy countries, that has been the primary catalyst for international shipping. Graph 1 INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE TRADE FOR SELECTED YEARS Mitions of tons looded eee | 707510808 7080 Youn crude na produes major buts 5 onedry ‘Source: UNCTAD, Reiew of Martine Transport yr ase 1 UNCTAD, Statsial Pocket Book, 1989, p.12, 2 UNCTAD, Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics, 1989, p. 428 | 3 Statistical Pocket Book, op. ct 4 Handbook of International Trade and Development Suasics, op. ot # Gaut Intemational Trade 88-89, Vol. I, p.2- © Handbook of International Trade and Development ep sity p14 tables 15 ard {.6. Imports during the countries. — | Sarne period Incranted £3 per confor developed matket homy countries and decreased 0.3 per eent for developing.4, ‘Total ton-miles also increased to 16.2 billion in 1989 or a 6,1 per cent upward move- ment over 1988, ton-mile demand by cargo types for the 1970-1989 period is noted in table 2. All cargo groups, except grain, experienced growth, Vor example, in 1989, iron ore ton- miles increased to 1.2 billion, and coal reached a record high of 1.8 billion con-miles. 5. Total ton-miles for oil cargoes amounted to 7.1 billion but this figure is well helow the decade's peak years 1980/81 when oil shipments exceeded. 9.4 billion ton-miles, The reduction in ton-miles (rom the highs of the early 1980s reflects reduced oil production/eonsumption, and the decrease in the average distance of loaded voyage-mites. 6, The distribution of 1989 world scaborne trade by goods loaded/untoaded into country groups and broad cargo categories is given in fable 3 and graph 2. Developed market economy countries generated 44.6 per cent of fall goods loaded and were the destination of 671 per cent of all goods unloaded in 1989, The developed market-economy countries” share of goods loaded decreased 0.1 per cont hut increased 0.2 per cent in the goods un- loaded category. Countries of bastern Europe: and socialist countries of Asia experienced minimal changes in the share of work! scaborne poods loaded/nnloaded in 1989 as compared with 1988. Developing countries expanded in the 1989 goods loaded category by 0,3 por cent and experienced a slight, 0.1 per cent, decrease in goods unloaded, with oil cargoes accounting or most of the 1989 changes in both goods Joaded/unloaded categories.® 7. A forecast of world seaborne trade by cargo sector from 1990 to 2000 is presented in grapli 3. Total trade in 1990 is estimated to be 2.L billion tons and is forecast to expand to 4.4 billion tons by the year 20009 Liner and noobulk tons are forccast to reach }.2 billion tons by the end of the decade, of which containerized cargo is expected to reach over 40 million tons, Fistimated for both the dry hulk and the (anker sectors are 1.6 billion tons each by the end of the 20th century. Graph 2 WORLD SEABORNE TRADE BY COUNTRY GROUPS, PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TONNAGE 1989 Eartern Europe 5a Socialist Asia Y 20% \Z Developing éountrine 47.0% Goods LOADED ‘Source: UNCTAD tata bank 7 Veamleys, Worl Bulk Trades 1988, pA ones mm onthe rs Serpe esse bao ae te cooos untonseo f ‘The increare Iv eit cargo loadings WOuld have been even more had the Middle Fine owe oil shipments trout Turkey hid not hoon slalistically grouped in the developed starket-connnmy countries + Lys Ma dereaitecctreanyere ne tnformalion Services (LMIS) and DRLMeGraw-Int (DIR) hive combined resatirees to produce the LMIS/DRI World Flee) Forecast Service (WITS), eEarination rom LNiS and plohal wade Forecarts from the DRI/TBS World Sea Vrade 5 Tirceasts supply and vemand in respect of each of 34 vessel types and sizes icross 700 eink sich in I based on fleet ice (WSIS), WITS ade routes hased on TWISTS forceast of natal trado hr 40 commodity groups and assigned to each appropriate type on relevant trade rates.Box 1: Another view of international trade The table below shows the origins/destinations by regions of the world international merchandise tract. Exact transport mode daia are not avatlable but it ts estimated that 95.0 per cent of all goods shipped in international trade move by water transport. ® For the shipping industry the major interregional trade routes are the transatlantic (North America|Purope), trunspacific (North Americal Asia), and Eurape/ Asia and the interregional Asian trade, These four accounted for over one third of the (988 world merchandise trade Netivork of world merchandise trade by region, 1988 (billions dotfars) Eastern Destination| North Latin Western Europe Middle America America Europe and the Africa Fast Asia nes World Origin USSR Worth America 0S 466° «MS 49° ~—«B2COT).SC«sdTS =S=«SG SSCS |Latin America 345 164287 BIB D122 0S 122.0 Western Europe M34 UI RT 3895S 38S OL? 1267.8 Eastern Burope and the USSR 400 86 S04 12820 41498 Africa 98 15 3920 28 46 09 60 94 739 Middle East Us.” tid gee si no) ess Ea Aya ase Asia Wt 126 18S 19 138.2206 A 6S 0.8 World S01 16.1 1267.3 198.3 80.5 83.9 SSd& did 2.8823 Se GATT, International Trade £8.89, vol. 1, pL, (graph only). “whee, Lawrence 4, Intemat iden Ocean Shioping Ser, Ballinger Pushing Compeny, Cambrtdel Massachusets, 1988, pt. Ser akin Hox 6 Jor vobure of ral maniTactires by mode 9f transport, 1880 188, Groph 3 FORECAST OF WORLD SEABORNE TRADE 1990 TO 200 Bilonsof tons 5 ° 7990 1901 1902 1903 1994 1095 1098 97 1008 1000 2000 ews WB Licuid butte Dry bulk 5 Liner Mesbutk, ‘Source: World Sea Trade Serves,Table | Desclopment af otemational seaborne trade, 1970 and 1980-4989 (Estimates of goods loaded) aR Diy cargo aa janker cargo otal Of which main (all goods) ‘aulk commodities & ‘Year Millions Percestage Millions Percentage Millions Percentage Millions Perventage of tons anual of'tons annual oftons annual oftons annual change change change 1970 1 440 hiss 130 433 169 2008 130 19x0 1871 1833) 33 196 4s 3708 20 Wat 693 1866 13 306 13 3599 39 1982 1 480 1793 39 189 38 3213 40 1983 1461 1770 “13 7B 33 321 13 98a 1 498 1912 a0 133 8 3410 35 19as, 1459 1923 06 as7 28 3 382 48 1086, ists Voss, 134 21 3450 23 1987 1 S18 1987 475 49 3.505 3 1938, Lats 2119 940 Ts 3738 65 He 1 Tae 2212 960 20 3980 ss Source: Based on data from the United Nations Statistical Office; Fearnleys, World UNCTAD data bani and other specialized sources hk Trades 1988 (Oslo), 4 Jiicluding international cargoes loaded at ports of the Great Lakes and St.Lawrence system for unloading at ports of ie samme system, but excluding such traf ia main bulk commodtes, Iron ore, grain, coal, bauxite aluniina and phosphate. © UNCTAD preliminary estimates. Table 2 World seaborne trade by types of cargo, 1970 and |980-1989 {(Bilions of to oF a Grain ® —Qther-ewrgo Total trade Crude Products 107) _§307 590 1093 aut as tiie 10654 198) 8 385 1020 1613 952 10873720 16717 Wal 7371 1000 1 S08 120 ri 3710 13Ks0 toxz 5.212 1070 1403 1094 11203560 13.499 1x3 47K 1080 1320 1087 13s 3510 12580 tout 4 Sox 1140 eu 1270 1187 tous 4.007 1150 1635 1479 1008 19 4 440 126s 461 15K6 ont 1987-4671 4320 1728 1653 L061 19885. 068 144s 1919 19 v7 19K) 5 620 1490 1998 1780 10 Source: Pearnleys, Review 1989 (Oslo). Inchising Wheat, maize, barley, oat, rye, sorghum and soya beans.s Table 3 World seaborne trade # in 1970, 1987, 1983 and 1999 (est.) ‘by types of eargo and country groups 9 © Country Year Goods loaded Goods unloaded group oF Dy tal Oi Diy Total cargo all cargo ll Chute Products noods Crude Products goods {Trade in mrs of tora) World total 197 111033062 6OS 10) oz 2530 1987 1107 aL 1987 3503 11003082120 3.68. 198 11604962119 3.735196 222248 3.856, 1989 12600482212 3940130033 2337 4.070 (rege set ofeach exegory of ind i al World total 1974260127447 100.0 119-446 100.0 be 37) eS Sa7stmt3 Sa 100.0 1M 31112256700. 9S 100.0 19320018561 tt ST 100.0 (Porconage share of rade by groups of counties) Developed bm 20 . 600 Sl BO 796 TOL 99 market 1987 es 49 ©6720 612 68 economy 1988, G4 44.7 72S 612 69 ‘countries 1989. 8 46 727 B13 614 oa Countries of 1970 69 36012 19 38 23 Eastern Europe 1987 44 63034 04 ot 43 (including USSR) 1988 42 603 o4 61 4 1989 41 ss 290d 59 a4 Socialist 1970, 12 os 0s o4 20 countries of 1987 14 213. 03, 35 Asia 1988 13 ze 03 34 21 1989 13. 03 03 34 21 {tieemaye are oft ae ‘of counties) Developing wm 319 79 1941S 166 countries 187 jos e730 262 1988, 31 4130 M277 293 265 A 1989 m8 8-476 HL 180293 264 of which ‘Africa wm ss tt 94 20017 a7 36 29 3723173. 50 60 25 43 46 a 234073, 49 wo 87 24 43 46 ‘America 1970, 4 8 160 Ws 86 4a 12 1987 n3 132 B20 SD 42 44 a5 1988 N30 130 BI SS an a3 a5 7 569270 3a SS BS 61 64 wer 372 7S 12H OS 192 161 ss 371 MKS B12 200 6s Europe wm . : : - 0.1 o. - ist on on oz 08 06 08 03 1988 = 02 03 0207 06 07 07 Oceania wo oO 08 oa - os 03 02 was on oa 02 2 De o 02 iss ou. 04 02 5 06 ot 02 ‘Source: Based on statistics provided by the United Nations Statistical Office, the UNCTAD data bank, and other specialized sources. “including international cargoes loaded at ports of the Great Lakes and St.Lavrenee system for unloading at ports of the system, but excluding such fallen ma bulk commodities. ‘annex I for the Composition of these groups, and note 2 thereto regarding the recording of trade of lad-ecked ‘The estimates presented here refect the inclusion of Yugoslavia in 1986 in the group “Developing counties tn Europe"; in previous years Yugoslavia was clsiied as a developed market-economy county.II A, Size and flag distribution of the wort flest 8. The distribution of the world Mect by country groupings for the years 1970, 1988 and 1989 is found in table 4.” The 1989 mid-year gata show that the world total has reached 633.0 million deadweight tons. The (0.l million yt increase over the 1988 mid-year figure is well below the average annual growth of 16.4 per cent for the 1970-1989 period but indicates 2 reversal of the annual decline in world deadweight tonnage that occurred during 1987 and 1988, Graph 4 illustrates changes in world fleet deadweight eapacity by country groupings for the 1970-1989 period. 8. ‘The 1989 uptum in total deadweight can be traced to the significant increase of newbuilding deliveries and the decrease in demolition of ship: exeniple, new deliv- eries increased from 9,7 million deadweight tons in 1988 to 13.3 million in 1989, During the same period, brokon-up tonnage decreased from 5.7 million deadweight tons to 3.3 million deachusight tons, 5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD FLEET puarket-econamy and open-registry countries continue to be the dominant groupings for flag registration in 1989. These two groupings to- gether accounted for 67.5 per cent of the world deadweight and represent a 4.4 per cent in: crease over the previous year. In 1989 the countries of Eastern Lurope and socialist Asia's share of the world deadweight remajned un- changed from the previous year, eg, 10.4 per cent. Developing countries, however, increased total deadweight from 131.2 million in 1988 to 135.0 million in 1989, This is a 3.8 million dwt gnin or an increase of 2.9 per cent which largely reflects increases in tonnage registered in de- veloping countries in Asia (NICs), Europe and Valin America, while there was a decrease in tonnage registered in Africa. Over-all, the share of developing countries represented 21.1 per cent of the 1989 world fleet. It should be hoted, however, that 69.9 per cent of the de. veloping country deadweight is rogistered in only ten countries or territories. 11. Graph 4 illustrates changes in world Meet deadweight capacity hy country groupings for the 1970-1989 period while graph 5. shows world tonnage hy country groups and most important developing countries as at micl-1989, 1 The combined wral of developed Graph a WORLD FLEET CAPACITY BY COUNTRY GROUPS: ‘SELECTED YEARS, 1970 TO 1980 Ailton oF OWT 800 800 400 200 aro Wm onec Opsirmsey were 1880 ‘Souvea LMS, ai you 1985 [Basen Europe BB Soaslat es fee 18a Yea EB Developing ecurtieGraph 5 = WORLD TONNAGE BY COUNTRY GROUPS: MID-YEAR DWT 1989 COUNTRY GROUPS TOP 10 SHARES? Othe: 12% Socialist AsiaS.8% Eastern Europe 6.8% Saudi Arabia 2.6 Malta 4.2, Yugoslavia 4.3 Iran, Islamic Rep. of 6.4 Idi 7.6 Brazil 7.7 Hong Kong 7.7 Singapore 8.8 ‘Korea, Rep. of 9.1 Philippines 17.5 Open-tegstry 36.2% Developing countries 21.1% DMEC 32.3% ‘Source: LMIS @Miilions of WT Graph 6 FORECAST OF WORLD FLEET BY PRINCIPAL TYPE OF CARRIER, ‘1990 TO 2000 Millions of DWT 1000 800 600 400 200 100 1901 1092 1998 1604 1996 1996 10097 1988 1998 2000 Yeas WB Tanker Dry bulk EE Generat eargo ‘Souree: World F' Service12, Forecasts for world fect development by vessel type are shown in graph 6. The WFES!® projections indicate that total world feet deadweight will increase (rom 655.1 million in 1990 to 816.3 million tons by the year 2000, The dry bulk sector is expected to increase the most with a 32.9 per cent expansion over the decade. Tanker and liner/neobulk vessel types are forecast 10 increase 17.3 per cent and 24.1 per cent, respectively. B. The 35 most important maritime countries 13, Although the merchant fleets registered in many traditional maritime countries have de- clined drastically during the last decade, shipowners [rom those countries have, to a large extent, maintained a controlling interest, and continued to manage ané operate the ships “flagged out” to open and international or off shore registers. Table 5 shows the 35 most im- portant maritime countries in terms of the “controlling interest” of the world merchant fleet. The table lists merchant fleets (ships of 1,000 get and above) by “country of domicile” or “national flag" which indicates the country where the controlling interest -- in terms of parent companics ~ of the ships is located, showing ships registered under national fags as well as under foreign flags 14, A decision as to where the “controlling interest” is located requires, of course, in se- Veral instances certain judgements to be made with respect to the ownership, control, man- agement, and operations of the companies in- volved." “The figures shown in the table are therefore 1 be considered as general indi- cations of magnitude rather than precise statis tical tabulations 15. The table indicates that -- as at 1 July 1989 -- a controlling interest of 94 per cent (in terms of dwt tonnage) of world tonnage was located in not more than 35 countries. Shipowners in only five most important coun- tres of domicile (Greece, Japan, United States, 10 World Fleet Porecast Service (London) based ups and DRI McGraw Hill (DRI. Ht See also footnote 4 to table 3. Norway, USSR) controlled over $0 per cent of the world merchant fleet while for the 20 most important countries (including the territory of Hong Kong), controlling interest increased to more than 80 per cent of world tonnage. 16. ‘The table also shows that 43 per cent of the deadweight tonnage for which the control- ling interest is located in the 35 listed countries of domicile is “lagged out”, ie. registered in other countries or territories (41.5 per cent on a world-wide basis). 17, For certain countries or territories (see table 5), tonnage registered under foreign flag considerably exceeds that under the national flag, with the highest percentages shown for: Hong Kong (89.90), Switzerland (87.62); Pakistan. (80.79); Finland (77.06); Canada (72.32); Federal Republic of Germany (69.34); USA (62.78); United Kingdom (61.84); and Sweden (61.56). 18. Table 6 shows the number of vessels and amount of tonnage (by major types of vessel) under the most important registries for the top nine countries of domicile with tonnage under foreign flag listed ia table 5. The table shows that for most countries there is a large concen tration ~- ranging from somewhat over one half to more than 80 per cent -- under not more than tivo foreign flags although the remainder of the tonnage under foreign flags may be widespread, Graph 7 also shows the ten most important maritime countries and their share under foreign flags. C. Tonnage distribution of major open and international (offshore) registers 19. During recent years, there has been an increase in the number of countries or territo- ries offering open-registry facilities or estab- ishing international or offshore registers with special ship registration conditions available 10 national and/or foreign shipowners. A recently published listing, for mstance, shows 22 Jormition supplied by Lloyd's Maritime Information Services See the guide 1o Inicrnstional Ship Registers, pubfished by the Inlernavonal Shipping Federation, London (UK). The 22 inlermational registers are indicated as follows: Anligua aad Barbus , Bahamas, Berm 4 Cayman, Bands, Gppris, Gibraltar, Honduras; Hong Kong; We of Man; Kerguelen; Liberia; Luxembourg; Malia; Mauntius, Neherlands Aniies: Norwegian International Register; Panama; 5 Vincent and the Grenadines; Singapore, Sri Lanka: Turks and Caicos {slands; Vanuat.Graph 7 JEN MOST IMPORTANT MARITIME COUNTRIES AND THEIR SHARES UNDER NATIONAL AND. FOREIGN FLAGS: DWT UNDER CONTROL, JULY 1988 Jean United Stas Norway USSR ong Keng nite Kindo Chine Korea, Rap. of| Garmany, Fi, Rep. of ME fiona too Forogntag Source: LM. “international ship registers." 20. Table 7 shows the number of ships and deadweight tonnage of the merchant flects reg- istered in the five major open registry countries i.e. with more than 5 million dwt) according to broad categories of vessels. It indicates that Liberia and Panama continue to be the most important although tonnage registered has de- clined during recent years in both absolute and relative terms. Tonnage registered in Liberia has decreased from 94 million dwt in 1988 to 77 million dwt and in Panama from 71.5 to 61.3 million dwt. For Cyprus, Bahamas and Bermuda, the 1988 and 1989 dwt figures were as follows (in millions): Cyprus (32.8/30.3); Bahamas (15.0/18.1); Bermuda (6.9/7.6). Tankers (including gas and chemical tankers) constitute the largest category in terms of dwi (1,327 vessels; 99.5 million dwt). Ore and bulk carriers (including combination carriers) are the second most important eategory (1,511 shins 66 million dwt), followed by 2,294 general cargo vessels totalling 22.3 million dwt and 238 containerships totalling 5.3 million dwt, 21, In revealing the trie nationality (country of domicile) of major open registry Niccts, table 8 shows that Greck ownership of the combined 9 open-registry Meets shown predominates (39.0 niillion dwt -- 20.06 per cent) followed by United States (31.9 dwt ~ 16.4); Japan (29.0 dwt = 14.93); Hong Kong (22.0 dwt -- 11.33), Norway (15.6 dwt — 8,04), United Kingdom (9.2 dwt -- 4.75), and. Federal Republic of Germany (6.9 dwt -- 3.59). ‘The aggregate tonnage for the nine countries/territaries com. bined amounted to 153,6 million dwt or 79.10 per cont of the total fect registered in the five open-registry countries shawn. 22, The distribution of tonnage among the major open-rogistry flect varies considerably among countries of domicile with Greck-owned tonnage dominating in Cyprus (18.4 million dwt = 60.84 per cent of Cyprus-fegistered Tonnage) while USA-owned tonnage is _pre- dominant in Liberia (18.3 million dwt -- 23,78 per cent) as well as in the Bahamas (4.1 million dwt -- 22,87 per cent) and Bermuda (4.9 million dwt -- 64.39 per cent), and Japanese-owned tonnage is predominant in Panama (22.8 niilion dwt ~ 37.24 per cent). Out of the total foreign-flag fleet of 237.2 million dwt for which the controlling interest is located in the 18 ma- jor countries or territories of domicile shown in tuble 8, 194.3 million dwt or 81.92 per cont has heen “flagged out” to the five major open ree- istry countries shown, 23. The Norwegian International Register (NIS) included, as at 1 July 1989, 449 ships aggrogating 23 million dwt (98.5 per cent under Norwegian ownership) and the Danish Inter- national Register recorded 204 shins for st total of 5.9 million dwt ( practically all Danish- owned). D. Types of vessels 24. The nine princical types oy vessel in the World merchant Mect are listed in table 9. The total deadweight tonnage for the principal types increased 1.5 per cent from mid-year 1988 to mid-year 1989. The largest annual change occurred within the miscellaneous tanker group which expanded to $58,000 dwt or 48.4 per cent over the previous year. Vessel type shares of the total fleet have remained relatively static over the 1988-1989 periad. Over 90 per cent of 1989 total deadweight (646,810 tons) consisis of four vessel types, eg. oil tankers (38.4 per cont), ore and bulk carriers (29.9 per cent), and general cargo (16.1 per cent). (See graph 8 for world fleet by vessel types for the 1987-1989pened.) 25. Further information about the world merchant flect by type of vessel and country groups is presented in table 19, In the tanker sector the developed market-economy countries continued to decline while all other country. groups expanded their deadweight shares. De- veloping countries, in particular, more than doubled their share of the world tanker Mlect between 1980 and 1989. Similar shifts in the deadweight distribution of the dry bulk fleets occurred with developed _ market-economy countries dropping from 52.7 per cent in 1980 to 28.4 per cent by 1989. This decline, how- ever, was offset by gains in the other country groupings with developing countries obtaining 25.2 per cent of dry bulk fleet in 1989 as com> pared with only 9.2 per cent in 1980. 26. Structural changes also occurred in the general cargo and container/lighter carrier sec tors, For example, developed market-economy deadweight shares of the gencral cargo ships fell from 43.4 per cent in 1980 to 23.6 per cent nine years jater. The share of container ships and lighter cartier declined from 74,3 per cent to 46,9 per cent over the 1980-1989 period. The re-distribution of the developed — market economy deadweight tonnage has resulted in developing countries now (1989) accumulating 25.9 per cent of the general cargo ships and 15.3 por cont of containor/lighter carrier vessels. Countries of Hastern Europe and socialist Asia also participated in the shift ax their combined totals of the general cargo and containar/lighter carrier by mid-year 198) are 23.6 per cent and 6.5 per cent, respectively. 27, Table 11 summarizes recent trends in the world container fleet, At miil-ycar 1989 the total number of fully cellular containerships was | 122 as compared to 1 075 for the same period in 1988, Total TEU capacity 3 panded to 1.4 milfion which represents a 9.0 per cent improvement over the previous mid-year. Developed markct-cconomy countries and open-registry fects had 64.2 per cent of the 1989 world TEU capacity while developing countries increased their share Lo 14,6 per cent or 205,358 TEU stots. The countries of astern Eurape anid socialist Asia experienced similar gains as the combined total reached 86 622 TEU capacity oF 6.1 per cent of the warkd slots id-year 1989, 10 Graph 8 WORLD FLEET BY PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CARRIER, 1987-1989 MID-YEAR Thousand of OWT 200 Savane BE conaineisnw 1 Gower se (ES oresrd but sad Buel 2 chermicalvcaerions aii ge ao 00] et 1eT 7088) 1089 Saree: LS K Age distribution of the world floct 28. ‘The average age of all ships increased to 12.98 years by July 1989. ‘This is a 6.0 per cont increase aver the previous mid-year age. Table |2 provides a statistical summary of age di tribution by country groupings, type of vessel and age interval. Within the bulk carrier and general cargo ship Meets 43.9 per cent of the toral dexdweight is in the oldest age group (15 yenes nnd over), as compared! to 34.4 per cent ‘if the tankor fleet. Conversely, the percentage distributions by yessel type fourdl in the youngest age group (0-4 years) are tankers (1.5 por cent), bulk carriers (18.5 per cent), and general cargo vessels (9.3 per cent). By country grouping the oldest ships are found in the merchant Meets of the combined fects of Kastern Buropean countries and socialist Asia (average 14.05 years) while the youngest fleets ave im developed countries (average 12.37 years) and developing countries (12.67 years).F. Comparison of cargo turnover and registration of ships by groups of countries 29. The dichotomy between cargo volumes generated by country groups and fleet owner- ship is represented in table 13. ‘The data dem- onstrate that developed market-economy countries and open-registry countries continue to own a considerably larger share of the world merchant fleet than in total world cargo turn- over. For example, in 1988 these two country groups combined generated $6.7 per cent of the world’s international seaborne trade but owned 67.8 per cent of the world’s deadweight. By comparison, the share of developing countries in goods loaded and unloaded in world seaborne trade in 1988 was 36.0 per cent, while their merchant fleet represented 20.9 per cent of the total world deadweight Meet, The share of the countries of Eastern Europe and socialist Asia in world international trade was slightly less than their share of the world’s deadweight tonnage. G. Productivity of the world fleet 30. During the decade of the 1980s the effi- ciency of the world tanker and dry bulk fleet followed a cyclical pattern. From 1980 to 1933 both the annual tons of cargo carried per dwt and ton-miles performed per dwt decreased to a ten-year low of 4.70 and 18.34 respectively. In 1984, however, a turnaround occurred and both productivity’ indicators continued to in- crease. By 1989 tons of cargo carried per dwt reached 6.18 and ton-miles performed per dwt was 25,450. Thus, over the 1980-1989 period, productivity of the world fleet, as measured by tons of cargo carried per dwt, increased 14.0 per cent but ton-miles performed. per dwt remained almost the same. Tables 14 through 16 provide additional details about this period. For example, table 15 indicates that the les performed per dwt by dry bulk carri- ers increased 27.1 per cent as compared to only 5 per cent increase for the tanker fleet, Percentage changes in ton-miles performed per dwt by combined carriers and the residual fleet increased 21.3 per cent and 4.3 per cent re- spectively. Table 16 lists tons carried per dwt and shows that the tanker sector achieved the highest gains in productivity, with an increase of 25.1 per cent over the 1980-1989 period. Dry bulk carriers and combined cartiers (over 18,000 dwt) increased 12.9 per cent and 16,9 per cent respectively, while the residual-fleet (all other vessels) increased the annual tons carried per dwt from 8,33 in 1980 to 9.20 by 1989. H. Present situation between supply and demand 32, The overall balance between supply and demand in the world merchant fleet continued to improve in 1989. Table 17 depicts the trends for the 1980s and shows that estimated surplus tonnage decreased from 83.4 million deadweight tons in 1988 to 62.6 million deadweight in 1989, ie. 9.8 per cent of the World merchant fleet. The 249 per cent de- crease reflects improved trading conditions and is well below the 1983 surplus peak of 195.8 milllion deadweight. 33. Nevertheless, all sectors of the world fleet experienced some surplus capacity. For exam- ple table 19 provides an analysis by the four main shipping sectors. The tanker market continued to have the largest excess fleet with 41.8 million deadweight tons or 16.5 per cent surplus (© requirements in 1989. Furthermore, tanker tonnage engaged in oil storage fell (see table 18) as only 51 vessels or 99 million deadweight tons were employed for this pur- pose at the end of 1989. 34, By contrast, the 1989 world unitized fleet ‘was only 2.5 per cent in surplus, while the gen- eral cargo Meet was in excess by only 4.2 per cent, The 1989 dry bulk fleet surplus was 17. million deadweight or 76 per cent of this sec- tor's capacity.2 Table 4 Distribution of worl twonage (grt and dt by ge - ountres of registration, 1970, 1988 and 198 (Oid-year igus) Flags of Tonnage aed perccniage shares Tnerease ia ‘egistation TT ———— tonage by groups of 1 grt (milions) Ted (lions) (oil 6) countries 1370-198 wo 988 tts 1970 1oRs 198919891989 (average) 1, World foal 2a TCT NGA IO (ov, 4000) (00-0) (100.0) 100-0) 2, Developed ius 2007-9 20612 rmarheteconomy. (a) (33) 650) G28) G23) aunties 3. Opensegitry 409 900 a2 ta conte (ss) Gi) GSD) G5 ‘Toul 2&3 1820 23s 2H gS THA (139) (es2) (868) (678) (67.5) 4 19s 50S a7 3B DBL 89) (123) (64) (tay (18.2) of which: in Eastern Wao 0382 BT. 4 43602 Europe 3) Ol) HH (HB in Asia os 13643 \2 we 2a M8 04 =) 83) HB GH ass SME S38 (67) @8) G1) 63) uly os ss 83 uM 73 03a America 64 Wl 186 7 6 A asia 73 say 80107 a Europe - 6a 0 22 oo ss AS Oceania - ir 1 - Te -d 5. Other, 12 a6 52 1 os 780 sunallgeated os) Sth Source: Compited on the basis of data supplied by de Shipping Informtion Services of Lloyd's Register of Shipping and Lloyd's of London Press Lid. 4Fxcluding the United States Reserve Flet and the United States and Canaktin Great Lakes feeb, wbistt in 1988 amounied eespoctively to 3.3, 13 and 1.7 million get Bpercentage shares are shown ie brackets Floctuding Yugoslavia, classified at Gor 986 ns a developing eouitry in EuropeB Table 5 = ‘The 35 most important maritime countries {es at 1 duly 1989)" Number of vessel Deadweight tonnage ‘National Foreign Total | Natignal Foreign lag ‘Total Foreign Total as Nag ® fag fag? flag % _ percentage 9813122296 | SToulso7 a 1@03 _MOTTOSO GAS Iaa3 122 1517 2739 | 358737 36931619 72895419 5073 12TH 810605 4is | 22257178 37538626 59795804 62.78 10.40 679 4981177 | 24603083 20881 143 asasi226 8591 7.90 4039 ~ 40s | 24.4399 ~ 28439699 0498 SUITE 36 S44 600 | 2765461 24621081 27386492 9.90479 4744s my | azn is 15 264801 24685916 GIaK 452 13s 3 tau | 8143116 4.438831 23581947 IR .13 Republic of Korea $289 $26 | 11165574 3090250 1425584 2148 249 Germany, Fed.Repof ts 432, ga | 3930242 BRG.952 ZRII God 2.24 OLA 339 38 ‘S77 | 10 473 426 SI9HI §=10992 7374.72 1.92 3065509. | 9527 145 © T6374 0NSID 75480 3317400 | 9027840 aT HSB Hass6— 32079 3231 Sta | 6at2a © 3530577 oTsaRST a6 193 4233s | S002967 3479225 © aez 192 320k 7707 123 ta | Boiz8z0 © t8B6s BoM GS 02st Ws ass 33 | sas7@2s 2933295 7290919 3886138 7s 9 | Saassiz e209 = 7205303 2506127 22 at | 3988205 229642) © G2KOSS 6110 7 283 | 5593527 BNO S9;DK6 STL LOS 33.27 M7 Gt 08 | 5309271 aad ass | SsuasT) S08 39335 | 4930595 52367 «S419 HL 0.96 Roma 3s 3B] Sa733S Odi 41753 Oss Belgium So 70150 | 2485835 2853758 S3ISH Shas 093 Netherlands 49161570 | 3158259 2093577 524783 39RD 092 ‘Sweden 1839325 | 17H AS —-28ARONE — GAD —GIS6 OND 30 - 39 | 4200347 - 42s 0 one 43 19) 62 | 2627S AIBA 3059713 335s 8D 26 4 na | 3275 168. 212550 SaKR 728 4D Ot 95 sts | 70h 179° -2S¥3112 3352201 77.06 73 Os | 276346 9D BOSS GRS “6ST Ls Bl «2% | 79872] BORG 2RISSH 7232 OSD 13s) 95 | aa8a72 2396536 2735008 8762 Coa 33 om | sipays 2145294 2708789 BOT 0.87 W499 nes | pazteme sz tas 2sTesz) Sn as ‘Total (35) 15894 6945 22-839 | 305 978 740 230576679 53H 558.419 43.088. percentage 696 3d 100 3 a 100 World taal 18418 7.350 28768 [SMiT/ oa 257 200as7 STVaRZOY ATS 1000 percentage TS 28S 108 S85 415 it} ‘Source: Information supplied by Lloyd's Maritime Jaformation Services Lid. (LMIS), London, ‘@Vessels of 1,000 grt and above, excluding USA reserve feet and Canadian Great Lakes Meet. 1e countyy of domicile indicates where the controlling interest ofthe feet is lacated, in leas ofthe parent company. In several cases, shown as the country of domi in New York, London and Piraeus although the owner may be domiciled in the Lrited States. Including vessels ying the national Nag but registered in tert self-governing territories. For the United Kingdom, Briish flag vessels 2 has required ceriain judgements to be made. Thus, for instance, Greece is ‘with respect 10 vessels owned by a Greek owner with representative offices except for Bermuda (isted in table & as an open-rezistry country) and Hong Kong (shown separately in the present table). “cis reported that some vestls owned by USSR companies have recently been registered ia Cyprus. Figures in this column show cumulative totals,4 Table 6 Distribution of flagged-out tonnage for jmportant countries of domicile * By category of vessel Tg Tonuiner Parcniage Pgs [tankers | wutcartiers [ener cargo | “sion ther | tor || “tora LR a ane pura as] dor [iis] me Ea [Mba] Otel ips [07 er onetce Se ee ep a] RT BT ees] | oes] "at Yea] Mia] das els iejaan || 273 Loew | Blows sh | smafaar| aim |i] 2 fis | 97 | ames | tas Panama | 36] 1366) So Ute) an [=| > P= |: | uafzaory et Mane 152) Bel | etl | ge f=] 2 fi] | sass Bananas | SPST | Srl de| oa] [ft] fae Tout ree fiaere [srs ess sis| S407 [is | ase [ia | 98 [sie a1 || 1000 62.44PAN mapa mers eps ]- | eT ae : BS] SRRTSSL] S885 |S [Sto | > |= [ise Se00 ff tsa ar | ooes{ HS | PML $3] aa] S| cer =] > | niz]somo ft as van 50) 2g) NE La) a] a] me [= || star 38 Singspore | 8] MEL ae | faol sel as [=| [ri | 2a | vos|aons || a0 ost rane ees | tame [oe [ree [| te [sey] sos | Teo 63.Usa ima sme] a pie) a) me psy Iam pees Pelee Pe, SY elo] s Le 134900 Bermuda |) sioe| aa | az] st] om | | vas [a | tes ) uss) ess Roma | 2130) S|) Sal a] ee] = Pe] oe) alee mace eee Sd ele | a (s | gel alta Frarce | ah [2e| 7 | aol | as | o | a6 [23 | os | oem at Spree ar[sara[ ar [ ae for] ate [es | 109 | oes eA NORWAY an a ee, I) DP ee pe] me] em] ae Liens TT] Soma) 3 | FG] a] der | a Sao fiz | on | mlzais | zs 4) (iis 3 | isto] i) ie | 2] 2) sltase | se 4) a] PEP] cys] S| ayer at Goat 1 11 atop el ae fe} fo] =] alas st Pomppis | 3) a] | tess] at ef] S Jo fo | astian se cums 8 a) Ss] | oe] |S fr |e | star] ner — hates pie Lenore] vera) wees [ae [soe o eat || toe 65 HONG KON ima J Sema] es yim] es) yep eye) ee ern TP] SS 00) Sh aera} user [as | as [= | = | ase) 7as my ame) Te | Taw] Mak || ta |= ts | ot : wf iss) a] pel |. | sa tof va] 'e | am’ | sof see | a | os [3 || talon ar hama| mr Lace ziof asm ae] eas fs | 3 | See pacan I] 0e15 Table 6 (continued) Distribution of fagges-out tonnage for important countries of domicile Flag Canbe Percentage country | Tankers | Bulk carsers |General earge | — shipe Other Total wa hips | 000" dwt ships [000" det] ships] GO'dwt | ship] 000” dwt [ships] 000 de] ships pow det 66 UNITED KINGDOM yan] 7 lew] B] ma] Ss] me [i] 1] mama] ma ies! 13 | sat] ie] a9] 7] ass |- | | sl2m0]! tax geal |) caf ONilbuta ied ce alizull, cu| asl aser|| ane 197} a | taf ua} ut | >] 2 ]F] ook | atf2aue | io walis firm! e] ise |e] ai [2 | | alates} ans 329] 30 | isos] ur] rors |r| 136 [ao | a7 | saa|6rar |] 300 ina wo [ees ts foe [ais fas | ane bar 6.7 CHINA (PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC) Params] 2] i] @ ]2me] 7] We] Ss] ae >] nie’ | =| =] [ae] f] ag) See rong Korg} | 21 7 | Sif 2] 2/2] 2 fa] a Others iY ey to) | aera ie Toa 3] ii] ot [avr] aa] aio | sae pe | 63 KOREA, REPUBLIC OF Parana] 14] 9S] 1] SS] BW] Zia ]e] a ]8] 0] mae] na tibea | 2) 373] 3] ss] 2] a7} | J> | | Pal] ise Singapore | @] me] >} -| =| =| 2] 212] 2] a) oel 433 Others: ~ = 1 ool 2 jo | - = 4 5 1 84 27 Tout 20 19s] 1 | eso 2] a1 [ie] a7 fiz | 16 | 8| 3000 [| 100.0 69. GERMANY (FRG) Tiere | 1] 190] # ] om] 7] aa] a] om ]-] | S)sa7 yao Panama | 0] 002] 17 Jam| 33| ave | | se | 2 és]i ao |] 203 others | 2] rat|_s | ms] | 407 fas | an fe | 13 | afi || ine Tot or| 2275] @ | 3382] 20) 225 [ai | os [6 | 13 | afew || 100. 0 ‘Total tonnage flagged out tor nine countries listed above: pap oi fier fon pay aenles [si [rm [ies [sasloo a] — ‘Source: Based on data supplied by Lloyd's Maritime Information Services Ltd., London, 4Vessels of 1,000 grt and atove. hips registered under the British Nag.16 Table 8 1s at { July (949 (dt tonnage) af major open registry Neets Towa Panama Hahamas Bermuda focsign-lag Mest ot or 000 dwt vessels v4 [000 dwe vessels Ym | 00 swe za sa zos | | an as fia $227 [aso 19 aaa | 31 475 too 300 Sas [=f 29 395 42s | | 2033 145s 53.1025 [4800 eae | 15.21 Fost 67-378 [2 2aK. ws] oar es - 3 6 968 aa = © 3763 sz 4) 30s] = 1339 o | 038 aa at 2 5 — yor 48, Vist 2: as 250993 3102 = os ay 235) 70 aS i aged 253135 219 40 fof ot 25m ba wa 8 = ose 239% a0 ez 23 : = 22449 B23 > : 21s 49 Fase 107 vias [feds] Tae via) [oa sa woZlleIN AN THT 967 [T6277 7a jae wer eae ixe4 30367 | S27 24 gai | 6361 155 2997] 178099 ze 14300 | wnsp 722 gas | ssa Total Hre-920 1208 00,00 [or 335 2752 190.00 [30925 1013 100.00 [1s 120 312 _woo.0n [7.609 83,100.00 [io4 x07 __5 $68 _100.00 |237 204_7 350 Sources Based on data supplied by Lloyd's Maritime Information Services Ltd., London. 000 yet aad shove. Deadweight ‘pondiog) ‘Grahizh 5 434 thousand dur (17.92 per cent) wil true nationatiy in Cyprus. es rounded to nearest thousand, Percentages relate to total dwt ofthe flag country (based on actual dt beforewv Table 7 z ns inn dorsi phy ts penis Country ‘Tankers ® Orefiutk General Coniainer Others Toa carriers ¢ cargo @ ‘ships tips [O00 ant [ships [00 [stn [000 [ ais [000 ant [ss [DOT [as [WOW et Tira | si0|soma | aeofanoai | 20] 3451] from] 23] 3] a8 to 900 Farama | Selina | Gra[cat |raiziaat fiat (srs |ice | ae [2 zsleeas Gree | too[togse | Saltaras [avo] usr |'ss Pau [7 | SE |G SS Relamas | 143]ttg7 | 99] 4300 | Zax] ios | 7 | oe | a | ot [SERED Bermede | ‘a0| 7001 | ">| “ore | “as ‘sss |r | [i | | Beye TOTAL —[1 32790589 [i siu]eeoat [ato [za [a8 | 305 [roe [oy [seals ‘Source: Yased on data supplied by Lloyd’s Maritime Information Services Lid., London. 4 Ships of 1,000 grt and above: figures have heen rounded to the nearest thousand. 2 Including gas and chemical tankers. £ Including combination carriers. 4 Including passenger, ro-ro vessels and ferries. epee ie ‘vessel, 1987-1989 World fleet by princig of I, 1 a ” "ethosands of dv ¢ Perceniaze Principal types 1987 1988 1939 change 1988/1989 T. Oil tankers 2a3 036 2a aes +1 G85) G84) 2. Liquited gas 19 000 10338 +36 lo (1) 3. Chemical carriers S936 $50 -18 5) 9) 4. Miscellancous tankers 376 558 +434 (1) 0.1) 5. Bulkjoitearriers 38 009 37.835 -0s (ine, ore/oi carriers) 60) Ga) 6. Ore and bulk carriers 193 191 192.090 193 sa0 +08 Gon G04) 29.9) 7. General cargo ine Wo0sss 98.075, 10s 141 +62 passenger earg0) (15) (isy (6.1) 8. Containershps (filly cellular) 23078 24207 24.647 ris and lighter carriers 6) Ga) Gs) 9. Ferries and passenger 2758 2s 2927 +20 vessels (oa) (oa) as) 10 All other vessels 20705 20.469 18 539 94 G3) G2) 29% World Toral 40764637 079 6 810 71s 00.9) (100.0) (00.9) Source: Uoya" lariime Information Services Lid. (LMIS), London, ‘The totals in this table are not comparable with those in table 4, because they include the United States {eserve Fleet and the United States and Canadian Great Lakes fleets. Percenlage shares are shown in brackets. Includes all fishing vessels that were previously shown separately. Consolidation required because data (rom = previous years are not comparable with the new LMIS reporting format.Feveentage sheres of country geoups (as at Table 10 world toamage by type af vessel and 1 duly) 1OMD, 1ORS, OBR and 19RD & eters of duty Country Year Total dwt OH Oieand Pull Geserat Coniainer Other group. tankers carriers® cargo, ships ships including ships © combined Vilions Percentage ofdwt of werld Percentage share by vessel pe ‘otal Work vorat (ao 628100 or na m0 1b as VAS 6648100 303M i503 “3 19886280100 wt 0 iso 38 7 1987 038.0100, m2 BS sx 39 13 Percentage share by group OF countries Developed market- Ws) 80313 sos S27 a4 43 sos ecomomy eouetries W985 229428 8 8 MA BA 467 1882089328 300 383 mz S16 208 1989 261 323 Bol 28a ne 469 29 ‘Opencregi igo 22S 3620 wx 135 179 nates foxs 2034206 335s ms 130 23.4 tom = 102350 920 360 26 wa 23.7 tuo aa 352. ax Su ws Ue BS Counities of 1980 7 38 au 42 2329 192 Eastern Europe 1985 Ss 88 aa 73 ws $5 132 fund socialist 1988 3 102 4892 24000 TL 152 ‘countries of Asia 199949102 45097 2668 140 of which: Eastern 78 SS 2a 42 2328 192 Eurape las 3 G2 34a? 3933 (40 ies BS 69 A638 i 137 i936 68 34 6 1S iI in Asia joo 10916 06 16 47 13 jas 7228 W026 692 12 ies 053 12 34 x9 Sa 13 i933 36 aS 6 19 Developing iyo 68410. Ww 82 m6 76 120 countries Ws 3d IT 9 ia ao 150 1988 L229 5s 280 ne 130 Via Woxe 134921 162 282 29153 192 whieh ine Africa tog 7 Lo 23 2 24 jas R01 14 0a 23a 23 was 7712 a 0s zB OO 23 fo 73 oy 08 2300 (Oa 34 Wren 1980 2 wo 3600 I W988 45 mB so (8S a7 1988 38 317 12 ha xo 1989 a0 sys os ie SI sia 198 54 43 987 37 (xs 786 MLA 43 a us 89 yous 8723 103 2 a 10s oxo kD 108 1 Rs 10019 = Table 10 (continued) Percentage shares of world tonnage by type of vessel and ‘country groups (as at 1 July), 1980, 1985, 1988 and 1989 ¢ (dn terms of dwt) Country Year Toval dt Oil Ore and pak General Cortainer Other group tankers carrie cargo. ships ships Racor sony tas 1989 Oceania 1980 193s 1988 1989 ‘Other, 1980 ‘unallocated 1985 1988. 1989 Source: Compiled on the basis of data supplied bythe Shipping Information Services of Loyd’ Register of Shipping and Toyb ot London Pres tid” Sw ‘Excluding the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and Canadian Great Lakes Fleet. re and bulk carriers of 6.000 grt and above, including combined ore/oil and ore/ bulk oil carriers. ‘tudine passenger cargo ress, including Yugostavia as of 1986Table 11 Distribution of the world Mect asd TEU # capacity of fully Cellular containerships by groups of coatries, ‘at mid-year 1987, 1988 and 1989 Flags of registration by Number of TEU capacity a ‘gevups of countries ships percentage shares 171988198 17 1988 1589 1. World total Vosz 107 «1:22 7218218 13023331 408 80 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) 2. Developed market- 1485406 bed 760 65194 $99.301 economy countries a7) Goa) (25) A. Open-registry countries mast 2390s 274240 308.490 9a) @z) Gt) Total, 2 and 3 Ts 692663 93791 925334 90879 (aay (716) (642) 4. Countries of Eastern 1 65791 742616 622 6x (57) 16.1) Eastern Europe 8 ® 32124 34a 40955 5) 27) (29) Asia a ar 2 32967387248 677 en Bo) 32) 5, Developing cuvntries m4 eB 1s1.969 172 942 205.358 (zs) War (186) 3 4 4 585 1810 110 s On (0.1) Ameren 4“ 34 10.701 1899019413 (0a) (us) (ay Asia Wo ets 134820 146032174 DR (ha) ary Europe 7 ° w 3083, 3197703 (03) (03) (0s) Oceania : 4 7 - vols 2175. (04) (02) 6. Other, unallocated et mous 95274 11979624) 709 (78) 03) as) Souree: Lloyals Marie Information Services Lid, (LMIS), London. 1 weaty-foot equivalent unit percentage shares are shown in brackets.Age u Table 12 ‘terms of dvt) ibation of the work! merchant Meet by type of vessel as at 1 July 1989 (Percentage of total Country grouping Type fvessel Tal 0-4 $9 10:1 IS years Average age Gears) years years years andover uly 1989 duly 1988 Wort oral ‘Ai ships 10 aa 97 «SCS 1381225 Tankers ie oS 126 538 1551285 Bulkearriers* 100 18S 261238316 20000 at General cargo 10093183) KS RD Msi 14s Developed market- All ships 100 61S Raw 137 economy Tankers 0 118 12687200 1g ‘countries, Bulk carries = 1000.7 384 220 nas General cargo 100 B35 369 1309 Opco-cegitry All shige 100 aura 1337 countries Tankers 100 wos ra 1403 Bulkcarriers > 100 24 0387 1323 General cargo 100 33638 Subtotal Al ships 100 35 Mz 13 Tankers 100 2600 M3 ns Bulkcarrers# — 100 Ds Ml 18 Generaleargo 10019 306 363 np Countries of 013.0 30430 14051375 Eastern Europe 10142 3300 a 1271 nao and socialist 100 160 6 os. 2» ‘countries of Asia 0a 189903 Tea 15.99 100180 301s 2671199 10086 404 364 1405128 (excluting open 100 239 m2 (sa 1o72 10s Fegistry countries) General cargo 1004 317487 1si9 14a ‘Source: Compiled on the basis of data supplied by Lloyd's Maritime Information Services Lid. (LMIS), London. To calculate average age it has been assumed that the ages of vesels are distibuted evenly between the lower and upper limit of each age group. For the 15 years and over age group, the mid-point has been assumed to be 22 years, Including combined carriers.2 Table 13 ‘Comparison betiveen total earge turnover ani fleet ownership hy groups of countries, 1970 and 1987-1989 ite terms of dvi) Goats touded Total of Mferchani Percntage of wold andunloaded goods leet. total ot Country Year (aitons of Waded & ——(rillons grouping ons) tmloaded of dwt) Goole Merchant (ilons loaded and fleet Loaded Unloated sf 00s) wiloaded owned) jw 4027-20104 aRIZL BD Sa 865 (71606224972 403A 4307 567 681 ios 2oosa 4303 S67 ora 1989 275204540 4308 367 ora 0 sae —~BTe Baa aT af 7 198720582 SAS a4 Ti 89 fore OE 2585 S567 638 73 oz Jos 3060 2k SUD s9 om m2 Devehpng 1970163 ane 20Tay 205 es counties, 1987-6028 9381 254.0 isa ms tue 1729S 1008977354 B12 2s od Lae 105602 HIRO 135.6 32 Wor joe 2oma 25296 Sid 326.1 1900 total Wx? 45033 302822 160.0 18837359 3m50 Fens aT 1000 1993940940700 0100 ean ‘vo Source: As per ables ) anid 4 4 Inclusing unallocated lonmage indicated in annex 1 Table 14 ‘Cargo tonnage carried and ton-niles performed per dnt of the total world Rect, 1980-1989 Year World fleet Total cargo “Total ton-miles Tontor ‘Ton-males {cvilions curried performed (thousands cargo. performed afd) (nitions {Of millions of enrried perdwt s'tons) tonmiles) per dwt (thousands) Toa Gane a7 16777 saz WaT VR GRR 3555 1S Rat 56 2299 WMD 6938 3773 1B toe 046 1983 686.0 3230 12 82 Wd iat 6748 3aie 13.364 (93 19S G04 3382 Neo 1940 19863941 3459 13 855 168 1987 3508 44295 251 Loi 3735 45305 2437 1989, 3940 10235 2845 c World leet: Llovils Register of Shipping: Staustical Tables (London), various isues (ml year Figures) total argo carried “UNCTAD dala bank; torcmiles Peanmiys, Review (Oslo) Sato ines23 Table 15 ivity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined carriers ® and the résidual eet ®, 1980-1989 Estimated produ (Too-miles performed per dvt) ‘Year ‘Towniles Tonsmiles Ton-miles Ton-miles Ton-miles of Tomales Ton-miles Tonnies of oll and per dwt of of dry bulk per dwt oil and dry per dwt of of the per dwt of grain by tankers cargo by of bulk uk cargo combined residyal the tankers (thousands) bulk carriers by-combined carriers fleet residual thousands fearriers (thousands) carriers (thousands) (howsands. Meet of millions) € thousands {thousands of millions) (thousands) of millions) of lions) 1980 O00; 2756 «2009 ——aaT 1so9 s243 4 192~=«2ABD 1981 8007 248021691473 151832144 14s 226 1982 5893 ©1840 2422 15.66, 1310 8923874 23s 1983 $23 ©1738 «= 2640 1S.60 1016 235736942138, 1988 S305 189330811707 1137 813338 zs 1985 485) 1838 -3.208 17.08 1192290003812, 228 1086 Sa © 72673717 18RD ous 6523769 261 1987 5600 © 2403 3.922 7001 1022 306937292194 1988 ISS 268934781798 1266 3751 4a 2563 1988 6740 2943.56 1839 13103934 4589 2591 Source: Compiled on the basi of Fearnleys, Review, World Bulk Trades and World Bulk Fleet (Osi) various issues. 4 AAs fromm 1988 the source data for tankers pertain to ships above $0,000 dat (previously 60.000 dent). For tbulk carrier the bats ir now also ships above 0,000 dwt (previously 40,000 dt). Combined carriers have bbeon similarly amended. This factor largely accounts for the significant revision of the 1988 estimates published here, in relation to those found inthe previous issue of this annual report. BT “residual Nest” refers to all vessels included in table 4, excluding tankers, buik carriers and combined bulk carriers of te size range indicated in footnote Excluding grain since 1982, as data are not availa, Table 16 Estimated preductvity of tankers, bulk carriers, combined cartiers, and the residual Net #, 1980-1989 (rons carried per dwt) Year ‘Tonsof ‘Tons —‘Tonsofdry ‘Tons. Tors ofol and Tons Tons Tons oitand carried bulk cargo carried dry bulh cargo. carried carried carried grain by per dwt by bulk perdwt by combined per dwt by the perdi tankers of carriers of ofulk_ —earriersof "of residual of the (rilions) tanker over 18000 tat carriers over 18,000 dt combined Meet residual lions) (oillions) "carriers (millions) fleet 1980 Sod 396 285 2B 3831-306 1981, 419 a 286 262 3531408 1982 191 435 294 22 Siz 1321 19831132, $93 290 196 4351272 19841174 366 318 24 S07 1358 19851084 620 330 200 480 1389 198% 1140, 663 336 195 S48 1420 19871185, 3 354 193 sa 1384 198s 1295 610 36 24 6351586 19991390, 630 322 227 x2 1630 Source: As for table 1S 4 See footnote @ to table 15,4 Table 17 ‘Tonnoge oversupply in the world merchant feet, 198041989 (tillion dt and percentages) To) 19811982 —~1ORY—tpGa—+1985_—:1986_—«N9RT_—«IDEN—=1ORD (est) Billion dwt) World merchant feet «82.2 GK OAS BRAD BIAS GAN OBL 63ST ORD (as at mid-year) ‘Surplus tonnage & oT 9 1A SATE WES 10K HOLE MO Active feet 85,1 599.7 5094 4902 503.3 5033 S310 S312 SHES 575A (Percentages) Surplus tonnage as a pereentage of the 142116 HSS AAD GDR ‘World merehant Meet ‘Surplus tonnage as a percentage of the active 166 276 «304-399 340 ZZ HS 19M SNS world merchant Meet Source: Ship ng lormation Services of Le: Register of Shipping sod Lloyd's of London Press Ltd; Lloyd's Shipping Economist (London), various issues. “ Eslimamies of average year Figures. Surplus tonnage is defined ay tonnage which is not fully wiliced due to slow steaming, lay-up status of because is lying idle for otier reasons, As of March 1989 Lloyd's Shipping Economist (London), (the main source for estimates of surplus tonnage in the World fleet shown in the present papery changed the base for its calculation of slow steaming bulk carriers, (See the March 1989 issue of Uloyd's Shipping Econoniist (London), 9-10); Thus the figures for the bulk carriers. surplus test for Yonb.1986 iv ble are estimatzd fn aceordance withthe method Used before March 1989. Estimates for }086-1980 are based on a new ricthod which show considerably lower igures. World Meet mious surplus tonnage Table 18 “Tanker tonnage engaged ia eit storage, 1981-1989 (Capacity in thousand st) Dae ‘Semi permanent ‘Shorter Total Re. Dwi Ne. Dat We Det Ty 1981 2 10649 a 16205 na Yast anuary 1982 58 12682 45 7 103 nase Saly 1982 x 12703 16 2753 74 5-486 Sauary 19K3 31 Ds 16 2615 a 13750 ily 1983 33 Wy is Ve or 13601 Sanwary 198838 9737 35 4638 14 1439s uly 1984 a 960 a His 0 75 Tanusey 1985 0 63d 9 (2093 7 13477 “aly 1985 8 832 B 971d % 1 036 January 10M 7318 38 8333 B 15876 uly 1986 40 6 696 3 9198 3 13892 Manusry 1987 4L The 8 12479 6 20027 ‘haty 1987 » 7012 8 7917 o 14909 arwary 198840 687 0 9304 70 1621 ‘hly (RS a 6553 » 7636 66 Lato ‘January 198935 oD 20 4783 58 10946 ‘uly 1989 5 6123 9 313 s 11 238 December 198937 6238 ia 3750) st 9988 Sources John 1 Seats PLG, World Tanker Meet Keview (London), various issuesaT ee 25 Table 19 Analysis oionnage oversupply by vessel type, 1980-1989 (Average year figures in lion dt} 198019811982 —1983__1988 1985 1980 1987 1983 1080 (est) Supply of world tanker Meet 3818 31.3 3350 3194 2967 2730 261.7 2851 ave 2527 Total tanker surplus Meet, 74.0 1077 1307 1340 111.7 1009 688 e587 a1 of which: ‘Share of surplus lectin the worldtanker leet (percent) 216 315 390 $19 376 369-263 sm 218 16S Supply of worl dry bulk feet 128 1840 197.0 2029 2150 m7 1184 2138 2204 225.0 Dry bulk Reet surplus, WT %4 464 920 503 sat 308 280 23.4172 of which: ‘Share of surplus in the world ty bulk Meet (percent) 4198 235256 3425143 ates Supply of world general cargo mn Wms? ia? s54 321 R976 Ts General carge Meet surplus; =930 44 61 8376584329 Share of surplus inthe world Reneral eargofleet (per cent) 29 40 7.1101 9S 7762S as ak Supply of world united feet Wo M1 29 22 73 m9 42 Re 344 354 Surplus of unitized neet % 0 89 1S 16 ot os ost Share of surpius ia the world sntized Meet (peretw) 21 2549 ae 6) gs as ssa ‘Source: Based on Lloyd's Shipping Economist Aggregates forall sectors as shown’ m the World total figures in table I ‘Average figures for the second half of the year 1878 a7 ~ sid 9% 2 - = - - 18 a . ¥ - 2 - 20 27153 2 wi) =e 2 “Source: Lloyds Maritime laformation Services Ltd (LMIS), London, 4 Owing to founding, the torals do not alirays add up, Table 23 Datveries of newbuidings, 1987-1988 # Aoumber of shipe and thousands of grt/Awt) Type tsp 1987 1988. TKD Tankers Number 2 17 104 Grt 1976 2408 3168 Dwt 3376 4138 5503 Bulk joi carviers Number 5 i 2 Gr 39 i 7 Dvt 384 306 6 Ore and both Number 81 a eo carriers Grt 2472 1340 2440 Dvr 5077 248 4491 Geng ember 0 wo 8° ships Gr cag 462 si Bvt om 52 a5, ‘Other ships umber asa 932 443 Get 3320 2987 2902 Dyt 2388 222 2548 Total Nuber Loa 1130 1102 Ga 9.065 Ta 9059 Bet nw one 13.290 Sources Loss Maritime talormation Serves Lid. (LNUS), London. ‘BY he figures ie this table refer to the period January-Sepiember for each year. DVeeasels of 2,000 grt and over31 Table 24 Distribution of deliveries of newtuildings by roups of countries of build, 1987-1989 € (Thousands of grt) ® County grouping Be Tas DB. Developed market 3098 78s 3533 economy countries (612) 669) L) Developing countries 1977 21% 248 216) 296) @Q7.0) Counties of Eastern Furope 601 oss 828 And socialist countrics of Asin (7.8) 69) 62) Other, unallocated 301 30 238 G4) 4.5) Q7) World trad tora 73s 3052 1400. (i000) (100.0) ‘Source: Compiled by the UNCTAD secretariat on the basis of data contained in Lloyd’: Register of Merchant shipbuilding returns, quarterly issues of the respective years. As for table 23, this table is based on the period January to September (a slight statistical discrepancy ‘gmains in the total onnages as compared to those shown in table 23). Percentage shares of the world total are indicated in brackets. Table 25 Broken-up tonnage trends, 1980-1989 ing: TORT 19821983 19R4 1085 108s 198719881989 1980 “Tonnage sold for breaking 10.0 (nilion dwt) ‘Share of broken-up tonnage inthe 1S total world fleet (percentage) 146 3327924312. 21410 484363 a Source: Fearnleys, Review, Oslo, various issues, W357 33 26 09 OsTonnage reported sold for breaking by wpe of vessel, 1982-198 32 Table 26 ‘(Thousand dwt and percentage shares) Type of Thousands of dwt Percentage shares vessel 19821983 Toad 198519861987 _I98H 1989 | 1982 1989 _I9HM_19BS 1986 1987 19RK L989 Tankers 2325) 24H 19822 26704 12106 6519 25701567|822 TAS 679 GS Vs WA WS ABI Combined 1683 2022 1516 3794 2889 950 203 JOR} So 62 52 1 9S SK SI 33 carriers Dry bulk (097 2651 $024 6673 11365 3539 846 SIO] 39 BA (3B 16.0 364 329 147 156 carters 227) 3677 IMG 4414 4654 3310 20801076] 8.0 T1213 196 149 202 356 330 BH 04 F268 DITO A GTS HH 214 16 34H S 780 3.261 1000 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: Fearnleys; Review, Oslo, various issues Table 27 [Desnoliton prices in 1987-1909 (Dollars per LDT) Monk Market Pakistan/India ‘Southern Europe 1987 1s) 197 —BE 98798 «19D Tanwary 1450 300 TS 1950 SOTHO February 1325 200 115019802500 7.0 March 1375 2500 1150-2100 2800778 18s 2500 ITS 2200-2800 TTS ylay 148s 2500 17S 2400260077: Sune 139.0 250M ISD 510 -2HPS TTS duly 1o0.0 250.0 430.0 2450-2625 80 August 1730) 250.0 145.2500 2625 85.0 ‘Septernber 185.0 2500 135023002500 85.0 Ottoher 2300 2300 1759 240.0 230.0 95.0 Novernber 200.0 2017502450 250.0 95.0 December 20000 21501900 245.0 20.0 ‘Aun average [6g 2370 2437199022707 1TS Source: Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics (Bremen), Shipping Statistics, various issues.