‘TD/B/C.4/198/Rev.1 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Review of maritime transport, 1979 ae SS aL UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva Review of maritime transport, 1979 Report by the secretariat of UNCTAD UNITED NATIONS New York, 1982NOTE symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United ‘Nations document. ‘The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of zny opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nalions concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Materia! in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowl- edgement is requested, together with a reference to the document nusaber. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to the UNCTAD secretariat. THICIOBREV I UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Soles No, £81IID.11 Price: SUS, 800CONTENTS Abbreviations: Explanatory notes 2... ee ImRopUCTION «ss DRee Seioks aae See a ce Chapter Paragraphs 1. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE TRADE 1.9 II, DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD MERCHANT FLEET 10.20 A. Size and ownership of the world flect 1013 B, Types of vessel : 1448 C. Ase distribution ofthe world merchant feet... 19 D. Comparison of cargo turnover and fleet ownership ... . 20 TIL, PRODUCTIVITY OF THE WORLD FLEET 21-25 ‘A. Estimates of tons carried and ton-miles per d.w.t. bares. paeee B. Estimates of tonnage over-supply 25 TV. Satraunpmse 26-38, A. Ship prices 26-30 B. Tonnage on order 31-36 C. Deliveries of new buildings 37.38 Y. FREIGHT MARKETS . f algegae ces 3946 A. Freight rates of main cargo sectors. ee eee 3084 B. Liner eight rates asa percentage of prices of selected commodities . . | 45 C. Estimates of global freight costs, 46 VI. Port DEVELOPMENTS 41-63 A. Introductory remarks 47-49 B. Demand for port servis... 2.2... 50453 C. Adequacy of port services = 5459 D. Port development finance + 60-63 VIL. OTHER DEVELOPMENTS © ee 6473 A. Code of conduct for liner conferences. 64-66 B, Convention on international multimodal transport 67 C. UNCTAD technical assistance in shipping and ports 68-70 D. Suez Canal 1B i 16 16 rd 18 18 18 a 2B 23 2 2B 2 ” Bey 32 2 32 32 ad16. 0. 18, LIST OF TABLES Development of international seaborne trade, 1965, 1970, 1975-1978 World seaborne trade by types of cargo, 1965, 1970, 1875-1979 World seaborne trade by types of argo and shares of aroun of countries, 1965, 1970, 1976+ WR... istration as at Distribution of word tonnage (gst, aud dt) by groups of counties of {July 1965, 1970, 1978, 1979... True management of open-regisry fects, 1979 6 ven ae Beneficial ownership of opensesistry Meets, 179... 5 « Analysis of world fleet by principal types of vessel, 1970, 1975, 1977-1979 Percentage shares of world tonnage (e.+.t.) bytype of vessel ast 1 July 1965, 1970, 1978, 1979 Diseribution of world tonnage wt) and capacity of fly cellule container shirs (TEU) by groups of countries as at 1 July 1979... SEY ose Age distribution of world merchant fleet by type of vessel esat I July 1979... Comparison between total cargo turnover and fleet tonnage by groups of countries of sflective ownership, 1970, 1975-1977. a World fleet, cargo tonnage carried and tonemiles per d.w.t., 1970, 1973-1979 Estimated productivity of tankers: tons cartied and tonemiles performed per daw.t., 1970, 1971979 se SHH hee de Estimated productivity of bulk carriers and combined carriers: tons carried and ton-miles performed per d.w.t., 1970, 1973-1979... 9 alae niapsh ash Estimated tonnage over-supply for tankers, combined carriers, bulk carriers and the total ‘world fleet, 197, 1978, 1979 ate aT RTESE Representative new building prices, 1974-1979 . Dypin'est World tonnage on order at end of each quarter, Septeniber 1976-September 1979 Distsbution of tonnage on order by type of vessel andy groups of counties of regis ‘ration as at 30 September 1977, 1978, 1979 World tonnage on order as at 30 September 1979 ibution of tonnage on order by groups of country of build, 1970, 1977-1979 Deliveries of new buildings, 1975-1979 Distribution of deliveries of new buildings by groups of countries of build, 1970, 1977-1979 Freight rate indices, 1977-1979 Ratio of liner freight rates to prices of selected commodities, 1970, 1975-1978 Estimated total freight costs in world trade, 1970, 1975, 1977, 1978 Container traffic in selected ports of developing countries, 1978 ‘Congestion reports by region... é Ab PAIN Summary of port financing, 1970-1979. . World Bank: loans and credits to developing countries, 1976-1979 ‘Asian Development Bank: loans to developing countries, 1975-June 1979 hy 1s 16 16 16Page 31, Caribbean Development Bank: loans to developing countries, 1970-June 1979 a 32, Average daily number and net tonnage of vessels using the Suez Canal, 1966, 1978 and first half of 1979 é 5 aos ANNEXES 1. Classification of countries and territories. . : "nS Tl. World scaborne trade according to geographical areas, 1965, 1970, 1976, 1977... . 37 TM, Merchant fleets of the world by flags of registration, groups of countries or territories and types of ships, in grt.anddw.t,asatiJuly 1979.0... 0... eee es 40 TV, Selected maximum snd minimum tramp freight rates, 1976-1979... 6... 46 Liner freight rate changes and surcharges announced in 1979. . area! ay ABBREVIATIONS. Organizations ASDB Asian Development Bank BIMCO Baltic and International Maritime Conference IMF International Monetary Fund. OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme World Bank ternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development Other ‘brake horsepower cost, insurance, freight deadweight tons free on board GDP. gross domestic product GNP ‘ar0ss national product Bert. oss registered tons LNG liquefied natural gas LPG liquefied petroleum gas nes. not elsewhere specified 080 ore/bulkoil - ro/ro roll-on, roll-off SDR special drawing rights TEU 20-foot equivalent unit uLCe ultra large crude carrier vec very large crude carrierEXPLANATORY NOTES References to dollars ($) are 1o United States dollars, unless otherwise specified. References to tons are to metric tons, unless otherwise specified. 'A hyphen between years, c.g. 1977-1978, signifies the full period involved, including the first and last years. ‘An oblique stroke between two years, e.g. 1977/78, signifies a financial year. In tables: ‘Two dots (..) sigaify that data are not available or are not separately reported, ‘A dash (—) signifies that the amount is nil or less than half the unit used, Figures do not necessarily add up to totals owing to rounding, ‘The classification of countries and territories used in the Review is intended for statistical convenience and does not necessarily imply any judgement regarding the stage of development of any particular country. ”INTRODUCTION The Review of Maritime Transport is an annual publication prepared by the secretariat of UNCTAD in accordance with item V of the programme of work of the Committee on Shipping.* The purpose of the Revfew is to outline and analyse the main developments in World maritime transport in the past year and to assess expected future developments, To the extent possible, historical data are included to reflect long-term trends. Fmphasis is placed on the evolution in developing countries in comparison with that in other groups of countries. + See the report ofthe Commie on is fourth secon (Oficial Records of the Trae ond Developinent Brand, Tenth Session, Supplement No. § (TDJB|30}), annex TI,Charrer 1 DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SEABORNE TRADE 1, In 1978 the fotal tonnage of sesborne trade vemained essentially the same as in 1977, increasing by only 0.1 per cent. However, there were variations in the growth rates cof different cargo sectors: tanker cargoes decrensed by 2.2-per cent while dry cargoes rose by 2.7 per cent, mainly ‘a3 @ result of an increase of 3.4 per cent in the tonnage of the main dry bulk commodities. The bulk sector accounted for roughly $0 per cent of world trade (of Which $3.3 per cent consisted of tanker eargoes, 19.2 pet cent of the major bulk items and about 7 per cent of the ‘minor bulk items). * The remaining 20 per cent consisted basically of cargo carried in the liner sector, together \with a small percentage of tramp and specialized cargoes for which detailed figures are not available. Table | gives details of seaborae trade from 1965 to 1978 (the last year for which complete data are available), 2. Preliminary figures for 1979 indicate that the total tonnage of world seaborne trade increased by 5 per cent; tanker cargoes increased by around 4 per cent and dry cargoes by about 6 per cent.* This increase is attributable United Nasions, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, January fs5003. Bused on Fearnley and Egers Charsering Co, Ltd. World Bulk Trades 1978 (Oslo, 1979), Review 1979 toshori-term changes in the different cargo sectors rather than to changes in the growth of the world economy. According to preliminary estimates, the GDP of OECD ‘countries grew by 3.3 per vont in 1979 (3.9 per cent in 1978), that of developing countries by 5.3 per cent (5.2 per cent in 1978), while the national income of socialist countries increased by about 2 per cent (5.2 per cent in 1978).* 3. In the tanker sector, the variations are mainly attributable to changes in the tonnage imporied by the United Statcs of America, In 1978, the tonnage imported decreased following a 4 pet cent increase in United States domestic production, and us a result of the existence of stockpiles, but imports rose again in 1979 following an 0.5 per cent decline in domestic production and the depletion of stockpiles, * Part of the increase in 1979 was also attributable 10 other petroleum-importing countries ‘which were replenishing stockpiles depleted in 1978, ‘Figuces on the rates of economic growth of diferent groups ef counties aze based on the report by the UNCTAD secretaist, "World scoaomic oudook 1980-81" (TD/B)789/Rev.). “Based on United Nations, World Energy Svoplies 1973-78 (United Netioas publication, Sales No, F.79.XVTL.13) and Petrom Tei Feonomist (London), vel, XLVIL, No. i, Janaazy 1380. Tams { ‘Derelopoent of international seaborne trade, * 1968, 1970, 1975-1978 (Gi de oa = a arte raat Mitton rou seins pesoue Mitre pecs Muto pros te very ar 8 ay eer wee a er Barwon ye te) aa to wf ie 8 im tre We ok Eye on Wwe Bt tz StS on 1 Om ‘Sauce: (9 For ener cng, pa dy aay nd ll sods dla seo elt URCTAD sects tye Sibel Ot se Vlad Some Seas 2inodis sineget eee or oder asi bee deat ae Stet eigen Nas So SEI unr bat te se cose “Gh Tor aia, cmoncian Peary and Eas Chassreg Co, Li wid i Hae Cen BB “oviting ntawatonl cago onde a por af he Grat Lake, ant the oar ef nate ton ot be re ten is eel ites asi Ba Coma Sndcng rem fps oto Relea SRS acid SS Fags for resea s meaper| eo ees ri cul, niu ad pesca4, In the dry cargo sector the changes were largely due to the stagnation of the steel industry in 1978, especially in Japan, and its subsequent recovery in 1979, although in 1978 increased grain shipments resulted in an overall increase in the volume of dry cargoes. In 1979 world steel production increased by around 4 per cent, and that of the world’s largest iron ore importer, Tapan, by 9.4 per ‘cent, * This stimulated an increase in world seaborne trade of iron ore by 8.6 per cent and of coal by 10.2 per cent.’ Part of this increase also resulted from replenishment of stocks depleted in the preceding year. In addition, the tonnage of dry cargoes increased as a result of record levels of grain imports 5, Table 2 shows the volume of international seaborne ‘rade in billions of ton-miles. During 1973 the ton-mnilewge of total world trade decreased by 26 per cent, reflecting a reduction in the average haul which was largely atrib- lable t0 the reduced oil imports to the United States and, to a lesser extent, to Western Europe, Thus, while the tonnage of oil in 1978 was reduced by 2.2 per cent, the ton-mileage as reduced by nearly 7 per cent; on the other hand, for the other cargo categories, ton-miles varied ia proportion to the changesin tonnages. ‘The 1979 ton-mile figures show that average voyage distances in total trade registered an increase over 1978 in Tine with increased oil imports, 6. Table 3 summarizes the distribution of seaborne cargoes by groups of countries of loading and unloading from 1965 to 1977 (the last year for which complete data are aveilable). In 1977, developing countries loaded 59,5 per cent of total world cargoes (60.1 per cent in 1976), developed market economy countries loaded 33.4 per cent (33.2 per cent) and. socialist, countries 7.1 per cent (6.7 per cent). On the import side, the developed market economy countries unloaded 76.5 per cent (77.2 per cent in 1976), the developing countries 18,2 per cent (17.5 per cent) and the socialist countries 5.3 per cent, the same as in 1976, "Estimates of the International Iron and Steel Institute. ffeamloy and Eas Charing Co 18, Rein 1579 Oe, 1980). 7. In. 1980, the overall world economic growth is expected to show an insignificant increase. The growth in real GNP of the OECD countries is predicted to be only around | per cent,* national income is planned to grow et 4. per cent in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, and the GDP of developing countries is predicted to grow at 5.9 per cent, but the purchasing power of exports of non-oileexporting developing countries is predicted to inerease by only 1 per cent. ‘The levelling off of economic growth, especially of the industrialized countries, coupled with expected increased efforts at oil conservation caused by high oil prices, is likely to reduce the volume of seaborne trade in oll. However, uncertainties about future oil supplies may increase the demand for oil stockpiles in the main consuming areas tnd this may prevent a large decline in the oil trade, 8, In the dry cargo sector, the growth of seaborne trade in 1980 is likely to be restrained by limited growth of ‘world industrial production and by other international developments, Growsh of industrial production in OECD countries is expected to be as low as 0.75 per cent, # and stecl production is likely to stagnate or even decline during the year, This will in turn reduce the growth of seaborne tride in iron ore and coal. However, while the ‘coal trade has traditionally been linked to steel production levels, ts use in power generation as a substitute for oil hhas been increasing and for this reason seaborne trade in ‘coal may actually increase, at least by around the same rate of growth as in 1979. 9. Ta the grain trade, the demand for imports by some of the major traditional purchasing and new importing ‘countries Was expected to lead to a substantial increase of at least 10 per cent in grain shipments in 1980. How- ever, recent international political developments may reciuce significantly the tonnage which will actually be shipped, although the extent of the reduction cannot be determined at present, The growth of general cargo and minor dry bulk cargoes is likely to be less than the esti= mated 5.8 per cent growth attained in 1979. “OECD, Beotomie Outlook (Batis), No. 26, December 1979. » See TD//783(Rev.l. OECD, Econonle Outlook (Paris), No. 26, December 1979. Tams? ‘World seahome trade by types of caro, 1965, 1970, 1975-1979 (Bons of tones) Yor pean 1365 wm Br. Wee wT WRG ea 1979 (estimated) fe (erat Scant Gram® Snot 372g 4g) S37 Sma 1003 84752118 10654 iat lB 2 BO 5368 1469 5917793085 17052 1400-588 7603220 Ta 438) S60 M4545 TOD 1493 630-980-3580 17630 Mh Review 179 (08 ‘sen, "Including woes, mai, basa, out re, SIS and soa bees,Tame 2 ‘Work seaborue trade hy types of cargo and shares of groups of countries,» 1968, 1970, 1976-1978 ° (Mttons of tons and percentage of world total) oa a ‘ont led rare Ss Tite Do. Ei cova eon nile Pa a rte erie 1, Wor roman 1965 on 240 az 1674 2 2m 832 1675 1370 1110 330 1165 2003 1101 am 4137 2530 1976 1355 29 ism 3365 152 312 isis 338 377 1599 23 1395 3468 L385 31 1535 san ws — 180 —— 160 34000 tt —— to 3.440 Percentage share of each category of goods in total Woatn rotaL 108s 312 43 485 100 314 2 aon 100.0 3370 a6 Rr 47 i000 as 19 446 160.0 WIE 462 86 452 1000 454 3 453 100.0 1977 461 85 a4 icoo 45 93 at 00.0 1978 3a 467 100.0 32 468, 100.0 Parcontage share of trade by groupe of countries 2. Developed macket- economy countries 1965 o4 23 359 a3. 389 wo 165 Ba 1930 J 20 m1 woo 3 504 26 BS Bo 1976 54 Ds 623 32 sot 2S 26 m2 TT 53 302 as Be 807 Bl nT 765 3. Socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia 1965... 46 89 % 69 os 10 39 34 1970. 34 Bo 8a 6a 17 1 58 35 1976 43 138 18 67 28 26 Ba 3 irr. 50 165 1 mA 31 2 81 33 of whic Eastern Europe 1965... 46 39 58 63 04 09 24 1970. a 80 63 36 42 1.0 37 23 1976 By 132 65 37 19 1s a5 30 i7 4 1560 6a 5: 23 1 42 30 Asia BE e.... - 06 = ot ur o7 1970 = a os 0s on 24 12 1976 1 os 06 19. 05 u 33 23 wml. . 08 Os os as Fy 33 22 4, Developing countries, total 1965... 95.3 ana 359 ous. 207 200 176 18 DL... OS 647 319 oe 179. 118 iS 187 1976 509 564 302 so 168 183 180 ms 1917 36 a Bo BS 162 18S 22 182 f which Attica 195.6... 160 17 10.6 ua 25 3A 36 1s.) 254 o4 382 17 a 29 1976 || 164 61 107 10 a4 27 wT. 166 38 ea 108 10 36 28‘Tamue 3 (continued) Grd led (Gnd loaded Teal eee Dy ‘a County sree Ga Pretest vole a vas Percentage share of trade by groupe of countriee America 1965 209 ans 154 210 27 60 43 15 170 2 362 BS 160 105 sa 44 12 1975 60 22 1B 13 39. 66 44 m4 mT eo 262 132 103 50 58. St 10 Asia 1965. cio) bane 23 92 4 35 85 90 a8 wm lll 569 20 82 S13. 33 19 67 64 Bm... ore Bo 102 378 33 aL 34 a8 isT7 61.0 Bo 102 318 62 83 103 82 Europe 1965. - a es oa. zy 1970 | | = z = on on 1976 = a a on on wrt 1) = ies cs a 04 Oceania 1365 a ss 07 03 = 04 02 o4 1970 = 04 08 o4 0s 03 02 1976 = 02 06 08 07 02 02 Wer heh 02 06 03 07 02 02 ‘For the smptlon of te goons ee annex Lo is acy. of Bees ete or St pid in it ats, oy Bs(Chapter TL DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD MERCHANT FLEET “A. Sizo and ownership of the world fleet 10, From 1 July 1978 to 30 June 1979, the total world merchant fleet increased by 1.7 per cent in grt, and by 1.6 per cont in dow.t, At mid-1979 the fleet stood at 407.6 million g.r.t. of 673.7 million d.w.t. These increases conipare with 3.1 per cent im gr.t, and 34 per cent in davii, over the period 1977-1978. The deceleration in the growth of the world Meet is more apparent when the figures are compared with the longer-term average annual growth rates of 7.3 per cent in grt, and 8.9 per cent in 4. over the 1969-1979 period, ‘The contimued decline in the growth rate of the World fleet can be attributed to ‘the slow increase in world seaborne trade and the consc~ quent depression of the world freight market, which has caused 2 persistent drop in the delivery of new ships, coupled with large volumes of scrapping. The present overall tonnage surplus would normally limit the growth, of the world fleet in 1979-1980, but continued growth may be induced by the government aid being offered for news constmaction in countries with surplus shipbuilding capacity, and by the investments of beneficial owners of ‘open-reyistry ships who have unrestricted use of their cash flows. LJ, Datails of the world fleet by countries of registra tion and types of vessels are given in annex IIL. Table + gives a summary of the world fleet and its distribution between various groups of countries for selected years. During 1978-1979, the share of developed market econ- ‘omies in the world fleet declined from 53.4 per cent to 51.6 per cent of d.w.t., but the percentage of tonnage operated under open registries increesed marginally from 31.2 percent to 31.5 percent. Socialist countries increased their share from 6.4 per cent to 7 per cent and developing Countries from 8.6 per cent to 9.4 per cent. 12, While developing countries as a group increased their share of the world fleet by around 1 per eent from 1978 to 1979, within the group the ownership remained concentrated among a few countries, with 15 of them (or 14 per cent of developing countries) owning 79.3 per cent of the gronp’s total fleet (78.9 per cent in 1978). ‘The same 15 countries accounted for 83 per cent of the Increase in the size of the fleet of the group over the period 1978-1979. 13, The relative decline in the fleet of developed market economies and the increase in the open-registry fleet can be attributed partly to a decline in the absolute size of the feet of the developed market-economies and partly to a transfer of vessels from them to the open registries, The extent of the link between the expansion oF the fleet of the developed market economies and that ‘of open registries is demonstrated ia tables $ and 6 below, hich show the distribution of trae managers and bene- ficial owners of open-repistry fleets on I July 1979. The figures show that the bulk of the opea-regisiry fleet was beneficially owned by persons or institutions in developed market-economy countries, which therefore effectively owned around §3 per cent of the world fleet. B. Types of vessel 14, Table 7 gives the composition of the world fleet in terms of the grt. of different types of vessel at mid-1979. ‘The upward grovtth of world tanker tonnage was broken when its size dropped by 0.5 per cent between mid-1978 and mid-1979, However, the decline in tanker toznage ‘was restricted to tankers under 150,000 d.w.t., whose dwt. tonnage dropped by 3.3 per cent, while the d.w.t, tomaage of tankers of 150,000 d.wt. and above increased bby 17 per cent." ‘The tonnages of all other major types of vessel continued to grow, especially container and ro/ ro vessels, There were significant gains in the absolute tonaages of liquefied gas carriers (I-1 million g..t), ore and bulk carriers (1.7 million g.rt.) and general cargo vessels (2 million g.r.t,). 15. As in the previous year, the distribution of tonnage between vessel types remained basically unchanged in 1979, though there were notable increases in the shares of specialized vessels including liquefied gas carriers, container ships and vehicle carriers, while the share of bulk vessels declined slightly. 16, Table 8 shows the distribution of world tonnage in gas. by groups of countries and by type of vessel. The combined tonnage share of the developed markel- economy and open-registry countries dectined in all the major types of vessel; on the other hand, the tonnage shares of the other groups of countries increased in practically all categories of vessel. There was 4 notable increase in the share of developing countries in the cantainer feet, from 2.7 per cent to 5.1 per cent 17. Figures presented in annex IIT show that within the group of developing countries, bulk vessels secounted for 63 per cent of the group's total fleet in d.w.L., general cargo vestels 30 per cent and container ships 0.9 per cent However, clase to 80 per cent of the bulk vessels were ‘owned by only about 14 per eent of countries in the group, ‘while general cargo vessels were more evealy distributed Within the group. 18, Table 9 gives the distribution of the world fleet of fully’ cellular container ships at mid-1979, in terms of ‘TEU capacity. By far the largest share’ of container vessels (80 por cent) was registered under the flags of the developed market-cconomy countries. Given the greater productivity of container ships as compared to other 7 Based on data communicated by Shipping Information Services of Lloyd's Resists of Shipping and Lloyd's of London Pyess Ltd,general cargo vessels, the distribution shown in table 9 demonstrates that developed market-economy countries have a far greater share of the world’s tonnage-carrying capacity than is reflected in table 8. C. Age distribution of the world merchant fleet 19, The age distribution of the world merchant feet at mid-1979 is shown in table 10. As in 1978, the average age of all the main types of vessels, except general cargo vessels, continued to increase in 1979. The increased average age of tankers and bulk carriers ean be largely attributed to the continued low tonnage of new deliveries and partly to a significant reduction in serapping of old vessels in 1978-1979, Developments in the age distri- bution of vessels in the various groups of countries generally followed the overall world pattern. 1D. Comparison of cargo turnover and fleet ownership 20, Table 11 indicates that the relative distribution fof cargo tumover tonnage and of fleet tonnage owned remained essentially unchanged in 1977, as it had been in 1976, with the devsloped market-economy countries owning’ a disproportionately Targe share of the 1977 world fleet (85.6 per cent) in relation to the cargo they generated (54.9 per cent), while the developing countries share (7.9 per cent) was very small in relation to the cargo they. generated (38.9 per cent). The socialist ‘counties’ share of fleet ownership remained the same as their share of cargo generated. ‘Tans 4 Distribution of workd tonnage (gt. and d.v.) by groups of countries of registration as at 1 July 1968, 1970, 1978, 1979 “ommage a percentage are Jerse ntoaee (ert) “Mio a. Nios apaee Pore are lan of etre ee pen srg in eaipe cores Tas eit isto —~—«aara~—=~«SIoesaars apres (lbaS=I00) 1, Worp torat 1468 2179 400.7 gO 3261662... 100,S 100278 400.0) (100.0) (400.0) (100.0) (100.0) (160.0) (400.0) 2. Developed market esonomy countries 127 4182153 U2T L956 «S40 454 OT To G5) (HD (20) SH) (34) LO 3. Openesistry counties... 24 409110 sLU4A TO 2068 «2123382 HIG ds) G8) G7) Gi) GL) LD GID 4, Total, 2 plus 3. 143 1820 32633252 2822 SDA SHS TT2 1S 8D BD G9 G1 G00) B63 46 G3.) 5. Socialist counties, tol... 109 195 355-0 T0449 cH) @) 6) 63 6H 6 (70 of whic astern Europe 103 186 «013 SSL 1K] BATA 308 om 8) CG) OG) 62) 6 6d Asi a CC CC 6. Developing countrict, total 104 145 373 41d 20S 559 MESH 38 a) 6) © Go 3) 6H GA) of whic. Aiea. os os 4A aa STG aD Ameticn 6 5 48 «64d sO TT] RD Asia. 50 73 6 «21 «0722626 362 HD Europe, 2 ea ae ok Oceania... . 2 mM oof tee = = ie fis he he UR sah Sat) ios a Sei 0} 0) «6H «© 605) OHO, Sear Compe fom Llp Rote of hopng Sia! Tables (London), Si sSmlecetry eau ovring Sorel of 100 ead ove : ‘ Exeudicg the terane fet of te Und Shee of Azeri andthe Und Canaan Great Les Sis cn 179 sed reine9) anerame deposop 2p sods ange 4 Sunes ‘ean Pr oopac'p asopaldy“g pur Y AY EI CIVIDNA 9 9} PEON “ers ame ar, feo aml Jem yao og) 4 pours ung 1a yo bee yay) pa SILETE 9029 GOP Lz LOT WOE HG BREE HL OIG RT LHL GLO HE FELT OFSUST GET WWIOK, woe Woe zm OOO Sie CSE SEL Oe OTT we ost Sout oe oe TT SRT #4 WS = Ss Sh ote ot wot om 80 ol Sig Sh hee ae > ois 88 S69 eo eS ee eS Se eS 8 bier oF = SSS SS = hE oe eae c= SS SF SS we oe we km oe eg f = = eo = Ss Secs gg” ape 6 SS ee ee es we ly OT ee - = wm a wrk a ee es ee eS ee) a eet oe w= = Ss SS Se p Te on se ce eee os e = = > — eee oe eas WS SS OS SS ee et es ae seo —~ — — = 8 + we St eT OT mI 6 et US ao = = oS se ge 8 od st ac eh he: SL TT OT Mm - > > + © FT te ce of oF ote ae eee wT oe SS ihe cot HG, ar — — wt we « L£ Fb © Me Gt S96 fs GHEE Les usr os sk — % § = =~ ww 8 oO wee LEIS oes oyewy JoseLES PeLUNL Xp ON wR ee tw : ¥ oan an 8) ee or sae os co ‘wna ey (oruep fo sprmanoyt eo (4) 80804 fo sioquany) 664 SI99y Anpaas-uoo joy jeom9SeNEN on3y, 5 mov,-eanendo sadism ny oy topueie 3 andes ona a ono RSA SH “art (eon) septa a Pe8-¥ 44 BEANE EVEN =m 8 PANE MHP VO PRR mS oor oor ro 90 OF oo PE FE Of Sor 9 er ror Oh ee ee ‘soo Anspforsuado iow uysueys ‘inmoai2g SHLEIZ L9 GOT HZ GSO «MDE «G_—«MGEE SOL GUGTT LoL LIVE HELE OFS UST OME LOL wre wy Lo Ot P| OW OG Oe OOM sae SE USE OME ORL wl mf S| oO 8) OTHE TCS: SLE OP ODT COL 5] SUMO syepyouIG You soNUD PUD > 6S Se ae tome ‘ = = a Sore GE oo Istr oF £ Boe Ss a =) he ieee Orgone “Al his af 100 er. ee Geant | Contin ae Omer costes wom mee raver “es cago oe “a ‘te Millions Percentage ‘Percentage share by vessel type 1, Wom rorat ofent. of world total 165... .4 1468 102.0 an ua sus 1970 279 1000 Ba 202 302 3 93 ire 4007 100.0 36 258 195 22 02 a7 we Li... ats 1000 227 258 1397 24 oz 92 Percentage share by group of countries 2. Develozed market: Millions Percentage ‘economy counties ofgrt. of world total 1965.02. M027 00 8 158 WA 1970 DD ts 654 69 2 66 390 = a3 IMs ne 8 37 542 516 449. ire ws 18 wo lt.) Bk 520 83 337 2S s21 542 ss 3. Opeosregiatry mt 150 2s 203 6a ———— 409 188 264 2d 76 10 = 36 1.0 ma 340 Ds 04 79 100 na 1141 230 ua 310 203 97 10.4 m6 4, Socialist countries, ‘oral 1965 - . 109 74 45 13 as 1970s = DS 89, re 24 24 = = 2 1978 Does 89 at 9 112 18 = 268 1979 cay fae) 33 43 59. 173 24 52 22 of which: ‘Eastern Europe 1965 22+.) 102 69 43 43 82 qo 11 i i 135 68 45 24 no = = 28 178. 304 3 35 38 Ba 18 = 261 Teg rs eet 7 36 43 Ba 24 32 245 Asia 1965. on os os iS 4 ae 10 24 Oo = 1 = = 03 fog ang 54 14 06 1 38 os Zs 07 we ts. 67 16 07 1s ae = = 07 5, Developing countries 1985. 104 mM 40 26 — 37 —___—_ 1970 | |. 165 67 47 43 = = 39 IO, cee STR 93 a5 i 27 02 97 9... ana 102 78 36 sa 02 wt of whic: Africa WP Ash) MS. o4 on 3 its 1970. os 4 02 = 13 = 07 178 44 re a 02 13 = 19 1979 a7 12 "1 02 22 = 20 America 1965 48 32 32 09 SS 1970 64 29 28 14 43 Tin « 24 30 24 25 sa a = 33 WAS ina 33 25 29 3a 02 40 12Tass 8 (contimed) Al stgn of 100g Sombie Geral, Consner apg Comey eee cad er eon “its ee—S ‘eon Millions Perce Asa ofert. of world tral Percentage share by group of countries 1965. 50 38 07 17 ——_——43 1970 | 73 34 a7 29 69 = = 26 78 206 52 40 44 93 27 02 44 39 BA 37 42 ss 96 49 02 su Europe 1965... = = = = = = 3 1370, = = ta = = = = = 198 4 a s- = o4 = = = 1978 or = 3 = a4 = = = Ocenia 1965... — = = = = = = = 1970 = = = = = = = = i rT! = = = on = = = 1978 on 3 4 o oa = = = 6. Otter countries 1965. 07 os oa = 7 1370 12 os 03 03 i = = ot 1978 16 on 02 06 07 02 + 03 By aie os 02 08, 08 07 = 03, ‘eae: Compa fem d's Regier of Shire Seti Tae (Looe, __ Or ao bulk aren of 6000 grt, and above lsadng comico ool and ans sppiamcntary dts fran Ba of oe Wald Scr ck ames wae Screed ease” 60 , ‘Ghied Bite ead Ceoaine Gren aks Does, ‘Esclding Used Sits secre Set aod Usted State an Canadian Grist vise Taceing pment arg veel (Dt ine el sp) Tame 9 Distribution of wor tonnage (d.w.t.) and enpacity of fully celular contalaershiye (TEU) by groups of countrles as at July 1979 Flos of ragtracon Tmmase and eremore ope esas rvs iw) Ser 1 World tol 2s... 5 ~ 1028 13.5 100) 2, Developed murketesonomy countries 0s. 2. BLE 488.7 BI 3. Openegistry countries. ee LIS nt ay 4, Toll 2phis3 . 2.2... peek 9340 S04 on) 5. Socialist countries of Eastorn Europe and Asia 20 150 e4 ef which: Eastern Europe... « 2 5 280 450 es Asia fc Ss = 6. Developicg counitics, tial . 534 32 6 of which: Attica EG REE S LRh AS = - Ameria ae bate ak 2 14 oa Asia * sat 319 6D Europe... 2. é - o Ce : : = = 7. Other countries . bins} pba at 49 ay sp ton Bes ae FEL eats Nave Bes Sblts mel apes tcp WR ake ae ‘facet ves sbiines from Linyd'y Shige Bonnie (Landon rae roe “ Peceuuge sas ae renin parents 13‘Tanue 10 ‘Age distribution of world merchant Get by type ofvesel as at 1 July 1979 (Percentage of total gt) os 50 none Spray “age geet Coury erotpine and ype ove ‘Tot pete segues eer al F978 1. Wort Tora: AML ships Rist cdid See dette 10-85) 2889.79.38 902 ‘Tankers cas pees Tl 1 4S SS 98MM 738 BIMMEEP AG Sayles sce; esaee es AO ea Canto, 28 atm jaa ats Genoraleargo. 2112. Tale tains MOOE RE HR ae ek 13905, a8 2. Developed marker-economy countries Mite tG sa eet hy AR, ee 3 1719909 8.76 ‘Tankers |. Mercere 0383 BS 6 8m 78 Bulkearress™ 22s é 1o 275 mS 120 8451.58 General car. Seay tgs 0 | -234 3 8 1274 13.25 3. Open-reisiry countries Allsipe «5 - 10 09837] eee | ee Tobie. «| GO 7 eae Gir | 98 aah ee Bulk cxcrers™ Cie den tii Leiae 10 6336457 ‘General eaeo. 5 e wo 0187S Ba. 4, Total 2 plus 3 All ships Sasha teenie 10088385 TAM] Te DAO na Pecan Ne es SE ts elke RT Bulk ourress® fo a aay ge ata General argo. 2... TLD nae tae 2 bat ~Asas 5, Socialist counties of Eastern Europe and Asia AONB ORME R.A Dati cas NN me? aed Sor tae Tia Gee ea 1 dteceeeioy 1 10 0724S SNOT Bulk currers® 10 358 aS OST 62s. General cargo. : « 1m 1S 2S 29 361 1293 126 6, Developing countries (exeluding Cyprus, Literia, Oman, ‘Panama, Singapore und Somalis) AiG cae ee seeeess 10 Hl 20 183 246 9909.69 Tike de lig ae ei ioe 3 5 00 440254160166 7 Bulk eariers® 10 M9 Oo 2992 88 1 43 182 S052]. General cargo. “sarce, Shipping foram Serve of Lays Regier of Shlgplg and drat evealy betwen he lower and wpe nil of cach ae rou. For the ibe Een res {Sym snd eta te itt fas been ced To Be 2S ‘Tp cakaate he serps seit bo teen mel ht the aes of veils we Tahding combs cars 4Tas ‘Comparison between total cargo turnover and fleet tonnage by grouns of counties of effective ownership, 1970, 1975.1977 Tigh age aye ete along hon’ ty ar A _ i ielitey, (eig fpeael oun erin Toatad— Unbeaten ‘ised dt Developed matketesonemy and openceiscy coms SGat nA chou ++ m7 aoms 2d sts is zs Sil) aos 3503 3d st BIS anenae Lit) doo Bea Moa SG in SEI ae gets Soclait counts of Ease arope and Asa 1970 3 iss sake g gt Mee a cag it ‘is se lew cone eds fe ‘Bis ims ase on ‘ m2 Ta Deveoping countries 1919 betseenes 109 ane noms mks ts. SLTIDID disp mas 3 bre | CEIGGUITILT amg ge ie Dreeiiaceds roast Wort tora. wr = +. 208 ame sie ett Bans dates : jom2 ae Gina esto tore | SOSTLLT Gis 339s Gn? aw arene aee pitas baa snag Sm Searce: Ameaes ud 10 of tis tad, 08 slow pubicns, —*Tocadng welled Yonge 15(Cuaprer IIT PRODUCTIVITY OF THE WORLD FLEET A. Estimates of tons carried and ton-miles per d.w.t. 21. Table 12 gives estimates of the productivity of the world flet in terms of tons carried and ton-miles per dw.t. In 1978 the productivity of the world fleet con- tinued to decrease; the number of ton-miles per d.vt. decreased substantially by almost 6 per cent, which was greater than the average annual decrease of 44 per cent experienced over the 1973-1979 period. This was caused by a 26 per cent reduetion in ton-miles, while the world fleet increased by 3.3 per cent 22. In 1979, the productivity of the world fleet in tonemiles per divut, increased from 25,680 to 26,170 a8 ton-miles increased faster than fleet tonnage. The world Tame 12 ‘World fleet, cargo tonnage carried and tn-miles ‘er dv. 1970, 1973-1979 Tale Fed, Teah lee inayat es Peale rear Mitnes Mocs lems! pds. (Com 110 R61 2605 1968712 RT 113 32% 13408736 36 1974 35D 163866385 is 302 138 S@ 22 1916 331 170 Set 2836 is. Bass 17476538125 1978 346.1702 $22 wp: 17630 Scare Bia of Men fantacy ing or geet consort fr Worm: Fetley SEE erties C212. Rtn (Sao, vw Tame, feet is expected to show 2 negligible growth in 1980, and at the same time world seaborne trade is expected to stagnate, As a net result, the productivity of the world fleet will show no significant change. 23, Tablos 13 and 14 give estimates of productivity of tankers, combined carriers and bulk carriers. The pro- ductivity of tankers had declined in 1978, reflecting the Grop in oil shipments during the year and the continued, growth of tanker tonnage. ‘The trend was reversed in 1979, when tanker productivity in ton-miles increased ‘by nearly 2 per cent as a result of the resumption of an ‘upward trend in oil shipments and a substantial reduction Tame 13 Estimated producisty of tankers: (ons carried and ‘ocainisetened oe ants bm ST a cf a ‘Millions af itunes, carted, ere, fe, (Syne ATemees wy. ua com ie ask OR Ba HB SE BE Te 08 Bao Me a Be ay wed tn ie fa Re Ball ae ime ieee Me Sa Be te Bar Be ie Sk Wao. ip ‘sma masts Soe Boe. lea wa date Sts as Sreceg Sonplod on ti baa of Taare goa Bawa Chaneing Ca 1 noice Wott Baie Per Word Bale Tet Ol) aus Bese * Mea Bate “ Estimated productivity of bulk carriers and combined carers: tous exeried and ton-miles performed per d..ty 1970, 1973-1979" Washoe oii. eee “pate exten Combed ——_—_—Datheariters Cambint eat ahs Sand ary arse ore cries er ___ A _ agin. ofr tO Tonio Tear Tiliow Bile Wltens Biers ah "“Utons” Lee rthons Tancper ford, Type Berd, Your Mies Riley Ms’ tomes afin) ofan)” eee (hens) dink 1970 403=~=« OL 7 “OAD ea 38d 68 2S 1973, 5732782 m6 1655 BT DG. 78 3S 640A 1974 3B 27 Ml 0182393 7 39 61 459 1975, ser 268, 2900 «1s 226 638 Sl 320 1976, 7 2017 21650102453 61 Bt 54386 1977, 33 088 28 0168s 11297 37a 37388 1978) OS 337 2st 152412048 558 340M 19798 6 36H a 16) YS 487 38D st 329 ef Fete and Hae Charing Ca. Li, ones Wo Bak es Wo i ar), wadus ue 16 ‘Feet tnuaas or gen leer ct,Tame 15 Estimated tonnage over-supply for tankers, combined eurrers, Toll carriers ad the (tal world fleet, 4977, 1978, 1979 Tankers gen 2538 Combined eaetiers Re 260 Bulk carriers 2540 23.38 Residual Het 1510 “982 “Total world feet 3s 198 menses 29 wert ton "Fic Spore ‘ince oae¢ |= 2396S 27.70 ITS 383815682 m3 ay BT mys 131335402037 isa 2803 Hoke] 2443 ‘Sarcars Tab 2,13 408 1, abe in the growth of the tanker fleet. However, during both Years productivity was not uniform among tankers of all sizes. The productivity of small tankers of Jess than 100,000 div.t. was generally much higher than for larger tankers owing to the fairly high demas for smal tankers and their relative shortage. 24. The productivity of bulk carriers in ton-miles had increased in 1978, mainly sa result of substantial growth inthe grain trade and other minoc bulk eargoes; in 1979 it increased further, following the expansion in the three inain dry cargo Urades—iron ore, coal and grain. The productivity of combined carriers followed closely the changes in the volume of oil shipments; thus, when the volume of oil shipments fell in 1978, ton-miles per d.w.t. ff combined carriers decreased by nearly 3 per een, but they rose again in 1979, when oil shipments increased. B. Estimates of tonnage over-supply 25, Table 15 gives estimates of tonnage surplus for different eategories oF vessels on the assumption that the 7 1973-1974 ratios of ton-miles to tonnage represented an even supply-demand balance, and that vessels were operated at the same speeds as in 1973 and 1974, The surplus capacity of the total world fleet increased from 1977 to 1978, but it decreased in 1979, ‘This was due to changes in the tonnage of tankers, bulk carriers and combined carriers, the surplus of which increased in 1978 and descreased in 1979, Om the other hand, the sur plus tonnage of the residual fleet, which includes general cargo vessels, increased in both 1978 and 1979. Similarly, in 1979 the surplus tonnage, expressed as a percentage of the total tonnage, decreased for tankers and bulk carriers but increased for the residual fleet, The volume surplus tonnage includes laid-up tonnage, which also showed @ significant decrense in 1979; laid-up tanker tonnage decreased from 41.5 million tons d.w.t. in 1978 to 17.6 in 1979, bulk carriers from 3.9 to 1.9 million and combined carriers from 7.6 to 1.8 million tons dv. Based on Fetmley and Egers Chartering Co. Lid, World Bulle Feet 1979 (Oslo, 1980) (mid-year figures),