Class Notes 1.Chemical-Thermodynamics

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MME Electrical-by Darley
MME-Chemical
PROCESS CALCULATION
Energy Balance
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PROCESS CALCULATION – Energy Balance
Open, closed and isolated systems
 To a thermodynamic system two ‘things’ may be added/removed:
 energy (heat, work)  mass.
 An open system is one to which you can add/remove mass (e.g. a open beaker to which
we can add water). When you add matter- you also end up adding heat (which is contained
in that mass (substance).
 A system to which you cannot add mass is called closed.
Though you cannot add/remove mass to a closed system, you can still add/remove heat
(you can cool a closed water bottle in fridge).
 A system to which neither mass nor heat can be added/removed is called isolated.
A closed vacuum ‘thermos’ flask can be considered as isolated.
Type of boundary Interactions Mass
Open All interactions possible (Mass, Work, Heat)
Closed Matter cannot enter or leave
Semi-permeable Only certain species can enter or leave Interactions possible
Insulated Heat cannot enter or leave Work
Rigid Mechanical work cannot be done*

Isolated No interactions are possible** Heat
* By or on the system
** Mass, Heat or Work
Open Close and Isolated System
Before doing energy balance, you should know the definition,
dimension and common units of energy, specific energy and
power, enthalpy and heat capacity.
The energy components of a system The total energy E of a
system or an object is made up of three components,
including:
1. Kinetic Energy (EK): Energy due to the motion of a body
relative to a reference at rest (EK =½ mv2).
 m-Mass in Kg or lb
 v-velocity m/s
2. Potential Energy (EP): Energy due to the position of a body
in a potential field (such as gravitational or electromagnetic
field) relative to a given reference. One kind of potential
energy is the one due to gravity on a body of mass m,
EP =mgh where h is the level relative or above the reference.
3. Internal Energy (U): = ΔH = Hv - Hl

 Internal energy is a macroscopic measure of the molecular,
atomic, and subenergies.
 Internal energy can not be measured directly and can only
be calculated from other variables.
 Internal energy can not be measured directly and can only
be calculated from other variables.
 The internal energy of a system depends almost entirely on
the chemical composition, state of aggregation, and
temperature of the system material.
 These different energy components can be converted from
one to another within the system, and the system can
exchange energy with its surroundings in the form of heat
and work.
The transfer energy terms
1. Heat (Q): Energy transfer as a result of the temperature
difference between the system and its surroundings. If a
system and its surroundings are at the same temperature (or if
the system is perfectly insulated), then Q = 0 and the system is
termed adiabatic.
2. Work (W): Energy transfer via a moving mechanical part,
such as a turbine, an impellor of a pump (Ws = Shaft work), or
by moving the system boundary against a pressure (Flow work
Wf =Δ(pV)).
According to the law of energy conservation,
ΔE = ΔU + ΔEK + ΔEP = Q+W
This is the general energy balance equation
 EP Potential energy (mgh); g-gravitational constant – 9.81 ms-2
 EK Kinetic energy (1/2 mv2) v- velocity , ms-1
 Thermal energy – heat (Q) supplied to or removed from a
process. Heat transferred to a system Q is +ve and heat
transferred from a system Q is –ve
 Work energy – e.g. work done by a pump (W) to transport
fluids. work done on a system W is +ve and work done by a
system W is -ve
 Internal energy (U) of molecules =ΔH = Hv – Hl = mCP ΔT
Specific enthalphy change Hi = Ui +pVi
Ui – specific internal energy
Vi – Specific Volume
p - Pressure
Specific Heat
 Cp is "Specific Heat in constant pressure".
 Cv is "Specific heat in constant volume".
 This means it is the amount of heat required to increase
temperature by 1 degree Celsius, when heat is given at
constant volume.
 So, Cp and Cv is used according to the heat supplied.
 The expression for the internal energy is. Two specific
heats are defined for gases, one for constant volume (CV)
and one for constant pressure (CP). For a constant volume
process with a monoatomic ideal gas the first law of
thermodynamics gives: More general case.
Specific heat at constant pressure greater than at constant volume?
 Why is the specific heat at constant pressure

greater than at constant volume?
The heat capacity at constant pressure CP is greater

than the heat capacity at constant volume CV ,
because when heat is added at constant pressure, the
substance expands and work.
QV = CV △T = △U + W = △U because no work is done.
Therefore, dU = CV dT and CV = dU dT .
Specific Heat Capacities of Air
 Specific Heats: the relation between temperature change and
heat
 The expression for the internal energy is. Two specific heats are
defined for gases, one for constant volume (CV) and one for
constant pressure (CP).
 For a constant volume process with a monoatomic ideal gas the
first law of thermodynamics gives: More general case.
 How much does a given amount of heat transfer change the
temperature of a substance? It depends on the substance. In general
 where C is a constant that depends on the substance.

Specific Heat Capacities of Air (Con)
 The nominal values used for air at 300
K are :-
 CP = 1.00 kJ/kg.K
 Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K
 k = 1.4
 What is CP in heat transfer?

 Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a measurable
physical quantity equal to the ratio of the heat added
to (or removed from) an object to the resulting
temperature change.
 Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise
the temperature of one kilogram of mass by 1 kelvin.
 Why there are two values of specific heat for a

gas?
 A solid or a liquid when heated, does not undergo any
change in the volume or pressure.
 But in case of a gas, both the pressure and volume
change on heating. Therefore, specific heat of a gas
is defined either at constant volume or at constant
pressure and hence a gas has two specific heats.
What is the specific heat capacity of ice?

The specific heat capacity, or the amount of heat
needed to raise the temperature of a specific substance
in a specific form one degree Celsius,
for water is 4.187 kJ/kgK,
for ice 2.108 kJ/kgK, and
for water vapor (steam) 1.996 kJ/kgK.
Homogeneous, Hetrogeneous systems
1- Boyle's law
Boyle's law (sometimes referred to as the Boyle–Mariotte law, or
Mariotte's law) is an experimental gas law that describes :
how the pressure of a gas tends to increase as the volume of the
container decreases. A modern statement of Boyle's law is
The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass of an ideal gas is
inversely proportional to the volume it occupies if the temperature
and amount of gas remain unchanged within a closed system.
Mathematically, Boyle's law can be stated as
P ∞ 1/V
PV = k
2- Charles' law
Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law
that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern
statement of Charles's law is:
When the pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin
temperature and the volume will be directly related.[1]
This directly proportional relationship can be written as:
V ∞ T
V /T = k
where:
V is the volume of the gas,
T is the temperature of the gas (measured in kelvin)
k is a constant.
2- Charles' law (Cont.)
3- Gay-Lussac's gas law
 Gay-Lussac's gas law is a special case of the ideal
gas law where the volume of the gas is held
constant. When the volume is held constant, the
pressure exerted by a gas is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature of the gas.
 This example problem uses Gay-Lussac's law to find
the pressure of a heated container.
3- Gay-Lussac's gas law (con.)
The cylinder's volume remains unchanged while the gas is
heated
so Gay-Lussac's gas law applies. Gay-Lussac's gas law can be
expressed as
Pi/Ti = Pf/Tf
Where:
Pi and Ti are the initial pressure and absolute temperatures
Pf and Tf are the final pressure and absolute temperature
First, convert the temperatures to absolute temperatures.

3- Gay-Lussac's gas law (con.)
Important Points About Gay-Lussac's Law
Volume and quantity of gas are held constat.
If temperature of the gas increases, pressure increases.
If temperature decreases, pressure decreases.
Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of gas molecules.
At a low temperature,
the molecules are moving more slowly and will hit the wall of a
container less frequently.
As temperature increases,
the motion of the molecules are increasing. They strike the walls of
the container more often, which is seen as an increase in pressure.
Charles’ Gay Lussac's and Boyle’s Laws
Gay
Charles’ Lussac’s Boyle’s
Law Law Law
P Constant T Constant
V Constant
V&T P&T PV = C
V1/T1 = V2/T2 P1/T1 = P2/T2 P1V1 = P2V2
V1/V2 = T1/T2 P1/P2 = T1/T2 P1/P2 = V2/V1
The Ideal Gas Equation
The gas laws can be combined into a general equation that describes the physical behavior
of all gases.
1
V V T V n
P
Boyle’s law Charles’s law Avogadro’s law
nT
V
P
nT
V R rearrangement PV = nRT
P
R is the proportionality constant, called the gas constant.
Molecular Constant
General Gas Equation & Variable for gas
1. The pressure must be
in the unit atmospheres
(atm)
When using the Ideal 1 atm = 760
Gas Law with the gas mmHg
2. The temperature
constant must be in the unit
R = 0.0821 L•atm/mol•K T(K) = T(°C) + 273
kelvin (K).
3. The volume must be

in the unit liters
M : Molar Mass.
m : Mass of the gas
n : Moles
A gas at Standard
Temperature and PV = n RT
Pressure (STP) has a P = 1.00 atm
temperature of 273 K and
a pressure of 1.00 atm. Require:
T = 273 K
What is the volume of
1.00 mole of gas at STP? V=?
n = 1 mole
R= 0.0821
L•atm/mol•K
A gas at Standard
Temperature and PV = n RT
Pressure (STP) has a P = 1.00 atm
temperature of 273 K and
a pressure of 1.00 atm. Require:
T = 273 K
What is the volume of
1.00 mole of gas at STP? V=?
n = 1 mole
R= 0.0821
L•atm/mol•K
Carnot Cycle:
% of efficiency = (T1-T2)/T1
Work done W = Q1-Q2
So % efficiency can also be expressed as = W/Q1
Entrophy change ΔS = Q2 / T2
 T1, Q1 – Temperature, Heat added to the system

 T2, Q2 – Temperature, Heat exhausted or released/rejected by
the system
 T – must be in Kelvin
3
8
A throttling process is a thermodynamic

process in which the enthalpy of the gas or
medium remains constant (h = const). In
fact, the throttling processis one
of isenthalpic processes. During the throttling
process no work is done by or on the system
(dW = 0), and usually there is no heat
tranfer (adiabatic) from or into the system
(dQ = 0). On the other the throttling process
cannot be isentropic, it is a fundamentally
irreversible process. Characteristics of
throttling process:
1.No Work Transfer

2.No Heat Transfer
3.Irreversible Process
4.Isenthalpic Process
Free Expansion
• The Joule expansion (also called free expansion) is an irreversible
process in thermodynamics in which a volume of gas is kept in one side of a
thermally isolated container (via a small partition), with the other side of the
container being evacuated. The partition between the two parts of the container is
then opened, and the gas fills the whole container.
• Free expansion process is basically an expansion process against vacuum.
• In this process there is no heat transfer & work transfer from

& to the system, so as a result temperature before
& after expansion is constant, it Means free expansion
process are isothermal process.
Free Expansion
LMTD
• The logarithmic mean temperature difference is used to determine
the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow systems, most
notably in heat exchangers.
• The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference

between the hot and cold feeds at each end of the double pipe
exchanger.
• For a given heat exchanger with constant area and heat transfer
coefficient, the larger the LMTD, the more heat is transferred.
• The use of the LMTD arises straightforwardly from the analysis of a

heat exchanger with constant flow rate and fluid thermal properties
LMTD
LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2) / ln(ΔT1/ΔT2)
LMTD
LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2) / ln(ΔT1/ΔT2)
1. Water is pumped from a storage tank through a tube of 3.0 cm
inside diameter at the rate of 0.001 m3 /s. What is the kinetic
energy per kg water in the tube?
A. 1.5 J/Kg
B. 1 J/Kg
C. 2.5 J/Kg
D. 1.8 J/Kg
Ans : B
kinetic energy EK = ½ mv2
tube dia. D = 3.0 cm, m = 1 kg.
Cross-section area of tube A = ¼ πD22 = ¼ π (3.0/100 m)2
= 7.0686×10-4 m2
Average velocity of water v = Q/A = 0.001 m3 /(7.0686×10-4 m2 ) s
= 1.415 m/s
KE per kg = EK/m = ½ v2 = ½ (1.415 m/s)2
= 1.00 m2 /s2
= 1.00 J/kg.
Root Mean Square velocity of Gases Particles:
Vrms = √ 3RT/m
R – Gas Constant
– 8,315 J/Kgmol
T – temperature- K
m-molecular weight
Kg/mol
EK = ½ mv2rms
2. Water is pumped from a storage tank 1 to another tank 2 which
is 40 ft above tank 1. What is the potential energy increase
with each Kg of water pumped from tank 1 to tank 2.
A. 129 J/Kg
B. 109J/Kg
C. 119 J/Kg
D. 159 J/Kg
2. Water is pumped from a storage tank 1 to another tank 2 which
is 40 ft above tank 1. What is the potential energy increase
with each Kg of water pumped from tank 1 to tank 2.
A. 129 J/Kg
B. 109J/Kg
EP /m = gh
C. 119 J/Kg = (9.806 m/s2) (40 m/3.2808)
D. 159 J/Kg = 119.54 m2/s2
= 119.544 J/kg
Ans: C
3. What is the enthalpy change of 150 g formic acid from 40°C to
85°C at 1 atm. Cp for formic acid in the temperature range of
interest is 0.524 cal g-1 °C-1.
A. 3.54 Kcal
B. 4.68 Kcal
C. 3.09 Kcal
D. 5.24 Kcal
3. What is the enthalpy change of 150 g formic acid from 40°C to
85°C at 1 atm. CP for formic acid in the temperature range of
interest is 0.524 cal g-1 °C-1.
A. 3.54 Kcal ΔH = m×CP ×(T2-T1)
B. 4.68 Kcal = 150×(0.524)×(85-40)
= 3537 cal
C. 3.09 Kcal = 3.537 kcal
D. 5.24 Kcal
Ans : A
4. Input stream 1- 120 kg/min. water, 30 deg cent., H = 125.7 kJ/kg;
Input stream 2 – 175 kg/min, 65 deg cent, H= 272 kJ/kg.
How much heat should be transferred if system has an output
stream: 295 kg/min. saturated steam(17 atm., 204 deg cent.),
H = 2793.4 kJ/kg
A. 8.24 x 105 KJ/min

B. 12.68 x 105 KJ/min
C. 7.67 x 105 KJ/min
D. 15.24 x 105 KJ/min
4. Input stream 1- 120 kg/min. water, 30 deg cent., H = 125.7 kJ/kg;
Input stream 2 – 175 kg/min, 65 deg cent, H= 272 kJ/kg.
How much heat should be transferred if system has an output
stream: 295 kg/min. saturated steam(17 atm., 204 deg cent.),
H = 2793.4 kJ/kg
A. 8.24 x 105 KJ/min
B. 12.68 x 105 KJ/min
C. 7.67 x 105 KJ/min
D. 15.24 x 105 KJ/min
Ans : C
Ignore k.e. and p.e. terms relative to enthalpy changes for
processes involving phase changes, chemical reactions, large
temperature changes etc
Q = ΔH (enthalpy balance)
Basis for calculation 1 min. Steady state..
Q = Hout – Hin
Q = [295 x 2793.4] – [(120 x 125.7) + (175 x 272)]
Q = + 7.67 x 105 kJ/min
Ans : C
5. A pure substance at 8 MPa and 400 °C is having a specific
internal energy of 2864 kJ/kg and a specific volume of 0.03432
m3/kg. Its specific enthalpy (in kJ/kg) is _______
A. 3138.56 kJ/kg
B. 3538.56 kJ/kg
C. 3838.56 kJ/kg
D. 4138.56 kJ/kg
5. A pure substance at 8 MPa and 400 °C is having a specific
internal energy of 2864 kJ/kg and a specific volume of 0.03432
m3/kg. Its specific enthalpy (in kJ/kg) is _______
A. 3138.56 kJ/kg
B. 3538.56 kJ/kg
C. 3838.56 kJ/kg
D. 4138.56 kJ/kg h = u + pv
= 2864 + (8 × 103) × 0.03432
= 3138.56 kJ/kg
Ans: A
6.The figure shows an
enthalpy concentration
chart for water. The heat
evolved (Btu) when 50lb of
water is mixed with 100 lb
of sulfuric acid at 77F and
with a final solution
temperature of 77F is:
Select one:
A. 2750
B. 16,000
C. 18,750
D. 21,500
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6.The figure shows an
enthalpy concentration
chart for water. The heat
evolved (Btu) when 50lb of
water is mixed with 100 lb
of sulfuric acid at 77F and
with a final solution
temperature of 77F is:
Select one:
A. 2750
B. 16,000
C. 18,750
D. 21,500
Ans: D 57
5
8
Answer #1
5
9
Answer# 1
7. Which law states that the internal energy of a gas is a
function of temperature
(a) Charles' law
(b) Joule's law
(c) Regnault's law
(d) Boyle's law
(e) there is no such law.
7. Which law states that the internal energy of a gas is a
(a) Charles' law
(b) Joule's law
(c) Regnault's law
(d) Boyle's law
Ans : b
8. An open system is one in which
(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy

may do so
(b)neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the
system
(c)both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system
(d)mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
(e)thermodynamic reactions do not occur.
8. An open system is one in which
(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy

may do so
system
Ans: C
9. The ratio of two specific heats of air is
equal to
(a) 0.17
(b) 0.24
(c) 0.1
(d) 1.41
9. The ratio of two specific heats of air is
equal to
(a) 0.17
(b) 0.24
(c) 0.1
(d) 1.41
Ans: D
10. According to Avogadro's Hypothesis
(a)the molecular weights of all the perfect gases occupy the same
volume under same conditions of pressure and temperature
(b)the sum of partial pressure of mixture of two gases is sum of the
two
(c)product of the gas constant and the molecular weight of an ideal
gas is constant
(d)gases have two values of specific heat
(e)all systems can be regarded as closed systems.
10. According to Avogadro's Hypothesis
(a)the molecular weights of all the perfect gases occupy the same
volume under same conditions of pressure and temperature
(b)the sum of partial pressure of mixture of two gases is sum of the
two
(c)product of the gas constant and the molecular weight of an ideal
gas is constant
(d)gases have two values of specific heat
(e)all systems can be regarded as closed systems.
Ans : A
11. An isolated system is one in which
(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though

energy may do so
system
11. An isolated system is one in which
(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may
do so
(b)neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
Ans: B
12. Mixture of ice and water form a
(a) closed system

(b) open system
(c) isolated system
(d) heterogeneous system
(e) thermodynamic system.
12. Mixture of ice and water form a
(a) closed system

(b) open system
(c) isolated system
(d) heterogeneous system
(e) thermodynamic system.
Ans: D
13. Which of the following is the property of a
system
(a) pressure and temperature

(b) internal energy
(c) volume and density
(d) enthalpy and entropy
(e) all of the above.
13. Which of the following is the property of a
system
(a) pressure and temperature

(b) internal energy
(c) volume and density
(d) enthalpy and entropy
Ans: E
14. The specific heat of air increases with increase in
(a)temperature
(b)pressure
(c)both pressure and temperature
(d)variation of its constituents
(e)air flow
14. The specific heat of air increases with increase in
(a)temperature
(b)pressure
(c)both pressure and temperature
(d)variation of its constituents
(e)air flow
Ans: A
15. Which of the following processes are thermodynamically reversible
(a)throttling
(b)free expansion
(c)constant volume and constant pressure
(d)hyperbolic and pV = C
(e)isothermal and adiabatic.
15. Which of the following processes are thermodynamically
reversible
(a)throttling
(b)free expansion
(c)constant volume and constant pressure
(d)hyperbolic and pV = C
(e)isothermal and adiabatic.
Ans: E
16. Entropy change depends on
(a)heat transfer
(b)mass transfer
(c)change of temperature
(d)thermodynamic state
(e)change of pressure and volume.
16. Entropy change depends on
(a)heat transfer
(b)mass transfer
(c)change of temperature
(d)thermodynamic state
(e)change of pressure and volume.
Ans: A
17. Isochoric process is one in which
(a) free expansion takes place

(b) very little mechanical work is done by the system
(c) no mechanical work is done by the system
(d) all parameters remain constant
(e) mass and energy transfer do not take place.
17. Isochoric process is one in which
(a) free expansion takes place

(b) very little mechanical work is done by the system
(c) no mechanical work is done by the system
(d) all parameters remain constant
(e) mass and energy transfer do not take place.
Ans: C
18. According to first law of thermodynamics
(a) work done by a system is equal to heat transferred by the
system
(b) total internal energy of a system during a process remains
constant
(c) internal energy, enthalpy and entropy during a process remain
constant
(d) total energy of a system remains constant
(e) entropy of a system remains constant.

system
constant
constant
Ans: D
19.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be
converted from one form to other is inferred from
(a) zeroth low of thermodynamic

(b) first law of thermodynamics
(c) second law to thermodynamics
(d) basic law of thermodynamics
(e) claussius statement.
19.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be
converted from one form to other is inferred from
(a) zeroth low of thermodynamic

(b) first law of thermodynamics
(c) second law to thermodynamics
(d) basic law of thermodynamics
(e) claussius statement.
Ans: B

system
constant
constant

system
constant
constant
Ans: D
21.Change in enthalpy in a closed system is equal to heat
transferred if the reversible process takes place at constant
(a) pressure
(b) temperature
(c) volume
(d) internal energy
(e) entropy.
21.Change in enthalpy in a closed system is equal to heat
(a) pressure
(b) temperature
(c) volume
(d) internal energy
(e) entropy.
Ans: A
22.In an isothermal process, the internal energy
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) first increases and then decreases
(e) first decreases and then increases.
22.In an isothermal process, the internal energy
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains constant
(d) first increases and then decreases
(e) first decreases and then increases.
Ans: C
23. Change in internal energy in a closed system is equal to heat
(a) pressure
(b) temperature
(c) volume
(d) internal energy
(e) entropy.
23. Change in internal energy in a closed system is equal to heat
(a) pressure
(b) temperature
(c) volume
(d) internal energy
(e) entropy.
Ans: C
(a) mass and energy are mutually convertible

(b) Carnot engine is most efficient
(c) heat and work are mutually convertible
(d) mass and light are mutually convertible
(e) heat flows from hot substance to cold substance.
(a) mass and energy are mutually convertible

(b) Carnot engine is most efficient
(c) heat and work are mutually convertible
(d) mass and light are mutually convertible
(e) heat flows from hot substance to cold substance.
Ans: C
25.Total heat of a substance is also known as
(a) internal energy

(b) entropy
(c) thermal capacity
(d) enthalpy
(e) thermal conductance.
25.Total heat of a substance is also known as
(a) internal energy

(b) entropy
(c) thermal capacity
(d) enthalpy
(e) thermal conductance.
(f) Ans: D
26. First law of thermodynamics
(a) enables to determine change in internal energy of the system

(b) does not help to predict whether the system will or not undergo
a change
(c) does not enable to determine change in entropy
(d) provides relationship between heat, work and internal energy
26. First law of thermodynamics
(a) enables to determine change in internal energy of the system

(b) does not help to predict whether the system will or not undergo
a change
(c) does not enable to determine change in entropy
(d) provides relationship between heat, work and internal energy
Ans : E
27. An ideal gas at a temperature of 25 degree is contained in a
cylinder filled with a movable piston. The cylinder is placed in
boiled water with the piston held in position until it contents rise
to 100 degrees. During this process 2kcal of heat is transferred to
the gas. After the contents reach 100 degrees the piston is
released and the gas does work equal to 100J. The final gas
temperature is 100 Degrees. The total heat (J) transferred to the
gas during the two steps is:
A. 8170
B. 8270
C. 8370
D. 8470
100
27. An ideal gas at a temperature of 25 degree is contained in a
cylinder filled with a movable piston. The cylinder is placed in
boiled water with the piston held in position until it contents rise
to 100 degrees. During this process 2kcal of heat is transferred to
the gas. After the contents reach 100 degrees the piston is
released and the gas does work equal to 100J. The final gas
temperature is 100 Degrees. The total heat (J) transferred to the
gas during the two steps is:
U = Q-W
A. 8170
=2*4187 – 100
B. 8270 = 8270 J
C. 8370
D. 8470 1kcal = 4187 J
Ans: B 101
28. A carnot engine that received heat at a certain temperature
develops 2 hp and rejects 7500 Btu/hr to a sink at 60F. The heat
source temperature of the carnot engine is near to:
A. 400
B. 350
C. 483
D. 500
102
28. A carnot engine that received heat at a certain temperature
develops 2 hp and rejects 7500 Btu/h to a sink at 60F. The heat
source temperature of the carnot engine is near to:
A. 400 K W =2hp = 5088 Btu/hr

B. 350 K QR = 7500 Btu/hr
C. 483 K TR = 60 F = 288.71K
D. 500 K
W = QA - QR
QA = 12588 Btu/hr
%eff = W / QA = 0.404
=(TA - TR ) / TA
T = 484 K
Ans: C 103
29. Superheating of steam is done at constant
A. enthalpy
B. entropy
C. pressure
D. volume
104
29. Superheating of steam is done at constant
A. enthalpy
B. entropy
C. pressure
D. volume
Ans: C 105
30. Dry saturated steam can be converted into superheated steam by
A. increasing its cross-sectional area of flow.

B. passing it through a pressure reducing valve.
C. forcing it downwards through a vertical tube.
D. none of these
106
30. Dry saturated steam can be converted into superheated steam by
A. increasing its cross-sectional area of flow.

B. passing it through a pressure reducing valve.
C. forcing it downwards through a vertical tube.
D. none of these
Ans: B 107
31. Carnot cycle is also termed as the constant __________ cycle in

thermodynamics.
A. entropy
B. pressure
C. volume
D. heat
108
31. Carnot cycle is also termed as the constant __________ cycle in

thermodynamics.
A. entropy
B. pressure
C. volume
D. heat
Ans: D 109
32. When an isolated thermodynamic system executes a process,
A. work is done.
B. heat transfer takes place.
C. mass flow occurs across the boundary of the system.
D. no chemical reaction takes place within the system.
110
32. When an isolated thermodynamic system executes a process,
A. work is done.
B. heat transfer takes place.
C. mass flow occurs across the boundary of the system.
D. no chemical reaction takes place within the system.
Ans: D 111
33. Consider system A at uniform temperature t and system B at another
uniform temperature T (t > T). Let the two systems be brought into
contact and be thermally insulated from their surroundings but not
from each other. Energy will flow from system A to system B because of
a) Temperature difference
b) Energy difference
c) Mass difference
d) Volumetric difference
112
33. Consider system A at uniform temperature t and system B at another
uniform temperature T (t > T). Let the two systems be brought into
contact and be thermally insulated from their surroundings but not
from each other. Energy will flow from system A to system B because of
a) Temperature difference
b) Energy difference
c) Mass difference
d) Volumetric difference
Ans: A 113
34. In a chemical process, superheated steam at 250 psia and 8oo F expands
through a reversible well insulated turbo-expander to 2.89 psia. The
shaft work produced is the enthalpy difference between the inlet and
outlet streams. The shaft work produced by the turbo-expander (Btu/lb)
in the process is :
Useful Info: At 250 psia and 800F ; h in =1,422.75 Btu/lb, S in = 1.7398

Btu(lb-R)
Outlet saturated steam at 2.89 psia:
hv = 1,122.75 Btu/lb Sv = 1.8894 Btu(lb-R)
hl= 107.89 Btu/lb, Sl= 0.1984 Btu(lb-R)
A. 10
B. 150
C. 300
D. 400
114
34. In a chemical process, superheated steam at 250 psia and 8oo F expands
through a reversible well insulated turbo-expander to 2.89 psia. The
shaft work produced is the enthalpy difference between the inlet and
outlet streams. The shaft work produced by the turbo-expander (Btu/lb)
in the process is :
Useful Info: At 250 psia and 800F ; h in =1,422.75 Btu/lb, S in = 1.7398

Btu(lb-R)
Outlet saturated steam at 2.89 psia:
hv = 1,122.75 Btu/lb Sv = 1.8894 Btu(lb-R)
hl= 107.89 Btu/lb, Sl= 0.1984 Btu(lb-R)
A. 10
B. 150 W = hin – hout
C. 300 = 1422.75 – 1122.75
D. 400 = 300
Ans: C 115
35. A 20 L cylinder containing 6 atm of gas at 27 °C. What would the
pressure of the gas be if the gas was heated to 77 °C ?
A.3
B.6
C.7
D.8
35. A 20 L cylinder containing 6 atm of gas at 27 °C. What would the
pressure of the gas be if the gas was heated to 77 °C ?
A.3
B.6 Ti = 27 °C = 27 + 273 K = 300 K
C.7 Tf = 77 °C = 77 + 273 K = 350 K
D.8
Pf = PiTf/Ti
Pf = (6 atm)x(350K)/(300 K)
Ans: C Pf = 7 atm
36. A (0.120) g sample of CH4 gas occupies a volume of 200. mL
at 35°C. What is the pressure of the gas in mmHg ?
A. 719 mmHg
B. 819 mmHg
C. 750 mmHg
D. 800 mmHg
36. A (0.120) g sample of CH4 gas occupies a volume of 200. mL
at 35°C. What is the pressure of the gas in mmHg ?
A. 719 mmHg
B. 819 mmHg
PV = n RT
C. 750 mmHg
D. 800 mmHg
Ans: A
37. A certain amount of an ideal gas initially at a pressure P1 and
temperature T1. First, it undergoes a constant pressure process
1 – 2 such that T2 = 3T1/4. Then, it undergoes a constant volume
process 2 – 3 such that T3 = T1/2. The ratio of the final volume to the
initial volume of the ideal gas is
A. 0.5
B. 0.75
C. 1
D. 1.5
37. A certain amount of an ideal gas initially at a pressure P1 and
temperature T1. First, it undergoes a constant pressure process
1 – 2 such that T2 = 3T1/4. Then, it undergoes a constant volume
process 2 – 3 such that T3 = T1/2. The ratio of the final volume to the
initial volume of the ideal gas is
For process 1 – 2 : P1 = P2
A. 0.5 ∴V1/T1=V2/T2
B. 0.75 ⇒V2/V1=T2/T1= 3/4
C. 1
D. 1.5 For process 2 – 3 : V2 = V3
∴V3/V2=1
Now, V3/V1=V3/V2×V2/V1=1×3/4
Ans: B ⇒V3/V1=0.75
38. According to Gay-Lussac law for a perfect gas, the absolute pressure of
given mass varies directly as
A. temperature
B. absolute temperature, if volume is kept constant
C. volume, if temperature is kept constant
D. remains constant, if volume and temperature are kept constant.
38. According to Gay-Lussac law for a perfect gas, the absolute pressure of
given mass varies directly as
A. temperature
B. absolute temperature, if volume is kept constant
C. volume, if temperature is kept constant
D. remains constant, if volume and temperature are kept constant.
Ans: B
39. An ideal gas as compared to a real gas at very high pressure
occupies
(a) more volume

(b) less volume
(c) same volume
(d) unpredictable behavior
(e) no such correlation.
39. An ideal gas as compared to a real gas at very high pressure
occupies
(a) more volume

(b) less volume
(c) same volume
A real gas occupies more volume than an ideal
(d) unpredictable behavior
gas at high pressure. This is because the ideal
(e) no such correlation.
gas law assumes the masses are points that
take up no volume. Real molecules take up
some of the volume, and at high pressure, this
fraction becomes significant.
Ans: B
40.General gas equation is
(a) PV=nRT
(b) PV=mRT
(d) PV = C
(c) PV=KiRT
(e) CpCv = Wj
40.General gas equation is
(a) PV=nRT
(b) PV=mRT
(d) PV = C
(c) PV=KiRT
(e) CpCv = Wj
Ans: B
41.According to Dalton's law, the total pressure of the mixture of gases is
equal to
(a) greater of the partial pressures of all

(b) average of the partial pressures of all
(c) sum of the partial pressures of all
(d) sum of the partial pressures of all divided by average molecular weight
(e) atmospheric pressure.
41.According to Dalton's law, the total pressure of the mixture of gases is
equal to
(a) greater of the partial pressures of all

(b) average of the partial pressures of all
(c) sum of the partial pressures of all
(d) sum of the partial pressures of all divided by average molecular weight
(e) atmospheric pressure.
Ans: C
42. For an ideal gas with constant values of specific heats, for
calculation of the specific enthalpy,
(a) it is sufficient to know only the temperature

(b) both temperature and pressure are required to be known
(c) both temperature and volume are required to be known
(d) both temperature and mass are required to be known
42. For an ideal gas with constant values of specific heats, for
calculation of the specific enthalpy,
(a) it is sufficient to know only the temperature

(b) both temperature and pressure are required to be known
(c) both temperature and volume are required to be known
(d) both temperature and mass are required to be known
Ans: A
43. Absolute zero pressure will occur
(a) at sea level

(b) at the center of the earth
(c) when molecular momentum of the system becomes zero
(d) under vacuum conditions
(e) at a temperature of 273 °K
43. Absolute zero pressure will occur
(a) at sea level

(b) at the center of the earth
(c) when molecular momentum of the system becomes zero
(d) under vacuum conditions
(e) at a temperature of 273 °K
Ans: C
44. No liquid can exist as liquid at
(a) 273 °K
(b)vacuum
(c)zero pressure
(d)centre of earth
(e)in space
44.No liquid can exist as liquid at
(a) 273 °K
(b) vacuum
(c) zero pressure
(d) centre of earth
(e) in space
Ans: C
45.The condition of perfect vacuum, i.e., absolute zero pressure can be

attained at
(a) a temperature of -273.16°C
(b) a temperature of 0°C
(c) a temperature of 273 °K
(d) a negative pressure and 0°C temperature
(e) can't be attained
45.The condition of perfect vacuum, i.e., absolute zero pressure can be

attained at
(a) a temperature of -273.16°C

(b) a temperature of 0°C
(c) a temperature of 273 °K
(d) a negative pressure and 0°C temperature
(e) can't be attained
Ans: A
46. A football was inflated to a gauge pressure of 1 bar when the ambient temperature
was 15°C. When the game started next day, the air temperature at the stadium was
5°C. Assume that the volume of the football remains constant at 2500 cm3.
The amount of heat lost by the air in the football and the gauge pressure of air in the
football at the stadium respectively equal
(a) 30.6 J, 1.94 bar

(b) 21.8 J, 0.93 bar
(c) 61.1 J, 1.94 bar
(d) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar
46. A football was inflated to a gauge pressure of 1 bar when the ambient temperature
was 15°C. When the game started next day, the air temperature at the stadium was
5°C. Assume that the volume of the football remains constant at 2500 cm3.
The amount of heat lost by the air in the football and the gauge pressure of air in the
football at the stadium respectively equal
Given, P1 = 1 bar (gauge)
(P1)absolute = 1 + 1.013 = 2.012 bar
(a) 30.6 J, 1.94 bar T1 = 15°C = 288 K
T2 = 5°C = 278 K
(b) 21.8 J, 0.93 bar Volume = const. = 2500 cm3
(c) 61.1 J, 1.94 bar
At const. volume (15°C → 5°C) R = 287 J/Kg.K
(d) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar
H = mCvdT P=2.013 bar = 2.013 X 105
= m × 0.718 × (278 – 288)
Also PV = mRT
Ans: D ⇒2.013×105×2500×10−6=m×287×288
⇒ H = 43.7 × 10-3 KJ = 43.7 J

Volume = Const
T2 / T1 = P2 / P1
T2 T1=P2 /P1⇒P2=2.013×278/288=1.93 bar (absolute)
Pabs.=Patm+Pgauge∴ Pgauge = 0.93 bar
47. The volume of a bubble starting at the bottom of a lake at 4.55°C
increases by a factor of 10 as it rises to the surface where the
temperature is 18.45°C and the air pressure is 0.965 atm. Assume
the density of the lake water is 1.00 g/mL. Then the pressure at the
bottom of the lake:
A. 1 atm
B. 3 atm
C. 9 atm
D. 5 atm
47. The volume of a bubble starting at the bottom of a lake at 4.55°C
increases by a factor of 10 as it rises to the surface where the
temperature is 18.45°C and the air pressure is 0.965 atm. Assume
the density of the lake water is 1.00 g/mL. Then the pressure at the
bottom of the lake:
A. 1 atm P1V1 PV
 2 2
B. 3 atm n1T1 n2T2
C. 9 atm
D. 5 atm
P1 
P2V2T1

 0.965 atm 10 V1  277.7 K   9.19 atm
T2V1  291.6 K V1 
Ans: C
48. If a child releases a 6.25-L helium balloon in the parking lot of an amusement
park where the temperature is 28.50°C and the air pressure is 757.2 mmHg, what
will the volume of the balloon be when it has risen to an altitude where the
temperature is -34.35°C and the air pressure is 366.4 mmHg?
A. 10 L
B. 8 L
C. 12 L
D. 11 L
48. If a child releases a 6.25-L helium balloon in the parking lot of an amusement
park where the temperature is 28.50°C and the air pressure is 757.2 mmHg, what
will the volume of the balloon be when it has risen to an altitude where the
temperature is -34.35°C and the air pressure is 366.4 mmHg?
A. 10 L
B. 8 L T1 = 301.65 K, T2 = 238.80 K.
C. 12 L
P1T2V1
D. 11 L V2 = P2T1
757.2 mmHg × 238.80 K × 6.25 L
= 366.4 mmHg × 301.65 K
Ans: A
= 10.2 L
49. What is the total pressure of mixture which has 10 mol of oxygen and 20 mol of
Nitrogen in 5L container maintainer 15 oC?
A. 130 bar
B. 120 bar
C. 140 bar
D. 150 bar
49. What is the total pressure of mixture which has 10 mol of oxygen and 20 mol of
Nitrogen in 5lit container maintainer 15 oC?
A. 130 bar
B. 120 bar
C. 140 bar
D. 150 bar R = 0.08206 lit.atm/Kgmol
Ans: C pN2 = 20*0.08206*288.15/5

= 92.94 atm
pO2 = 10*0.08206*288.15/5
= 46.47 atm
Pmix = 92.94 + 46.47

= 139.41 atm
= 141.20 bar
50. Boyle's law i.e. PV = constant is applicable to
gases under
(a) all ranges of pressures
(b) only small range of pressures
(c) high range of pressures
(d) steady change of pressures
(e) atmospheric conditions.
50. Boyle's law i.e. PV = constant is applicable to
gases under
(a) all ranges of pressures
(b) only small range of pressures
(c) high range of pressures
(d) steady change of pressures
(e) atmospheric conditions.
Ans: b
51.Which law states that the internal energy of a gas is a
(a) Charles' law

(b) Joule's law
(c) Regnault's law
(d) Boyle's law
51.Which law states that the internal energy of a gas is a
(a) Charles' law

(b) Joule's law
(c) Regnault's law
(d) Boyle's law
Ans B
52.According to which law, all perfect gases change in volume by
l/273th of their original volume at 0°C for every 1°C change in
temperature when pressure remains constant
(a) Joule's law

(b) Boyle's law
(c) Regnault's law
(d) GayLussac law
(e) Charles' law.
52.According to which law, all perfect gases change in volume by
l/273th of their original volume at 0°C for every 1°C change in
temperature when pressure remains constant
(a) Joule's law

(b) Boyle's law
(c) Regnault's law
(d) GayLussac law
(e) Charles' law.
Ans: e
53.The same volume of all gases would represent
their
(a)densities
(b)specific weights
(c)molecular weights
(d)gas characteristic constants
(e)specific gravities.
53.The same volume of all gases would represent
their
(a)densities
(b)specific weights
(c)molecular weights
(d)gas characteristic constants
(e)specific gravities.
Ans: C
54.Work done in a free expansion process is
(a) + ve
(b) -ve
(c) zero
(d) maximum
(e) minimum.
54.Work done in a free expansion process is
(a) + ve
(b) -ve
(c) zero
(d) maximum
(e) minimum.
Ans: C
55.The statement that molecular weights of all gases
occupy the same volume is known as
(a) Avogadro's hypothesis

(b) Dalton's law
(c) Gas law
(d) Law of thermodynamics
(e) Joule's law.
55.The statement that molecular weights of all gases occupy
the same volume is known as
(a) Avogadro's hypothesis

(b) Dalton's law
(c) Gas law
(d) Law of thermodynamics
(e) Joule's law.
Ans: A
56.To convert volumetric analysis to gravimetric analysis, the
relative volume of each constituent of the flue gases is
(a) divided by its molecular weight

(b) multiplied by its molecular weight
(c) multiplied by its density
(d) multiplied by its specific weight
(e) divided by its specific weight.
56.To convert volumetric analysis to gravimetric analysis, the relative
volume of each constituent of the flue gases is
(a) divided by its molecular weight

(b) multiplied by its molecular weight
(c) multiplied by its density
(d) multiplied by its specific weight
(e) divided by its specific weight.
Ans: b
57.If a gas is heated against a pressure, keeping the volume
constant, then work done will be equal to
(a)+ v
(b) ve
(c)zero
(d)pressure x volume
(e)any where between zero and infinity.
57.If a gas is heated against a pressure, keeping the volume
constant, then work done will be equal to
(a)+ v
(b) ve
(c)zero
(d)pressure x volume
(e)any where between zero and infinity.
Ans: C
58.According to Avogadro's law, for a given pressure and

temperature, each molecule of a gas
(a) occupies volume proportional to its molecular weight

(b) occupies volume proportional to its specific weight
(c) occupies volume inversely proportional to its molecular
weight
(d) occupies volume inversely proportional to its specific
weight
(e) occupies same volume.
58.According to Avogadro's law, for a given pressure and
temperature, each molecule of a gas
(a) occupies volume proportional to its molecular weight

(b) occupies volume proportional to its specific weight
(c) occupies volume inversely proportional to its molecular
weight
(d) occupies volume inversely proportional to its specific weight
(e) occupies same volume.
Ans: e
59.In a free expansion process

(a)work done is zero
(b)heat transfer is zero
(c)both (a) and (b) above
(d)work done is zero but heat increases
(e)work done is zero but heat decreases.
59.In a free expansion process

(a)work done is zero
(b)heat transfer is zero
(c)both (a) and (b) above
(d)work done is zero but heat increases
(e)work done is zero but heat decreases.
Ans: C
60.If a gas vapour is allowed to expand through a very minute
aperture, then such a process is known as
(a) free expansion

(b) hyperbolic expansion
(c) adiabatic expansion
(d) parabolic expansion
(e) throttling.
60.If a gas vapour is allowed to expand through a very minute
aperture, then such a process is known as
(a) free expansion

(e) throttling.
Ans: e
61.If a fluid expands suddenly into vacuum through an orifice of large
dimension, then such a process is called
(a) free expansion

(e) throttling.
61.If a fluid expands suddenly into vacuum through an orifice of large
dimension, then such a process is called
(a) free expansion

(e) throttling.
Ans: a
62.Which of the following processes is irreversible process

(a) isothermal
(b) adiabatic
(c) throttling
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
62.Which of the following processes is irreversible process

(a) isothermal
(b) adiabatic
(c) throttling
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above.
Ans: C
63.Molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600 x 103 N/m2 and

27°C will be
(a) 4.17m3/kgmol
(b) 400 m3/kg mol
(c) 0.15 m3/kg mol
(d) 41.7 m3/kg mol
(e) 417m3/kgmol.
63.Molecular volume of any perfect gas at 600 x 103 N/m2 and

27°C will be
(a) 4.17m3/kgmol
(b) 400 m3/kg mol
(c) 0.15 m3/kg mol
(d) 41.7 m3/kg mol
(e) 417m3/kgmol.
Ans: a
64.A gas is compressed in a cylinder by a movable piston to a volume one
half its original volume. During the process 300 kJ heat left the gas and
internal energy remained same. The work done on gas in Nm will be
(a) 300 Nm
(b) 300,000 Nm
(c) 30 Nm
(d) 3000 Nm
(e) 30,000 Nm.
64.A gas is compressed in a cylinder by a movable piston to a volume one
half its original volume. During the process 300 kJ heat left the gas and
internal energy remained same. The work done on gas in Nm will be
(a) 300 Nm
(b) 300,000 Nm
(c) 30 Nm
(d) 3000 Nm
(e) 30,000 Nm.
Ans: b
65.The more effective way of increasing efficiency of Carnot

engine is to
(a) increase higher temperature
(b) decrease higher temperature
(c) increase lower temperature
(d) decrease lower temperature
(e) keep lower temperature constant.
65.The more effective way of increasing efficiency of Carnot

engine is to
(a) increase higher temperature
(b) decrease higher temperature
(c) increase lower temperature
(d) decrease lower temperature
(e) keep lower temperature constant.
Ans: d
66. In a Carnot cycle, heat is transferred at
(a)constant pressure
(b)constant volume
(c)constant temperature
(d)constant enthalpy
(e)any one of the above.
66. In a Carnot cycle, heat is transferred at
(a)constant pressure
(b)constant volume
(c)constant temperature
(d)constant enthalpy
(e)any one of the above.
Ans: C
67. A carnot engine working between 400 C and 40 C. it produces 130KJ of
work. Then entrophy changes during this heat rejection process is
(a) 3611 J/K

(b) 1931 J/K
(c) 7763 J/K
(d) 4153 J/K
.
(a) 3611 J/K

(b) 1931 J/K
(c) 7763 J/K
(d) 4153 J/K
.
(a) 361 J/K

(b) 193 J/K TA = 400+273 = 673 k
(c) 776 J/K TR = 40+273 = 313 k
(d) 415 J/K
% efficiency = (TA – TR ) / TA
QA = WD / %eff
Ans: A QR = QA – WD
.
S = QR / TR

Class Notes 1.Chemical-Thermodynamics

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Class Notes 1.Chemical-Thermodynamics

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Insulated Heat cannot enter or leave Work

Rigid Mechanical work cannot be done*

3. Internal Energy (U): = ΔH = Hv - Hl

 Why is the specific heat at constant pressure

The heat capacity at constant pressure CP is greater

 where C is a constant that depends on the substance.

 What is CP in heat transfer?

 Why there are two values of specific heat for a

What is the specific heat capacity of ice?

First, convert the temperatures to absolute temperatures.

V1/T1 = V2/T2 P1/T1 = P2/T2 P1V1 = P2V2

V1/V2 = T1/T2 P1/P2 = T1/T2 P1/P2 = V2/V1

R is the proportionality constant, called the gas constant.

3. The volume must be

So % efficiency can also be expressed as = W/Q1

 T1, Q1 – Temperature, Heat added to the system

A throttling process is a thermodynamic

1.No Work Transfer

• Free expansion process is basically an expansion process against vacuum.

• In this process there is no heat transfer & work transfer from

• The LMTD is a logarithmic average of the temperature difference

• The use of the LMTD arises straightforwardly from the analysis of a

LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2) / ln(ΔT1/ΔT2)

LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2) / ln(ΔT1/ΔT2)

A. 8.24 x 105 KJ/min

(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy

(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy

(a)mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though

(a) closed system

(a) closed system

(a) pressure and temperature

(a) pressure and temperature

(a) free expansion takes place

(a) free expansion takes place

(a) work done by a system is equal to heat transferred by the

(a) zeroth low of thermodynamic

(a) zeroth low of thermodynamic

(a) work done by a system is equal to heat transferred by the

(a) work done by a system is equal to heat transferred by the

(a) mass and energy are mutually convertible

(a) mass and energy are mutually convertible

(a) internal energy

(a) internal energy

(a) enables to determine change in internal energy of the system

(a) enables to determine change in internal energy of the system

A. 400 K W =2hp = 5088 Btu/hr

A. increasing its cross-sectional area of flow.

A. increasing its cross-sectional area of flow.

31. Carnot cycle is also termed as the constant __________ cycle in

31. Carnot cycle is also termed as the constant __________ cycle in

32. When an isolated thermodynamic system executes a process,

32. When an isolated thermodynamic system executes a process,

Useful Info: At 250 psia and 800F ; h in =1,422.75 Btu/lb, S in = 1.7398

Useful Info: At 250 psia and 800F ; h in =1,422.75 Btu/lb, S in = 1.7398

(a) more volume

(a) more volume

(a) greater of the partial pressures of all

(a) greater of the partial pressures of all

(a) it is sufficient to know only the temperature

(a) it is sufficient to know only the temperature

43. Absolute zero pressure will occur

(a) at sea level

Ans: C pN2 = 200.08206288.15/5