FluidM-I Basim UTQ Ch3-FluidStatics-Gates

Fall
Semester
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics - Gates
University of Thi-Qar
Civil Engineering
Second stage
By:
Dr. Basim M. N. Al-Zaidi

Fall Semester
Fluid Mechanics- I Chapter Three: Fluid Statics-Gates
2nd Stage/Civil Eng. Dept. Prepared by: Dr. Basim M. N. Al-Zaidi
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Chapter Three
Fluid Statics - Gates
3.1 Hydrostatic force on a plane surface

For fluids at rest the force must be perpendicular to the surface since there is no tangential force that can
exist within a fluid at rest, we also know that the pressure will vary linearly with the depth if the fluid is
incompressible.
• If the pressure is uniformly distributed over an area (horizontal plane area)

Example : Pressure on the tank bottom ( fig. a)
F = P. A [ Pascal’s law]
P = Patm +  h
F = (Patm +  h ) A; Patm = 0 (assumed)
F=.h.A
Where
P: the uniform pressure on the bottom (Pa)
A : the area of the bottom (m2)
F or FR : the resultant force on the bottom (N)
Note : The resultant force acts through the centroid of the area.
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Fluid Mechanics-I Fluid Statics - Gates
1
• In the case of the distribution of pressure not uniform
In the previous Figure, fig. b on the right shows the nonuniform distribution of pressure on the tank ends.
For more general cases in which a submerged plane surface is inclined as is illustrated in Fig below, the
determination of the resultant force acting on the surface is more involved. For the pressure, we will assume
that the fluid surface is open to the atmosphere.
Let the plane in which the surface lies intersect the free surface at O and make an angle  whith this surface
as shown in the figure below.
Figure reprecents Force acting on the surface.
2
yp
The x-y coordinate system is defined so that O is the origin, and y is directed along the surface as shown.
The area can have an arbitrary shape as shown, we wish to determine the direction location, and magnitude
of the resultant in contact with the area.
At any given depth, h, the force acting on dA ( the differential area) is dF = h dA and is perpendicular to
the surface. Thus, the magnitude of the resultant force can be found by summing these differential forces
over the entire surface. In eq form
𝐹 = ∫ 𝛾 ℎ 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
𝐹 = ∫ 𝛾 𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
Where h = y sin , for constant  and 
𝐹 = 𝛾 sin 𝜃 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
The integral appering in eq above is the first moment of the area with respect to the x-axis, so we can
write
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑦𝑐 𝐴
𝐴
Where yc is the the y coordinate of the centroid from the x-axis which passes through O.
Equation can thus be written as:
3
𝐹 = 𝛾 𝐴 𝑦𝑐 sin 𝜃
Or more simply as:
𝑭 = 𝜸 𝒉𝒄 𝑨
Where:
hc is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the area.
A is the area of the gate
𝜸 is the specific weight of the fluid
➢ This method is called The General method or Formula method.
Note that the magnitude of the force is independent of the angle theta and depends only on the specific
weight of the fluid, the total area, and the depth of the centroid of the area below the surface.
Equation (1) indicates that the magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the pressure at the centroid
of the area multiplied by the total area.
Although our intuition might of the resultant force should be pass through the centroid of the area, this is
not actually the case, the y-coordinate, yp, of the resultant force can be determined by summation of
moments around the x-axis, that is, the moment of the resultant force must equal the moment of the
distributed pressure force, or
𝐹𝑝 𝑦𝑝 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐹 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑃 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦(𝛾 y sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
And, therefore, since Fp =  A yc sin 
 𝐴 𝑦𝑐 sin  𝑦𝑝 = ∫ 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
∫𝐴 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑦𝑝 =
𝑦𝑐 𝐴
The integral in the number is the second moment of the area (moment of inertia), Ix, with respect to an axis
formed by the intersection of the plane containing the surface and the free surface ( x axis ), we can write:
𝐼𝑥
𝑦𝑝 =
𝑦𝑐 𝐴
Use can now be made of the parallel axis theorm to express Ix as
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼𝑥𝑐 + 𝐴𝑦𝑐2 m4
Where Ixc is the second moment of the area with respect to the axis passing through its centroid and parallel
to the x-axis, thus,
𝑰𝒙𝒄
𝒚𝒑 = 𝒚𝒄 +
𝒚𝒄 𝑨
This equation shows that resultant force does not pass through the centroid but is always below it, since
Ixc/(yc.A) > 0 and we can name this distance by e ; so,
4
𝑰𝒙𝒄
𝒆 = 𝒚𝒑 − 𝒚 𝒄 =
𝒚𝒄 𝑨
The x coordinate, xp, for the resultant force can be determined in similar manner by summing moments
about the y-axis, thus
𝐹𝑝 𝑋𝑝 = ∫ 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
And, therefore
∫𝐴 𝑋𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝑋𝑝 = =
𝑦𝑐 𝐴 𝑦𝑐 𝐴
Where Ixy is the product of inertia to the X and y axis, again, using the parallel axis theorem, we can
write:
𝐼𝑥𝑦𝑐
𝑋𝑝 = + 𝑋𝑐
𝑦𝑐 𝐴
Where Ixyc is the product of the inertia with respect to an orthogonal coordinate system passing through
the centroid of the area and formed by translation of the x-y coordinate system. If the submerged area is
symmetrical with respect to an axis passing through the centroid and parallel to either the x or y axes, the
resultant force must lie along the line X = Xc, since Ixyc is identically zero in this case.
The point through which the resultant fluid force acts is called the center of pressure.
𝑰𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
𝒉𝒑 = 𝒉𝒄 +
𝒉𝒄 𝑨
5
‫‪Fluid Mechanics- I‬‬ ‫‪Chapter Three: Fluid Statics-Gates‬‬
‫‪2nd Stage/Civil Eng. Dept.‬‬ ‫‪Prepared by: Dr. Basim M. N. Al-Zaidi‬‬
‫‪Fluid Mechanics-I‬‬ ‫‪Fluid Statics - Gates‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
Pressure prism Approach

Pressure prism is a geometric representation of the hydrostatic force on a plane surface (rectangular
only). It is an informative and useful graphical interpretation that can be made for the force developed by
a fluid acting on a plane area.
A. The plane surface extends up to the fluid surface
Consider the pressure distribution along a vertical wall of a tank of width b, which contains a liquid having
a specific weight  since the pressure must vary linearly with depth and we can represent the variation as is
shown, where the pressure is equal to zeoro at the upper surafec and equal to h at the bottom. The average
pressure occurs at the depth h/2 and therefore the resultant force acting on the rectangular :
A = bh
F = Pav A
ℎ
𝐹 = 𝛾( ) 𝐴
2
Or
F = volume of pressure prism
1
𝐹= (𝛾ℎ) (𝑏ℎ)
2
𝒉
𝑭=𝜸 𝑨
𝟐
Where b. h is the area of the rectangular surface Area . yp is the centroid of the pressure prism = (2/3) * h
8
‫‪The resultant force must pass through the centroid of the pressure prism (at a distance of h/3 above the‬‬
‫‪base centroid of a triangle).‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
B. The plane surface that does not extend up to the fluid surface
p1
p2
F or
h2
The cross section of the pressure prism is trapezoidal, the resultant force is equal to the volume of the
pressure presim :
FR = F1 + F2 ; or F = Pav A ; or F = volume of pressure presim
F1 = part ABDE
F2 = part BCD
The location of FR can be determined by summing moments about some convenient axis, such as one
passing through A. In this instance
FR yp = F1 yp1 + F2 yp2
And y1 , y2 can be determine by inspection
10
C. For inclined plane surface
For inclined plane surface the pressure prism can still be developed, and the cross section of the prism
will generally be trapezoidal as shown in figure. The pressure developed on the vertical distance.
Note:
The use of pressure prism for determining the force on submerged plane areas is convenient if the area is
rectangular so the volume and centroid can easily determined.
However, for other nonrectangular shapes integration would generally be needed to determine the volume
and centroid. In these circumstances, it is more convenient to use the equations F =  hc A, and yp = yc +
Ic/ yc A, in which the necessary integrations have been made and the results presented in a convenient
and compact form that is applicable to submerged plane area of any shape.
Note :
The effect of atmospheric pressure on a submerged area has not yet been considered.
11
The resultant force of fluid on the surface is that due only to the gage pressure contribution of the liquid
in contact with the surface – the atmospheric pressure does not contribute to this resultant. If the surface
pressure of the liquid is different from atmospheric pressure ( such as might occur in a closed tank), the
resultant force acting on a submerged area A, will be changed in magnitude from that caused simply by
hydrostatic pressure by an amount Ps A, where Ps is the age pressure at the liquid surface ( at outside
surface is assumed to be exposed to atmospheric pressure).
Example problem 3.1
Find the magnitude and point of application of the force on the gate AB (2 m wide ) shown in figure .
Solution:
12
‫‪Example problem 3.2‬‬

‫‪For the tank shown in figure find:‬‬
‫‪a) The resultant force due to water acting on the 3 m by 6 m rectangular area AB.‬‬
‫‪b) The resultant force due to water acting on the 4 m by 6m triangular area CD.‬‬
‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫)‪B‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪Solution by pressure prism :‬‬
‫‪15‬‬

‫?‪Calculate the h at which this gate will open‬‬
‫‪Solution :‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫‪The dam of fig. below has a strut AB every 6 m. Determine the compressive force in the strut neglecting‬‬
‫‪the mass of the mass.‬‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫‪The cubic tank shown is half full of water find :‬‬

‫‪1) The force exerted by the fluids on a tank wall.‬‬
‫‪2) The location of the center of pressure on a wall.‬‬
‫‪18‬‬

‫‪Calculate the force F required to hold the gate of figure in a closed position.‬‬
‫‪P=  h‬‬
‫‪35 =  h → h = 3.57 m‬‬
‫‪y = h-y‬‬
‫‪= 3.57 – 1.8 = 1.77 m‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫‪Find the moment M at O to hold the gat closed.‬‬
‫‪20‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
‫‪Gate AB in Figure below is 2 m wide and is hinged at A. gage G reads (-15) kpa and oil of S=0. Is in the‬‬
‫?‪right hand tank. What horizontal force must be applied at B for the equilibrium of gate AB‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫‪Correction in the last two lines:‬‬

‫)‪29.43 *1.33 + 2F = 136/2 * (3.56-2.47‬‬
‫‪39/14 + 2F = 136.2 * 1.09 ====> F = 54.65 KN. Ans.‬‬

‫?‪The tank shown in figure is 2 m wide into the paper. Find the resultant force on panel ABC‬‬
‫‪23‬‬

‫?‪The tank shown in Fig is 2 m wide into the paper find the resultant on panal AB‬‬
‫)‪1‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫‪Isosceles triangle gate AB in figure is hinged at A and weights 1500 N. what horizontal force P is‬‬
‫‪required at B for equilibrium.‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫‪3.2 Hydrostatic Force on a curved surface‬‬
‫‪➢ Basic mechanic method or components method.‬‬

‫‪Consider the curved section AB of the open tank, the results force are:‬‬
‫‪∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
𝐹2 − 𝐹𝐻′ = 0
𝐹2 = 𝐹𝐻′
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝐹𝑣′ − 𝑊 − 𝐹1 = 0
𝐹𝑣′ = 𝑊 + 𝐹1
𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹2
𝐹𝑣 = 𝑊 + 𝐹1
FH : the pressure exerted on a projection area of the curved surface AB ( Force on vertical projection BC).
FH =  hc A
Where
A is the projected area and the force FH act on the center of pressure of projected area.
FV : weight of the liquid vertically above the surface and extending up to the free surface it passes through
the centroid of the volume.
FV =  volume (ABDE)
𝑭𝑹 = √𝑭𝟐𝑯 + 𝑭𝟐𝒗
𝑭𝑽
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝑭𝑯
28
‫‪Or in another way:‬‬
‫𝒗𝟐𝑭 ‪𝑭𝑹 = √𝑭𝟐𝑯 +‬‬
‫𝑯𝑭‬
‫𝟏‪𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−‬‬
‫𝑽𝑭‬
‫‪Or‬‬
‫‪29‬‬
𝑭𝑽
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝑭𝑯
Summary:
FH = force on the vertical projection of the gate
FV = result force by the horizontal projection of the gate.
FV is either the weight of the exist fluid above the gate or the weight
of the majonary fluid (missing) before putting the gate, i.e., weight of
volume of displaced liquid.
Note : projection area , so if we have spherical gate , the projection area will be circle.
See example the last example problem.
Example problem 3.12
The gate AB in Fig below is 2 m wide, calculate magnitude direction and location of the resultant force of
the water on AB?
Solution:
30
‫‪31‬‬
‫‪32‬‬
‫‪Determine and locate the components of the force due to the water acting on curved area AB in fig. per‬‬
‫‪meter of its length.‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪The quarter cylinder AB is 3 m long. Calculate the resultant force of the water on AB.‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫‪The gate shown in fig is 1 m long. Calculate the resultant force of the water on the gate.‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪The gate shown in figure is 1 m long. Calculate the resultant force of the water on the gate.‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫‪Find the force on A&B on cylinder which diameter is 2 m in fig. weight of the cylinder is 22.25 KN and its‬‬
‫‪length 1.5 , neglect the friction forces.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
‫‪In fig below the 4-m diameter cylinder weight 20 KN and rest on the bottom of a tank that is 3 m long. Find‬‬
‫‪the magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical components of the force that will keep the cylinder touching‬‬
‫‪the tank at B.‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫)‪Example problem 3.19 (note‬‬
‫‪Determine the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the spherical surface and explain‬‬
‫‪why the line of action goes through the centre 0.‬‬
‫‪39‬‬
‫‪Solved problems‬‬
‫‪SP 3.1 The shaft of the gate in figure below will fail at a moment of 145 Kn.m. Determine the maximum‬‬
‫‪value of liquid depth h . use the components Method, pressure prism, and general method.‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫‪SP3.2 A closed tank is filled with water and has a 4-ftdiameter hemispherical dome as shown in Fig. below.‬‬
‫‪A U-tube manometer is connected to the tank. Determine the vertical force of the water on the dome if the‬‬
‫‪differential manometer reading is 7 ft and the air pressure at the upper end of the manometer is 12.6 psi.‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪SP3.3‬‬
‫‪The concrete dam of Fig. weighs 23.6 kN/m3 and rests on a solid foundation. Determine the minimum‬‬
‫‪coefficient of friction between the dam and the foundation required to keep the dam from sliding at the‬‬
‫‪water depth shown. Assume no fluid uplift pressure along the base. Base your analysis on a unit length of‬‬
‫‪the dam.‬‬
‫‪43‬‬
‫‪SP3.4‬‬
‫‪A circular plate 3 m diameter with a concentric circular hole of diam 1.5 m is immersed in water such that‬‬
‫‪Its greatest and least depth below the free surface are 4m and 1.5 m repectivally. Drtermine the total‬‬
‫‪pressure on one face Of the plate and position of the center of the pressure.‬‬
‫‪44‬‬
‫‪SP3.5‬‬
‫‪A quarter-circular shell is pinned at A and tied to the tank’s wall using the cable BC. If the tank and shell‬‬
‫‪are each 4 ft wide, determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at A, and the tension in the‬‬
‫‪cable due to the water pressure.‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫‪46‬‬

FluidM-I Basim UTQ Ch3-FluidStatics-Gates

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FluidM-I Basim UTQ Ch3-FluidStatics-Gates

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fall

Fluid Statics - Gates

Dr. Basim M. N. Al-Zaidi

3.1 Hydrostatic force on a plane surface

• If the pressure is uniformly distributed over an area (horizontal plane area)

• In the case of the distribution of pressure not uniform

Figure reprecents Force acting on the surface.

Where h = y sin , for constant  and 

Equation can thus be written as:

Or more simply as:

➢ This method is called The General method or Formula method.

𝐹𝑝 𝑦𝑝 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐹 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑃 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝑦(𝛾 y sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝐴 = ∫ 𝛾 sin 𝜃 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

And, therefore, since Fp =  A yc sin 

Pressure prism Approach

A. The plane surface extends up to the fluid surface

FR = F1 + F2 ; or F = Pav A ; or F = volume of pressure presim

And y1 , y2 can be determine by inspection

C. For inclined plane surface

‫‪Example problem 3.2‬‬

‫‪Solution by pressure prism :‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.3‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.4‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.5‬‬

‫‪The cubic tank shown is half full of water find :‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.6‬‬

‫‪35 =  h → h = 3.57 m‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.7‬‬

‫‪Find the moment M at O to hold the gat closed.‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.8‬‬

‫‪Correction in the last two lines:‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.9‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.10‬‬

‫‪Example problem 3.11‬‬

‫‪3.2 Hydrostatic Force on a curved surface‬‬

‫‪➢ Basic mechanic method or components method.‬‬

‫𝒗𝟐𝑭 ‪𝑭𝑹 = √𝑭𝟐𝑯 +‬‬

Example problem 3.12

You might also like