ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 10

CHAPTER 3: Cell Structures, Tissues and Their Functions • Mosaic components (that give the
(LECTURE) membrane a FLUID character):
Prepared by: vacaraya50 <3 ▪ Phospholipids
▪ Cholesterol
▪ Proteins
✓ Basic Concepts ▪ Carbohydrates
▪ Cells and tissues carry out all CHEMICAL
ACTIVITIES needed to SUSTAIN LIFE
▪ Cells are the BUILDING BLOCKS of all
living things
▪ Tissues are GROUP of cells that are similar
in structure and function

✓ Functions of the Cell

▪ Smallest functional UNITS of life
▪ Cell METABOLISM and energy use
▪ SYNTHESIS of molecules
▪ Communication
▪ Reproduction and inheritance (DNA) ✓ Movement through the Cell
Membrane
✓ Types of Cell
• The cell membrane has SELECTIVE
PERMEABILITY, which allows
Prokaryotic cell (bacteria)
only CERTAIN substances to pass in
• First cell to be discovered
and out of the cell
• Size: 100 nm to 5 µm
• Higher concentration INSIDE THE
• Pro- (before), karyon (nucleus) CELL:
• Bacteria and Archaebacteria ▪ Enzymes
• Single compartment ▪ Glycogen
• No nuclei (have DNA) ▪ Potassium
• No membrane-bound organelles • Higher Concentration OUTSIDE
• Enclosed by plasma membrane THE CELL:
• Have cytoplasm and ribosomes ▪ Sodium
▪ Calcium
Eukaryotic Cells
▪ Chloride
• About 10-100 µm
• Eu- (true), karyon (nucleus) ✓ Cell Membrane Passage
• Protists, fungi, plants, and animals • Some substances require CARRIER
• Compartmentalization molecules to TRANSPORT them
• Nucleus across the cell membrane, such as
• Membrane-bound organelles GLUCOSE.
• Enclosed by plasma membrane • Some substances require a
• Have cytoplasm and ribosomes VESICULAR transport across the
membrane.
✓ Cell Membrane • The vesicle must FUSE with the cell
• Also called PLASMA MEMBRANE membrane for transport.
• OUTERMOST component of a cell
• Forms a BOUNDARY between ✓ Cellular Physiology:
material inside the cell and outside Membrane Transport
• Materials located: • Membrane Transport – MOVEMENT of
Inside the cell- INTRACELLULAR substance into and out the cell
Outside the cell- EXTRACELLULAR • Two basic methods of transport
• Acts as a SELECTIVE BARRIER 1. Passive transport
o NO ENERGY is required
✓ Cell Membrane Structure 2. Active transport
• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL describes o The cell must provide
the structure of the plasma METABOLIC ENERGY
membrane
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✓ Cell Membrane Transport
• Passive membrane transport
• Active membrane transport
✓ Passive transport process
• Does NOT require the cell to EXPAND
energy
• Passive membrane transport mechanism:
▪ Diffusion
- Particles tend to DISTRIBUTE
themselves EVENLY within a
solution
- Movement is FROM HIGH
concentration TO LOW
concentration, or down a
concentration gradient
✓ If the cell swells enough, it can
RUPTURE, a process called LYSIS
❖ Isotonic
• EQUAL solute and water
concentration inside and outside the
cell
• The cell will neither shrink nor swell
❖ Hypertonic
• MORE solute, LESS water
• Water moves by osmosis FROM
the cell into the hypertonic
solution, resulting in cell
SHRINKAGE, or CRENATION
✓ Red Blood Cell Changes in
Differing Solutions

3 Types of diffusion
1. Simple diffusion
• Unassisted process
• Solutes are lipid-soluble materials
(SMALL enough to pass through
membrane pores)
2. Osmosis
• simple diffusion of WATER (a
solvent) across a SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE MEMBRANE from a 3. Facilitated diffusion
region of higher water concentration • Substances require a PROTEIN
to one of lower water concentration CARRIER for passive transport
• exerts a pressure called OSMOTIC
PRESSURE (force required to
PREVENT movement of water
across cell membrane)
• Highly polar water easily crosses the
plasma membrane
• Where solute goes, water follows

OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND THE

CELL
• Osmotic pressure depends on the
DIFFERENCE of solution
concentrations inside a cell
RELATIVE to outside the cell
• A cell may be placed in solutions
that are either hypotonic, isotonic, or
hypertonic compared to the cell
cytoplasm
3 types of solution:
▪ Filtration
- Water and solutes are FORCED
through a membrane by FLUID,
or hydrostatic PRESSURE
- A PRESSURE GRADIENT must
exist
o Solute-containing fluid is pushed
from a high pressure area to a lower
pressure area

❖ Hypotonic
✓ LESS solute, MORE water (relative
to the cytoplasm)
✓ Less tone, or osmotic pressure, than
the cell
✓ Water moves by osmosis INTO the
cell, causing it to SWELL
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 • Leak and Gated Channels
- Two classes of cell membrane
include LEAK and GATED
channels
- Leak Channels (constantly
ALLOW ions to PASS through)
- Gated Channels (LIMIT the
movement of ions across the
membrane by OPENING and
CLOSING
✓ Active Transport process
• A CARRIER-MEDIATED process,
requiring energy
• Uses energy from the hydrolysis of
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)
• Moves substances across the cell membrane
FROM regions of LOWER concentration
TO those of HIGHER concentration
• AGAINST a CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
• Characteristics of tissues that carry out
active transport:
o Numerous mitochondria
o High concentration of ATP
o High respiratory rate
• This process ACCUMULATE necessary
substances on ONE SIDE of the plasma
membrane at concentrations many times
GREATER than the other side
• Transport substances that are UNABLE to
pass by diffusion
o May be too large
o May not be able to dissolve in the fat
core of the membrane
o May have to move against a
concentration gradient
• Two common forms of active transport:
o Solute pumping (chemical
exchanges)
o Bulk transport
(exocytosis/endocytosis)
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Pumps *
• Transport PROTEINS that require energy to
move materials
• Specific to particular molecules
• Process:
1. A SOLUTE ION to be transported
BINDS to the pump
2. PHOSPHORYLATION happens to the
transport protein by the ATP
3. Transport protein CHANGES shape
4. Transport protein RELEASES solute
ion and causes
DEPHOSPHORYLATION
5. Transport protein RETURNS to its
ORIGINAL shape
• Major example of active transport (pumps)
is the SODIUM-POTASSUM Pump
▪ Na-K pump
o SODIUM (Na+)
-Inside the cells
-transported OUT of the cell
o POTASSIUM (K+)
-outside the cells
-transported IN
*The result is a HIGHER concentration of
Na+ OUT of the cells and a HIGHER concentration
of K+ IN the cells
*Na+ moves back into the cell by a
CARRIER molecule that also moves glucose. The
concentration gradient for Na+ provides the
ENERGY required to move glucose, by
COTRANSPORT, against its concentration gradient
Bulk Transport
• LARGER molecules are transported using
MEMBRANE-BOUND VESICLES
• Cytosis
o Transport mechanism involving
infolding/invagination and
outfolding of a small portion of
the cell membrane
• Two types of bulk transport: ▪ Genetic material duplicated and
readies a cell for division into two
1. EXOCYTOSIS (“exo” outside) cells
▪ Involves the use of membrane-bound
sacs called SECRETORY
VESICLES that accumulate
materials for release from the cell
▪ Direction: OUT OF THE CELL
▪ Ex. secretion of digestive enzymes

2. CELL DIVISION (mitosis)

• Cell replicates itself
• Function is to produce more cells for growth
and repair processes

MITOSIS (cell division)

2. ENDOCYTOSIS (“endo” inside;within)
▪ Direction: INTO THE CELL • Involves formation of 2 DAUGHTER CELLS
▪ Can either be: from a single parent cell
o Phagocytosis (cell eating) • FOUR PHASES:
-often used for endocytosis when
SOLID particles are INGESTED 1. Prophase
o Pinocytosis (cell drinking) ▪ First part of cell division
-much smaller vesicles formed, ▪ Centromeres migrate to the pole
and they contain LIQUID rather
than solid particles
▪ Receptor-mediated endocytosis
occurs when a specific substance
binds to the receptor molecule and is
transported into the cell

2. Metaphase
▪ Spindle from centromeres are
attached to chromosomes that are
aligned in the center of the cell

✓ Cell Life Cycle hapit na mahuman pramis

• Cells have 2 major periods:
1. INTERPHASE
▪ Phase of growth
▪ Cell carries on metabolic processes
▪ Cell spends MAJORITY of life cycle
here
▪ No cell division occurs
▪ The cell carries out normal metabolic
activity and growth

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 3. Anaphase
• Daughter chromosomes are pulled
toward the poles
• The cell begins to elongate

4. Telophase
• Daughter nuclei begin forming
• A cleavage furrow (for cell
division) begins to form

* “Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell

division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental
cell into two daughter cells”

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