GEDCORE05

larger organization or group.

Globalization Development
PRELIM
What are the pros and cons of globalization?

PROS
M1T1: GLOBALIZATION
● Access to goods and services
Globalization is a contested concept. Traced back in ● Increase in employment
the early 1960s, globalization has helped some Increase in cultural awareness
●
countries and to some has not. Rise of information and technology
●

CONS
Assertions
1. Leaving the condition of mother ● Unemployment in low-cost labor countries.
nationality . ● No protection in labor, environment or human
2. Moving towards the new condition of rights.
postmodern nationality. ● Empowers multinational corporations.
3. We have not yet reached it. The phenomenon has created winners or losers.

What is Globalization?
● Globalization, a phenomenon applies to a set M1T2: THE CONCEPT OF
of social processes that transform or present NATION-STATE
social conditions.
Although France after the French
● Creation of a “Borderless World” (Ohmae,
Revolution (1787–99) is often cited as the first
1992)
nation-state, some scholars consider the
● The process of world shrinkage, of distances
establishment of the English Commonwealth in
getting shorter, things moving closer.
1649 as the earliest instance of nation-state
● It is a process that increases either
creation.
homogeneity or heterogeneity.

Homogeneity– The quality or state of being all the EVOLUTION OF STATES

same or all of the same kind. ● EARLY STATES– Groups of power (farmers or
Is often linked to cultural imperialism. fishermen).
● MOST ORGANIZED STATES: MONARCHIES–
Heterogeneity– the quality or state of being
Egypt under Pharaoh.
diverse in character or content.
● MILITARY-BASED STATES: ROMAN EMPIRE
“The genetic heterogeneity of human
● ANCIENT GREEK STATES– Freedom, writing,
populations.”
democracy.
Cultural hybridization– it is the blending of
elements from different cultures. STATE
PONDER: ● Refers to a country and its government
1. Glocalization– Is the concept that in a ● People
global market a product or service is more ● Territory- bounderies
likely to succeed when it is customized for
the locality or culture in which it is sold.
● Government
2. Creolization- Means more than just a ● Sovereignty
mixture it involves the creation of new
● “Political concept”
cultures.
3. Amalgamation– the process in which
separate organizations unite to form a

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 a community of people even if he/she will
NATION never meet all of them in his lifetime (fight
● “imagined community” (Anderson) of Pacquiao, Miss Universe)
● “Cultural concept” ● EX. Nation of Quebec, though belonging to
● LIMITED the state of canada has different laws about
● IMAGINED language
● Scotland though part of the UK has a strong
NOTES:
independence led by the Scottish
STATE Nationalist Party

● Distinctive political community w/ its own ● Nation and state are closely related because
set of rules and practices it is nationalism that facilitates state

● People – permanent population, does not formation.

refer to a nomadic people that move from ● Do not have a sovereign government.
one place to another ● States become independent and sovereign
● Territory – clear political boundaries; because of nationalist sentiment that
change because of war, negotiations and clamours for independence.
purchase
● Government – regulates relations among COMPARISON
its own people
● Sovereignty – refers to internal and
external authority, independent of the
interventions of other states
● Internally, no individuals or groups can
operate in a given national territory by
ignoring the state.
● Groups like churches, civil society
organizations, have to follow the laws of
the state
● Ex. Russia or China can’t pass laws for the
Phil. And vice-versa NATION-STATE
● Key characteristic, supreme and absolute ● A state is a political and geographical entity,
authority within its territorial boundaries; while a nation is a cultural and ethnic entity.
shape foreign policies, make laws and The phrase "nation-state" indicates that the
create its own course of action two are related in the sense that a state has
decided to embrace and endorse a certain

NATION cultural group.

● It is a territorially bounded sovereign
● Limited – nation has its boundaries,
institution that governs individuals sharing a
doesn’t go beyond a given “official
collective history, identity, and culture.
boundary”
● Desire for sovereignty
● Rights & responsibilities are mainly
● Unified people
privilege ● Attachment to territory
● Often limit themselves to people who have
imbibed a parcticular culture, speak a NOTES:
common language and have common Modern phenomena in human history and people
religion did not always organize themselves as countries.
● Imagined – doesn’t mean the nation is
At different parts in the history of humanity,
made up, allows one to feel a connection w/

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people in various regions of the world have
identified w/ units as small as their village or their
tribe.
1. Composed of two non-interchangeable terms.
Not all states are nations and not all nations are
states.
2. Nation of Korea multiple state- is divided into
North and South
Scotland has its own flag and culture but still
belongs to a state called the UK.
COUNTRY IDEALLY OCCUPIED BY PEOPLE CALLED
A NATION
FEMINISM & CONSTRUCTIVISM
FEMINISM
•
Subordination of women/ marginalization
of women.
• Feminization of poverty.
CONSTRUCTIVISM
• Emphasis is on the value of traditional
institutions and practices
NOTES:
FEMINISM
● Need for true gender equality and
demonstrating the positive effect of
feminism in domestic and foreign policy
● Theory of political, economic and social
equality of the sexes
● Women being inferior
● Simply means to give women the rights
that men already have
● Third world countries- most families, they
educate their sons more that their
daughters
CONSTRUCTIVISM
● status-quo (existing or present situation or
state)
● No better model than the current one
● Afraid of change
● Promotes nationalism
CONCLUSIONS
One of the most influential scholars of
nation-states and nationalism, Anthony Smith,
argued that a state is a nation-state only if and
when a single ethnic and cultural population
inhabits the boundaries of a state, and the
boundaries of that state are coextensive with the
boundaries of that ethnic and cultural population.
This is a very narrow definition that presumes the
existence of the “one nation, one state” model.
(Arendt, 2004)
The concept of a nation-state is notoriously
difficult to define.
M1T3: THEORIES OF
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONSHIPS
International Relations
- It is the study of political, military, and
other diplomatic engagements between
two or more countries.
Internationalization
- It is the deepening of interactions between
states.
International Relations (IR)
- It attempts to explain the interactions of
states in the global interstate system, and
it also attempts to explain the interactions
of others whose behavior originates within
one country and is targeted toward
members of the other countries.
United Nations (UN)
- It is an international organization founded
in 1945 after the Second World War by 51
countries committed to maintaining
international peace and security,
developing friendly relations among
nations and promoting social progress,
better living standards and human rights.
Realism– There is power and self-preservation
(states must always seek power to protect
themselves).
Liberalism– it gives emphasis on welfare and
freedom, decreases use of the military,== and there
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is international cooperation. It focuses on equality
and equity.
M1T4: THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
Economy– It refers to the wealth and resources of
a country or region, especially in terms of the
production and consumption of goods and services.
Economic Globalization– It refers to the
widespread international movement of goods,
capital, services, technology and information.
Economic globalization primarily comprises the
globalization of:
Production, finance, markets, technology,
organizations, regimes, institutions, corporations,
and labor.
Economic Institutions
1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)- It
works to foster global monetary cooperation,
facilitate international trade, and promote
sustainable economic growth.
2. World Bank (WB)-- It provides loans for
European reconstruction but later expanded
its activities to the developing world.
3. World Trade Organization (WTO)-- It
oversees multilateral trade agreements, and
provides economic stability and prosperity to
Western nations.
Global Economy
- Also referred to as the world economy, is the
economy of the humans of the world. It is the
international exchange of goods and services
that is expressed in monetary units of account.
a. Import– It refers to buying goods and
services from foreign sources and bringing
them back into the home country.
b. Export– It refers to the sale of products
and services in foreign countries that are
sourced or made in the home country or
other markets.
An import in the receiving country is an export to
the sending country.
Global Supply Chains
- These are examples of economic
globalization, standard for manufacture of
many devices – cars, smartphones, the
processes of raw materials, components,
and assembly, take place across multiple
countries.
What is the impact of Covid-19 to the Global Supply
Chains?
Free Trade– It is a policy in which a country does
not impose taxes, duties, subsidies or quota on the
import and export of goods or services from other
countries.
Trade Agreements in the Philippines
□ ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement
□ Philippines-Japan Economic Partnership
Agreement
□ Philippines-European Free Trade Association
Free Trade Agreement
□ Other preferential trade agreements with China,
Hong Kong, India, Japan, South Korea, and
Australia and New Zealand
➔ The debate over FREE TRADE.
➔ “Global free trade has done more harm
than good.
M1T5: MARKET
INTEGRATION
The Structures of Globalization
1. Market & Market Integration
Market - It is the exchange or transaction
of goods and services between sellers and
buyers in monetary units.
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 Market Integration - It is a process which
refers to the expansion of firms by
consolidating additional marketing
functions and activities under a single
management.

Key points:

● All markets become one.​

● The Law of One Price​

2. KINDS OF MARKET INTEGRATION​

3 Kinds of Market Integration

● Horizontal - Firms and agencies of

similar marketing functions at the
same level in the marketing
sequence​

➢ Two or more companies produce

the same goods or services is
considered as horizontal merger.

● Vertical - Firms that undergo

different production processes to
create the final product .

Raw material
↓

Component parts
manufacturing
↓

Final assembly
↓

Retail
↓

Customer

● Conglomeration - Combination of
agencies or activities not directly
related to each other but operates
under one management.

CONCLUSION

Due to market integration, security of supply has

improved, removed transaction costs, and provided
better signals for optimal generations and
consumption decisions.