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HEMEASY
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lOO CORE CONCEPTS

IN CHEMISTRY FOR HIGH-SCHOOL
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coNcEPT n rSritJwUSEnOSOt,tlaylOLlJU 1
CONCEPTZ' nlsKlrls:€EnosouuoorlaelLnu
coNcEPT 3 nrsilLrwuLlnduaaaoin.Du(wrio 5
coNcEPT4 orosoum:aun]nuarluo:oou 5
colcLP, 5 -)nO:C.lJDisUAOE]l. 7
coNcEPT5 [uui]aaDa:oouuaD[us6.... 11
CONCEPT 7 n':.'J)"ur'u)nL?run' 5 J 12
CONCEPT 8 n r1 iocfnosculLs-o]L 5rJ]-hin 2a

CONCEPI 9 5_C-4aJJ'utjOUspo' 24
CONCEPT IO AUIBAU AND sHORTHAND CONIGURATON , ,, 26
CONCEPT 11 msAnuif i!lniuo:oaulu Jo?uru 30
o1s10s10
CONCEPT 12 nlacnLon n_u fl rss;uirlrenosau 35
CONCEPT 13 sltiia:oou niu ifi alaoou 37
CONCEPT 14 ILu:ldlall E, xa: tEu tE:, Ei, 40
CONCEPT 15 01 EA eLJwss,rn'rwaLhnnsou 43
CONCEPT 16 rli EN aLinlnsLuafad
CONCEPT 17
_Lr 7_1 cln3-1d.)uo u lr ull 45
CONCEPT 18 tai-JsnrwucDn'r 5iioaLinosoulr_! nrruiaoLrcta!!aSu r . . . .
CONCEPT 19 Llu: luunrrururLLriu noldaa lLa:ichacLJlhartcDS'lo 48

aoNcEpT 20 id,r6ciLaou" c. 50
au ul'6doosltuara 1 s Us : nou
CONCEPT 21 r')-. t'fUJonldo..l .t,tr sn 53
CONCEPT 22 ,rr n riLnr.isrn .ii, hL 54
CONCEPI 23 rsauaJulLa:eUaDaTtlS:naurSrdcu
S'rc 59
CONCEPT 24 curr uLlDnasrLniarLnSls .. ... . 6l
CONCEPT 25 \ -Li--."j r.. ;. d i , 62
wus:lnu
CONCEPT 26 '-^:ra n I Jl .:
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65
coNctPT 27
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CONCEPT 28 i -:u :-ur__ ; ai,r'tLrir..:ln )dui 75
CONCEPT 29 lnaa6aruolnlrraud UstnwoiDa Lla:lnsoaiols[druu8 78
CONCEPT 30 .U,rjU,r.r Jr wu : rd:a,' 01 u
CONCEPT 31 ^ rs.nowLS'-IJJJl^ 92
CONCEPT 32 aLrda!onars!s:nouloooan. 9/
coNcEPr 33 nrsa:a'r8ilircDwdnlaoaan 98
CONCEPT 34 102

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CONCEPT 35 n:.. Jn d t08
CONCEPT 36 n.JUioaduanird Il
CONCEPT 37 auJaronrioDlLiD 113
CONCEPT 38 auutrcDrcoLral 115
USurrudrsiluviu6
CONCEPT 39 N]]UIU]JUUUADA1SA:ATI 119
CONCEPT ,lo a! ufi noanr'iw 125
CONCEPT 41 ')L ,J,.'l_ rc.ILF_s "s

... . ... ... . 129
CONCEPT 42 lcao:oou ua: umdolua ... .... ...... 133
CONCEPT 43 aunrsrnr jddrniiulus.oiuuisauuaT! 1U

CONCEPT 44 a15ri r6uodsulniluaunrnd B5
coNctPT 45 LsJrtua_sauwiuguo,ild 111
coNctPT 46 iora:walo'!aDU,ns81na 139
CONCEPT 47 ua
CONCEPT 4A Itnauius:uuuoDkau 141
oiosrnrsrfroU[fr5urrni
coNcEPT 49 nrseDrnorla.nlsiootsrnrsFoLJ,frSultu qorrarrdo nEalud:ooaT ndo 149
coNcEPT 50 J?irrrJHaOJOCSlnlSlnOU!.rSAnn!. 151
coNcEpr 5t ni nnrsdnlLluuaou!rsu nnLj 157
duoarnu
CONCEPT 52 nrliontl:aLJoa .... r60
CONCEPT 53 aun'tsLnunu,lm0n6LJoa lt3
CONCEPT 54 f rn Jr Lr.ulûir'rJ']ruq 164
CONCEPI 55 ;Lod. r\d:)lt|alOJJ-s)J......... 168
CONCEPT 55 h;nuo" acdlrlau iur rssur_Jruor 159
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CONCEPT 57 nquinsorua 174
CONCEPT 58 ntsLt0no:l cDnsoLta:tua 179
CONCEPT 59 .rlsdlL)tu.iiu]fi.r [r ] [oH-] pH ttar poH.. 181
CONCEPT 60 Uiisuls'h)'ronscu!rl?xndadlnoiu
CONCEPT 5I nnwnlslnms0rla: DH rinoauua 188
CONCEPT 52 d l,d d'Liww. ( 193

tRuounsu
CONCEPT 63 nr5l ;rniioarslolo 5 nr6uou 199
CONCEPT 54 auullraDalslolosnliuau.. 203
'laldua6lnsDaSDUaoa]sld[os6]<ucu
CONCEPT 65 206
'loldruc66dmn]o
CONCEPT 55 209
CONCEPT 67 6Li,lriEuirDuirsJJrid 211
CONCEPT 68 216
CONCEPT 69 222
CONCEPT 70 ' 1,r r.. ,.._r J--.. , . . 214
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CONCEPT 71 n ri .) J ( re UloJdU- . .. 2)3
CONCEPT 72 .'.rl I \an 236
CONCEPT 73 !our)LLrciLLa:wciluo< 244
eoNcEPT 74 nlsirL-ls:lrdun-rnwoauo< 244
CONC,EPT 75 8'rDLrarLau}l 246
coNcEPi 7E nll:.lJwu .. .. .. ... .. 244
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CONCEPT r/ ,il,-rr 252
CONCEPT 78 ''r' -ll. r, ru-. r. r, 255
CONCEPT 79 : .J . -'1 ulu -1, -,,' .\ l. t, I 259
CONCEPT 80 daoteJl!56u LLa:n'rsnoaau[r]5au 261
CONCEPT 81 ;D4 r\4lu.u t. ..1c?o-. ..
CONCEPT E2 {dr w-w.l t, J, r'ruurri-.o 261
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CONCEPI 83 mslusou6!urindlwviiuoDlah: 211
CONCEPT 84 Baanilron . .. . ..... .. ........ ...... ... ...... 213
CONCEPT 85 4r ulr,"J r riuroaar t sr u.. 277
CONCEPT E5 Ltu0t0.rs 279
CONCEPT 87 n'sr_r-_r-qrJ,6 283
CONCEPT 88 nrslnLnscl6oon8.. .... 281
CONCEPT 89 289
CONCEPT 90 ldaiiSrSn [nslaan 292
CONCEPT 91 n'rs,ionSoudoJ[ah 298
slolla!elsus!noualun66luoodlhnssu
CONCEPT 92 r t - Jd.r:u. l0l
CONCEPT 93 309
CONCEPT 94 312
CONCEPT 95 ntsL/aon5o 315
CONCEPT 96 Qoar6nssuiiLiirluioDa,_u[dL6BUnaolsd.. 316
CONCEPT 97 dainuflraos 32A

nlsdlllunahs ra:nlsltgndls
coNcEtT 98 nlsiinuna1s... ...... .-. .................. 324
coNcEPT99 ns:urunrsftrn6ls. 325
lnnunnlsnluf,funl0tau
coNcEPI 1oo nlsus:ulturils:hilon'rsri1r]rtulu5d1rari ........ ........ ............... . 331
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ffhucthu;iirouC"ll m r, L;.ruras r.: r,r, ,J
lfl(a,rAb J *nrno 4, aunar solu,rrx'r 4o a,g qr
hic nJ Jr r_nnL/s,c.; 'ri,.l,rrrrtt,Wr,r',
I
5\raElnD F - v/D
"c,holurwur I
5) )nLlghlunL0naururLrwr.unuiu rviprl.rr 1. r.rr r6e6xqj{.1
rali'J )-uu )ed)rrlun{j]uun;na rm r lrh.l: ,uhu rrlju I
au-)lJir'lIlrei uuu 6r xt,oJtLriLr thun,jrJ,snhv r q ifoi,$d;, q fiicrt,.osrLoL,

rls:quln orin{souii ru>r n ,ixin rcwu'+nd{{1, 1" laruud,,l.6Ll1
alaaohtro n noarDihharutni! ldrir .l urhaunld
E
nr q nD6uo lthrril hsu ri6lo:6J n-rls,i
I
<{C>
J OAiJnUl
lcoarinnsou I ri-) rirni! l6,to"
0ao+ F=eE
8) hrdrLlauJDrinosou I 'ld
or_l 9.1ô" h<l
tr t
E
@ nturo-ln l
rJs:qgr[-
hfrounl]tr
Chemeasy ค"#ก 1o-arn{uqaus,; 17 of 352
1OO CORE CONCEPTS 13 5
{ n1 s duwu U 3t n 6sa u oo sh rso Swo5o

t
ivrrooirloio rhnr:voao{osdr'l6luull'raa'losetoutalvaran irfrrttlli t oru
p,,n pJod ng'nodo. *i. .fioiril?uoerl-irovqoa eouh'iv rtfiitS"oor{rrv

avvio!nd'u!'r'ld tu:rc :rlurnluti'aorooliYun:lorooqifrrliloloal fl nrrl
uurr$jutoltl:e1ttt'ru'rll!t!orll6'ail6uoarhdrioruut':rurlutroltJ:v1lrn
rtrn n'irliagi'ouna-u16 usli a n rsMoa o i n airltu !flutl-rall65rufio roti ur:
rvii'i?
uoalhulidrrlff acriorraa'!lrhfi ni0{rlt6'
\ .) (1:lLrr.i.l,il
a'raqnlo aad]
I Iiunan
- [Ha.rriltt] o
ina'Iaa!'lr
omLiaJua,r
rna'au ZnS --a
Ejnsrumsnmon (Gold Foil scattering) m:uuuliTcno:oauuoo'n6o5woSo
n'r:Moaoi Gold foil scatterins (uirT'F Zcsq) lirlfriv ro'oillo io nri r
oroor:-l:raor6'rofiirttilu;iru1vtqirl:vltrntoloroorurudo:uduoqinrlnar'l
ririrrnioaiiitlro16n itFno:oulot:atllitrrufiii!to1l1i1ln6'ra a"o6lulloi
tutoa goor*avrutof, ':tn6la arlr:on"rurru'ld 6o
,l'ruruour Fr11t1lUl[tl.Jvi0dc110u
druuoulrnfi0 duirirr,-o,,.-
siol'fluil r.fl . 2461 il1[64{ ain l6'i!nr:oaririrrilu{6lnr1r'l:nou

(ra10nl'urolf a'ridulru :z1un'tro{narit'lorldolvd{ 32 fl ) lrnn'r:uoasl0r

6 l: cHEMEAsy
i.tf,uaarl'rldfi:thlo:Lod1r aaofi,ln udrqr?il,r! rvprn6.r66a g' (lslo,:Ltr

irnital flrnroil1rorvqnooarrlrnfirrnSaalolayoo:Ltulot:rau rflofloao.td'ra
fr-trio6r.11 0rdraalnrnuoalhrdurdarri'uErelfialrin H' Maooorr.r{fiornfl !r
Lu- i'or.:" c p iiiFo "},:-oror. ...: a ld. lt,orou,iu.
r.r, rr r.r , Jodtor c
part.les)'iolluyn 1o,rit
u )osou Ia!aun1n€ioB'luo!oou
ra6'rrrniyroair,{oin6'utlturetou iirurulJ:oodlrirrn6cau0iagoro 6on6!n.j.r

"la1avao!" (atornic number) !1r6i6'!i,r!yo'1o ,.!taorl'lo1],,i.iiril!ranirla1]
.r: odlit-uttu . '.
!r n-0. 1nci.!n n;nriovi:fifir rehi.Fclirlt:oar:
2
uaiinrrrfl lnar.nr.rl:;{ fr rod:rr6'diJ:oolara'luirrniaa6,ro
nlsnt-uwutlf,osou
hfl n.a zqz5 rold utoin drnr:roaoln-.r;t1 loaldolnrnuoa r0,l
tniauo;rnaau[LlsooU tris".!uiJdavs ruoia 16a!
rhh.i'ounrotio#.ol4ooonrra uddar4c !fi o
liaqnrariui ioiahJturinqfii rxlyoaau .d! ,.r,rrr 51f,L rBoioq6r..l
y-d'r
arsdLiut "lroaor l:arL-rnqr,i:ohul{:0.0r-d,ruraeriorqril 6.ra:rJ16r.
noaau ldu olnrnornua'urroiar6ordi r.ltuuaiur:rflu 6,0.rfilrnlndr6ola-u
uI"lulllstilu Il:oou a'.rlcalrr:owlll:oalLirqooonornirLa6ufl ,ro.iavororlan
nunloal)osau ar:dr1t6' d.rnrrraa'.rl6rionoun.,rd.j.,.irrruu,,
ru.Julua<at5au
u.ron!flloxtrlndou Gubatomic partictet hocoa!o:uud! n.:
aqnrnuaadt a1j:ul,fl uo.r:rrrdonrrravonnharxir*avnr:ufi uuris! o-.ld
Iha,]n'lnio t
aqn1ouaal+t
Ulam:Us:ouoDounmdouiuo:hoU
olrrn ula irsi
6r6an:oir 9.1.10'" ! t.OxtO " C
fu:erou 1.66xfi'z4 g
irn:ou 1.66x10'a g tllnarwr r{ir

loo coRE coNcEPrs l! 7
lolUlnrJ'lolUlnu ua:lofUur5
"lolslnr.l ' iiurirdlt6 a nsrqt0n t6 or f,u (fitators oun! o'irurul :o aur, r n'u)
uqifilarrrasir.tdu (ur:rgi,l"rurrfiro:olrirrn-u) 6'rodtniu loltlvrltol c ldrrri
c-r 2 Jry a l4 f )!atd rLvn-ru.to16t'ar r :cr otlart.n' tuq dro'rao.d t rqlii

rar oltlnrhvfitatmaliudruruMniu! 6ltinarnntttq6g!raavoo aolutla"
lokllruo^ruBl rA !{yra1{u aoN.TD'l 6'011-\
'rur'flr"rl1rt
lo1th t.:rrr,. tr" {ff!fi1Jntluln[1]! fl r.2455 louvdtlll.rloqfuliinfl
rfroluraooqqqrarnr::1ff,lq l"le lfidroti"r.!tdur tlrrl'irdakiauuur]traSnniar
r 3.':iuffiriu rni rh,tiruelv,o rrrio r -rtrir rruurfu : uu lrfi't1filr,l:-fi..r.rrFur
rur:r:fiorqtfiordarogllraaoo) daitarrtritlanr:ltoaol*dral l6ir uurrr:tut:
draorriurflurqr ou n: r'N'fitota:qa,.[v r:u 'tofilrer,or.soolq ''l"u 6a
Ne-20 uau Ne 22
"lo1slnu" rflud1l1"ldr5unnrq liofii,i'"ulr]ilertou!1i1n:u du c-14 i

2
il'ruruirn:outfll I uat!.q o 16 ili'1uxuflxo:or.Jli! 8 tdui'u d"iilr c-14 tr'u

o 16 6.! rfldoltltrudu
"101s!ri" rf,utirifiGunorq z tioditatr]rawi'rfi'u !rl1r c 14 ilr N-14
ri u5rfr lirla1lulatrtnlJ in0all!ul.l tal{u'l:ar.J
-lulnarSnrruin vttufir oroot"violaaaur ol:rqlo1 fifinr>iott3ol

6#nn:oluaiaua'u d'rotirrtriu o'dt tle inr:'i'atiol6t6no:auulu:so'r-rra"rltr
!il.r 2I 1.450 ull u6ltl.i.r oit 1l c rUL l. 2 Zp llllour1]
ucao!oouloait doDs'to
ornarrfiorqraratioi'lalt1vrrJ ri{frorqdulirir:.:aogooulranir 1 rir d{r'r
o:::rtr6 trquoiavtio6ocia"fl?iru!o!uolagtaltlv tililn-! urfl ornauta!61E

vir{,uor:rttrqldlrr n',rro6u (uuucrr;,rrri 's:-rrir-tr."orurrtloltlntr_
fliur:irtri drodrrttiu orq l. ilolthr.Ilus::rt.6ltu Ne 20 oqi 99 5% mE
lihl Ne 22 o{ 0.5% nyfilurumao:noltodot6'rY'lalnr:

8 l! cHEMEAsy
!'ra0r910!roassar Ne = (20x0.995)+ (22r0005)
= 20.01
'luarnr:r:rFo 99.5% = 99.5/100 = 0.995 (fi!.Jfln 1.oo)
!rn!6q 0.5% = 0.5/1oo = 0.005 (rfrlrulln 1oo trlnn)
lrnri'rori tl;- idu ,1, ,1 a1' rri r . r.l 1tlB.r1r. ' td-L.tu[iu)dr rr..i
e I r.
0-r0laut0dt11nqttnvtt.tn lur rtn r!ttutl.thL6 r5 .l0.ti-Ei!.lrt an)- ,
e i-
rd IUryu .u.iq0 t60t.at! r. ? L0 ) . t! l!.r.{r1,J01. fi r. J[u,.1J1 4Lfi 1 tfi 60 -inr0u
_
fl rfl (duii1r.l,)u " trlocir0l:vriu'orrarld!lnirAul nt iEoE!.rElnrlfi n6nrr16

d:rd rnFuialiq -liJuj utr. ie:,tr1u, sr-:odrlsiolli
olroslDri 5.1 r,loavloialuo::rt rfrfi z lolrlyi 6a p-31 (97.4%) u ac p-3o (2 6a/;)
nii4r!taoego!(a6uto,io,t0liaayloin
lruf,no ,r?aa!o0iJr0aa!0t P = (30x0.026) + (31x0.974) = 3a_974
lsao rYuu:add;a.:yir6o urlohlylvdnifirrniaolus::rm6rior 6.rF6o p :r fi odrrnfi ao

oiorriiuournr:ft riun"ruruloaiLarurata.iurlaylahlyrJor"iurdudrlrurdud
.'l1) V" rr rddvoo,..i)aa nitdleL.i,yJ'lt.:n. 10-Jt diLEL'
ril t airrfrut'rr:r,uaruri,,rnoyda &d2 6o:rersnr:6rrlrro6ohllralouah
s,$,;dr, lixt L-30) - ofza
o:o crrinlo : L 'l{!u#!orr!1! (r ri! tiutalilylM6'nriru.raovsr o!r,rd !ro=1a6rird)

i1,]orurnr:ria'ir 1ra 30 uuduriruruor6lrirra6oaran6 lilyr.id.r!
31
udrrrr6u6nolair 1o 30 rvdirirraStirltfi:rucr.yirlouudui.rul!
Io!6oorn "(rarl,rtta.lloliur,-r:1nuda x et radoltlrirJrjl) udrrt:ri:s too,,
n-.r:tl
osldrir riruraovqorraSur:oq]doirrrlrj.r :t - 0.a26 = 3o_g74

100 coRE coNcEPTS l! 9
findi/ni s.r i!v r-. :r !",.t 1lil!ilUut Lill.fl'lL J)01)l-dr l:tdui_UrU

a) nlqFaoiulu6it!{16i 21o101vr ufln6o Ct 35 (7 5.aak) \tav C131124.2%)
b; srq1fl*uaLfiulut:;rrr6i z toltlvrlvdnao t< 39 (93.3olo) (la:r K 41 (6 7qo)
i. ,
n :itou rnr>o rtiSl'itiurr rL'Li .ui1l.nr to )n rfl r ortllli'ri ro uud', i r
' ' astti,l"t erdittrv"ut6!m'1'l nr

.1)n_lr'ttuor1.ln ttduolt u6 M'tlr J l0ulltuut'
nrirnr:iuournr:!{:;irtaaarfti'r
dsaudauns:utrun, s6oluudun'tsfliutluuiuoulfl 1s
i6riruroro':trutramr: n1f n!n!1n1:n?016161.1t'lu?11
1,t'L66nl!lrrrno1lufr a uayrirdoa0:ro"fl i"tr L1]l00rlrLi/rurlllr0r0llr.u rrsvl] udiLl
vroo.illafr.!lnvt1 nrnnsrutr.rrlrra.rriroortd6
orororlr.rLiarloa uolori'anr:Fo
nrY1r1unlldl!rfl rirn rna!n1r
iro!-nr:r1l1rxdf 1:nrtfror!n!ar15r
da.rrora! 1ifl r:16fl drEio
nirnrn6Llr1,lna.raf lsur
d.ri6orirr'oro.rnrrrLirhnrrLir:r
flnYf rnot0r:l
r:ta0ixt'tfl9n0 ulnl]!'rf1 urr6n:efii'luri'rotltsio'l li.l
cl:ou]od s.2 orq cu flto1t1v[ftut::utrfr 3lold?r 60 cu 64 (i 52.7%), cu 63 (i 4s.3%) uav

{ u o,) (i 20%) niv rtu!.orqPll.rlFflti! (J
llutrno hv tit'oi'vr niiorrrlui6q:rn:'ld,i''ret olll'ln6lr f ri

,naolerorradtJro.! cu = (64x0.527)+ (63x0.45, + G2xoozo) = 635
lsao li'rauli0li nriui{trn1'lF''roo 6108'i6ifl1l"rueu"

<t',iaa tzi,c.
.,oo: aEt xu- azt - o.asz
<:rnaarz 6o = z t lu - 6D, oot
62 63 64
r.rxaossror.r!a6arar cu 6o 64 0.453 0.04 = 63 507
1fl !rlirln'r:riiurtuo-r tatfr 'lridll{au

lo 13 cHEMFAsY
lrllunIIl )z \j jyllJtdaifla1]tnd014tSlooatlluotu]no5l[d:l6LdLn1L)L
a) d1rlvdirlunr:lrrfii 3 lu1*Irrrdnr" ,-a, ,rr.o* ), s 33 $.ts ) v"a s-34@.25%)
b) i6oorllm:ltrfii : 'lolqll raa'n6a si-za (qz.z r%), s 29 (4 6896) ufly sl30 (3.1 1%)
ctl:orirod s: Mq iltLla.lflflollad! 24.32 tlo::-:rrrfr laltlylqa.r lag od:lol,r1lr 6owgza,r,,tqzs

lrai [49-26 Io i]r!i.r i [4S-25 od I00,6 n.i .r,j1fi
Mr 24 uar vq-26 adNavirdoiriud
tulno rirvuotiil lag-zr aE] n96 via 1 uavfi l,,tq zc atj (90 n)% vi. 9! !
lr:aa:norra6uro.r t\4g = 24.32 = 124 x:i) + (25 x 010)+ 126 x
1oo-]l)
lsao arnr:drreimrf, orra'urrir n ururaalnr: uollrnlfi6rduiit::ulv:rorirnirrra

louri'rvurilii Mg,26 o.l n% rdun"!
s,!,iqo rt
' 6o = n trrl-:,,),
too
ar2
o32-0!o-oiz
,'-'t'
s r,,i1o zs 60 . & x 126 - 2.4) - ola ,a.'
24 25 26
24 32
nx2
rrrriud Erut6' = 0.22 Uni n = 11
rcar!r:ar'rdi n ldliurairav:lorirflir!rn tlasfirio!aclddrno! 6a
i lr,tq z6 otJ ttsa uav l,,tg -:+ otj zl%
Ionriitnri s.E rrriruro:a"o;irtlloorralo.lusiaytolrlnrl

a) 6iE:iri,jtr! (Rb) i 2 loltlrdrc-n1lm::uflfrfia Rb-a5 du Rb 87 rinrlaorqa!
ra6uro.iif 16ulfi ri1 g5.47
lifi ra-Frii.ruto.troiactofulrlU
b) 61r11!5i! (Br) fi 2 toltlriua-n11m::rrr66o Br-79 n1r Br,B1 ,nfl!?sosna:rraar!
torlu:iilfi rir zg.g04 a.l't,lriaoa:uriaelalrly!

loo coRE coNcEPTS l! 11
ttuudlaoDosoouuor[ui
iadlui 7 u,io,rore"r.FLr'1.i.t'r:!1-lfoirnunoou:r1:'t1alortlulor
fiirizurra-l.rrrua:nrr:rrJrrn6r./!o.![a.iatnoi! uagrdafvrsoir'!oiota,ro
l.ul,i''eLiu!Doroo'!.06r. rtfirn rlql:tor6r;ir,:allufr rt:otrlitt'Fer lti
tfl0t !10a !tnflll11
'\ 1 n d $ nc 1 ou Ia 1 7a ! lui ?tl, o v tltl 1 I a a u u 6 7 bl a a tan n7 a u ua a a

6l
r dt vu un $ fiJn a 1n o a n u t rrit c ", li n t a tt d t a,t ua d t u ahitlla o fl o t

6Gn a :ou6n at Ga q lu n a thiutu 5 td n e e au i o tt4 u at di t 1u a ai uav
0
n
gataa livfi z a do ati'tt ux 6 qanNblf, n w i NrJ ttq "
tui,6. j,..rrc.r,lr.trr;rr Lfi;.;.rloLLe."aru ..etd, li.L'.tl

n rlnrrr,,B"F^,',, r" 6:ir.:oilloioj rh iuru fia - .o,rit' r .:-,coarFr u
rrarar no:-rtal616ao:aut6 loodrtv6otra-r'rrlrrrdrulflfl na::ouiT Lo6aa
riot!
u:Lnd ura.16 t, ir rr" r,.oifiFnt .fiu:ir r Fu,.ri.vdr1r'li r 1y".el, au" ,
fr!'l!a!r!5ly1t!'1,t1'!6n.i11r[aEn11u01anlla.l
r"
E = hf (h = drnrigoluvra.td = 6.626x10 l s)
riaTr616oultrarnr:dr{rriraaar:nrutSrtorrral
c = lt (c = drnrrrrirual = 3x103 m/s)
r:'lfralnr: 7 = hc/l
fiorir!iito:'rcl.iua.!at ao:-tritinoravaaou::-1ffrttalo:tou uarvoaolt''r

fi run'rr6u1 ruir' orquiartOarristJuuutatarrJnril#rotrr:n'r " rratllfl 6'
fr.r10t61.r01u't'r
. rrloo:gor6tian:otri cru:v6'! ttoiasri6snia ":co"!n6"ii'r1'1" l''lio

"shell'
. [iJaosoot]oqtl,rnt )crl|al ll.lluonf rsEtlolulritl-u ' ' i6nn>oultlnn:1r':=6t
"6rr!sd1r" (ground state) uio:edlta-rlflrduqn
_ ira i
o .itrorqot i., nrvqudtllta-M! t.a'lfirol]'intstulrllcnirl:gltl'Idlllu{ill1l
riorruonl i6on'lr "anr?rnrc{u' (excited state)

12 l! CHEMEA5Y :' ..i l
e ifia6t6nor:ouu]6su:coir-n.rloa:rrr shett fiaini'u.1nnr1.1r shett v'or'mir
!rnlulla".!.1'ruulnd'tuaanrlrlua ta.iua{at noi
ntEhai.r,llLl llan q
o o
rrEcss:durlwrul*d'E, rdCour,dwdwrufilcCu
dodi dlniilrdIufl6'rauo0an!1!i!uuuri.rao.!oyor! planetary modet

(lu:rr:.rln!:!or66nm:ouod1!'1.{n!:ro.io.rlrni.rsrfl u.r-ctrtla3uyriuro j)
.)
n1 sRlUf rutn gSnua luftosu
Iur],i1no{ddnur!'lnosstorLlodalo:tou6.ri6rFn0:aurlirJ.i 1,t-t hllts nfr

616nn:ourelna:ouluanlrdu {ground state, xluao) {rind.rrun'r udrdogn
n:y{unlfl,llutoIdxufla",i.ilu (o1nnurfluna".i.!rxr[at tr,hir vioertriai.r lliriu
:
11i6 rlEtorrl1., B.irsraul: in,i r.r ua ldu b a rr In,rfi r: r'i ril- 6
lae rv r
6ul6Eu:cri'lxlrlnrrfi ilrronl orllvliu L M uia o viotnanirriudun-vra-.ll.ru
ll rl
10 e\'
8e|
2 e\'
513 2 . K L \I\ O

1OO CORE CONCEPIS 73
lq,
1!i!v ryi6.5'9l) rlL tt5lrta 11 LUL [t']_nt0r'dll]lall11.1.11'l!t'to ll0
6.i.nroulvqo'Flnir: dl - il'tut,lt v"r" fir'.06jr- rdul' o11urr1r,r:6r.
fi qrnirriu rnfl aui luaarrt du 616no:our"Inr:1u:rdlrt t< il6t6aor:ouo-r
Lnix.1ldi)'l"naLEt 2 eV (0.d 1,10Lt)asrl' Li ai nr: n: v6'urr nnr clondirr
nn-r.rru 6rFno:alo-rdlgoon6urdlrruldvarorir uddortflurirranrs n"rorir.!rdu
d qn iurfr:rtu.dur , "v i.drarourirf,'6.,titd.ll r-h.6';' i" : ev t'.rtoiir
rr:duhflna:lurl L usivrn6t6no:ouqoa6lna".t.trlldrur 9 ev 6lsifl 6-i{'ru51
!{lu 11 eV !ra!!1r,.]lsfincJrou]lnn:ix O
uoilooo::utr6 6rEno:ortriarl'r:ooqjluanrraqna:v{ltdurul tr:rv'lrJ

166!-6ifl!'rui nrnlurd'.!.!itroonl'r tfiaan:cd1J'tilnt:1fo'rar l,ritioerutade:
r.nd" n ,ru ,nA',truii,ri o ruoonrrrit"ri r.nt :trilir" err i i itino,rouo'':rafit
nnn:u{uuhlno:aaft.n.r N fiird'rllr.J 10 ev donMn"ii'luoonrlr 5 ev 6nv
!xda{6-.r.!'rdudxoQ 5 ev 6rtvrr:fi rgna_urlno:luri L lra-lmlinauoanlrdoc
d'rraorfi uldluyltoruar fi rir60nii "d!Jntrir.r "
luvrrivorsraoi 1.0 ev 6oy{6'{{r!!vi1fl'-! 1.6x10''J rlntl6Lrrlv r8

'
l,rarlru 5 ev Matdnotounl'J0antlll1lu1rl.l)u -.n o ilcir r a.o.to r6rau :r
drmo'T tnzua':rr6uavertrsmndu riolfrv:t6ioiat aqixrtd'
13.6 ev
13.1eV aunsu
aqnsu 12.7 ev Pischen
Ba[mer 12.1 ev
10.2 eV
aunsu
Biackett
cos r3 2 a I\ L}I o_..
aqnsu
Lyman
lunr r,:u,r3ruirrl o-r r,rirrrulur.dc: rrlal'itari.Sro:ouir. hldit rtu

larfi.!6) Latn'r e dultd_l l'lu1o l6.F 10'l.lL a o'rt ]'lul !.,t 16''t n, i,.il in 1"'I
oonrflularul urulooutlln'ur "llleni RlavN" d6#no:alovtia{rallrrnru
na-tt *na:1t.r..tlttiu'lill. "selies' vio "ol.i'll!." a,rltol;lrn 1.iujo''
'uu,i,
00fl lJ'll.lu vnlun11lanilu

14 l: cHEMEAsy
M'rn66nmraud1orllonrarniulo,la.uro'.rdufi r (r.! K) ar nni!fi ;ol

aarurrron,i'oaaluar.rn:uroflarru drootutir.ruar uv rludklarrr:aro.lrrilrt6'
rirua rrdo rirlolrr:-fi.r iuuFnrrrri.lu:voirr:..!a'ru 6n D!iixr-r.l.i 6r.io
n rnn'r5!6iourn-llr!io.i616noraudotirtn{oo:o'rndulo1 auLro'.r.fird z {r.r r)
,r=,,.,0trir.rtli:lut.rr_ol'!er.ilrld(visibrer'qhr)iiJu'1rrlr'nrrL iL n:'lf
*a.:'ludrr6url:l:o (n) iorr,-T ao.ltrirfi I
Rlrud:uwu6s:hi'tDwaloolu nf,-luu-tlndu tta.nt'rud

UADEIUNOS:U
t r:6rr u o' :nF!r,eriu r:-rlrsiuorrrir.it rq.l Lr lnf,Llr.,irr aoo ir ,00 u.,u

uroi llra.!sr"'rr16ncltlu 380 - 740 nm) Mlar!;l!tfiu!nil6!?t.r.ito.i!!a.ln-un.r:
r6xra!nu Iai!fi!fli.id']0n11!!;? 300 dru[:Jniriaiulfi n!lfi tiuLn"lrnutAulu
:gocy'l.i 30 nJm:'i1.tr:ar L urfr lrsrirttiud'ruyuto.rualf,rirl uayu.rarrolrtu
or_ruvutrorua.rittor
uidlil,, dfi6n d:flirru

3 2
n:tduaouao - roruiiun-rnr
wai,)oru.roo6o - waiDorulunlsldil
nrar€rDniulai - s:$msdD6u | ,\l ulsro,, oi{,, d:.rn'llsi,
l6u 30 u6s lu 1 urit
lrarhror"rGrnir irlxri.r:*un.jr arr16ulri6rfi rauoniorllroLro.rciorfr rr

6r zo rirr uardovirrdli.lulouoi n-lta1un'r?!6xrfiifli1!.t0ix.irio:rryiaunil!!ac
lt:,ra"r.:'rurrnnirl.ruun.l lradrothrfi"a{ldir
. nr1!d!sutl:fl-!ni.iri1l.ra-.i.i.ru ?i2un?.1:l!11n6!ncIdinfRl]fiirn.l1 6lLa!,
fla-n.i11.1
. IatArix.iifla".]i.ru!,asn.l1x6lnnni.rua.laIo.i ehuIa.!eu,g{fi6tlr]!,tlnd!u.r.l
niruarErirl
Lfar{udrri'fin riar.:rir riju6'o.iri.lr.r?6u loB o1,r-unr1! t'!r,ri!ii:cyi.r.i} a-.ir.r!

(E), n11r,6 (fl msn't1:rurxn6! (trJ loufialrr:od I a!nr:1d'ud

100 coRt coNcEPTs l! 15
h= 6.625v10
r J.s a!n1i1l0.tllflatn: E hf
6lln1an11ut:?ud.i Lf
c = 1x10" m/s AlruGlMo hc
dxlnttS't! E
hc - 2x1o'zs xsa 2Ox1O''
arnr:ri.r : i l{vrrhd'rurlt E f uae 1' 6idon'lliciilunr:n"rlrru 6o rir'rri't
tarn'roou rior"o}ioqllg{d'lrJn:nj (ax10^ 1< a < 10) !td!
UV Li)n u'rtJn tuul lhaaJ dLl UO\) IR
i 5x10 rn 6x10'h
t 7.5x10trHz 6r1O'rHz 5x10I'Hz
E 5rloraj !.3x10'!l 28110:ql
Ell rtllllrdrlu'luvrira "1a" rintvidrott'hrirl 10 " 6i 10'o -l
d1f rflunru6 luvriru ":otroioiuri'l-nl:iriroqludrl 10" fii 10" Hz

fir-l rflunluo-t-rn6uluv ro "tupt:" rin*firlratfu.njrl 10" 6i 10'm
LLdriroout\16!urfl u "urluuer: " va'idrurrur5l
,iuoiotr.lfllo-rodr.rrr:ir'rurruluatsr.ifirnu rfio1#inBauarlr:a :::rrurir

iiroor-r'loi:rouiruash6't6r.trirriroouil 6lagrher.lrrva"ottartuar:60
tirodroi z.t r.rrrriratrriuavnlrro'rlo6larrrirra-r'lrutolattlnnilfiiirvloLi

(a) 5.6ox10 ''q l (b) 8.50x10'r l
55ri1 (al 5.60x101'J n"rux.uh-rilrdd'tu E= hl rirur nri urrndudr! E
I
2ox1o-26
5.60x10 = (6 625x10 )r 'i =
5.60x10 ----
r 5 6ox1o-1e
6 6zsx1o-3a 2ox1o'26
rl:cu raurir'|fi " s.aorto-to
20
56
I
20
I
f= o85x1o'5 = 85x1o1i Hz I
rilii.! f= 8.45xro'1H2 = 3.51x1o 7
tt111tuha i ir6vua,,i7 lx1i1 iltl'i raio :sz nm
ln hu1hlt!1tutfu 2a ln3auarn,ol61;
mtadotirtzutl,L,nati

16 l! crtlrelsv
(b) 8.50x10 " J ir"imrun21l6dlu E = hf . -"
n'l!itun:1:rurroau0)ar t hc
= ;-
1'
8.5ox1o = {6.625x10r}
. a.so. to r" 8.50x10
6.625x1,J ..
rl::rtrorh16' l
. 8.50x3
20 4 0.6
.2-r
4.5 t.7 7.1
0,6
.25.Sr5
I= :
-.r,,.
rA
-.10
-^1! tr = z:a"ro-'
f = 125arc\5 ft I = 2.33x1oox1o-,
riilii f = 1.28x1014 Hz )r - z:z
"
rhnir tr = 2.:sx 10'?xia 235 ntr
fonti6;nii z.t f lto'lmtun.:1!dlrayn?.trurrn6ulrnFlrrra-i.ir!ar no:"1

a) r.ryrrimrrt.tduacorarra.:nd!raior!nqliufifirii'.mr 4.5x10 r",
b) niyrriiati 6fficax.rlatndltoranlnn:-lifira'.llru 3 orto,, I
otirll:6ou ar-'t-h glrrurlr 66'alorri'u'lyr1r3! rrazy'nuc rdo.!roud?ur^.t
n oFraniafuiriEuiYrrnou :gn!finrcr riolthnr: :rrrrurirrnrcd:! L?iulu

frrethrfi u.t (u) 1dlra':riulunr: :v1rruriraI :9j tlri]r. zrrg! uiorl:::t.xuo.r
lu.r ?!I httit, rfiolri,irotiu ua:ldrinucdlurnuairurfiau.Ja-ur r{h vio
-?I ff J
0.33 lrarr duu ?l tthr 1.25 liura.i orra;116in:'.rirlutriu*avr-nu:uarirdnvLi
; ^ r?titull"n tii
- 3 -!i.v"{"tttel0!h0
trtuuu L ttu ud lfi , n trrrrru c,lfl ny.itroti r.t
orutr!6"nlg gv!?aru1.J,i
cri:otirod z.z l.ryrrirfla-.Niuuncnlruur.:adlrrnaru6rarartlnoiliniruorlfrriatrd

(a) 2.qxto" Hz (b) 6 2xro'a lz

1oo coRE coNcEpTS 13 17
lsn-'l ld z Aztota az f1lri1l]1iJra_i.!1udl! E = hf fl1rriru16un'tluurnd1]d!! c =
E = (6.625'10
rol2.a,1o'o) ^f
3x1os - I (2.4x10'1
E = (6.62s)(2.4)x 1o 'zo
3^103
ldlrarr3!riro6oraciou
2.4 ,. = I,Lo. = r:r,ro'
E= (6.62513)1.) l0
e
). 125 x 1oo0 x 10
E - 2oxo.8x10'zo = 16x10?o
I 1250 nm
E - t6xto" l
rirrir r = t.o,lo" I
(b) 6.zxto'' lz nl:F'11r1ru 4".r.!'ru6',xu E = hf nllnMtun'lltlu lrn6udx! c = trf
3nX6.2*10'n)
E = (6.62s,10
3xlos = 1(6.2'1010)
E = (6.625X6.2)x 10 '?o
^ = 3x103 !::!r nruixrro

1{1vr3rrir o 6o ratlog ^ ;r;l;i;
E = (6.62sx3)(T)'10
tr - 1,rou =o.s,tou
2
I ! 0.5x1000x10'm
E = 2Ox2.7xl0'1r = 42x1o'za
,t Y 500 nm lrr]n
E - 4.2xl}1' ) ,ii,i.ururr:rrr6orlrfir;t!{rf 52 tiu 6
rirrSrE=q.txt01'I rlrlii I = 0.asxlo6 m rio 4so nm
icntii/nii l.z nrlirurrilr'!6'j.i'rutr6!n1'r!iri?F6!o1nrl1a'l'r 614'i6!\ln0ilr

a) ilvrni a'l.i'r![a:nlr uriF6lladn0ir]fifiF11ufi t.8,to'o u'
b) !lrlrirfla-ii'rx[aYa']T ra'rxn6uatlln05"rlfiiFlr'rl6 c z'to" Hz
lrnn-rotirld u.z fu;iro-rttinltrar itnlllril r 16' vd'la rarll nr:vrrh llu

"16ds:urtu.lr" olkairti
lna6oori-roo!isolutral {roolrJ a
'rtov-16r'rr-r16arn '',
c trr raSa t f fld uo'fir11r'rio{t
a-uiu lotriud:oLLsnloo
nrs nc-rcna-rrn6aulU cr'' i - f 'd,r,rqu" 6u r','or r i'lduvv'irrir: :- , rn':n'urru*:'u
dro lLoKa_Dolnuln15sudn , 'rr, ,"1"turoi*r" u r!?a1et6;ouol ri n.'liii urn'r't'u" rlitrtv' i
ILl Lsa!1i:1d6 rooud '0i61
LUJUUTTLT na-rAruna lu
r:r6urra{r,toohl{rrl, ) a'rflda!n15 c = ltoedn'irrn:rgldrirfihvtirirvuolfr
olSldlnsaD6olaudruno luo-rsdr$ z t 6niun'l r:rkiurrlr llutului 2 arnaur: c = furn:rvrir fdld
LrcililEcrsrotiloouldiT
!1nn1r!iiurtulufu[ln arori {ritionrrrnaromdourdl6r'16n usi r:rosr6on1{
'ai-ruslur.rr uoDls'l1nAdLJ
'.imsD" hsoLi)
arnr: r = 5 {{{rir r dlardrirvunubiuoiu:nlunr:ehurru

18 13 cHEMEASY
ollotirDi 7.3 n !v1rhy.;i r. ukrsq J rui n'trri1.r rtu I ln6tlra.ta,Jnqirrfinhvllnlfi

(a) 4s0 nm (b) 630 nm
hc
fsnt a) 45u nm fliF'l! )tullAn.!luo't u E = nrr-rirurrunrrufidrl c = Lf
r)
urla.lri I rilu a.5!10 m rio! 3x1oB = (4 rxr(] f
arnn":otir.riairur nc iirh zoxro':6 3ito3
?
3 ',t0" = o.ru rt0"
E!-(10 'rtydurdnli f 61,104 tlz
4..
E: =444.10''l
-,10
(b) 630 nm ni:rir!xrur6-i.i1udi1! E = r]rifi'rulrunlirdd"trJ c = fu
?)
[!aid1l Li! 6.ixlo'm iar 3xlo8 = (6.3x10 f
'irffi1oliriirl !1 hc irli 2ox10"
3:103 -
I, = 6-3x rO-/ ntrvaa6ild
t=-
ls1
20 i, l = - .I0 --,10--
E= l0
-63
20 1,1 1 f! o.5x1o'' = 5,101a Hz
nrlrl:_: l-: l- -rli
rhri.r f = 4.76xto'a Hz
dlii!E=318x101!r
lontiitnd z.a nrrri.]urtunrrrlfi [asra-i.m]nlnn.roll!uain6uro.iar fl oir.r

a) !!wri'r14a-nn1![6sF]lrri tolardnoYuy'inruerrn6u 504 u rLrlni
b) n.,t141Fl^ra",t.i.rl.tuacm.r:ri to.idrlnFri!fiin1.t!s1tn61.J 642 u,i!p.tml
rradratlrrn,r:rirurufi rirurLr n:filalgdolri'rinri!!rfi !ir i6a,t:6qn..r

rirororfifi,.l::iyElrnuju do.!o,ldufirfiarlurr:d:yxr.truri" rfia1rflririrfi,lniir6a.l
riroau ua:6'0. fl{rraurnrirarn:: (dryiuioaorurrri:u-o) uqlyrnrthdoaar
fi d'oruaori6ririooavr6oo h6'nuurrirfraandoaa!o:r'hirlarlunr:60!!aeli.l
!innir!,!u!)'fie !h6ar!or.:d.ruriurirailoonun:l1loo1drrnflnr.l:vurrurh1l
nT :, nro nc ruriro ouyia rfioor:-:aaornttra nda.l
io r n-unr: y o rat frora ro rn t ria
nvunuoranr:6orarfio*uuhir.lrryfiodrio6u16'tlaollurraiildro6ar6orat6orilu
ia"a trrarenrfl n6oratro'ruorLo.r

roo coRE coNcEPTs l! 19
Ha J\rura:fi rluorHU!1nJ u
e)1un-4ul,1ndu
-
lonn 1000. 0.01 @ Io ltr l@t
Erarnu0l l.radnf rduJr*{
ra& ry Ai Ar
d:on:rurrcn6uuoo6o
'lud1uci1D,'l
LdA{ tnrlliitLJtua)'l d_lf aL'.d J i".lJl.lf r lvl)' !1 Ji?0icll !.lul)tau[qFY

i r"lur.otr wtl'frr, _tt"utl altrl.lo u.j:h.]lL l.6al"[l]u L11l 1.1u'lldltrl(vuo'ltr
u60iunl!0"rlJ1Ju
nllurJuucodrUn0slu
n1 rurd ra!a!r'elitilt"':u' rlr douerUiqirflr.r.oia:r eltuolrnFu'Luttt
A6o
rJelvi.r d'is{olfltr1irlu"l 6lnu1dur0r-.ou r el4FJlfifi-t F oq 51tua'h

v.loori pl'r vqud'1u r a-t ! 1r"1u{_1d,io..a r fl a
1cr, o ! rl i v.lfl n0-].flLog s errl
"l
s
looau) *drorrrlaoua.r,nnir LruaooCilviot] to L.n 11 r!6.Fno':.:u o lla

d oua iino:-uoo nlr!iu6rirr uavfi6# nsr:01.1 2 Iua rJrio aaul noiloanltt16dr
uav6r6nsrrou6n z lua dofl ar asn-uoonrt'ttflrliuol und'rotirld atrlnniuBi'x

_,lu
€:iîr,ino,i.Lntlnoit Af, luai?"tqint tFlll llxl(v
duoouJarlWornnrslwla-lsUs:nou
yrau-nrEourirnr:voaa otn'r:tzurar: :snotoirll tliuNaC(, CaSo4, Krcol
fiarioloefrraorrfi ut aTlldfi ia"usirl6'l uriorqoitiirvnouueia:tiolu
ar:il:sao!oc1fiat no:*ltaurtdtorlurltiotororq uoif,mrnJarlrtirJ:rnnrfiol6
16t16oFtotarr,rqrilfiiql :-tor"io fi4ovioier'u'dlr"nfiqe 6rtiha'rJnoir'fi
riorrnorqlavr*rtfldu

rdarl
K Ca l{a Cq Li
dnn-
I
LI
:
qiofnFuudrmorarrrnrda{llrlrrlq niliu{rn(6.: (113r-!viaur.iurn:qr6r) i

1r.iL.iLc,{'t0i!gd l) rcleul v',tu, td!.vnoutddr, r,r . a:i"rrr -oir-t e r:-q
olaMvlcorll,udi{n't'rlu.lrn6lfi olruottrluiu (ri!.i6t,tr,lrrr5o) r1i! rinIr]1rn6o
Narsoa [arrn6o NaCt d.Gflrln:!1i!lunlldrflu6rv6or uaguiurdlau.]no:-li
.viartjr c ol t'a ry' u1t .r, nshiurl.arl nfli!fi,iy i r . ro..Invviul .., O ,ra: ,
ooo 1-I pro of

'{'
n1 s o:o A5 no s ou'lu s cd'uwa-oor u rah
6ror'oulu:ll uu ur c 6'rrlra-,!i.rlrir.r'ld:.r r no r n ni !roao.i1r o.rI! i

nr:,1"'o 6o.r 6 Io ! r1r.l
yoaorrierrirrirra-rrrufrhilunr:6.1616an:oulf uqooanrrraroor (rir
rdr-rl
'a9e
i*'
toooluit{u ria te" )
r'rnnr:fl nao.rrri.r ocnorriotooaurcuolifi6r5no:auluonaolaooanh_l
(.. riou u6'.15 r6 no:ouxluo'o rdrrr6r r rrqo oo nld Io o wa,.urudlfiirtiA rd n o:au

e ' a rqoaonornrrlaordovirirrtrndurlou (rr:rcEi616an:ouo{rrlu i0.r!i,:-uu r.:
ftonarairrn6taun) 6odrrlrra-.r.lru rr lrGalrilorf tEr (fii6r5afliaud?u:n1!
nis6DalSn(lsoudf,uon
r.ir.ronnn) tE, tE3 .-. 1i-lGou.l!sfl!a16t5nor:oudoq1u.:.rlnl:i6araiuorl{ra,rrru
aooannmo:oou Na
lunr:o'oliorh ts 1nd'r6o.riu riru6r6no:ouiorinr.rayrilq l:anlciFir ts airifiu
:ttn u"io'ti"t.l

t
roo coRE coNcEPrs l! 21
rir r droiuciroluousrqnt 2 (l\,u/moD

61q lEr lE, lE3 lE4 lE5 lE6 lEi lEs lEq
,i
t L 0.52 13 11.8
Be 0.90 r.76 14.8 2l_a
B 0.80 2.43 366 25.4 32.8

i C 1.09 2.35 4_62 622 37.4 47.2
I
N 1.40 2.86 4.58 1.48 9.44 53.3 64.4
o t.3l 139 5.30 7.47 11.0 133 1t_3 841

F 1.68 3.31 6.05 841 11.0 152 t7.9 92.0 146
Ne 2.08 3.95 6.t2 931 122 20.0 23.1 115
n lfio l)1to1tr)t, lxl!!_U M itgl0ld'lhl0Ll l

rrl,'lu1rdl,611l.!rrl n.'lUUn
!an4q ?ixuririoqjflNs!'rlfludrra-l.ilr lE nldo-r516no:ol,.rluidordrul t:ri.l

! t r! lo rr iltl rrlnl)rrej.drr10L0l,{ r'r.!L0' io." u1 l!lu4r uu u0 av ll:l
6.ef rr0Ldqli0 J L'll!e" 1{rl'la tc..nf:01.1-' !l:"qLrlclil1rn01lloal Elq
oo.
!1 n t
al luuoiat:rdu
in-! 2. 8, 18,32
E so ortriirdl
nrrdo ri!.! 6rSnotauuurd " il'lrrrtor:ro"undl.rr1d!6 linn:auoqnt

-.-1 =
rvirriuiglSru" *a: n'rrru6.6nn:odrl tuonqo (vatence etectron) ng
" -t'- r rroi5
Lvirritlaivri'_ ---.'r0J!r loudluJu3'5nr:ar"tor:rEr r6'r: 'r ri'tsl'r! 'u
llinE!.fi0n J rlrtiLfla'nv' ltl'hl1 i ru Jua.;ilfiaLnt.!1 l'!'a? d: oal'r )L
n'rsoo0nn0souuuus:ouwaoDlu
u- 0a,., !6logno1l nr:datis{6t5nntoutttltl:sli'1Ji{a-ilillvdn
He 1 2 2
2 10 2 8
3 2
Kr 4 36 2 818 8
Xe 5 54 2 818 18 8
6 86 2 8 18 32 188
7 118 2 818 12 32 laA
s.Po
n 1b9ffi n
Chemeasy ค"#ก 4,9 34 of 352
22 l3 cHEMEAsY
!"n!58!n'r:dr!aro!oo o.i61nri Lil6' !r5lv ncri r'[iL:r atr r:oirariLLa:
i
r 8
2€ o. ul or or orldrirln e a-l ino nr I raro v naxrldra tr (d1d'iul ra r ourirlurti) loolrid'o r
re!lra16'o(5sli6noiouoriol drothlrriu ororiraro!0toxt 34 niita!'irodmr 6
11L 4 L1^t'llr.r'i-[i'un''"_s rr 6ri.eta:r,.rl .:o.r:.a'hru,.8 n]r 4
alvlun'lla.lnnollLre k r FlcrL!61,n1!1t11uly.nflft "rLrrlLlLft dtuLtlnl. otu

."....,
. tllil lirln:rurro r:-r.imort6' (vrl maA
x6 . 1U1i2 !_la!oyoou?, t"-nyl 8lF. liul{.n,.! tdr:1,11J /
,$ . lLnf d 91"rr.fij!:orv!. tASAllrF'i't!i ,16
&4 .
. i-1.1i 4 lirJu"1i;olE! .6rtrr.oul1rre"rr,urldrrd".!: 1"1r.'nr t1-flldn do I d
za 1
.'iiufr 5 liuu--r j6riolb.Fno rolur-ruanrooiifral6
. rYud e 6ayr'rutioo'r0ryiayriulato!oor 6.tl:0!anlou6[6nora!'l!
a0:ijya60Mla !tlltl.Jyl
i.-."ivdr"iqL
tu noL LnQullnolA L rr 14, [n. l? uM 2 ud J dl"sla,..lilLyl" rii,n-r] ,{!fr 3
1d !'m-[vull]o1'_UtL9 rt rr0 910 (d tU t,t."
.:I L i' li tflr L[oI[t' jar.r!: i I iO
a. ly'finrSuuoorn ,ri 1A 8A nlnorri.iil'llis!1 1 u1i!#1toti
r .{rrusl 11ilunt:,o-urla ldo rrnrlJlfldr nfranloul or'oroo:r:rro
n rl-reri rlrlilele.i li.}r Lnua ty.t r,. uL trvif tnaya tFlrn r9 frrr rd ulgili
i"
r ri" ii ,io r uet r nl.fn,Su1.d1lr.t)crit xro .:^.titqtld dnil 8 14-
H
L I g L
Li g< f.l
AlIP9cr
G. * 5e. gr
F" !e 9q ,1" -! r'
nlsfl nliuu(]'rs'tos tolu
!!Dl
Cs h ey -+t b *1 E+"
-s Fr,
nrn:d rihd?od.r.trrain.riflnri!dtl.io!fi g 6.in:o-ol,rl.,r,nuluo-rotlrr o.r:rr6

rr,ir,.or.r'01 ricdut16!.; rflerl Lv SirLirfi.ao,r
-,i la r :r,,.j.d,fitr.aar,
vf ,Fue r6 ar-o it':j.b-1pir,i rr Ls-r.iuS r .ocri rhj.rdrfl .r!: L rtu ) 8 iEt rinr
arrrr-oriau'l6n:u uagiriir6nhir.:fiolro.:ritrld'nrio.r uacriotlfia:riladufi q
nlotl

1,.:luflq.ilL, rtioGut6,i, or.rr.or.uietrrqloti{or'rlari:trottro.ttriru

- 13
yl linniv!?!nllnut:r11.J - -
urafl m:no
OLanosaUnosr,)uOnAO 1- G!!iai.Jir'Trru66nns6uBarlra:voituai.xruluqo
l58ni'r orauSarhn(lsou Zq
2. n1u':u5sn!11ti.i.i1u1iJ avr?t'r1! la1fl'lll t0.iE1q!ulu0r:r.io'lE
a. rioul'ruru6rHnn:ou1u:rnirna"rrrluonqn rvlra"uraw{uavirlrtriLirir s
q.,irl'ru66ro:oulu:vd'lra"rrru:orqorirdridlmortn:vd'urdr.lruuonqo
Elq :rniura-rrrlqariru r:dunn'1.:rual4nriru

nij.l 3 il tx.r tt1l11u 8
1 v50 2 oran9tt01l 8
nr! 4 fr.i 7
3 8 olaflorou 16
:eo-rna'li'ruo:lrjrrnarr o:15ot:vfrlqo fntfluor"rtat 18 v6o 32 toarioul

: : , r 't j
.tiltunr 1 trt'u.1r.i!atratnvodu'ldoe:lui!0lh)qoMlutxllrul!
r---
r li ,rr*.;c
U"\
"i)z ,.L ,,
_l l'"--r: I L'RQ -82
ev
")4 s. *. s | ,r{.tr
t
L:tron'1'
2- 9 29 rt S 291lca
")4 "..u ,
?o
2
i zt ir 6
+ L9 ft\279 1
?
1 2S t1
t 2=1_\- j,21 a!!r? ir! 1
o-rotjrr n:vurun'n6oo'.rfl tiria 6 uufi n ri s unr:tio riu u n,-,ui'da o , o'rn

"u,0
luunaoDs.oluwaiooru !1qfi'r 8 vEi .!Li'rn€ !tuetLla u6i'!.ie.al .1 ,11lo !v.tulJult6a!Ml
olu lul3 . - " " - n i r.5 lld." 6 l1J
rd'loon) ilclL 8 v1j t[udnnLqe!'ud.' ur rttuill)'alvnt?,]n!Lfl
.oncept i 10

24 l? cHEMEAsY
a
sloluwdDDlurjorrspdf
.ri eru'l,l tl] d rtl'14 nO!1t !0..r tl'i0L[L!td I lltryonlfl-d I 0n 2 tl.y[y.lafl lL ln
!5dr rr;ns01 .fit!..6iry;nrrr.1ir.ts_u6.,;rd.ru.y iu'iu..aieBrr 6!fl;!!'tL

viofi !icn j r sletl i ruvud.uirpa-nuni nr ufi :: flthJ i :' i.rtat 6.r,:,,ir. .,
v)( subshe(( od ,1u1u subsheLL 6lv4aurilrih "ooiiria" (orbitat) rir{11uaoiifra
xlurl n!!alanolouaalo 2 F) r16flrqtoll)11
drucuS6nosorLluLria:s:oiuwaioorutiog
:ld!fld.riruyah(shett) 1 2 3
'i3 o'1rrn".i r,l Ltlo tr (Sut)shett) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d
nlU!1.i04)_UliA 1 L 3 1 3 513 1
nlu!u0tanhtauvalarriialo 2 2 L 2 6 1426 10 I4
uei'ttl I 18
rrnorr-ri tio.lusiavdolluusiag subshett 66a oaiida r'.rnrrrSoniooaiivt%

a,
Ul]Uiyr0!r1U 0lJ,l1t1l0t)!v!11.1tllL srUp.UglrnEitalerlariflin i!
GleL )
rerfir:rlirr (s p d uia 0 uar6',lrioo (firf,1x y z) ron6luu,:rio:vlrrnr:
- .-- ! " - !a1fr0 ,i:
?1rdl toi ooiiytiaf! I ii,tl.ti! dlil!!!o.il)t"tahu: uas.iQ'ruru66 no: ou
luooiifin
uan0lulLl.)hfio5ruslrl
n'adu orbitil px py pz
i
4
2 2p
nrsL-uLraitar_nur. jao5!nr_.a
uafldi1,,
oairifiarh.rlfi 6rAno:ouordaaq]o;fi :rlir.nrornq'rluon6tino : oufi oir.iriu

.tL s oroitd fil1trl.flLlr...!- p o,bitd. i:r-i.rri tfu.u' vu_rv'lLro.fudr,
:rlrrr.ruolnrir6#nn:olluaoiiv"acirlluaoln-tgrJ

I(
d
1s I ,*
p ,*
2s
,*'* ,* *
d,.
?pF-rTl a,lri!r. 1iio.lr 1'.cflrtaLvuqLL0051-rvl l a, n')d rFqvlr Jll n0

z.@
,'ilil nluooouci (Hunds rule)
rn.' rqr.c"l6'i vr-'r-:1ei.i'r:ou'lr- 5ub, F.l l-fivd too.r.-ri'e.du p

.l!
''.8 v;.1 .1 Ior 6" fla-Sr r^dfiilro51r14fda51 rdflol. r,a)ntL6ltvfrllnvlla.! 0 l51l
i"or"',...,.irrl.rr"*, zp oointo
trE
,.ts 0nlrrLl0lLa.itlltglln,lr flL 'a l-t " 6'5 nor,r.rtr r:rluturii"
1le r,
E riorirnnrorqurivSolri rvtoon6'rot]rltfi lt6lnr:a"o6t6nn:oltotorq
t
,,lili-m nrirau (i r 66ao:au) uiu
'.EbtGi--
t '-n
-' bl-l:-
llrl I
-;6'ry -"u"9
,.8 fiifrTn --'.8 ,.fin !.Llll
.,.81
riafliun!LoDoud iiocr'ru|)luoDQud nioarunluoDqud
(rwsr:luEuolaiurriouEr14) (ws-r,LsirD(iulncu arulsfldudonld naluiio)
-ts
'-rE
emun'rslaola0050u
o-)trnluoDEUd
r<ahnrsionluuootw'le (Pauli exclusion principle)

;iruiuvdnnr:rortnr6ilrintiaufiartt,hnr:6lnta16'lo!tr-uatl! (uonn1flllru)
ror6rSno:ouriou r:rttiirvlodrydntailri6rSao:oldaqtlooitfra16orr-uirat
n ruL6ldtuot-urtr. ', ,rnv -t,? uintottn rF
- 'e 'r.
-eio{r:fi6r6no:aud

26 l! chEMEAsY :- .r l
fi rntnraud'raf,u.rfi alrriuaalloaifi v-arisrn'u,n5 v{r.nnrr rr rr-rilM;ntl6r
oonnlnnr
)+ ( )
EUn:,a{fi!a!u ,1/2
iltrsodoqonrvuUrrin u[5uflann']nuulhan
s:HirnAlSnosau s:htNalanE5au
1
crrnraliira0u l/2
lr rsKlu Gpi.) uoDaanosauluoo60nr_a
a AUFBAU AND SHORTHAND CONFIGURATION
Ka-nUODIO')WU1f (Aufbau principlg building up principle)

r:d'rFrr uveny-', .hF. i6ol:f."1 nFr.lIi.r_.:,. ,, tira;ur6 r!rrt
subshett firfl!o.rdrl:-caarh shetl urul rriu ,,rdrua'rrrrd 2 ieno!d'.ru
subshelt 2s uay 2p 5!6'! n-.$i'r1r1or shett fi 2 nufidroq:!yi.N:rdrra-.Nruo.l
2s uni 2p
"plI]
6"fl
+f[l
r!
+f]
a[Tffr
+El
3"u sroluwar_DDrhah(she[)
\
,.n dus:oluvraiDruaiorJ
(sLrbshel) olumhnis
',.n
\. riu

roo cors coNcepts l! 2z
raa-nnr:1ai6r6nn:o!uslacsr'rarlloairlr'a t:r ocld 6 0{r r n:v 6'tlltd.! !'r1.ttl"l

nor., (ornarrdutrJ 6 r..alr rttfit udrna-lr u (drr) i'a'ncion ,'l' tnrllfir
l1,1.r0 e1t]toul1Jl'n
- - ' ' lt{u 5s ou'[L she(Ifi s 6rr"rlci':
O1l!F \he(t M 4 llullull
r6-{{ru{.r.ri1 shett i 4 udoli'!fidrrdlrruo"rnir qa 6{u1]cir1rftlnt6auir'ro1nn'l:
rduudrnrur tro'rli! r r rrll) ir i rtn i1lnun'rri'!n'ild6.Snoroulvottrennrtatt

f ar': rin4rrruriuavva-nr rrud, iur6rtio,rurtrtiuuLaeirrrio6et66nqr.ru
urruaorooitfia o-rodrlrrlu orq K irmroroor ts drryirn'un'tru6r5nq:o!
fi .-'
,r,g, --;- ltljfr]l _.
hrl
n']sloolanclsauuot K u -----, -
L!!
!1',tfiI 'ailcnr)0ulddrt!.0011rvd, dYn loll ,annlloilolli!1'l

. n!qt! 19 d. i
lvLtn1lll tit) nQJL_L_llluLl:u.lnll fla lc 2( 2p J9 Jp .ls
nisrduufl lsih16BDdtSnosouttuu SHoRTHAND

, .J
,Jr":5' _rla.5r :ididlo ItLFnd' xhJLc.LL v,'lLt'L6lqrl.cta1e dllln" -nrl!
"rd u r- iiil rrtor"uttrof6o.i ,-o' ,ld.d- 1oi16! qvEi8 ti "d.t.fio1i
.i.i"u u rtut.h/r:ld:rrvuAfii.orLigruuiuuni " .'e:.91'A '
'rdrou
i4o drii. ar fi r:iriritt6#rrr,ufi..-L\Lr'6e,t' -. zp'l"put:ra'r
rirunr:doEr.r66nn:outor x urlrltloldrilu tqrl qs'
I
(
a
t7
\ fl{!n+ s-brdr.
laUa:OOTJUO,)S1q hq s niUdl[BUO
aanosouluoa<anr-aaoniu

28 I! CHEMEASY
^' l.iu1. l ! \1o(nono itirtLt ,:ynh. ro 1d:- r -r,; r,iu r,r fl ..yt",r!,r:
161a3o alra !61oxri 8 tlil6'rriotfl,r nr:drr 6r fr'lodr.r nr:,i o 6 rH nc r out or or Efii
!a.uocoo!:lan1 td! 5e ms Pb
. \r0l )e i.er oyg.rrr14dafl{1-oy,,8ii.r..:,or 9d!6( Ar'lLn r,ill
t,ri r,iourti Er lodtm'uo_n:ro:"0 {1 r6. Al4',o'rp
. nrnDo i,nto:odl durlir,r.lri aiircterotr 54tl6ore'llnr.

8u
!iu! ..i..iuL.ii!-6n 28 d 1 6'1o1e5.51.51{r ') 6a , e o.' 4r " 5d'0 oo
fi dorjr6'rrno5arl:var-'vd.r6o 6aaoifrirnn6rSnor-o.Lilrooiir-a4nfl,l! ny
nunrua'rriiriiinilol't*lrirrolniq [d! 6']oi6i6nnlauluooiifo4or.ireriJl s' rr
. {v!, I w i. . oi6rf; ns',ar.luooliri'a4oi-. rru p' . : oryri 8 ynd:,r-rru
He)
p] p p6
s1olu bbck ci1D,l d1 d5 d7 d de J
ornnrsluolosS6nosoriu
ao6iniaaoi]tr
f I2 t t' I5 f fs f t f1
m
li.rnr:lo nS rF nor:odr:o o itfra4olir ota r uoia:o.ro l'lo rflu !fi r.i niio o"r rr1.i i
jj
ldr ,.t1"" LLr_itlD oiq:a !- ., .: t kiflr-Lfil n. r ,,el vri d., d lrdl. E \s
oqi4 5- t a Fl:i5,;i-orior:1u.,iiin{eirrlLao vi pdoryri 2" ru /i
{: :;.;1q)dxrlL€(iiti6idori L.tr- i< .tr.ot'L n ,0 st ,r"1-r . ro o.l'r-tir.r, r 1ri
t{lu btock tfiui s-b(oc( p btock, ct bto.k [ar f bto.k djr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7I 9 to 11 12 13 14 15 16 1? 1a
34 44 5,A 64 74 1'
2o
38 4S 58 6A 73 38 1a 2A
3d
5e
5p
5d
blod cilDl'lu(]1s tD61o

l(aonf]lu[a:hLiniDdolxl tu
aEnosouluoo<iniaoiT) 5f

loo coRE coNcEPTs l! 29
n'rsohS6n0souuoDS-t0ns1uZ8u
.'riqrir :i.F' r'rolr.rtt rqr: uit'ufl6vir,"o-rdt t. urfi uuroouraaur.ntrr
,.1 .
6.Fru:or"iuo,riiic4rv" Ltori'lq.4Lia[i,L o-bto-l friir.'rUd, li ro rcv:ûidu
d.u:nlurr: rrro 6o "sc filatoveolr 21" {a,Fnfi).rL6'Jfi 2l r u6.F^fl:,rr.t'_r
"-:niar'[r.r a-oro ta.ldl n r:,r_orioti.innrouril ,..u1!rrlo]r14:'ll.6i'1,l."doto-ld
t16 lanorrau filflnaldnnlo! fl1li90l6flitol,luu'uoaflJfl6

5c 2l 28 92 tArl 3d
22 '/dr02 lArl 3d'z 4s'?
23 tl 2 lArl 3dr 4s'z
Cr 24 28 13 1. lArl 3d' 4i -
Mn 25 28 132 tArl 3d5 4;
l6cll0msnio5600soudan 26 28 t42 lArl 3d' 4s'
slq G a: cu dDotolrr
6rclau.llunlurolrnu 1 Co 21 2E t52 tArl 3di 4s'z
N] 28 2A 162 lArl 3d3 4s'z
LU 29 28 18 1* tArl 3d'o 4s' .

Zt) 30 182 tArl 3d'o as'
t.crlT r t -1i 1!
I araortri lt-nti!!rcttitrir 1!inr:riu6rSasr:aull d-orbital !m! da
[a: dolorrc6r]5r6no:o u s orbitat lrldtritilu d'uav d'o oruairil fitil
Cr
tAd l rilLrll ,t-
urrt'nrrr:'jr nrrur:n6t5no:oiruur d4 uas d' irltritaiut
IArl ll liIll I .1
r,rttt1i,6nr:out.ut d' [.ir:11',11:l:q:Lcil{oA ri rliun.l half_
Cu
IArl ll:il 1t t 11- 1
filled orbita( 6$ta-rrru:uol'ra'jr*uu d' iirlnr:l:r16t6no:aurttt d'o
nrsdodsoa6nosau 66urnir ur:rc16!ooityr-ar06 6sfil fultfilted orbta( di1rd!.1'rurrrlnvii'l
nuu half-frlled obital uoo Cr a'i'rurur d' triufrrl
[uu full-filled orbita] uoD cu
rfiaovoortortrqu:rufidunrr + itionrr-qqt6a6t6rn:auirirouir
" 5rdnn:ouiio{'lu as r5o :d n'rlruosuqnoanlr.lriou " rirool6o " lrit:rot
u::16r6nn:ou'[u :a itir ndruriuir :a aqjri, mrnirm6oaaan\Inanir +s
ueitruvrfienr:nrgrdu6rino:ou 6t6nn:oulu c. ovuqnoonl{dououlun udr

riariuloaaudra6o:' uitlt.tlu v rri66"n:our'dor.r!.'Ft ti!5' ;Jro)ddL
aa 6 r otnq ooo n dra rvqd rqr:ru6t1uis rFotfluloaai.riitl:: fldraararir

30 13 cHEMEAsY
n 1sfi ou1 lfi u3n-uo:oou'lut oouju
tuuudraooo:ooun{ur,ruon lElectron Cloucl Model)

.r r iiraoro:noreryl"nriciuLi 1r.ol z4oqlourr .arr !iyIj.dnrcti
or ouoiu (ri onaflraoin6u) 1ua r:aBu on'.:r,rqd n::rroi6 ri no:ouluosersu
*tuil'rao.ravrrolto$lincn;rrn'l:go"!fl a-r !r!!!acrfl nr:ror5#no:audr

lf d66irviuavsrorr'fi r iLA, r)a!.11E18L).nr.r.r,iu Iotj ult.rcrd-aor
cro.r'e!-xi:-orn:' ;- Jir lonrarianx1lrirr:rduv'oryu616nn:oduuirrru
drll:au.1iT ra6tra nriuyuanfi yurudur.an.r6.:lanrado:nu6rEno:au'lu
- !
- r , --
"10r fieri1o!5.irsrr,,u1.:1Jnrd
u5[xor.lil]la{ vlodru,irrdl u, r6u iri.nr,_,u
fi ra"r.r'ruiryrrgarrirooi0fialo ifilonrayr'rvraa'ouoq'hrinrurilr
nauhuanalanoscu
lunrurtluairudrar:orroyro'ruurir66no:ourirorrfuya'nnr.,-ra.r.,n,rr,ru
uavlurrlo-u " rio616nn:au (dtfi onorinaa!) rrnu!6xroqarnfi irrtrltJrrn
nrur,on tJorfimqin::t fiio:i )!$ rih,.fti rvea!Lr tu uelIu*u,'r,r'n" ru,fu16'l r
' or"nirrlr.ircrlt.h"!udr.a!6rFr orduy-frgr,.lyLrfi,riiud ..dr rrx: rrrntt.r

lirifrr:rlriarur:otoriuvr.li[ac1uu.]ud ra.r6#no:ot:hnar,o'orn"u16'i6ofiuzar
ya"nuvi.rnr,ltriu lrou (the unceftainty relations)
ruuudmoDulosrlU (standard Modet)

luarudaca;i'rr6.iounrnd rih.roIi:o oruasir or:or r:r ri ul olnr n
i61l:c notllr oi
aufl]odoa ryrirfiirouarelaorr: (etementary padcles) IoInrirr:rlotJluuq!i
"!ryud1ao.!srlq:r11r" 6rr{lunquflrhurdr.:rrodrrsllrru;iueit r.fl . zso:
lan:tru-rs6o fi
J6fiosou [rlsoou llai n,ufrfiIo6u o6raun,or,.t rr.;ee-rrfidr.vrjrrou! rnxdb Lo,i,lhil)u[tL

[]lrlsou
rlt )s dLL.eyi )r inu)10' lL)t drfny"a rto!rrdhli",icr".vLt
oul1 rnaidu
ounlnuailu nrn:rmit1 rfi adrtrJoioroori'rnlufdriodulr,lrltrluir:
(elemnrary particles,
f lndamental particles)
aanriLr6u'tu6') fiugruro.iuqv{durjraqnrnhr-n:.:raoonrir 2 n(llia'ui1 "olara4agrl,,

Masroou uarludou runt "oqnrarirfl udodru:rdugru,, uaoro-.ur:r.r

100 coRE coNcEPrs l! 31
uiuuuiuuounrnuailufi uounrodr0udorhusofi ucru

niixolJr1fi tl66M4ia fermion n{lorlnrndofi u:.rdusru uia uoon
HBss
auarklnrrin)
i6rio6a i6tio6a
Y, W,2,3 F
lir:rrli 3o urr d!ri!16' 12 u1r!
nun'ro!a6'rr (Ferm on) fivarararau'uaixJr,arr,.ld'rfluatlrlfi:grr udr

6orfluoqnrotioddrmrrra,lu niu proton, neutron uar6ul6nrrnrru looorniu
"L, aa,rL ^"):(hoonviiIo e med".or)r,o.?lLr ""1 oJlrlLL:$lbo\onLrl

ae 5u[,]rnrrtlu6oilr!r.!nrauliod.inli'r.!
sofr Elu'lunhstr1eaiuoqnmdod, (boson)

odl (interaction mediated)
nlvlfir (etectromaqnetic for.e, Er,,4F)
Ir.iulrn60rau'i001]
l,.ak nteracuon. weak ru.lear fo(e)
(r,'rii!rn6lrjatjl$ftr Gtrong interaction,
cluo., q
coLo, force, strcng nuctear force)
rra (ma*) rirliaar:rlr.rlirra
r:rliird N (qra!tal o.at rorce)
..,"
-- i
u)'1iu! tt!.u J!e l5!.Lav]!all f 0..11..t.l$cnlfll'l'141'otrtlilvr laLn a1
fi'r:-{wi ua:..:tCr.atuioti :.ruit-'orviu.' r i tivo rillir r!6'tfurir

Ll:r,ouraioiro:au
ninm:fifl il'ritlnilra.ifninoraraoilirlfr dlnlrl:rnnnr:nilvri6nurn unr

,rovlllarvd uv{llatr .atdlrlqrrd!lut ln.r I J Yl(ll
r1r.uaal-llJl0n1.lLt I
vfirfiureu'ir6o'r qufiau'reroudl'r.u1.i!1rd-n..tirc ),.'hi"iL,lL, 6r..ao!
nrur{lu1tllofloqreXagruaur:otiodui:trurvd.rlrno':'rtti't.ttlldrrionrrv
6rlrxrarorrrororo"r udraarad:rftrfr
.rre'r-:tt o:'ludnr1uri di
",rl..rt
rq:Ja! 'L -": d!nIht,dutill"lLLo:oo!.r
ilihiIou,)iraLo..ii.{lL.1rurna1r1ra!! Ll!ar J:Mul'l{dql1rerEel0iiilxllJlrl
{oulrqufi viarn iorqrirrlrrivr.rart6taroqnrnuava!{6toin6u'lu0l"rro !)
n livro ao rqir.i I rr.!i11u'r?lranidrt!r r:iorir rfi orjr1]1ri'11,]?{il 1ul314i'l i Il 1l

1,. o^:1rii" r.i,riaiolylunii.ls!!lLrbr)rt'F dr:: r,tlr"ionr:tiudiu
rhuir:trordru oHurl r rruoitrllt.ran r6'ltflluu lot tt : fr': llilrl:in f 1f

32 13 cHEMEAsY
rirvr_ioliLiurirfrhildotil:nmu.turErnrr:r:rttFtatrl ut .o riur _fr

,Fo.r'"
ar rrrr.ir a:-onlu,fr:rrn vrir.: rir'hl:un:u tfioL"rvrroiu'ir rvi iitvcorun.ur
::lroirrl (:'rrn'r::rrnruhovoo!fir!) fir:, iuor-r,u$d ,4on',a r uu qu rou o6,
t6'.i.iarr6a! 6:.l olnfr ni i!! ri'rid! r:f,nurroa o.iyrriyr r a ra orilo o'l{rnSori o
n
yr.:nrca,rfl 6l'l!irrcliluii'rororqofrro;irv:1nr:oBr-nri:rn1nr:nirirr{danuvir
ai:-Xllr'lA
Iir'ooru"arfi ro:ouLilualnrnriaa'irio:nolfi riol'rnf iiltlriuro.tntiin 3
t )
9i..oLi eLLon, .{Jutoi'r"": ri rtna_t iar rr"riuLfraun:rinli,,'rr iu r"ir nnHrorrin
J,Y)ii barr'o.r) dru;,;,0)'LiF,i l L!.. neu o lio
Ear5gora.Us'ouooounrnuacru
ct- t
OJ rliEi +U3 1/3 -23 -r/3 +2/3
't0fiun strange
kr 0o! u T
-1 I 0 0 0
10r:rln tau
e(ectron muon tau
neutrino neutrino
n'rssf, uolluoDnll5nlilu
lUsooulla:olosau Ll:srourioo'rnnr:t'tlo"rn"utolorrin uud rirbil::1:rlrflu +t drl
irnrourioarnnr::tla'lrolerria udd tirtr.iir.l:ct:r!rihaar.i
f r1sfi nU1ouninua grulu0o gu'iu

}:iJtTiur:6nrrr6orriraurnuatrurilriutlff nr:6nuryoao.rrfi o'|fi 6uu
oqr'E-j t' bo.o , !.e:,0!, 1F Brdv.o- 6r.rsd h afl" srorridrr :.iou ,n
eer
,-n,,sr .!e:r,1tlirlrJ1r-d\tdtorar ro.,e'.'t1yono16rr. rld,r,iorio<i rirliio
taio.r(i.iouR1o (particLe acceterator) rfio!i.tounrnur.rtfiol.r,iinrrlrirlndrFur
arrxriSr!!6t!!a'?i.! rrud!.J rfioor:roaoroqnrnfitindurrnn.r:tlfiira-rrrua.li'
roioltirorlarouslidrgruurrrnyaooir6unllro 6raru:orir6rSnor:orarn
,Y: rniy o1ri5.u r o-.rrir uofu old' (n.r: ii.r urvy.r.ro:.1) uagldc r o-l ua-a r r: 16r.: niud
nhrrrraurtluronrr CRT luin1!"! uridrr:"unr.:6.tvralarnla5ruriu
o'rrtluda{{rn6oui.rolg.rni61d.rfifinA'.wrra.ruavturoltqj rfio1rit6'r,vo:rirari
n) r r!').r.elrd_1r.La!1 dril: ,vi
,hirio"rf. nlvlfido.r. rrdurn"

100 coRE coNcEPTs 11 33
6o.i{didiruar:roao.1liiafruvraqrre'lvrl1 6o Ferm lab (Ferrni Nationat

4.. -r-. , s. ,ns'" s ,[r.av'.,".i-i ' ir, i" rrr. orl olvr! e.aro iii
iygcf'lrri.i
".
6.3 ilaflr]r [n:a.!rinrri,i'uit!F6triq1rr] (cERN, The European
O'ra_,za(,o. o N L -o, o t'.)'' t.jl.uj'rf l" g. dd o o o'

(LHC) {iirsusn'ririi 27 ilarrir rfi odrnrru0aa !6!fl!f 'riioini.rra.!aqrrF
E, it De(e,, gg .cl.d.ill.1!!lL..t'11 ha 7501
h16ornr=nXrn:, 1r rt. 2556 ixrin".rlai cEBt'l t66urrapra Higgs boson

,'L..11. .eirrn)l r.Ln ,ts ;"fL;,i L.)!'; L l.rtol.i'd1.\t -1,'"'L
au tr Brii 6{ riha r r14,rli1}irtl o!rlntalixlnt l6rirn d
,1nau1!uirvinlr{ filhe Jurnudorirur 16r r:nearov''r iu orl rciiirlT r iLifi-

Fur.BndntouflnanFroi.oarj rLll rd rnHaf,oa\n nn!u1!1 uruJlrlt: ltD rLr I tlJl n? I
rfi olfrrdrh.irolju aorLrl!rlLfi sr'ldi'dn',rT a" rturviorfrrrrratfafir

.ni,i r1 rudr .1r; ..ai!Lq, Llde !n n fi it Jd;o c] JdlL d.L, \r ql-1, i, l. r[dL
h'nuoDll ura no emwn ra.i) 6a!li'tfiflur6 nr,l u !ra'ra 0.fl#ar rar a frt t6 ntr o L6 ! rrirtt,(ufr.rd 16 itru Ic
rdurluurqrir.r,|tJldotJr.r.ir.roitr'li.l!tuyfia'rxaxEnvt6ulild{r ttrrvn-r*rvqv0r
urau]ninxnScuilo-mn
gurdo riloioql:r {urir.rdi uliat rafio!6!1xrt,riifil:to i n Y'lxiri iir6Flo
o-t frudrrir.r
r6atre (uar6rt6uvr.tlulhrrra'I6'odrrr-rotir [av6lrifiura) *rilcli.t ataureiu

l - *-
/ ),l.y l:LBu6 iLt."el'orrLl{",-oraaq. !dLlnlv!' rL rMU'r, .1-11' taL'L
orlarntsn;ifi rih6orirlirio xa (arry1fi tiofr.unr:!n6audto.r{u{l) drallourlu
tr< lralrn LLslvrnarrnliu
to!60.!nf i[g.i0]"! uE!Eaudrvaroilio:trafi auolnrnfr
- " -iYui,tr,.rniar..Lfl.nfii!.J'idt
l!" uacLt,r.)dlul'l" L.r llvl J,:l 61Le LrUltl \
rt,v!"J.;',a[l4r-, ,r;nb \Jr 6rX.! r6. .,4 t 'i,hr'r.rrd\n ir

E jirr .rirj ir, n, tti, un: ,rAr.r,.t", rqqd.lor .fiDha, L;r!(l
u:.flirrhrno'hl
I
'^ I
t- t
.!
l
mwdTlnNolm6 fermilab (8Tr) la.Q[uD6]dduuoo CERN (u]r)

THE PERIODIC TABLE
H
HH B NOF
304 344 398
BH 258
HHH HHH HBH Cr

1_66
N 5e Br
MHE HMtsgHHHH
Zt
L33 160
I
HHHNH gHHHHHH
210 2.60
Ta Bi
1.50 2.33 2.02 2.00 z.2c 220
HHHl EIECTRONEGATIVITY

1oo coRE coNcEPTS l: 35
nloofllon nu nlssuolgol aflosou

nlaont0n (Octet Rule)
nr:fiuflufiiu6ouvarutf,olutl fl .fl . zqqt rir'lfifnirurfiraqiv:rui.ia tair6a!
-J
n01lafl lfl lu1.i"l!0{n1tnq!u ti!1nn!nlrirl!lnrqunnlaun!10nul!ano[n0'in!
eyr i..arna-rr rutar..ar ilnir rra-cq i6o -616a tdd: -'A,.v.iu1 o ' rru.F of
e qht. cubr(at atom) $ ld61J rat lflqo
_rll10 !6_usl'1" vntl^t rLluiilifll.oYft
o:oor-to:o'c,r6uriuvioo q511fi o{roud'r rfi ohifi6irnlor.litlon4o,r5u I dJ
tz ilsisurliuldauiiarilu'nioan$rv" (octet tute)
d' il:is_L LrlnLlo0lunÊlrll I Mll 81l:r.du0utl0:-tr.lrl rrr Llu lrdt'{

-- '; -- - -"'
aarLervrllaur:o1d1oi'n"tvno rorlunt:rr titfi{uun.lu,lrvitr' rts_r c"rrvre'l
slo1r]fl
5r6nosouiaqjrouonao . t 41un'r i l ncralanntollcl5t 8 [rJ[n a\la lMluxln)u Is nis.diL)

launii olau8a6nosau . orq Be my B n"nndrieirraan!o (ftn:!o0ntovlun:dtarrsu'r'iir:ti)
. a!,Jaiarc (free radicat) 1fi*i ocooavionri!ocno!fi 616nn:orrd!'lfi
. ilyoe^d.dnr rro.ecu e h,nrdfi: rol,1 5-8di]tlir"o:i!drooLiort'.r 'n

6d lufitrtau"d6tinn:olriu 8 !d! PCli, sF6 tflud!
o orlu:rffitirlrirfl rlorrrnnoantov tr:rv6tHnorouli!onqnaqlrt d orbitat
I dqr"nfiltrurrfiu s
lIo -n{,r0^!aY:r105u' taq0lq))L' lli1jvl.n laq"au0.anql0lto15-4

I j:,
,i1i.l liohilr r!r-odG"q1al"rlcaur {3h' 1'l'l l:tll J.e!t0.d^[lloLn'i! a^ u1,]trJu
Lvo anrirri'ofiri rtti: tour tvriiaru_fiM_la o.oiur.o rq^ t,'u h rtlltitn,l"rnrq_:
e
,rri'r.,u'rqn4ulurrn'uu,u1n{rolau"riro
)
ru'rt0un$rRor[lulaatut!-la64s
+1 +2 +3.A -3 -2 7 nlssuhsoo'tuoran0sout oDSlq
dodrrneonrnrr ril rru'firn :it i1tr6.6^0)oulo16 'fllLt ll'!:'lq
nirt6"LtuurfF rLrl-rrolxMxr ,td Jio 61Fyl, I 1ir1fin cno501l
1 oontr.J t 6'rraro rioriottlltaoau *t ita6o: o'rqu{ z 6a"no:rira
!
66nn:oloon!.J z dr tfioriorihlooau +z ira6o: hui'i.5lrn'uo1sl
+3 *2 rl yri 7 Lr!finuili.6.or . olr , u'r.fiotio.ilu1oooL I ir.1fia!:

ilv
+d, +5
.revr-qv{ o dtlr':iu6r6nnrar"u' : 6r tio.rqtfldodou 2 dldiui
msrfr olilulooouuans'rq[ahr
lG:sro[ar:
35 13 cHEMEAsY
.tir-'L d:uil rsrur; 4 or rtr,uiloarafilr ilySoiirc5.5no:or.r61d.fioLinr:l'o

0taftnt0xrfrtlr00ntoll
6ariar:rurrro'luo'rltirl lcr!irllrilyonluy! 4 uior{ s uol6iuurlilu'

!rn]E0!anfl S0lJLrlf ntaynE:u0rafl u:0u l|riTylr!ro0c0r0!1l(r4ry!ut0n
i' .[ar.
nr
o[ar. le:6olah:
u rthlayv ua veru rfluolaMv (metatti.iry and non-m etattic ty) l,1rn 1 .!or l6
'16'*lrrorrrrlrrororo z nr]ld t{ri'roui'u.iudr:lo ria.ir:. narltl-Flr':1t]lo{lauc
(n'etaG) [asolayc (nonmetats) i6!1r]strr{ttn'rtl!yaraldruo-lo.t:r.r airuorqfi
oqj6on'urirrYujrtnrYl r-nia!u'fiii6r:'cliiriaryn'!o1alr 6.lriaasronlli'.jr fir

lar! (meta(toids rio sem metats)
luasuLfi uunlruflu[ah:[a:afa6:
nrrurflulavg arruLilualauv
iani!:rilulor*di (uf Liu.l:oy) ulN 3 A0 Lt3
rir'lr0lrt61uaarusro.lrri.luavtolryar lirirh,hlr
arLtl4fllu m p Unl b.p. al al1,]lrltu:.1 mp !tat! bp tit
tviat to't: udro-.r n"tt.tu ttl:ir to'r rLdrtrlFr".ifi.n rrl
firs-o rih:Yu rr ihulu r! fir dru
n1!0lanF5a1rloo l!dtano:0u190
qruarl'6n:rlriulawdrfi neir:'iuor:rltilfi irrornvhroglarc fi .iosniiirl0!

ns16!ohriorliur:mfi hr'r{oi'a y a;l1r ranrc u!rtill o raru'6 ryi.rril
I
B c N o
si s cl
x S.Ti Ct Ni Zn T B.
u'uu'u'louriondus'to YZt Sn Sb
fax:niuo lax:
H' Hg TI Ei
Sg ah
rLur1funrr! rfl davc1t:orrr.rtrqyir E.raoavitriu!-ulouirridrudr.i60ri

n:rl rtlulau:rrn tulrlnaiu riun"roo nr,ir.rsrufulohlnr rttr! uac i a ra,.r rtluolayc
!rndu ainor:idrcriiu.if rrnolayvoyfi ,l'rrioriarlrl6rnryirir

Iu] luunllutuunso-lua
")':[iL ),,r c h# ;.i1ikrr'l,ilql,iLflr, ." e lr-o':r"., q." r..ri
u:- r, i. r,u iir. : r.r ur ro .r rr_,r,.icir",fi oi, tqrlr.,=oe'.r "l ." ri' o r4Er"
6ir,rtrrtrnr .tL1dM:r- rr'r rr" u.lili.[.i,e )r )r'reLii6l)'r r,'ille lr!<l
l.ju rir..,r.ril'-t:it. qin":-rtLul.vy! r '0ri.'u r'{lr-.: ':oe rr t:' o' i
fi orurilun :0fi ur:lrlrndupira I
t ;to s s
I T
iri
sitfiosoou n-u s?til'looou
uuloo:clou (Atomic Radius)
turoro.rogoo! u3o "iniogslou' 6o tortaotoro*otordi6t6no:otrro.roroar

t"
iLlansir. LorN5rlL1.1rnt11-LniardlflLr J L!u l!!{q1l], rl{9!lt!01]!La.!0}rd!
'lunrosir.rE 6o
Jf,dlmlaud
orqfiia:ororto6oiu agluaa-ruvtoru{.t toiuri orqlav:ohr1 Yoio;oor 6o

h;{ri,ita.!SrnvSvrxrt!ontJtrnalifl aios9lolJ 2 03oa!raqhonu L!nlu!
oisrD61o aodlDo-]lh! rian'ir "iafilanv"
uuroc,oc!?ll6ruiu lLl
s nt i triue irtnaoi! infiatoouFoqirriittotr:t:rrlrr:10
'qfi,iufirt
fLdtrlfi tllutqO! - 1-1t11{u-Lflai n,0jlrrjU, r "5fluulutn0l116-
r o,iiotsror{or.tnuiu,ttr srir 'u: vln. . rar:i riu.flr"lr,
'e 1a rtu H .o. >,
:rrrl'lorqfi rfl uln:ouHniriqrdiu tdu nri!odxrort: ieiosnol6anirvdl

-J- _161lt6(1l6un
rlLhLVi tlurgldu 2 oco.olrei tlflu!LiL Lu. )6L1.r[lr n
"
r

ti
$rt[o:oou]urr.j:a pm
Li ts" ininruroaalra
I Sdulnlllaun
Na Mg sdulafi:
KCa Co Ni cu zn Ga 6.'
", n,'
G.
F
Rb Sr ln Sn
Cs Ba
265 222
rfi o!'nrisufl :r!6rn'rruonifl iaeoai.rrior!.roa:sro r*d: Fri'o.ri6rr!ol-rd

d.!etaFotL16t0:00t {rl,tlr 1..a J. aL 2 !n!e 60
tladsu:n Eo a'ru ru -nel. r, r;# nlourit'urlr.1.,rr,iror6.dro.:ruririijrr".u

sr6r I lr 0i6l0L1{glvfl
&:.- - - ) "
U.r? lL o0lounnu?in0:r1)u
d!{sfr6.or 60 !; rLxLl :r !L ), lLi1lr 6t d rF! r-,n".: ;r ru: t t'lui J.r afr !r1i
!)r!''l r{tC:dt..510ttrÛrJ.d-fi5AU,!i'ly)ll.{)tuiE!.n,JdXU,tli.t tO-ll-X
1uu rt.liio: r, .rr.rii i'r!. .u shetr roi6.F'mlor.r tr-t_E ir'l,L.o.F1.)11/11tni
ldiFouhi Jr.F'.!rr .iorfruu{u5-oroorLyir (rr"n;rfrtor..ul..o6uit
ltrdtlrl)
slnriloaouuan6$ciDl loedrulr,i4ludr lhfi rr:ru.r!xlroarno!!1ro.r!1uo.r:.t.lornriou rrnotuair.r

hrnwo$ruiaoouiflu
-lclda6nnsoiflniu rhrlitruroa:oa tir!nirorqnrwl drviurrolun.r!!6jutdu ilnyriilrn!fi
(ji, ucuA6nosaurimlu) tL ndt0o!.ai^'l'n !{'U "iororr.ot.go,tr-i.rir ir- --{l:fid urultjrsor"l r-
56n(1sour0u a g s "rt ira:,,: tirnoltti6.e.rs r. u, ruar f 'lifir:1",.fr.F ,c. fri.uJ r.r o16o r ,o vrr
JXsflnUU]ola,l,lulooJu iyt,turfll:J!.t tuqliytrt.Ldl) 01r n)!gL rcorgo:.ldt:
d iiu,[i
s'>c >r>ca''>6a,' --"-
oytruE.fi,t " -
trurnlndr6u.rriurrn loeirr.ru,j*riaru.,ru"r*ulor1 r,,0r,

2- 1
8.
sTrllaooulurd:a pm
cl
@ @@
0 $
1. 2+
r$
@@
@ 6 tit i; E; 6t6l5E 6 I; @@
5+l+]:1 2! 21 1+ 2+
@ 6 Gl riJ
@@
,,,ilj:;:l: 6@ sfluarfla!
u$? ,'
Gb Gb
;ou-iaaouau
[l 6
uulolaaou (lonic Radius)

n1:! 3 u! txll ot ollo 0 a uri! a rdu v da a 1r- t6 urd!nr:tliotltilutl'roogolor
rig.iuqid'ord{rnnin'r:n'oGur6tSnor:outo.rloaolriaunv!113u!lfr0u osfioir61o
ohrl 6ooqhanutaoou 6rvoqfu ;rlooaudra6o: loudrav5oir6t6ro:alou

v'rtfiinr:,i'o615ao:olirado:rrnnirt6l orng druul orqohrllvtinliulooal
dir.l:r1 rui orn'uorrr{
rdoorfl arolaurill6#.o:outiuraalutfl utaoouau turoFovlvr!:u3u alLr

ovoallara:daiiru6t6no:ouoonliu6rnarltf, ulooowrn turo6oYt6nal duil
fl 1r!Gu!!fi uurtulqtooarlriulfiilr:rurdruru shett lor6rAno:ouriou "looald
i shett !1nfli1 lln!luroh{n'jr rrnloooufiriluxlr shel( !a{5!6nnlor'!

uirn'r: 1fig$6tmuhJ:aoltororErill 0 tLJ:nauurnlooou6olilrin''
lonu nR 13,1 r!tltu iinnrvdl ecdtr. rol0d01l

". r\s ,(a . -/' itu foi rrr-6r"fl1ft10
b) P', s', cl firluiooi,lian6:uf,ai!'le
tontiilnd t:.2 uliu!tfi!rlrluroloaou

u) rfiooroyio\ldnarlriulaoouflrio: N Be Na s cL lltitrla'ronturotrartooau
b) A" B- c3 D r' F' t{hlocrlorlvio1aoa!fiK60:uacfiil'r!:!6#nor:ouvirn'rl
ri6uidrpirlrluroavqlotllolorndlaelrmrniotl'hlrn

40 l! CHEMEA5y
t
lluofu'ufil ua! tE2, tEg, lEr, !

tEr it
I(
waiolu'taooluldSu (tonization Energy: tE)
i
oa an r:o"q 6 rd n fl:ouuo roro fufl61r:rtlr nnr:yoa ol'lfin a'l.r rr u rlo yo or.uo.rrr n (
*
o1 r.r1 aurrnriuolluarruyfirr rfial#ua-.r.r.ruoioh rrA'lo.uijl,filur:r{,,lri t
Sr6ao:oud'lu:nyaooonornororord riunir nii'.roulooolurtt'l:rirriui t (r,) fir
'lfr na"rrrurlalu6rH no:auor"rd
z uqooon i 6onna-r.rrrr i'ldlil.,di. tr, rBrn
r5Eia10!l!!lau"l
+ Mq'(g)+ e
f,4q(e) l{na"l.:.r! tt,, (
Mq rer + \,'|8 {9) - e ltr. :t tL I
'luriuduirroeuloriurolrii tE. 1la,t[;asnr0iiir]lrLtirliurtluur.rlfl *eo.r

r',,Lr,rdr" ,. | !. Li-l;.r.i,til.1"e:..-" 4, r"r.ausi_.,' ,..,r. .,.,
aaa!rarao:Fo!r-:1r drLl,:rora ra'rrui'ld (tr) fia:rliirtrlura [j;]firo;l,ir'hl
iLi,ro;aLdtr^lldotl:.rlcr.iuonaoyaooaalrfurirlfrrrr rii.r.rruiiidiroura.id
.. ,rr o"t-" i.F . .iL!:v!,, r r r r,', UuvLta .v,r r."i
iir
0{/'nol) f,'r El us,ra'qi|U 2-j
Lt 052 Na 0.50 2500
Be 090 MB js)'1r.6
I
0.74 2000
I 080 At qi2r'rj3
15m
l
0.58
c 109 si 0.79 1mo

N 140 P 1.01
so0
o 1.31 s 1.00
o
F 1.68 cl 1.25 12 34 5 6 8
Ne 2.08 At t-52
yrlfl ar.,-rurLLrrldlrir Er ro.inlqhn.rir 2-3 !sdirnoruiuirorq[unrudrlo;fi
air tE, uoDslonru z-3 i
llurluu:ruuolnd],hD'11 F tt d a ; r 06 _!tu rhl :b,0lr'tarri"ltoo: roufilyq n., li iriu:-r6ror I.
iruo6uaai{rldr6rFno:our.ruonqoldrioonir ;iruo-rqhnru16o:a'ldu rh tr, i
ruurlrirrfirdrarrdra!.ltrr drrrynrana-rufli6o ruroacala:rii16na!rvrirlf,[:.1
o'.lqo rrniT rnFaaair 6.ro-16 no ,,olrruoa 4oldr r n du uri6ia-n uo:d& o uu.rLir o{ z
ro6o rir tE, tarorovi z !riurnnirv{ 3 ual r1r r, tororqurJ 5 iehrrnairvri
e ri'nGuu6o.jra-nr*rucfi iouurlriri'r6orrnarrvqlol

1oo coRE coNcEPTs l! 4l
*2.J rr o.rru vfrr'rieErFro:dLtr.ooiiiouola,.u411rovL 2 3 ,.er

&rLolL B
r.r:. 5-o ri'rirdru iirur l:'lsrl.il 2 fi6rdfriodl,roir_fauo'aqtiu s dl
F)'ir s!bsheLt s rad a'rinrrura6o:r'rnnirorry{ : fi rfi6rHno:odlr

.1 1_1 2l .1t- 1 .1.
N l!_ l!_ o a,-,iiriauon4o.i.: r"t o i.6'oror.'tuo-oroito. tfi,rr".tiuri
JL l!_ (Lrnpaired electron drirrofll;i) o;fira-r.ruqlua:'hir6a: niorfirv
r l. - -i-<
vdo0dnnln0BFloI uru.MnLnlflfl1l]L L vll!li"n ielnlelnt0!o)unl:l
,1
Mr IL IL
.1t_1l'l!- lt.1t..lI
JL " '_ tiai.anaotot: torri
lr.l rr"eir!t. ! n t.ori.d 6).rr"lr"err)! . ":i
Jt_ i.Frrroulu'.iidcu,nqo,tr" p iio:r oit ,o. -t. p roi ."'u, r
111 + 1l-'l-1 haf f lled orbttall irin'rurair:urna'irsrolv{ r 6ri6rHnorouhooi
Pll r. lL s
fy-dLo.llr.ill. p rj.!: Lct u.tr140itr' 1tt' 1r hdll'' .d " ]fl)r l ! \:.! t
.1!.lL lL ze lL-1!-1!-
6r6nn:ol:ooarr 1 oi nrfl a-.i.!iu r, fl,{h.:ar:616rErn:oln-rdooniri
JLrIL
lLtlL
n'5ioaL5nosallorb rtl
I.BNO[t] A,F5 l]oiari]rllioltnr'r,.aor nolix 2-l ilMtr 5 6 L (5ou unlufl)lll)
riotul n6'11 ,/ Jat Ll1]tu
,a .1411r11qltxrn^t 4 tl]uoll"lU ivlll-L
4.t
6.Fnnralluir,!ol'lL d orbitdl 15'f Ir rn:fr {: vlult .1^tltitEnolddL
.l-orhitaL nydo^Lrroionvu.rfrna6drlll!ri0ldnflta!l!00t!lvlau0f fle !.1
Y.r-
r o1,i 6.6 r0, , ou.rria;d'rlu r ruo nir"li ii-u.:r6 tq n'a "ldL t 11' n n rr niii
ri" y"t{!it. j. \hFldrf crfe. r lMsorltti'r!14.6'qror) u.rti,)Ealruei
rnlvi_[t4[,L]ltrJd'f!q1 lF 1!i5 lqq rta_!lllrtlqrf_lnLrl r'llMlldl.Ji16l
F r L!1 \!0s1"14v ilev trl( ].!n!oitro ni nl!{: latc !.ia n_l#uttiur
[ava'r])
nsrwlu]fdu,ir rE, loEs]u

42 l! cHEMEAsY
uul [UuFi'r tr droiurio'IJuoosro

"i.o: ldniu,r t r" hiuco,rr ",Jr: q4q.Ftiriro:, r,d rL.:r td'rr.r. rqo, lt r. i :
ocro!icaaruanrflrtlu "1ooou" fiiJ:cprn 1 ua:iruro16nar (rn:r:u:ro'.roo
, riJ!.tr ccrx
'r'15.Fno:,
r...s erd.lurll"on1da nil,I lituro!orrlklrui.r
aovottr'trr vion'T rfluoroyrl
1 6r6no:au:ruonanr:yr!ltlrau flrlnlooaurcrf; n
a.!l _rlr"n told.o.]rl01.Je.rrl'lt! nUolr n:J nlLF tLl'al!nt'!l n1.'ler

ulallutAU0
- ydnlunr-'fi rr:rurirtllua"nrr:r6r 6o orrrnr:6'oi16n,r:ouluooir:liar/ol
qoro.:laaouril iooloooufil'nrr-i'o615ro:auluaaitfia4nfrrlrih p' r:fi r

;"-iit rir"
!,
l '.!.rfr0!D oyr e ri,1,roor-v'i, :ioirF r,:.r.llooi.vieaoirrLtu
s r:i . dr rin. o' ryio qyt I n! .0 ,il1' ' '5 rir.r.ror- rioi.fr areu
i l
loro'rqflr! 3 lrarniidEalLfrturir E, tE.
nrtu56m+dtposo%qgtuuo061cfru 3 m:nrd-$ufiuurh]E - Ej
aid'ud, tE vrl t lJri 2 yrl a y! 4 v:.1 s 14! 6 ,47 uli8
Na (3r') M, 4\r A((lo) ,. P(Jpl S(lpr
El
I ". /I.)
', Al {3! | 5i (io. s'(JD, ,tp"t
t
[49 (2. Ar" (35) si" (3s1 p'1sp) ! lrr l cr'13p1 A,"(3po)
,,'iqe yj a > r{ 5
ri.rriruaraldiBa'r.iro1 6orfiari.r tr, uJ6ouriroilttlriu tr, Lrd.:ororri I 6rt

i1t,^J,!-,1,i,L",vr 8.r):..1.e,.011 ,.".i.i.. I..rL . .. I tl.a-r'.
orrvrl-z iovinqfrn:::trviorornrnl 8 (rr:rvn:loarroytliufir) tilllduitiotrl
altliir
r ' ' v:il I Lttvln. vrr 8I'l_l1it vU 2 . J -.ty! 6
rl' tE, firi 2 da!fiEi, yE] 1 xr,lnfian, yi 3 > 4 (a3yxi (i > 7

e F yn l tautdo rl z i/4v v\' 4 . 5..ayvt .8
icntiitnd t rrar na firh tr, tE, riu a, b *ac c nrrdroiu druorq ug firir E, E3 lt! d, e ras f
or!dif,u ii6Er.riiif,lrdr a f trnrjoo1t]lrir

roo coRE coNcEPTS l! 43
R1 EA aIUWSSAflIWOIaflOSOU
duwssnnrwS6nosou
rir EA u5o etectron aflnity (a'rn::onu66rorou) 6o rirtdlt'ruiovoo:tlvortt
oonrrdoognou:-r-,616no:olt{rt tfiararali aooua! (ri1 EA l-nirirtflunr
Ln:r;1fl unr:nrrna-r.rru) rtiu
F(g) + e --r F (O EA = 328 kJlmoL
S(g) + e -+ s (s) EA = -200 kllmoL
J
11a,i,i'tuvn'tuo0fllt11J 1t111,1i!0l1J1ln.i.i'lu10no3!t0!afln.i lnl'l!0lnn9ll0xll
16iu.i-1t{r.r, liocoo:.' eruttllo"ouarf .aic: .,0'lutr:nir urrnrrit
6rFao:aurdrndurirlriosooau'utais:1lounirt6r.r 1rrn:nidrh rl otrijutra rdu
Be(g) + e -+ Be (g) EA = +(241) U/mol
rirri'rn;irrriurlrfitriornnr:d'turu'luftirhairornrr: oaor ttr:tcir'r:lvti'l

q, I
- . i- J!.
tr:o,r?nrirFlvr^.14r)rrkn, 11 rrrdnfi:dLlrtLlll.l"ulL[l0ill.flftlrl.ltt'1(ll"
.oito, g" i6r;no:.,,o',r r, 6,.of, rr-", ooL:1 6.F'0:(Lr'iir'iu 2s 2p .
H He
-13
U Be a o
-58 (:41) ^b
-142 -328 (29)
M r& SO
-53 -44 -74
l( Ga Kr
-44 -5 "l95
Rb 5t N 5b
,ii EA uoDslqci],yl (.iiu)D6u) -4
l0u.ildlohlnn]'iiurru lJ18.i1 Ct TI Rn
csodl6ommsnoaoo -45 -44 -lol 'los
rrngrJrlr rn fiuurlirqrdrdoosno uriotFnni (l vtintru.rlolel151ltlu)

nrqMlJ 4, 5, 6 [ac 7 inrirlar ]:nhnr:i!6t6ii:aut6'6 idoa'lrfsr6o
. nrqyri 7 iii1r16'6frq0 tvr:rvffioi!6t6nq:olrtdi.lrJtfitri L orir [6'rlctfioti]L

Luuufr":u. .n,o'viliq:'L.d:t )r ' iF 'r h;rl r1"o0 ,r t '

44 l! cHEMEAsy
. r n14r.4 drdttahnfl.LL I FlJ{ilt'tlrtnrl ,dna)r rntu,l'\t r: dknnt0LllJ

'o1lveaov lrnr.uiiuLi'r p na u.lju p trrll. la[ lilLed 14.lfur
. nr0u! 1 ri.r0lll0!anql0! 1 u1nE!ft'rut6nu:!ingu t :'ts0lanq:oiJ[u00i
ti1iea011t n:.!.iu!n '' j rc'Lrill.5 ilnlt,5rb5l-eL
'lunr.rsr:idu{rlr 6'rFlnrl 2 vrl 5 uacvi g fi616no:airhooiOv"aaorirod
ldr L'iuu..c J nd ( o .lrr1 0 011:-aê! n'1lu0.l'01dL[11].1'rl1_l irYr'tytirL

J--
tcrl tl-'llrlu i'9tl,ra 1r0rrJ L."[.rd L )nlx]^' t)lldr.ar:uLol'lu'1.
R'1 Eru 5r5nlhsrunr656
oranlnstunl0)o
I)
ri'r EN io Etectroneqativtg 6o ririlon6lnrrlarlr:olunr:6.loo6r6an:olrdr
vravoor'ldoriooanalorqairlfiio_srnin'r ui.rrih z n:oi 6o
',y rr'rL\ .ort o 2 -_o*ur riuL'",r riu,ilrit,0r i i.viti::1

616n0:auo'rn6norsryfl i 1i.-rh,r'orqr'r z ff anrrrfl ulooor.lnuagalfi r6o:ni.r
ud!6s!r:.i6roo:yvi'ril.l:v11 rfi :uldrr'looou 6ari.r "tiuoctoooia,,
L" --
2) x'nFi1 .N rdrl 0.2 o;ulrd.aLr{u i ", c
rruhrir" 2 r, yio.flu orir .rr-
rv!.ifinr:1fr516no:oua'u:yy'irroro urir:1d616ro:ou-rruoraorur.rn"ri:uaiu
tdaltin:roanror (omuroyioriloonroylurrrn*r) nr:1d616ao:ou-,raa-ud
tEorir " riiuoylo rr raldi"
Li N o
3.04 344 3.98
ls q
lsa 316
l{ N C! Z. Ge 5e ar
190
Nb Rh cd 5n I
160 169 2.66
G BA Os lr H9 Bi
't50 2N

roo cong corcrprs ll cs
*urlirrir Et'l tlor:rrorqfi*lrlidudnurwr6urfl'uri1 E !ta! EA 6a lefiri1

rrniu.ioltr fit,rr-l d ruivrra6o oeotold#ro.!n: c'loq6tFnqio1l1Fr6'Y{11,
rnnnfrn.rsornr EN uu
i.,o6r,u,-û*oo6'lrr6o6rinrr"rroruna"t6r,n
ornor:'r.lr6fl.rdr Et't u'nrEsuara"oriuviotriir "v'rhorqra{ e ur.rd'Tlriirir

EN lo 5 61qu;uao
o1s1DS10(FONCI EN' f'0'tta-r't.odr loirr.lrrlororJll]bol.lu1vn u!^]r n tN rYttqu0
Brr r6.'iluls:Iaxrllu
nisldrhilri iaulsoniu
: q z tio.rai r,'rrlu:rqul a fihiairrrir-t: dto rq6i"' rio.rlrrfi
rr,riuo:,'u
lsaDouTonral!$o0 il0.1-M"rlar5r ndL..; J !i1tX.j',l. U9lo.i3.rF I tN (0.!\':, ûrt0ttulclut1.)
6u uTfl 1 soofltlof uoosr clor [a tou
o qa 1.r{Lviai rvl r tiu: tqvqjffio: !e1 r:r1un r>it6tHrorou6.tu t'l'rtf,u

c ,:i. o16k'i1d'6 aut6" rroon6lodtor"rqu:, 7 r: .tiut .frut :ulu:t u' tr
a-:era-o .ihr fr iiortu. rtloo,rt uatll,aqnfi erertroghr!' r.rtdrrirata rr
orrvlt Un'tL !fdIJln r)fl'tillot.nqldulcv i r.rr r mlu: r r n. d r:acats 5 tci'a to

rf
fri^ "i'rdlyl{fid'niL- (vsudl F').iJLVFn Louql E 101:1qn-i" mlJullulr!1.J

,inuru: tdu rr-r ri' cN 6a 1 vt^rt, rt ulri,i^l^rir
ri' to drunir.. ruorrt:o'lur:it5"iqfirauio ,roouviol!,,iqn a rloi

t r -" J-
Fir'"r1n inr;u6.dnFtd!\t'ra ltun. T r rr?l loLn'tn rstdlrolano10Llr o
llar:avorl
rir ro uaosroo-rfanurn:strd 6
(Vott)
Cl, +2e -+ 2Cl +r.36

l
W1 + 2e -) 2Bt +1.09
lz+ 2e '+ 2 +0.54

I
O: + 2H,O + 4e "+ 40H +0.40
S + 2H'+ 2e
_+ HrS +0.14
l

46 l: cHEMEA sY
nln6'D1iavBi!i']ololyl 7 nviu6!6nfl iouh./!U6r:eyaT !16'6!1n (qalnFl'l

. v-r r"tn elt.vir 2zarlnu ro.fio[oruur"o:ir6r.i"rro-16irr l Eri':a'r.rrr
-t" .:ot'hn rr.lartoryx /..oiiliFrl L fiarni o,6r.dv:- o n rru 5lfioi
nlruairl'r:aluf 'r5aan61o{rfl uroLoli.nra.mrory! z
tfriit-'-roa.61odr.r::1Fvr / ic r!. lndlrflld'i'e !fiitu11qyr /ir

1Jl1Ui(ifirYLU)UtI.a.ld {L,e$'Ar 7).VllLLt'nVdra',rulr\0rlLfi.11t6t:d blrlmJ
uq.ioiuE.6notouau"c ru"illuad!n!rra'l luh-. r r 4F...:,1:e: r,' ' a'1url-td'6
oiotirDnlsnoaoD
rlfli3orar:oan6lorira.lorqv{ z iall{iooouauto.rorquri z nrlril (avarolu
th-i{r ..iu
ri-r1ri5.H'ror:.,u.rrihra.rb royr 7 n rrlrr r.rtF rsludlira:
"
ronrqu) lunr:yoaardoyld'ar:a:ara KI rf,ud'runuto.r uav'l{ gr. aca.ralu
hexane ltu6'riu6#ln:au ri'.r:rl
Kl . Br. *
u'rniu trerin"
s*s I
..,J[9
rf
Iil d
I laq) 8,, rsntu
:lsj:: '$
4r',/
-r4
rl:-' 'q;'-
| |
fr.- I I
*i.i,__
is KBr
uin*u
r Ir*
hexane
itifio
I 4 ti
OnSo
8r
't.
*s
I
UJts e
tl
?fi r,
L:.-
sroxLj z rJsm4driorilulurana
ncildUsrnlerdo{0ulooou
Ba laqt + Ir uun8u
Eil E *l
ria!ailaa:ncar! t<yu-i (a) ntu a.,ruro.,t, Brrlraittu (f,rhflraEjou) ,l;

tir!fri3ar
28 + -Br
tLoi',razualar:avnru KB,/1j^ (a) n-l ar:aeara 2/rEn!r1r (;i.lt.i)nc;lFo!frfiBu I
,+2Bt 1+ 2 +Bt?

loo coRE coNcEPTS lg 47
reoasnlwuoon'ls9oolanosou
n-uncruioolcciorJflfiSor
n'rl-r.St rirFrsr>olioirtius atrtE aizuallit 4frn)1 Jot1 )eiouiiiurfitiliiu
tr r 16 r.,irn'ru otifi - aT rr ta6o:'u or nr:ia6rHnn:ol ' luo,r itn"at o rosnouvi o
" 001t .t :. " -!rl l5u-.-""-r
ta 1t3 flrJfltlulan !aa0!l t00 lu
o 6t5no:auin:t 1r' r,ororq H", Li'ttov Be'* octada:ulniqohor:rltrq

.i
.vrrliuli' u.fiur,nLror1u 3 r rqi ! rtfitu-Lilr, oi.rlrlv0t'aFtt .r,r rrtt- rc
#nnir losntutadurtor ge" > ri' > tle)
r :oralur6a nr:fi6#nn:-ouor't 8 rio n:u 2p6 via gp6 via cpu .. t6'!!.iorq
ra{ 8A ,,LoaL ri-vr"c1i.fluraui t8) .Iu Ne. a JaxlaooLr_tait:talt'q

representative (trilxl6.Ev:ruit'l) ttiu tta', Ca'*, o'
r iirfl-uirioli.lfira6ar::a.!ai 'rnranl:hiL1 8 6on1:i6t6aer:oun:l subshett !iu
nr:n:r 2s' v6o ri rolorqr'qj z ilttutraqtalolnr:firir tr, tolorqra{ z
mnnirv{ I
o dr6'lrlou6o nr:n:r zp' rio lp' (ha$filled orbita0 toi6lqu{ 5 n1u2
uar 3 drlturEiranoifltirir te, lororqra{ s :Inniruri e

o "ido.iutiriror:oudtr.riait:ldurir qifi6.Fnr:,L.dor'[r-.oitrrr u"drod'r
orqlunrt a Lirli
Na
,1
i! al 1[ 1t 1 (na!rul!rdnut!rnYdo)
]L j .l-
{nixtulll!a0utl01d lllr)
1
fi1r o 1
c 1 I klLaiu: (urii6n'ir z [!udrru!)
nJru joDlf, ciotJifr Su1 (Reactivity)

nrruio,rt-:11anr:tiorlfriiurtoloroolr'l1a:o: t dr l n'l er u ta frl: t ol n r:a'o ti tl t
6rEnor:oi.rsrqfita6o:'rrnltrrdoerlorlfriitlr d':lorqilrlraie:61;io:hrio
ufr:3' t r ,v,. r'rttt , ' l.Forli:lr ilr ,ro'ri':.fio1vin"l rr
i,,iror,r-}id.ror.,ri',6u"r.';u ir*rifr, rru i!n)-LU n 11. 1Ln rfiotc'rl
rororqrtullriuraiairr6t6no:outdol#o:uoantovt

l2 3.1 5 5 t 6 9I)1tzAr15{r, I
H riaa ----+ jarl: Ho
8e I B c N
Na Mg AI Si P
K 5c Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Rb Y Zt Nh Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd cd ln Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba Hf Tit Re Os lr Hg TI Pb Bi Po
ur n,.rn.'jtuln.Llrln;0dn No r; I i r!6Ll r L a,f,l / i:ndr.araaln!-i,5r: siuhj.inra:m5tu|nLr lrLalrii iinnr!.lnnnara

, ,,,'o:, ,,
'
tr n:ilo:triujlloilg rflr.rrrourj16u rniufiiar tur o.thfici I ln'u o tqru I nrua'r.t

lviolhn.irntuu tlr:r:iluroorororfituqjnir rrraui6rSnn:ouaavi.r.rirrn6aa
lrn r'ifl616nor:ouriasoonhl6'.i.ran,jr lurxnn'uflu trqu{ z erwurvioltr
nirotqnrrdr rn:rvitruroavoolfi 16nndr a-raur:ojri16an:o ri6nir
llur[u*uRf, luhulllriu oo16oouaEoohaoulhaD
[u]ltun3tuhu'Irliu (Density Trend)

o. uru..iut,rr o1'lur : rtor.ri,"r.:'\ilr'6,,.r-.rr , rr.:.,v. ril"itldu
1,-. y, dr 1L /o: orrll -.r., i. tr'':. ar.u oro.a r i .lur"aora_rtrs,ri r*. ar
vuru uto.rorqoh{r:r1 r:rrirfiruti.rorqrilun;jr16rjrr;"rir.:uurlrirLirirr
H He
0.18
E 8e
nJluhumriulouus:utruuoDsto luors rosrcr

B N
125
o
1.43 170 o,]9
H vE
2.1
5i
E
cl
317 1.79
E Ca
Sr
5r Ti
Zt NI
C.
't.21
&9
Rh
N'
8.90
Cu
Ag
Zn
7.11
cd
Ga
tn
Ge
E
Ie
Kr
3.75
Xe
8.s 10.3 11.O 12.4 t2_4 1?O r0.5 8.5s 1.31 624 5.85
Br ttf H
E
Cs tr TI
13.3 193 210 ??5 226 21.5 19.3 11.9 t13 978 e 2.9,1 9i3
E m
orrJl1J s block (vli 1 2) nu!ih16vv!!'r finl1t]Ml.r'ruruir',ldalfiuufiliavenii

axl leULavvv{ I {itr'r xrMr. ,.L!0i^v4q ( L0Q/cr'd r,(Fe,u-Lo
:."
irql! d-bLock (transition o'ru 4-6) nsfio'rlxr uluduoqlurnru{qj 6u!'fr
!
natununl!nl! n10fl nlJal{nu.i!.tn1rlJv!ru!!l.]ralu
r ElL o-blo-! u\ -8 rlFIi!flu" d.!..trorie'l-LvL ruirLr:g\1 ,une '.r
(!rnni1 s-block !!riioanil d-btock) fri'duf,dn:rair.tualnl:Guisr-rtor

nv-rh-n qn:npt)tlrFDlln ul^^!-umMn uJLll. r"l 5fl1 t1,1fl1,
lrul[J-uoohaouthaf, [a:oo1600
.rrflnl5rulnrno-!ldflLifiurlnti'tnollqLLo't)r15r0nl!:luutll"xl1toro!.,l\11i
_uvr..'u[i
ioo Suudr Lirau rr1'r..i raolvitfiuM ] ridln tn { tir oq'r-t rn ,t,1to6'u
J.
r?iu ?T ofunc naitiu.idttolounln anDIt,)llo.i[]!ana
u-rrcr$1s"tll.n;!1 r'!r )1ltil.hvri,ruJrtnc#uu! 1irJlolloMnouw,i.

lfirirGeruoorfi or:ru-rloararuaniu:cri'xorqnirlarvfiuorqn{rolau: fr r:no
! '"
IYU^n1.1tu,l]ft OlnUiUlO
. ndllaxE nouaa:-rua:nvir.u.lriledrtn.rrMlr,.r"u dtfiqrrl.lul. ruil]ri rr

aouaarLvae6ovsrrulrlardrtr
. n;ixa16M! 6Drfiirrtu].nrrdi N n rfr.tjtll.anenrinovdoutue?ni*cv!! 1
aYuorurrakraqa uoiar:fi t{h1n:rsr6nir{fi rdr!lcfi loirao!!1.16r6i
iohaou h:r louUs:u )ruucos m'luo'rs ros )cr rrtirnrudfoidriT oriuc ruanlu, dc.Ul.nl]iaDrl?: d)DQrurnE
drron ,sr,aou'nar srolah:dluihariulnino,raou.harHo lra:srqo[a 1:d]u}njini?oraourhaxil
H
-259 -202
Li Be B c N o Ne
180 1287 -210 -m -224 -249
Na r,ts si 5 CI
6qo 1414 115 -102 -189
K Ca S( Ti c Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ga 5e Br Kt
53 80 1541 1660 rqo 1W 1245 1535 1495 1453 1083 420 30 93S 615d 21s -7.2 -!57
Sr k Nb Tc Rh Pd Ag cd Sn Sb Te I
19 m 1525 1855 2471 2623 237 2331 1954 1555 42 11 155 631 450 1u -112
Cs Ba La Hf Os lr Pt H9 TI
721 920 3017 2116 Tt68 1054 304 327 102 -71
28
solid
9as
50 l! cHEMEAsy
vlnu''rdlnovaaxlra'u'r pLot irln'!d'rn'r'rlr!1ruiu iiaga"rrnouiunrrtl

aitooaalnulutt.tMLllufi tolalf :
Alr!fluulu g/cml oc
lonaauua:
2)
Iu]liun]'ru6u1[du
aroohaoulfiaf,uoDslo 0 5 l0 r5 20 25 r0 r5.40.45 50 55 60 55 r0 15 30 35 90 95 100
luoisio6-ro laUa:clau
I leuoontslotuuaDslo
,c". o. -6.oir.L.ih.at..a, : -!relois y5o U:yaau!6 t,rr: qo rl "dorir,r,r,-r.::v

fit oror ouuo rorq6u 5Bnrrur nroa ri rod'uiuivd'r nr:var udo nruird'u 6o
1) 'lu6'rrthvnolErqlmi t iratoorirot"uryirn'r +1 nirrrj 2 irnaoonirot'u

ryj'rritl +z m:taucyi 3 irtoon8rorii.uyirf,u +3
2) ieooE!fi laloonilod'urirn"r -r ralo
3) fio H Goalfllrrnadaaoin iraaaantrodlrflu t
uqilirrinrfl lrar:{:cnollnnrarld tt o:immontrq{ur{lu +1
4) iioiiril EN 6lnir taroonimdurvilonrarflurirauuani.t

5) laloonirn?Yuronti4lrrm"rfirilolrv 6o Ag = +1, Zn, Cd = +2 uar sc = +3
6) !lqoontrnu'ha'r5ti:ynoliirulraqjfi nroanQrotfuiu .
e
rflrlai: :v naur oiaaa ltd {or' ) r efimao oniro,tl,tu , t njl laro,
t,lrfl
vlnGoari synouq doiooattd (o,-) oeiralaonimlflliu 1,/2 triu Ko,

z) iaiuosno!fii11:yorlllih o 16'ui NHr , H,o ua3 co

lOO CORE CONCEPTS I! 51
8) i,rarura!la1laoniro{lrqain'rqlu'laaauloln!firllrviid!i)'s!qvBt0iloool.J
'Iaoaudrrlinr:r:rr!:r1in-.rd
:i! -1 d:!1 -2 drsX -3

NOr . NO: . CtO, , CtOr , CtO,-. CIO , 5oo 50, , 5:O: , CrOa
Poo
tu1nor, Otl , CN , OCN , SCN C2a.' , c|o,'
+1
t
Li Be B c N
+1 t2 +4 +5 2 -1
+7
+j
+2
+1 +2
Na Mg 5l c!
+1 +2 +1 +6
+3 +5
3 +2 +3
-1
1
K ca 5c 'l_i Cr N Cu Z^ Ge Br Kr
+1 +2 13 +4 +5 +6 +1 +1 3 +2 +2 +2 +3 +5
+3 +3 +6 !2 +1 +3 +5 +2
+2 +3 +2 1 2 +3
+2 +3 +l
+2
!
1
AS cd 5n Sb I
+l +2 +1 +2 .3
-2 +2 +3 +5
3 -2 +3 +2
1
I
Cs Ba Hg Tt B]
tl +2 !3 12 +2 I
2 +1 +2 +3

ELEMENTS AND
BINARY COMPOUNDS

100 coRE coNcEPTs lg 53
e1s U s:fl ouoonlu6uarnaolsti
eosarsds:ncuaonlddua:naolsciucosro
a^',-r.';gaoraorlqri 6o ar:iitiaarnrr:_:'rro-:.rarrroaariLlr (O)
'i!trq6r L
r-.'i-..'h:. ,vr lr.r,.',:,. ".",;.. .r" l-

rt';rniil t"riord,,rriu ar,-r-:rnaraar'hriuiaar:Lhraelqael:d rrllrilt: lejit
..i. .. rl.iyl'. .i.ri "'r..:.: .r: :r't.lro,,it'd.1"; .:..i11:6 i.. x
unrrlrrr'uoaldr.ria.lu rr':rviriuorii6oniiir:orromar:roh:.1Lrr-rrlrrnu
. Lia -Iayr" LiioLilLar:rl::aorraailsriySonaot:r,1 o:era!larlaraciirl

i "i:ret i! ;f o;0 !!rErirnuvior"aoir. uii':ra_ arih'laoouura 6ra:air.tiu:v
',.a.inn"1linanun1l (aj' yil I L I or";ar1rrfi ;iriry6a
Li?O BeO BrO, LiCt
Na,O MCO AL,O3 NaCL
1
: ;ir 'olar,- i;:r-- .r,-:,r.ar'l.rojr3ii.;rlr=d r:;rrrrr:'r._'ert:;l::'ir'
) r.rrLir.ri[ jirriirrri,.r'i"'L r,;u"i
:
I
co, Np; - oF. Becr, Bcr3 ccu Ncr3 ct,o ctF,
sio, p4o1o 50, ct'o - A(ct3 5ict4 PCq scu

drsrls:n.u.a.ila arnlsiiau.aa_.sri
auutalsUs:fl ouoonlu6rtarnaolsduooslq
a1:i:gno!oonlqrira.ilawdoagarousrlgld'ar:asol utoitaoian'ltri'luitusd
a1: :enauoonttrilratolarcuionvaaudrav'ltiar:avaMonnro d'na!rn']:
Na-o -o , /\aOH + 2Nd 2OH-

CO, + H,O ---) H,CO3 "'+ HCq + H'
50, + F-O , rSO + hSO, tri'

54 l! cHEMcasY
a1:irlnalaontwitl.lriotrlararuJr 16'urri aeo ugo Atro3 rac sio,

.or'lodr rtioirlri6.tlr"frr:o..erur.au-rrrrituiiir rldnir,n:ouev.te, ido
.it ad':'re:.lL't' "arprotc' o. O"-,r.tud {!)L' J' an05 o'ot( nlt) tlna!il
di
@Er
d'rotJr,rrJfr ffi arnirn:ouarrtatoluorlrlrvoinoonttri eiolrli
Atror+ 6HCl + 2AtCt3 + 3H,O
Ar-o, . _Nao- + 2\aA O. LO rrio
Janldo 4 0r nLua.:lUur
Ar-o, - 2\ao -)t-o , -a..ot ij r1/Nd
BeO + 2HCl -) BeCt, + Hp
BeO + 2NaOH + H,O ---+ Be(OH)4'? + 2Na'
d ritr:"natndatttila lrtr: nur[daoir 1_er6 iIirvntio

nvrttu6r 11. ru
ar. is'a rorbrqlq 7 & Ig Fg Pb n:b-aua,,f1

arr1l::nor.Joaol:oiuorlar:o:riunai.r (unri! AtClr, BeCl, !{lun5o)fi
a0 r1rv riullor [{.1 il ovao! !ua']6.! nr nn?ru [{.luln1] oryliuoc'la aai n luyrio:r ri1.l
druar: :cnounao'h-rilo.iolayv!vrflunro (i1r BCt, firilufi.rlalvri'ro) fifr.r :

?r lur llJe !'i' Luud )11'i: rr !lF t..dLr',.r !Ll, rvLu rt : 1l. ri l rdla.uL..i t
.u.rouy3,..rrl'vrrri I i:l'lfrcrirrc..a: t,vorr .yer0r'
auuolouuaoslC]uoa!hu
s10KJ 1 (Alkali MetaD

o ru,vl. I 11_r .LCXrtn1n6dlr autuo:{ rlu.lrdl.t..an9t5dL 1 !41lutjdLnL !du]ol]
l')l.lnlnnlnM1lou1 n0
. (cvtlrrr i.!Llcy:,U l 16l. r!1,ll.J'hr.Uq I InLtofl:' t 16ilULntA0.r'Ll,

-:i lCtd: t dll:Jll tL (. !r ll .l r trlyl.J'..l.JLir
tLlr df 1l0 L
. Flltllall)40!I'lrL {lLlf (f !e'1\ltf ))0.![it'1.!).i ii:lXrl yt I LL
or:rtr6 rroil;rr-r'ludar:i:snou yrnr:rdolar:lalicyi t r:.r6'al[!ndrui3
0lanl11:e9a.rd0.vd1 ..n:ulr ll l.ly:001r. l,ll;.0tat,Rutt1..ril..h-01'lain1
rr:irr.Jfr fi3urn"uornrn
. !novaalJ.v?.o t.l,rdo.L0J ut-1lLdl,ii lLl,4,l0L1 .rio,d., vnoLr ta;u r.il,t1)
!qyao!rua'lnvaoai l r'r:nruui.rrr:.rrorlr"uoylauldo uuoa.r

. [iLta v.au hic Jr:rtttr.rrilviadavl6ul rdoLuirira

'r-rel{ioa*c
oonriu:i'utd'
. vtrrlflffiornrrir:uu:.r ra"tda'r:a"araruaLrrid.rriuirLrta.rdav:,iir "atkati"
rrLljcI) rLailr'illonlulnr0qt! lr.rlrv,.aunlqo
K 2M(s) + 2Hro(t) -+ 2MoH(aq) + Hls) tulfiolaravvrj t
rrngr.J rihrJfr fiiar:vrir.rlnr.rrra{ r nltdr loolunr:voaorogqoofl rodrl

I v -
6lnrhJ'turir z : uur rior-fl iit rir"4o rtd:tror.rir,erresn'uri uHtutr
riorornnrurtjurrau'urar
slcrhLi 2 (Alkaline Earth)

' ' '' n'riiofir n rrrrldv:
)rqvlr2 .10 Jt l6y:10461[a![455 . ilr"6
na: !
Yr"
iuA,1c. .r'r --- -
rnl" r fri3o.i' rj-16a :n: c ,, tua..rirtr..6t :,-u' qvqj .,0 I
ulnlulur!u!ll ilvr1 l!rr1-r!axrnliulnlul n0
M(s) + H,O(o -+ M(OH), + H,(g)
nrruior'holarJfliiorro.rlara:u{ z rioon'iurl r 6.iarrr:nrtlavvrq] 2'kilu

o::rtrG ar:d:vnor.lrororqvri z ararurirt66lntirar: :vnotariuoluo
t'a! o ioarvlo nd availri (!n|iu trlgsoo araradrlii')
SlcrKU 3 (Group 13 elementt Boron Group)

trqraijsrihorrlfirl:znoudroorqfi{avv6oL-r:au uta:orqitfulavt6o
av4irtau unar6or 6lr6uu uavuoat6uu louart6to'rorqlu:ou a:riau{r.t
uornoirrrnorq6ufluv{ nrir16o
. luidurfiour, iffier !-v'-rJfri3u iurlua:,arr-qlou:at r.o,trîft.torflu
ar:rJ:rnorloooinr'uorqlawdu{dora uohvfi oa,t: :cnatllntitaudl6a'u
olaycfi'rufl'urdu !or:u (BHr, Iirrautq:oanttti (B?or, luial]nrfl!ti (B4c)
rac lu:aulvlo:d (eN) iiludu
. e:.,i.irrr!i1.rtave.fid.tlf,erLdli!.ii,!r! *lorfio:-.6atiiitrIitarr n
loo:or tiottuo:qfr tfiaaoonttri (ntuminum, arror) t'.ravrn6oufidavvrdo
ll'li uanarnflorqfi lielo-la:;arr'ld.irtr'lua:ooi'rr1 t6otfl I nl3' ttiu
2AtG) + 6H-(aq) -, 2At]'(aq) + 3Hls)
. ornunar6tltluav5ur6cl arrr:otiolihlooo! +t raia *116'(cu-, tn', ca'-
ltac nr')

56 13 CHEMEA5Y :i
sltlhu 4 (Group 14 elements, Carbon Gr,cup)
or4u{ c rJ::noudruorqir{luralalav: d.rlavc uacalav! l.oiuri
. q c rilu6leJaln v[iurmqrdtnlua{r iln:rairrrorar:luanruetorui.ttiu

1n:uinir.rnrrirr vr{rgrJaor oT t: unrlrld uavar:nr]r {aroair
:Csta8iu (ca) arnoi! .anotub€
, ,s s u.rt ue [i!6'or:r..y: r_c D rl. rio,nrldi rf i rH i rc rrirtld.tr'rr

Si , SiC (siticon carbide), SO, (quart2)uac GeO:
' ru s' Je: ob [iu''],..avcfia a r:nr r:r r: 1. '.oi"flt . ,.o.evr ir"1

rr
"rr
1d nru:^q . ,Fre o.'.r'r , ,JLn rriuriuniri .ri:r'vi-,o.afu1"i, 1r 2. r
r!6uu.i luy:lrJ6!110t?tttuxo
Slohd 5 (Group 15 elementt Pnictogen)

rrovrl s raio pnictogen (Ejr!.jr fln [ya rnu) !iyrouo"trniqfiriturirolavc n'r
larag LLa:alale ld'LLri

. orq t't uav p rilr]srEolavv loooral tit ouotflu: N, (diatomic nrotecute) h
01n1fl drxro'r0r P !yi16'yaluii'r!l (attotrope) "io odyloiasil (pJ
'i,la6 ofauol 06 oiao"r myi0arloi6rix.i aifil:cna!aa,rltri$ot z orod
daavarui"locrfr ni:ooonls (oxoacids) fi nr:i6o
', 2HNOJaq)
N,O5G)+ H,o(o
Paor(s)+ 6Hro + 4H3Polaq)

. itq A. t.dr \b .rlL1 l !tc1r; i'lo As fu6. r. lL1,!!t ) lu?!E]r...a:
ar: :;rol airuorn sb 1n"n.'ttl!rifl6tl1u0i ( afiri!) *as*ia6tlnh0i (rai.!
ua.r) ldluana,ltaai!,luaiu :vutr
. nrn Bi ltlirlauy inoiilunq avvvlrhuoifi:zo-rnrr:rrilurluol"r 1{luqorarvn::u
tolr1,lal!o'tu tljll tn:oiaao-l.i ua!!,1

SlcrhU 6 (Group 16 elements, Chalcogen)

nrolv{ 6 vio chatcoqen (d ru-ir rLoa rao rtu) tl::no!d'rlnrqolaut6o o, 5 !!ng
5e fiu"qfiilaw 6o Te [fis Po
. 6aF O n..jaaiilr;,J O, (datornt. motecLrt-")luainafl iiiuE'rpl S lrar Se ncod

'lu;"hLa1a s, rrr se,
r orq po rilurrqirriuri.ra
orqluniriiruivr!Lioalri:uf oLtri!rn'ruuaiu!f, o !ilu a^ iiisno!

ooaltd ar',rl:vaorria'lnd ar: J::rorda$'ln a rlr:Bnerrihhld fi rrtl:1rna!
6ih.:d.iuo"u a ,rJr: or rofid 1611" u.n q .jr"dtd..' todafi 1t
WE
!iFnrni''lt 50, o"ralnr:
so3(d + H,O(t) --+ H,Sotlaq)
s'lohlj 7 (Group 17 elements, Halogen)

nr0vt 7t1i0.1Lnu'LLrl. ) truE[at{L (l'd oqen Luc., ic:1ltnao) t1ll.]vx.l5lr
-e a
yqtrunS!llaanrusvlqtuMt"l!$ai ! - c z
0nvnu.il!l!.r6'lFlvulouxvlr.la6rl ur0(flu!atSiqvLl
8 v! 4 r r1lo * Ml u6il.t Io" r rE a ri':,.t^'ritqju:o,ldr.airrriutt.6r :.iJr.
diatomlc moLecute 16'uri F2 , ct.2 , Bt?[az 12
)
auutn'runlwuoDslqfi htou
6t'tltill olthar:ns61ulu 6roiar:acard,r
) 6lfr a
fiviaror',uoa cctr riararrtu
c!
lYAEio-tlu riorlflffirTr'rrir
CI, Gas tra0.t001l nq!lln:u1nllt'l t aaia:lt1lir'l
Br, -lqu d r,irn iii:n ritrir

B,,
tt Soiid ll'1illiLl ululallla0.i !N
I
ovr. ; luao ru:,i,ti' Flqr.uavfi n r rtflr"fiu,tr, icLirlur'ul.Fldto!
r
,J-
6.6 ld14 U f lulMoto roMrLrn!' r :d 1l)lur rtrro!0,1t' r'rLi l0lv 0Qi0tr1,11 tu ll
-
o"i{lruuni,oul*rru',-n uSosrqoir.tflu6u 6rlt-nritoT qv{ z oqlugrllar

t,
arllliyna!!n6o1ut:iut16 nir.r trtaci vio rc d.rlriiiu
aru-fi rrlurororqr{ z 6aart6nr:oanilndo-lfiIinrirrUlu coNcEPT 17
o-oulrUlfllu-rl0rilqv{ / r61nry a0

58 l! cHEMTAsY
o-)odrDuin5sT,ai$qhu 7
6!n'15!6fi n1:r u[[1]ai [n9][1411
CLr (!it,r?o ru6ar)+2Bi + 2Cl + Brz (;lroialror) 6lo.rt"urairttur isul rrry6orr{hdrora

CL, 2 -J 2Ct + , (rl!r)
(lirJraxr(u6or)+ d?ln tnttflntqurllal]1-li1 Ltia a l tl lt-r:J:r I
ct.(riorou0r6or)+s'z + 2Ct + s(flyno1r1l'r'triu) al]a lt1tLfl fl Lqutllalunll ntuaa !L1luo: naultl

sr, (tirorauoi)+ z -r 2Br + ,(rii.i) at0 ld10 !tut6nLtut!l.r!untnu t0'taL1l1l1,II
Br, (Jrorauor) + s' -+ 2Bi + 5 (qcfoullird!) 6ro.ltrr.:ionrti.lr-l6urarrBfrorrartlun"nou!r
2l:Jrrj +5 +2 + S (ctrrlolJl,ttll1ll at0liUtAnLql,.]LllAllunlf dll ) l11 UO:114U111
SlohLj I (Group 18 elementt lnert Gas, Noble Gas)

trEra{ 8 rilufirtocoau16!r in1:6'o616nsr:aun:lroonroydra6s:rrn 6rrdoaaio
Utii" r;r.;rr1r r'n,ie r v;. fi rriorvnar uo iror. uo Irra.lra:-irfituro
ovoorlur!arrr:orioiJfriiarnilsrqfiio rurnl t6' tdu F uas o a.t:rlrsna!fi
rio ldur1 xeru xeFa xeF, xeo? xeoa xeoFa xeo:Fa xeorF, uac KrF,
slqlolosrou
Y. olr l,nLrUL< u r-Erl i !s,r. 1r'r.: -'.r-i,"..y,'r;ir.iu
I I uan , ! !,
rdrrdu aorfi lr:rurnr:rrliarrfi otarl$ao.rrrq'laIo:mu-lrnirrfiio.royr l uio
vrl I rrrrirr-r drorr:x
rrJBUUrRouauUoUooldlosl?unr-us]ohri I lE:hLi 7
dllt_lo Iaxvxri 1 lals:rau d',rnM$i 7
,r'rururrnudo_6nn:ou 1 1
nr55!rtal, e nlrfiaflvrau }ie !ur50lM e ire

raaooairniufu ar:rJ::nol +1 +1 -l 1, .1. +3. +5. i7
nr:rirI fir rir lril'r lr.r1j r
nr lEt ([4],hol) u l8 0.53 132 1C2 1.69

rir EN a.T r.a 2.1 2.2 4.A
alario!ao"{a;jrr rc u,j.ro rqlalo: nu fia r l-fidlria u r:o t-oa {urrilo 1tr o.r
or:r.rorortd 6rti'[uo'rrryr].ior:.!fl ir.lli!1rillnrflrri 1 !!a;uri,,

1oo coRE coNcEPTs 13 59
s1o n s 1 u-dEu ll a : euoDd 1sUs: nou li,odo u
nrs lfr oar sU s!fl o u r-rrDEou
nlqyrrru6,i'ufiorior[]uar:11:rnotl n!irarool6rod'utdyarrrh rioraraarrr:n

ire6rSnn:oufi{u qs ua! 3d aoiiri'a16' [a!d'.raur:arior{]ulaoau16r,ly5a
1oaauri.r6ouil6' ;irvira'rirfioloaoulA.!{a! (Comptex on) rrir-r tFe(CN)ul}
.ColH OrJ' !i' o{ r dgll it}1 j 1OOOL!ii"6'OL1'Olri lL'OU 2 dll. 60
. aiaa nali l6ri lay:y:.u8{u rcl{616no:oulu d aai0n"aluar::n

ar;nsnounina!oauli'r.iLForrfr aa5rrfurvruudnaoi6uufllnnrau0i
o 6unud,. g"na,i,r rq:ru:",r-ro" ; rr .' rr..uFunr.di,fluoird rvuvr{r' rtor
loooi-,6i6ou .tu 6rfi 4 fi rnt.iiiy.nrrrii.LrLv:rdurlr vio 5ru5tlrr..ri-rrr
6ii 6 6unudlcrnrc!f, ufl:rurlovrir rir.r6'r
l,t{t"l.1
IJ{
t c,'
,--''__..-,
t+ts_l
tcocU'? IPtCtJ tFe(cN)613
!, --
o orbrat 7i! 5 {!Ifrnfl1rnr).riri'rflrriu ifi lintrrnt:tol5l!a!dlcatHa
r1]r.L o orbtdt i.! ) iili.nc|rlllLnta!aor ilniL r\pliH,ng) r.1iu
. i;*nL,i 6 6')oailoudr ruu',0',lrfi nr_,n'rrnrr..ru -vz,tlu:rv ::ttUqMi.

dl [as dr, y, n!0n:ua1!odNu:.rvtrlflfl na-rrru{rdu uavfi ra-rrrutnnoirrrrn
dorbirar fion51aluddunr r nrr .Lonsir:ili r'h.i d oroita on!.unoon.iL -
; J! 60 low solf (fli! r ruohl rldr h 91 -plil (rdri']Llt) r'rriJ{ rs.r rr
. 6unurilu'|d'rdrrrorrurrunl xyz udrtrlr:uirrunu niu iFunud c 6'roq]
rot ol-srou'a_ rur uv: rivf r o, d. dr, 5!slnlirnrut't'tr_ d't:tr l' cr:
,,,.4;t ..'qA d"

50 ll CHEMEA5Y
Lnn.rfli i:ilr.Lu nrl n n.L d oro'tar;Lr6n d'i.rorolt:i
,, 4"
.:,'4
___-...<.t.
ooo
'.. c *:-,
4, d"
- 5-
6.truc,iur,.vtiptufieu !-h'l{'fltr lt d-oroita loi, rir. i irr lr.loir r
d-orbitat 6!iuEnfl"1oonn1nn-uihrdl.ira-j\frnilr uolfir:rnrrtdio! a orfitat fr
ni[unq'raall ninrr:u'hinii.rl]-n nrlx]6'lrnlnlun'r:l!n1uri!(ii, firtfrd{f
<Br <s'z <sct' <cl <Nor <Nr <F <( < Croi <
HrO < CHr:N < NHr<en < NO, < Ctl <co
lrr0.lrr"tl.fi lltt1"r: lFrr0),,1nnln.1tcLslaL0irdL4e t1..F) n:L0.d tFll0116
i rr-rir-o: uulu o o b r"( {.rErFnnroui'atu r:ornioufitrJlr',:yi rr d ororta. fr*rn

d-run''u6a tow splt d! hiqh sptit rinnl:oqn61rfi6'.i.r.u1xdr.ro'lrlorroduuari
ltlrJLt0t,yLtgt14do LFttuto0na!Ia!ltLtlalatonnlrvu.l]Laorrlr'1,- dr.llu
,M4,\e11 ll,rl riui: 'l c!10 ):ôy I 'LttLlJ.l6lLt'l,ll1U 0iA I tl[?tL
. ; ri.5roloLeoiFi.fld".ir u..crAriJr ,,rr"riu.t 11. 1y ou.iut.yFer.

. ri i#-nror"oora"rrulud) n.n.!f,Lo r !s.liuc1rU::. ." rtuPrtu I
I rninc, ut i rar:.' rt l,rjil,itfr fr r.opioit. rarrr}rn.tlo1u rFtyt JrL6ri1.
. ..raoni.o'6'!rla ror nor ., r fi qrcsio,l' u rui,i, r r, Lr_.. f, orf'lu d o.o td

icx'jii low sptit i! high split
. ri,rdi;[nLii !:is) ! a l0lufrtlunxLfid]liu
. sluluta.iatlilllo nafi]orlfT11lnni5tlJ't:1lnlut'11101'ulllutLtn1]rrassrllnlln1r
n)ruruultuthanuoDSl0ns'ruddu
o'r'lrrr!iduya ruflio Ia !a , rr]r" n uro" uu',rrr,,uit-uu.rrifi ofiarri6yrr urlryti i
po ordq'e r r.iot. rii"F brer!6ur!r'i1lLo "oirlf. ri.or- :.rju

1oo coRr coNcEPTs 13 61
1 1 I 1
[i 1' 1r 1r I 1 1I
* ,114,.
nt1!(1flal6!lJ0'[']nu!t anulununlutl,la[anq:ou!ofl'] 0urnlitla']6!!q
6rrr-ihr-rr$anu 51o O. a!a:r oiLLhrrrn^nno1.LL1fiiôr )Llr 20 .nlnu
T a g
o u n 1 n'l u t, I fr S s,1 rriii 0 clndu 5 A T
aunlnUllneBSluaunlsUlnduS
61qu'r.itio61!rr5n6o ni3!lmfiirnAui .jouollrrnvioiia!"r'itioooaxlrnln
i,.n;ud16 .aa !:J'tn r'n J llh tioulJ' ,u 11./u )lneud D rqvt!1.ltl!n '[Lot ln tit']_
-lron fLorrd rrlL):1.rvruar'du'du, 1r ruL !1
.:, n:^ nr r"uonltili' i:iuio
o1nrnfi !norJ;ioaoonrmrnirrn6oa raialtE{dilo6oafi ri'rd
i6.fr
otmi^_ia a'qd'rui ::1
iHe,d +2
iro:av r o-rrnruiu
?",0 -l
irra6aailrl:oouma ll:nar t n'rnaraLiv

,1",8. -l i-rqro!
I
B. ri,r B
I$1,r1rur!r rvLnflrln:ar
h a l
ilriL
ra1]!ralia3ral]o!tra:]aoiii
lH,p 1 Linunniiiotiln6oi
1H,D +1 2 flr:r::rtr6
6onrnnl:A{ Lts6 r;o B-10 ri:oi1n'50!
iH,T +1 l !L -i" - iu"-N

rlB+h + ,1He+ir
Lfiorrnnr:ir oeuteron
'1H +1
|- fo + lr'lu
62 13 cHEMEAsY
nlsoadunlsuf,rR6B6
dLr'5111[f aLt 60 nLl'1ruAO)']).rJlULIUe!rlUlLL.tncU6(1l(ln qt lll .J(
trqrilriorJfr iiurrofi ir ro6oi vdn1rlnr:qaaunr:u&uorn!ua-a 16orflu6'uar:qa
dLr ll.nrir)uu Yt?tl frd outlvtudtrrdur rnlFn ru (161pjtod1] ..dr.6tLlo) ["1]
, ', , - :
?,tdtlLlul:alrL11lnuvlaa:tl I
s1 o n-u uj-uo s-De I a s n 3o-d5o
) ro,irlliLnirAfiraii.!;0d., r n:i.iu^[. tr rrll 6lo

.urir-dr"r-.r irr n"Grdu
ornri'urnmir6iodvqj nv[r.iil6ao.rrirr1nn.j1orqir'rl"uori.rf;riorrHn nrrdl
.. --! ,--
u:r-tut11[rJ {:L1][y.1J 1t)d^t1lLt0U1 4A J,D6]0lalrLFitdtLr.'jiiaeJE-L,!L
rr6ariruu'norquiulnilrailia.loou6!d'! r:roc6on.ir L :at rra. t :aui' 6o
airiia uio 'h.lr li'e- , .) n..e nsrir'{efrri rt.ra ",i.tio hwiolr'u rt
5 rrIeifiio L i;ttlfr ".'u r:: qifiar-r65eltui rufl
y.. r:r"'rr.ar.od'rr. rdulrrr:-nurn-lfi' uri! .id'[ri,. l rrortuui5n r)-6o1d'
lulaina Ldql'r[ :nrror:rr
d'ru : !,u')u n1ll]yutu

No nir, g tlia r xrnu
!I
t,t, |ir, q lilrrunour.rd.t
I rrc, :c r v.ra.fir: r"u, turit'r;
I rtr ij u r,r,"rot-.:rr"Yri
'Ln-rL.Lld ".r t..."ri n. l. "'.n-ry!, t, :0",... nir6ir
T
tr/z
-=Il
',LL '
'o! !:! ur i rlu r .",c,ira L ..1 i6er11
r..,u . lr-r"rvir
rlirnrurirduur:drl 2:a! firfi.iirelfr n ra! i rrl3lrnriild'u vr:frro:'r rv
ldtirrruororua".r drarnr:
N,
, =N, ut0 & =2"
Nr

100 coRE coNcEPTS ll 63
rdol#rinr3ar.:rdrtnuacniuntr aorfi aurunri'rodr'lrlolt]d
cl)othod 25.1 hnr:itn:rgftmtiafu:'rru n:ralir! 'nc lurfiotri to,t 6 ro ur.lnarrri'rLr'tioi'rio!{in

ot]a:i 't od aet auro'rqtowra6oiiri' drn! rfiiotor 'oc i:tettmr 5730 tl
uutAo lavtidruuo tto =:% !!ac Nt = 1% o-lu'ut:ratr:ovrrllrlt:olnr:t :-l316lln

\Nt = zn rvtri Y
1%
2" ,riu 2" = ,
Take loq n!'ld n log 2= tos 3
n = 212 1;, n = 1.s9 ioll

::ovrrarfiuiird66oorqtoi!flr{1nl64 siln'! 1.59 x 5730 = 9100 t1fl8 :curzu
cricorirod zs z ra.l'rar:gvir 127 n-u 131 rL-rrllr 50.0 ai! lon 131 rilutalqlmln liuoiltfiinil
6i0 8 iu lioiili 24 i! rvio{'rvrintouaroql 36.0 ni! 1fi1in6uuv'riolawo! 131
gro!ri!6! (60!fiir!!rn 50 ni!.rtrouln) a!nll[ao.inr:aa]!d!1oi t l3l 6a
rilr + !e rilxe' rllxe y
-
rrulno rrnlord u:rurinfiaoa. rl tq.oniu6o tlt fiaar.rd'rnarottJuflrt x.
{!60 N,,-N.= 140 ........(1)
:sa!lrar 24 il] 6ori1] 3 rolnijiia

\Nt =zt=e r"tri' u. = 1to rirtrJ*rr]luarnr: (t)
avld No -No = 14.0 aclifiarn1:'ldFh No = 16.0 nisr

r60
o/. 131 ,tol-[tn = <- x 100 = 32_,vo
[cndi]n6 25.1 lur nv' o"'"t n.i.l1'1'1'tu;[6')'i1,itt c0.006 lu,lreuu '!o)fldgnlt

,>orr '0q
:.ovt Fodrdfiorqt-L'nuruifrirt iirvlrnioii"r,ol 'oc = sz:o it
tonri nd zs.z yi06 otk 32 !flrro'rqfrlu"unir6fiinir6in :t looaarud'r1#d'ar oi-az
a t :vt t.ra riiuio rq riluiloirFYlselloir -lz i or.uil,.r:":i o o "tr- ,lt-i dc alutro tn^q
P:s!flr] 1:10
b) alnlnfi [ioninn']5Ml5"i6tros{oaria:-a_lz 6aa1nrnlo

CHEMICAL
BONDING

loo coRE coNcEPTS l: 65
w.usr [an: ttara uu:6doo fah!
Wus:[ar:
IrMrirulr4i.iuirrv_i1îrt,l1ooE1r"rodr"sl",tn:r:oulrl"6t5'fl:ou.l!,"r
ri{riL^::6:oofii"LnFaaiooi,dnniEur.lu. si lUdlr 66nntoultuo' ugr^lr:n
roFouv-tr 'loroolSr.:l 16 ,iuerrnerrrr o{dvr M. lE nt a ouu ror ru'r-urfltr'rqt riuu
avoorlrovnoufidorn' r.rt6t6nmrouoar ..atLifi ovnor.loiou nir ir5'o:or"
"
11fl 0V00!n.ifl l0:l lnn!vn0GnFl:0r.J?iu0na000r triolin:tlaontnY 2a660 o,oo!
lo rlavcrcnniutfl uloooutnniiaitnuavfi tlrot6aas dr!6t6no:ouia:cfi ondi

oo-L1nudur. !nFouifl dy-rr.i r,'orlevv u'ryrlrdq.iror,,r-iUrv!eudoloaar.
u'rnrofl ar=viruaralidroriu
I t
I
I *
*Y*Y{iYlY'l
*
a a II *
A.AA.
IYIY'YIII + +
a!Snosauaas:iiUsQaun:dnQo
a:oauuaohn:n'arl6orJu llda:a:nauJ:da'a8ddn6sauAas:
ilrn:uaua.lftia:a:oaufa11:
uJunq'uriaufax. aanu'tEJlnaounlnnlnnnaurah:
rihiirirsriulaiiaunrr
!
auutuoDlah:
iLFro:au6a:v (free electrons) ij1!ru,r1n { iit! o'tirl a''l lru'ladr6 o l fiu aru:tr
)
raSaufrLifir,i.riiau1av"rilrrvqlrfl avviqoarri6rir'r1 o-rrioirJd
. lavriat!tvfiur 6[i]1o" r:.t6tqotooiutrt{luu--t6ioo,-evirr "r.J::lvrnlu

i'lro6satotlavv" riu "d:rnalto16rSnn:ou6a:r' fi louaourvalal {LLri
Irvrvt I ..! ?.uL.vr,1Lt'.r: : iiu":"Ievsil:rr'1' ''

. duluiould6 tr,'r"iit6nor:a!6a:cttluo-rnretn"ra-rrruaai drqlur'rqi6r
66nn:orEa::6rriva'.rrrulaiq l i rr!r uattr:66n0,-audrrL6ofl riina-rlnr

a.rorr! ri{firii ! tvt',ra-l.!runr r:L ioul66frriirfrau1av v
. rh1dir166.froi1 :,;',1ouie,u61 . r'.'F,uitin riol ,ro .."r''
aurx.r'll,li,l6ain't'urir'i6'nti:lr,rirr z 10101 1u6'ulartiu

66 13 CHEMEASY
a:iautlai1i6 !r'vEr;r ore!;cryia rlrncrrFu..e!nût.t"ll IJo.ln .r[d
i4arudl{rd{i1! lird1! visibte t ght
nqunlrnuwaD0lu
arl"6nr:iT lrlfl rua: nr:acf ou!awo.ilaryaB!r tt6'lire rqufi urtxn-r.rru rrl
nnriuuau:odagrtr1rtfii1rl1 fi os;1rnou 6a
o'htal drnaoiild,ainos.u
orbta iDaoiisfmsauo! + 3s 3pL

Si 2 osno! Cu 2 OctA! 5 2 a:aarr
n:rlrilljrirnr_u I rlii.irorDniu 3d
L
]Lnnn irdaLrhacun'u
3s _.e 3pL lpa
LLJOOTOaUOTTS]InU S:OU
5110 a:rotl Cu 10 olaorl
wairoridau#arnluii i:a{
lna.niu na_Tnrnus:duwairDiu
6n'l as I.
LLnuuu:ilur;rinosaut
60nir (ondu.t on Eai,i. cB 3PI 3d I
muaD (riraudaL:mscu.q)
6Lnjr V.bn.e Ban4 vB 3o
-tr.
LLOarOaui-tutruu rnatEtruftu
Mc ftl]alia! si 6luarra! cu d1trasra!
rouwan,) ruirlh.!iu CB CB
rfi
#
I 3p
rI VB
VB
al"arBauonrtro-rotir{1/gt.r !i{uao.!6!6noioulxrooatfiatanaoto.ilaru
VB
frrir orqfi.rlalll uavmoolarr oerdrlnirudu qr.r:.ruria:rdo.i![aoiiso-ur{.i.ilu

toraoiiy"auonaofffiSrSno:auad rm:ooiiyr-atndr6orruioljuhli.rtrifiirFnnral
orduoq (ovoarLFio-rorLlu-u.iirtuair,lucroiu{r)

iJariDs:hir vB riu cB ula0300u1l0.ilt0.iltt.i:.1'loul'Dtal.I1l1lnil]'Illt'1fl tlnnsouo0lrivra0:!fla

10.i0lto,t!14lt0u1 fl1J1,lf0sfrolJ u9liEl.l:vou1,lal{1uql.inulafll.lou 6lun?u
. 0'rnd6 (h6, Lioi
durulvr'W]ndo!Muo:rh tlo Mq tl.uullll: n0!oltdEBa:ltdr I\,19 vrivlro _r4L.!41'!a3ea!- lv01
ra-r1 ru!ur 3s-o,b,rdl ilrioql "virAru:rei ",riuir, /[l3tlv.furflurdul
.l5nosau1u vB n:JdlLrog
lu cB ldDt rwsr.daurnu
n.U 6oriu) uoiav:vdurcfi via-{o',r1n"dr6uo6'ru',n orlor:tLudrrrioluaudr.rru
. elsnDcr.Llr lirlah, aco (duulJrqrruulaMqsnl
ldsuwa:DD'runs,dunm
nluofliau a6nosaLrlLJ ,ll5vl?rdlLLlll{l1r rLl'lvl'ltolludLdnotauolold'll] r)fl .fl ndu Lnat rtda)t
vB 6,rn,Jutla9lu cB ld
. ^lifllv^rioanl$UiLl,lila (narlFrr'l oirlLn;inLMLnd:o rnu- xrlu r:.1tflfl rn rn
nurulwvir (ola6,) i
-Md!n lnro! rO)iUC rl:Lrr lqUL!)'l"AnFt''lUMnY[6AAUvlOL aU l[t11{ rOAilllu
o5nosoulu vB dulLlaqlu
616re:aul-n valen, " bard fiqnr:t{i"d:trfittrurrrar.rlln{rlriuroqll
.B lulo- iJluLiiwdr
, ondu.r,or oa,lo'lo'uiL rnr!. o:ngro,,riu,,lou"1rtio,ri oard qap fi
""Fr1rM5ilLL:r"ar-lun: vlt1]uolutl111,!t?10! rn!,ul.r r11.r M0ilroi 1ldlnl
U6uudBuotriuohun"rulWviruaofar:ciro1
Iav; rirnrrrldrlvrrub'{rlr (@ = 1 mm': .rr! 1 lir;r)
Au Gq) 9.5 0
o.i[oi (Cu) M()
ro.id1 (Au) 13l o
ouqirirxr Al) '5!O
$r5n (Fe) J,8O
[1.]afrf,r (Pt) t3.2Q
al5n1Ldvr[ll1t rtLn. rlL'nLt n.iNvallMqll9olnlEtlL9!L

Si & band qdo
ra"r'r1ulr!rtan!du n!1uiol Si 6r t: rirb{fl116' (ollar lr:atua r:ri'r'hltfu
'Li'lur r:an retora r:6rr-rri' oniirr'1drizuu-rarirut:eutezuatog1,!
m icroprocessor chip iuln rtr:n olilo oi) airuorq olavrri oou11l't fll -no!
itrr oar d 9"p in;' D'1 J16rutatrLL v.le'}e band tlllre1115nt!t1lc

conduct on band ldmu tuiavqrn:vq'uoirara_.t.tru6orr:t
dryiunr:arriouua.rr{llrirs,tta.flavcfu tinoin6t6nq:o !un!

velen, e b"no ar!rrfloonfuniuuaruaravrlouniuu t{ r'rtttld'untvnri,
hFr.i rL .rr-r-!.0!tdr1 rLdnror"nqrd rr,rir r tr,lt.A'rtru:iro'iarsu vio4o
6'ldu-ii6u t!.1rdn r.i1!o:tfi"inr t u rqFu aoo /00 n'n r"1Frlijlrfta-ti rL

.rir ffi4or: ' hcllr1 ir*alira"t.1.J6{ois tu iavfiitE"qroru i6'r1u
uorna-rr rrdro"5u1dro6 (absorb) .revivdYl"ol.ttronr' rle_err') rl-'tr-'l r

68 l! cxrurasv 5
:i,lr:-ulavcu'r.itiofi iilsrorslunirlavcEul triu rorrir noruo.: 6
nia.r:.rl''nr_:-a'rr:rluT :aliouletu' rtrrqFuu rro:hJ (u :dvot,"r

Ltr.r6vr6nalrn6rEaniouh f orbitat l1rf lfinaieo.!uo.ir{]1r6vB anrnn1:n"o
6r6nsr:ouuur 3d'o 4s' li'rtfii aoll.i a-ll'ru:rrir z ooiifradurirrnrrl
u1':oauua.iaalt1100)
lua,r"quf ru""nv..i.i,-o-',f1 "1' lr"4Fuolldyriur",rL.,,

,.0Ll1,ld Vl0nl)')0-1.ILCAIJ.ve0lt'ie !-ar Ut r. r,n .&L.tUn,1,r..t
irsfur..inlnr..*i
aaLo)MnL I hcrmi h.Jiari.nl rup !n
1An.il1lnaufi r! !!a300:.16n f a3.tMu0fl 0[anoSaunn! llrotfl 11ann1!a.i Ii:

c'L r)tFl rur ;lri r;rr r rL.uri^!, riu'aui' irrared o I I rld loryt"'rttuirn r:
- J -,,!
..0r.1?!!.UtLnr tffr[o aluyn !rlL tu 500 C riu0Llr] lor,:.if rr"ll.ruLL"rlal
7@ 66 500 116 IO !o.iana:r,1o.i!!6.ifr .ilr"nG0rararnsa".,rinorniu!lrdrludio ivli'1i! filfl r:"tr
8onc, ua, onduuoor-rs

axiouueoiufar:ulDduo
Suoolar:Soufi arurn0cirq
quranfr ('c) a 51n0lorIafirio!
500 700 6 *n.r rrir 'lrir!c.i uarr r nu"r
700 900 [orax'].1i1.ri1 ifr!ai'r.i
900-1100 alr a! 1,i nl] n.! [14a 0.i6']'t.l
11oo iiut! tl!a0ta0Lntit.iLra!a1 r!61in
nlslfrow-usrfRlJlaud
ar:tioflsglnnrau6orriol6rdoo:oauriiair.rrt'urcriuuru riraaiOfialonaorii
66nq:ouo!lurdaurntrn'u1!.r-cu:diioa!oarsyir.iu:r6.rqoailu:rla'n1oo,,u:.:
6.roomornrJ:sournralirra6fl aiud::oatra.irlraudirEnqrrouil{irlrru
riTurr:raa"n66air:rHa-nfiriprdu:r14rlrl:yrurnto.rflrmFBan'{aot,rfioacotorl
qfiafrrriuovn'uotl rln'u1u:cucfirulrva! fla-.itru6'ntilra.ia:Farrrrao.iacfirjro'.r
iqn (radu:) 6orfi oudt:surdll :vorfi ird66onrrls.trralnfu ylnr:rnudfuto.r

100 coRE coNcEPrs ll 69
HaiJrudni (kJlmol)
a 321
4
t 1
nrslLJ6ru[!anw5oD]ulu
I
nrsLiolurana[nL]laU6
s:a:dNs:hinalrodaa (pm)
;rlurr nr:uti5r6no:auisvi'r{ 2 osoorno.!o'rqt0ot6orri'u n;iuron

ta ri"F' s'ror".: u fi'uor lt ", iduf :cvi r r 2 dr s'orlJ.r' iu r"llirio fiuoc
la[']talqut t'l (14'rd14Lb: ln.1.dlJFlLyl tI\l rLL'l rtl.tt0ra'6')'oLvt't1ltvutl"u
(equat sharlnq of etectron)
urivrarf,l rilo{ar,raud:rrair.r z orqdfiri'r EN d1.!n'u niiuvrlan

616am:ouqjiuniuorrvrodaudoqlndornorfi fi rlr rn rrnrir rirlfi r6oanrrrirdu
l-
Ior,roorfi n rtN dri{ri6nrx'i)n! "[o:.ina:ootvitltien rn"ttrn tiot
,iurr",-.d, .n, efir':"rti5,61rtar1-1ri!nrofl15 'ureqLat
'rr'uurlo,",urdfiri't
sharinq ot etectron) ltu ll-Cl vi0 U=L=O
'' sr..dvsfia ! 10<1i r11iuo:1".lloueildil L rnLl ila rfi0oi1 lui.l

,)UuLUl rrt:i.;1e'ioL.i!er"i)!.il,1dqlulno"J 6ro ') l ril ' A.5no)oul
sUruun'rs1845fl osouSf, uniu

tt{ 61q 3rJuutnr:utiir6nnrou fluuuilt$arorfrriulf
H u.9t5 e u1r0utl1u.l0t'ltuu! H
utie2d!loolttin'u
2 B.l Be
H [a3nifl1rt] / r1l l1l1l
E
[ti e3 6'1
( [!i e 4 fr') ,c >c= =c= -c=

4
S]
uti e4 n-x -si-
I

70 lE cHTMEASY
N [n5 e 3 0]t
l- ,'l- ,'= -'.-,1- "1,
urie3u;a5frr
t- -'o- )P-
I
I
)p= -p=
o uti e2 or"r A ;o: "o'.
5
:, SE rtie2,4n;o6dr
I u!, e L fl! F
CL, BT, urie1,3r3o5ri'r ,il- I >cr<
Kr u!: e2i1 n! F rlr 't1t1l Kt

t uti e 2, 4, 6 r5o 8 d'2
- ,! -Xe- )i< xe -Xe
tu0[ntnuFMiaorr]rru
araqr:'r.roso'rrnorfiunr:-rrti6rinorelrfioairlu-urrrfialfiayoarga.iri'.:ror
n:laanto'n (avirirurrdur,iurrtyilriu"ru:15r6no:ar:fir_o) iya'nnr:Liaud.rd
. nrqv{ 7 utas H rioair.rniurvr6urriu.rfi!o:16orrlitlSruanqora{rra-ra

!ar0
. ar0l Be [au B os'l n:!oaaror rr:rgir.:rauri6rFr;]:olrfiol 2 rng 3 ot":
orrdror"':r
. nlqnr! 3, 4, 5,... n:air.rrirocor!rliiuru6rSio:oufir-oag urliorrriiofiuo:

it1.rm! a an tl,ryt to nu 0 e n0!:0ul,t.iytLtna EN ai
o ,r,ntrtb.i oror.Fh.1d..tirit.t:ouuiu.:r;rr"..rru:d,tryrnto" r."cryiu.li

.!Li.l.lL1. _6.;f0.i.11'l,a,oor ,.one od. p.e, .o-- yl. .]rsho..o
a'rya"nr.niqao:uaotfilar:r6oriuo:1nr:ralduwlaoaiiiruo6.r.icna'rlllJr'ilio
ooLll
am6irfnFur6'orrioda:lairrfura1aro.r BCLr , c!t2ct2 , cLFr [ai cs, n!

ulu00!0n1.1

100 coRE CoNCEPTS l! 71
BCtr
ori0utln 0?ra!na1.t
La6nl{u!! .. .tr I
L.
,t],
I
+) :cl:
F ltxNrolJrullli,ai..B..ai,
.,0. -.!r..
CH,CI,
,f-
I I
:cl- :.cl- >q< H' C =[=
I
cl rct:
I
q ,c, :cl..c. .H
. tlmfm 'H
H
-_.
CLF]
F_ ,tl,- >l.t<
I
F ,F,
I
:cl-F .!L"L'
't'
I
CS,
i..
_s. ,s. -_s\ -.s. I
L >c
l tl
-t" + S<
I I
S =C=S r!I.lLllurnrr. -
u-a Liauao.rdnu'r:! *!unr: t6ot{usvrorluta na,ra*rrr tio ndoro l

r !-
. )1hrnr_rl In.rtdL614-)t Ltn aL ) ]i a'lbtutull".ltl [o !1'p -l0u l0l0llu {ilM)r
arnlmr riLLacda aautu:voilrligauia ru

72 l! cHEMEAsy
. 1 LanaE166a5: "fiorrnrrsrr.firrrtio^6rrrairrrir-,:rInL,.ardir.:.iuhLana
0l?0u't.itt1l
H.(hydro€en gas) HH O, (oxyBen ga) o=o

N, (nitrogen gas) 1., N !a,
F, (fluorlne F-F
CL, (.htorine gas) cr-ct Br, (bromine) Br-Br
l, (iod ne) s" (suln,r q!l.h,,r) :zs.s
03 (ozone)
o\O Pa(white phosohoru,
o/.-
6rr!.ltEnouI6!?[a1rriu!!hralaorq{ rio!]flnrq 2 Tiqaiririuovirnrilu

r .,
hrtana Ivr".i!!!tt orrtouunlirfiu.igr"rr6d: tt'asLr1]lrasoa narur'rfn'i1 1 6'1 16rf
....-
orqfr f, rrrarri616nn:aurrnfr aoxt-nrthoymo!fl 6r.i ni:6!n6oiirrtJudo.ifi rl.i
uonii"r!tlosoorro.!udassro lotldairirurirqlohd
1 = mono, 2 = di, 3 = tri. 4 = tetra, 5 = penta, 6 = hexa, 7 =
lirirdrrdurjryrirdoororfi ouonl'rr':u (urrnYriorororLr6or6hirioruea)

ri'rotirrlo:rair.r6r6aro.rL rarlara:6oar:Io nraudrl:: rardlu:conxr-o g!
rlara tduri
FIF (rydroqen fluorlde) l-lCt (hydro!en chtoride) HBr (hydro€en brom de)
r..I H_F H.'Clr H-Ct il..Elr: H Br
BeCt, (beryll urn chtoride) 8F3 (boron triftuoride) BHr (bora'r€,
Cl Be al o
T
I E.
H-B-H
:iL .Fe. .rl
I -ts o,-oo t-
CHa imethane) CCla(carbontetrachtoride) CO,(carbondioxide)
r9
,- ri'-" €,l
:
:41..C..(:
at:
ct
l
,{C (J "*l' !,ao

loo coRE coNcEPTs 13 73
C,H. (ethytene) CrH, (acethylene) SlCla (siLicon tetrach(oride)
ct
H .H H\ ./l I -..4::c..'l
,*j' \r
I
.a:: C:.H Ll.. >r..r-l:
H' H.2 "an H-C=C-H
:atr CI
NH1(azane, ammonia) N,Ha (hydraz ne) N,H, (diazene)
-lH
N
oT F..N.N..F tl.'1,,t']..1 S":*
H
PCtr hhosphorus trichtoride) PH3 (phosphane, phosphine) Pro5 (P,os, phosphorus pentoxld€)
r''i"t P..L: .r rY t0.

Q-9
"*i \r
t
H.. P.
cl
"--;ll a9.
P.Or (PaO.. phosphorls trlord-") H.O (water, oxidane) H,O, hydrosenperoxide)
S-"fo'gp tr..o..o'.H /\
H,S (hydroqensutfide) H:Sc (hydrogen selenlde) 5Ct Gulfur dichtorde)
*i ss t -:) .,)
H
SCt. (sutfLrr tetra.hlorlde) SF. (sulfur hexafluorde) CtrO (dl.hiorlne nronoxide)
A
fac 3 "r'lc
/\
CI
C t'Ot (di.h lorine hexox de) Ctror (d chlorine heptox de) ClOi (chLorine dioxde)
r)
cl
'o ct\
o
I 3fl
o o
"--;f'd.\="

74 l! cHEMEAsY -1
CtF (chtorine rnonofluoride) ErFr (bromine trifluoride) lF5 (iodine pentafluoride)
e
at F
oo o
o Y
F? (lodine heptaftuoride) KrF, (krypton dlfluoride) xeFa (xeno1 tetraftuorlde)
XeF. (xenon
.-i\'
hexafluoride)
Bl-
XeO, (xenon dloxide)
I ,*.: 14
XeOa (xencn tetrox de)
A o
'-J"0. o-il
I
=o
"r4t"Q
o o
e.Uahunj
r rI.r:rai rll.aqao"r. I r.,tcr.u,.o "6r.:. o rer.".1, a.do. .r.r
{-}
r
rrnuainosourjtoortio: =
riaurdufilovdrodryd'auoiutll 3 i6 :yu wedge dash notauon
*ir".riioonornns,or, = \ - urLL --3 nr..'r.1
-
l1,10tv_ ltlLtltt ll, riqlt.L t,rh.lulrl it9
w.us:riauaoions:ot = qn+'' rorfu rnaoirl r:lunr:rtauoi,lnrirro6lrolfio-r:tl
:otu
I
J
ttn
,{ 't
nr6aru _]
wedge-dash notation a{dnsrnu
n'lniUar:tiuu wed!e dash notation r:rldrduor:rrr:: oiluna:rtuur'uoyfi

tfr on-!oeno iodlu:cu'rln:yoru ldrd'uyt'uyu r (wectqe) rtaulilouiodruiia
n:voru (dL{rvrdr) unrldrdxl[:r.ir ({jash) [{uu11-lrEyfiotilda:snrv ({oanlrnflr)

rnJof, onrrrulrort.r : i6

100 coRE coNcEPTs lx 75
drucu ncrugrJ ua;wa-ootuvlusr lRrctautl
druruw.us=[Rorauci
nr:iudrr.nur-urslnrrlaud lullrarprfurirldlnaiiu,l'ruaravnolrfivrnll,tbtana
rudrardrr t rriu o"rodr$ugr.J
acetic acid
H
H H
[ular]arlso oBdn
uouluLiuuloilou 1la.
ammonium nitrate
lunsnloo,ru
CHrCooH !rina!6'r! 8 oc,,ra! 6agfi z vr'utr frridar:riflun:aifrttlu

ar:-rl:cnotliaaainr.ra!li!arr'lnrrraud rrlu NlnNo, rJ:vnolrirr 9 ocrou udi
viluo{nnraurjlrrio.: z ll'uo! !r!'rs (NH.')60n-1r (No. ) drornrvtoooin tr-r6niu
ronrvfiroulorrraudioqtuuoiavloooutrirrir
e"n,ir.1rniafr u_ln: :ri rrf u " ri o .'' u rLrir.'t'lr"h.e .cu: d. tt r'.fr lr l

ii'ru:urltlo hln:.rair.ro"raaim 6'rotlr':rdr
luraoauu8ulla. uwn'reu
io 9l,
Eeizerre, CGH6 n4ttthatene, Cr#s
!u!6! (c6HJ fi 12 oroorluLtaqa orrin6[d?6':tnrf i'']llrud1lie 12 - 1
= 1t viuos roluln:rair.iir.tf,o t rr i.rdor +1 ttl tz nilov

uu v'r6u (c,"H") i ta atoorlulltaqa nrutlnfiudrnr:rsidrurlriut:
18 - 1 = 17 lihou un'luloi{air.ifi io 2 1.l 6{6'0.l +z tih t9 liutv

76 l! cHEMEAsY
n )1uu-1f,wus:lta:waDD-tuwus:
CE F:rLr!rrzo.$r-unarsv'ir.!osno!rivi.it 6orvtr!isv'il.iioal!dnal.ilo.iocuaur]ild
- - -!
0!;tnot0l.J5Lrfr1l !vanh!s LrFr0 !.rfl !ncar'rif n:ug.irtl.i!ar rllu
CO vil.n: r:,v. :a.-0'd! C , r rlir..r!1urlir.r: C-C . C:C . C=C
GC
a- lu1rusfiaiuurtloifrr]os C-C > C=C > C=C
e. hn:nidrtlurilocr;i.rrryiounl nlrr!!{i!$.ilalr"1rny H-ct

ria.mrnnrr]urxfliutifl ar H-ct < H-Br
> H-Br
r a-lr rulitrtg tflrriT ra".:r r uffldlua r:aa r all"ro"lo nr6 yy:'r.ro:sra!

r.rqir
dufil
vir"lult trAtiu.ioouo,r:'vir1 ai r{L-:lor,r.cud'u ir:e 'n;ll r.:oi
16.xiLda rl'.. irlt,i r."r, ufir"-elr-n td Llo.r;11 ui'.!;ut.u r.tll iri,
oi r.ldlooa rd,o'r",r: qatilt u,ti.l.in,r rt vriu:r ,.Fu. .r .
'r ,,r: uL;rfrLr{r
nrLr a-i.iluoonllrioair.ia-uo!1Mrl (tflwiiau) Flifla-i.irlrtaiu6viyliil.rios0to!Fi
ri'N1 uao.fllor:r.r
waiDD ruw:usduhlif, a kJlmol

1'!lJaV 1rAiir11l lr1ti 3 114.!r'rxl 11L15U flAi.iLl unY 116.i.il1J 1'rlJ!3 114.!.t',tu
H_H 436 C_C 348 N=N 945 o-o 145 158
H-O 463 6t4 N_N r70 O=o 498 ct-ct 243
H_F 568 839 N_H 391 C=O 804 Br-Br 193
H_Ct 432 C-H 4t3 C_N 308 c-ct 33A

-l 151
H
-Br 366 615 C-F 488 C-Br 288
H_ 294 C=N 890 L-O 360 C 216
nf rualf,lius:luhLiru pm
F',)',]ltU',n lrLi: Fnt!arll Y11t0s n')1u8'l'l 1t1n3 fnluat'tt 111.t6ir ft1'tLlu tt
H_H 74 c-c t54 N=N 110 o-o 148 r42
H-O 91 L34 N_N 140 O=o 727 CI_CI 199
H_F 108 120 N_H 101 C=O 122 Br-8" 224
H-Cl 128 C_H 108 C_N t47 c-ct 177 t-l 261
H-BI 14r 130 C-F 148 C-Br t94
H-l 160 116 c-o t43 c- 2r0

100 coRE coNcEPrs l: 77
of,oerDn 28.1 E ri'rl. rlr.riulLillFLL-l. ix( lltiit C-r0+3O2-+ 2CO - 2H-O
uuf,rxl yia-.!.iruildiuf rr6aiuliuocroiarr6'rq'! fi o (C=C) + 4(C-H) + 3(O=O)
= 614 + 4(413) + 3(498) = 3760 kl
h;1r rr.}-n uerondoliad |ifl;er'ruci Fo 4( =o) , 4(o r)

= 4(804)+ 4(463) = 5068 kJ
-J :
o_riL rid.A l rl C'14;1LTr 1 ll]a ncnlu dl{' uoon!1 1068 - a/oo . I J08 U
trndilnd za.r,rrjutn t$tt i.torr iiir s,1' f,lq, 1ji uunlu, r,rlr.ri.v-r. r,r
a) c,l2 + 2ca,+fia
+ 25A,
b) CHPH + 1.5O, , CO, + 2HrO
1)iruxtu11i.i.60 fl" LJ&.nr r{LDyfi! dc rh reufriridi '

.vqi'lL
- r- - .i J i ,r.i
iuLv:- [:rnxLrfi tL)tuyru1r1flJlvuoLul.[x]111 2 tlt.lltfl r) F r0 )0t tFal!!
o:a€jlDi 2S.2 .1drL.nr 6,-.i ! lLfrriJtul.Lil r r? a ll ii:r CH"+C. --+ (H.-. I HCt
fiutrio n6'.!r1!fl161!n1i6aiE]fiir!tro.id'r5d{6!6o (c H) + = 413 + 243 = 656 k)

(ct-ct)
ra".ij1!fralfloondofioalrir6qn'rld6o (c-c0 + (H-co = 330 + 432 = 162|J
drrlu rior'lui t l, n"r)u 1xla nyF'ttfldll uoo'x1 762 o5o - 106.J
_i_
lcn8[]nn 28.2 trt'Lrtu1lai1 rLxalll'rtrla0ltlr.rloutttle:rcl1.u ILLM!'] l" lr.l'l
a) C1H. + Br, ", CaH6Br,
b) CaHs + HrO ", C4H,OH
tontiilnii zg.: liFurairfiirorrtrtr-nltiutc'lullralaoial d

a) r-lsc:gvirr s d1r o'l! So, sor'z ttae SoCl,
b) fiuslicxi1.i c ri! oh co co? co3'? !!43 cHpH

78 l! CHEMEA5Y sr ies l
lnoo56ruo lnrcraud UstoVo5uja

rr a : [a s od s-ro r s [Urr u uf
Wus:lnooSdruolnr)raucr (coordinate CoValent)
rrilo:1,oaifi,urlcrr.augi ii'lrut.yfiot.rir"lc.6ur srri.ricrri i'r":r,6t l iu
:N=N: *O: tiorrn 2 6r6nououaorupincocoorr,r'{dirtlfiu Iririuoclnooi6r!olnnrarg{riio
:N=N--O: n1n0t6n05au 2 0t)v]l.]lntn0y0lDtl,lLr t.drL{rtvdnayod!1,1LrL,ll5. nu
o"roe^trtir llre4ator t't, i-
:.rti5,F'o:alrir-rirriul:a r f tir,oaro:oor,i
w:u$ ln006tuuo lnttrlaUd 6rdnq ),rLF)ua.nlfl] fi o :tt='{: lquu0ialoroor.i rnr6o,l#no,:oun'loo16orot
.onv i'rJnrqrui.1,'eo.3nfl)dL 2 0J tilr btor u dtid'ru auoortol N ic..ti
0hnalol.nlccllou Jll4fl t O rtdl nv.not!1.Jt!.nnd N.O
lrr.6rriurur.la ui rinr;.rt',.ir;rr+;,tr.an.uio1o.olfiir'uoe
lqroiFu.r'le.lrar.si 6duqhil rul.,SurirLrale',rarrl.rirr"ri'ar.i.r-Ior:.!aitr
l.lro (d.itr.ge. monoxde, _ tous orile,,itii'1r1 rr NOz {nitrogen dioxide)
rirr=rri, cj ,ru=r cjr

N
o
NP3 (dinitrogen trioxide) NrOa (dinitrosen tetroxide) !
- -/o o\
,,o -o 't .,o
o)-*y o
N.
o- NN _o ,l ..o
NP, (dinitrogen pentoxde) 03 (ozone)
oooo
tri
:N-
-lt. -N. -J,i . -ii.
o.'o\ooo.o oo'\o l
SO, (sutfur dioxide) Sq (sutfur trioxide)
o o
,,-3,\o I
o
O--s._\O l
CO (cabonrnonoxide) H3O* (hydronium ion)
/L
C: o.. C: o! H?'\,. H'fo'-H.

100 coRE coNcEPrs l! ?9
NHa'(ammon um ion) BHTNH3 (ammonia borane, borazane)

H. H' ll
'?ii-,. ,-i1-"
t
"?-' *?-'
BeCt,(beryltium chloride) AICL3 (a(um nium chtorlde)
'.b' :b"
i"x1
:iri
{ -,!., P,.
lgl Pt' .Pt: "-1{}i/ \/ \o
.:
lutanahUs:noud)uslou1nnf, 1 2 ljuo
.io.i 1{ ..ioh1E: lfi d0id!!fl [.,l,.LrLa ) 0 0I .ilL')llLl.Jln) ld1_,tr"ldrdv
.l
ltl,tduc'ttrD ntlr'tl 2 tl"o tttttl)l!i_n6!'!Lnr. lJrlnr_t tliu
. ttath.al.,rirwtruo rqfrirt.euri6r6no:oul'ti4e
olo otnn'
. hhtaqanr-qooft sstroutai H rYnlcairlfiuogt6u!ri! o
. ndra:qo!frril.tooo1.r6lu llYnnt ia nvoLv, uslolrtl.l ru 1,r01!'M 0q Y0ro0,
.' .!o:, o;dlfl rr1ooor"u] I trr 1u.' i'r-'o{ioEoerr na1.! viohiintodi

a:61nr91ror FN a'l
iin.irua u r: nirurlelr nd Jat !lF'i!di ttr !a'!dr\rial i

6"ratirda:mtr{lra4adrJ::noudroorq : tio
CHro (formatdehyde) CNrOH (methanot) C,H5OH (ethanol)
o H
\.r
H-}l
lt
n- 9-n- n
'?"f']6'
cct,o (phosgene) NCIO (nitrosyl chtoride) PoctrFhosphory( chioride)
o
o lt
I
c /N o-/"-",
C - -cr ct cl
SoCt, (thionyl chtorlde) so:Cl, (sufuryl chLoride) XeOF+ (xenon oxrtetraFLuoride)
lt o
lt
o
"r=o o-l=o ,/f,i,

v
ct ct

80 l: cHEMEAsy
n"rotirrta:rir{rm4an:ndt1
HrCOr (carbon c acid) HNOl (nitrlc a.ld) HNO, (nitrous acid)
o o
lr - ,,-
(:
l
-N 'o H -N. -ll
-n H
o
.'.'
H,SOa (sutfurc acid) H,SOr (sutfurour acid) llrS:O3 (thic,sulfuri. acid)
o
I
I
H. H--
o
H,PO.(phclp-lor.acdl H.PO1{phosphorous a.dJ F,,A!O. (rrs,rn c ac d)
o
I
H.,-i-"-- H
lt
pci 4 ll- - .,-t1
HC(04 (perchtoric acid) HC[O3 (chtoric acid) HCtO, (chlorous a.ld)

o
I
o -ct .- ..
!
o -C' -.H --,-.H
,.H Cl
'o'
(l
. --.i
-.,
,l
HCtO (hypcchlorous) HCN (hydrosen cyanide) HOCN (cyanic acid)
0 q0
ei'u H
-C=N H--o\'cs
H
HNCO (isocyanic acid) HCNO (fu(minic acid) HSCN (thlocyan c a.id)
n H-C=Nt- O
'C\-o n-ci'r.r o S \,.

H' H'' C
\x
H-C:N- O
HCOOH (fornlc a.id) CHTCOOH (acetic acid) HrCrOa (oxallc acid)

o
I
H-c-c \o-- u
H
a4
))-- . 'o- H
H
--o--' H
H- T'
HH o 'jl
H,XeOa ken c a.id) H,S,Or (disulfLrr. acid /oleum) HrCrOd (chrcmic acid)
OO o
I I
t+-o-Ie-^/H It- H
Ro-9' -/H
ll
pod
4 o
O..l.j

100 coRE coNcEPTs lu 81
d'rotir.rln:iairdaoollcirn1 (poLyatomic ion)

5o4'z (sutphate ion) co. (carbonate ion) No3 (nitrate on)
o o o
-o'il \ o,.N. -o-
o
. itriodide ion) Nr (azide ion) CN (cyan de ion)
: N=Nl"'.N: C=N-
:N=N N:
uNtrmlir'!scllaaiirurlnrzraui
lau N laooiiru r, c
rl'::rauoriio:narnarr
saN (thlocyanate ion) CLOa (perchtorate ion) l,lnoo (permanganat-^ on)
o o
S-C=N o 'tt
ll
,ct
o- o )tn-o
o o
lnsua5ros[dtruu6 (Resonance Structures)

o:s.o o.s::o
r:,rlrruud ri,.r nt rfi i.Fr r: ouEi tlrir.r:l 1vi r re6our*lr.r- 1u tr-ra1a1d
o0r '- - '

r0alv :.rnrno!i[)tuM!1]ufi 116!qMnonufl uirtt6r,tttrFot t'"hiell :n
oos'-o o.'s-o .ir r-1^:rei,r6r6a1dr.,t i t ..trr o-rutj ttrjl1rLtcla 50 6rt,lr';ul1dvl iJ
6rnr:rioltno:lnooi6tunlntrra!d1 [dr nr:lnaoi6llerorttfi ol6du o
a voardr oviotrr itd loariusc vrjia oln vi nrrr.tugt nrh uGa'lnrrIuiltt:lual
o"O o-"--o
!
orruorr usinrnrr:o:rtltn:rs{rui"rli'utvM'iaol inrrtLuvfiaun'r.r iririfrolrir't
, 1ir.o -rirrir.r.es lrrloi v' 1i'r ,drrutrr tnn r:n"rrlt..t-uri 6rrirtlfe, rr

vlru mroln;jruron6#ao:auwirtfiE:rfrurstaa'ifii6'lfinrrataiullrnn'jrur-rtr
o,---s\o l0tluuvun
O:S-O
.s- _s_
Resonance 1ululana 5o.
O al--o o -L
-SS >O
o-"-o

82 lg CHEMEASY i-.
a.narlal.cvl1ly.nnftuD:Ft{i.nadLyLllL 511,J1l 2tLSyLltrlMr6!aL
i rtr"ov:: vr ,r ''r, o #raordu:rii- 1u1triur: .it :..ey1r1tnlr"o: ri rir r r
c !;
rlJl.Jrl!3uin{t:Ml't,it'!1.16!toulua!11!6yn!!!0.t
uonnlirnftrFr6oufilo.!6[5no:ou:yvi'r.rr,,r'uo'yrril rrr:todolirolr]:;a
n'rdlri!raqnii'or{hnrl:huuudnilfiu ri'torir.r6o darrlolaaou
1J o
6"iro
^ ?J*
-o->\=9
?'
ozsr;d
o- o-
o
0 I
o o-
tl
luloaou so,' ?"u-- -o

"-ts6 &-.b'a
Lr.d,.d1i.ion'r.lht,LLrildiorv. rTr"rnleirl,i. ulo'rfiul.i r:.ri.

tltvuTltf,t t1.tu1 ut0ut 1t,t1ut9t1t LoIn
*-riUr.r1ntratr.t:Iw{ri1urea,'!r-cslrdara
No. N,o.
+. o... .,2
N.
- -:o ,r'l
o'b
Nr,-
o..-
o..' o
50, CoHa NO,
H
o o
1
H
o "=T) .c*
tr
C
H
ctol HCOO CO,
o
i
Iol Io 2
_J,
=j
I
"..fo l LH' 'o l Lo

-C

tJs:oWoiJa (Formal Charge)

! .rq- - .. Ur.iLi-,r."e,:,'t.r."r l'...t"ldilti,t"FL"
,-rlLLrnrrir.rfl ulltara,tur-rl'r.r r iolrtail:lichi ili3n^:dT r:r6o
= .r.v{ .' -.r-. ih,.i tit" r I t".l e r-ei rriu :
. lt.nsflir^1lLl-r^dna llr:n1la)!drorr.fl di0i Ftdrt)lnu$i'ltl0!u6-[11'f u u

. l"nuid.tr1uuuul",.rnu,i, r"1noif.t,.,4'otmo:.lulooor" .iorlriluA,
!i
oa r!6tL11inlnl53n{a :t6a0uu1.l
nr:fi ar:urhrEidua4a:iruuulareitn-o:irdu }iqdrht'oo,o1r i

. lat1?;lrii lvirloixid (terlr6iato!sl.i:.\ o ll ltl" 0. l. I ilt!r0u11')_
1'r'ai ifrirJ'::yloife ,tottloievLYoo!,l1 llixr t2- '3 '2. )
. D qtrr1 I \ i!l!.,u?lLrlvntL1llr nflolldtl Ll r0: 9r.rrlerL'l
ri-.iuuart r:rdru n':.''urnrJ:vltoiinlir' drod rrotrJi
ti:otjrori zs r ffilr:u fn: rair rLrnqalr.l clo, tttl! (a)ua![u1] (b) ln:lairl'loi tai u:nruura n'jrn'u
(a) cl (bl CI
:9. 'P"
uutnq n1:v'rrir Fc ll]lnindil.i (a) nr:vrrir pc'hln:rairl (b)
Cl=7-3-2=+2 CL=7-3-4=0
a-6-4-2=A
(rvfiouriurir z ocoo )
-E 2 0Eo0:])
([r- aun!!,l1
lni.iaiir[1.rl.r (b) nc!66urni'] lvrrri FC fier'r uasn'rq ct f"1r o 6ltl 1]61fl11001',]1rfr1
EN qiriid ct611,l riYliF FC +2iri
tond6lnri zg uitr:alln:.iair.tIltalaso! sCN- (thiocvanate lon) ltllu (a) llavttu! (b) illnr'i6i1!10
!iAnu:Rlru1nfl11flu
(a) (b)
t S=C=N 1

84 l! cHEMEASy
a sUirofutana uuw-usr ua=6nrwut5
sUdru[umnalnorau6 (Molecular Shape)

nr:{odrtoru'uoylufunnad! lcrihl orx]uuulr'rao.rurradn:vy.irrri616rsr:ou
lur.rl!ralrd {vsrPn; vatence Shelt Etectron RepuGion modet),lir11i'rion.ri!iEro
nLrro.ineilrlrof AlSnolotrarl ovoolnarlfaerfr ao looiuolrnrruyln;iry:tol
Srif o:a!:o!acoalna.r.!druanldr
enljo 6 anJosluriu
ltnulurananu 6 lluu
a:ruiirfi anldl 6 ar uyulr-r:oen'lo;oolrir.t 5 o:mol mv6rFno:aunloordar t

rl anhl.r L nn66oulu 1 l!r! lounisriiJ!!rlt,l (6nIrI) :ouo:oolnarrrju 'lriu-lr,rr.l
Lrufreirfiu:g4uo:Fro,.i r,.{. tt = urr.r-:..t.ri.t -c: lrufi.ilr";ldn0 ruLit
biliair.rr-usv {qnlJ.rla = utufiro.rlrluir)
H
I
. lrtlala cH4 ioirfi a rLrufiroluiu unud:aarldl6uo.r 4 annico.rlrn-r:-d!
c --n
n*/ a:oo!aarr C osqa 66olqyr'xio:::ranfthrdrd'rE,r!l{
H
F
er.l . h..qaBr- i,rifi 5.,rr" riL yr-rio,'r r-o r,rir.ld r .." r- .r,yr,d .r a. h ru-
o\='
r
..o:;.Fr0)dr.€lor.6uJi r rt r"ltrufucr rbjrvu r,yu6run 1tlr1,r

F
r llmla F, 6oiri r ut! fl1ocfioio'r-1r F ro,rrriuld s u,au uylui':aanlthuor

r/irU ua;6r5nn:ou4loo16o16n 1 rirthuwfi rar'hiuiu *lruo'roani .rla

roo cone concrprs ll 85
grlirrfu rnqslanraliun:1ur'lo;nrurdn vsmn
:11i1{tuIanu lUiri$aqa
dor:or.ro:nol
u1]u 3 !f,
---o-
I 2
(}'lD l) CO, , BeHr
HCN, BeCt,
I 0
Ji.
BHr , SOr ,
cHro , Nor-
o-90 50, , NO,-
I aH4 , XeO4 ,
,l
srct. , so,'
"'3
t 7- {J,S ctor_
'f,. o9.o
Bent (10451
. + o$$
o
o
-F 3;€
c.s
2
+ t)
e,Q
o
o
2
I o]
o
86 l! CHEMEA5Y :.,., l
lrljNI!la,1n r dNfutsna
16:iioi{ il,'
na1(vafl,ir)
+ o
A
,6'
".{.-
tPrcL4l'z
nrsrnoentwu'iluoDWus:tta:anrwujruoo[urana
er,rrr:..otyir.oslr.rrnusiLir. nn.'r-..rr.,r.!tor" ,., .rrr,, r.voou"fiai r
n'uogriu ri{rir6onr:lrirr6Erloinalry on6r6nsr:ourdii,ilos0ra fifiri-r EN 6r

8r9ll0u !ttl. tI.a-.16r ! o nr,-/J-r-1141it? 0 )XL)srldOtiLrll l lo; . 6rnL
- .r-dl Jr.l
., ni,(iruii4uu,t.lrFoir,irl:1s1':n.,-oiitjir"rr,rar .rri.los:,ufir.iunir
"dn ly,iI )ra :lLrrr.n " c.1rltu..id'O er _rfr:)1-16lu)iut.of l
{ tnol s OUr. jr
pl"-:. "u
t;uF)-tx.taa_11o }t.t,d: lto. lJynd- l 1.Jl,tuqLll l llrlrtdf th{ttoill..dnn
an, wu'cuaolurana
(net dipole) lionin
ntSSllJlf,f]loosul
{o} I
riiys.i 2 d'roEjr{avair.r.r:aalJtdir antrri:lo.ril rana 6o (a!!!6rr .i?
"orrir"o:1nriu:llul1r".."ritffiiu:Ui..l1:"r.qafilrar.reoerieytt.uor,.u..:
nnrooidra hruiorduduiva'nfi'ugru'hnr:oi.rLrranafi ,u%uarlriirfi 6o

1oo coRE coNcEPTs l! 8?
. ,L"anhfii, ygr, !{ri.Mi'Ln!!irM:-o y rn ) ) r1rrnnnoiolrji
G
?
o ., oe
c
Linear
pt nsr
"t
Trlgg.lat Tetr.hedr.t Trtonat Octahedrat
bipyrdnidat
suil0lulanaRJlcn16lno.uJlulanaluud]luJoo ritnts6nal0uoDanrw?,f wusr
3'i,
Square
ptanar
' 'Ji
uAlliJ.l !9011€iCn'1tt Jlll:3{svrdllr Lv'llvUlnne.MA_UU.Llll J
-a
.5!l11lhtt'nrtr[y['].toaieJrll(1tIrt1!'rine'l,t1Jtuvl.0nr.uuLt-..1r]e!11
,
orn l!:r t1:ltrtanatualu":.ea
."o,
d
"HLi' $* '1" o 6'
til F- :l:
.O
/ $ N
square
trigonaI see5aw r::h.lP.
bent pyramidal pyramidaI
(qr,!D) -
lla!!rlr!rallJrgtl lJu
(tl!t111!inJut) (i?n) ;'rcnrrruHrr6!,!
n-<rlL'anatu- annserlrlouznrlucor)noosar lwrldoJlu.aTa nlno nlnanlfirf,Lcrwus nxna10r u lo llr{u.
. lurarlafiioroordr.rr6r.itfluorqnua:tio drulvqjr:uiluhraqnirYr rn:r:i

Ionraioulnnfirrn16o6a.n'l'rtt'tltiuo::olotoornarrr:v"r{r.rriutdmota6
srJiro[uranari-i:
ruar)clnc:oJUna lDaslo H
wru6injustclhalod[o H
H
chotromethane dichLoromethane chtoroform fo.matdehyde

88 13 cHEMEAsY
OIOUlDn JU ilhilltulll M U lh'lflu.lnlftt'lhl.b: UA Ydn lrlr't r'to I lrl.dn dfi d lrlU
A) HCI, HF, CIF3
b) PHr, NH3, BH3
uu160
.L
la aJ iFi L\ cr- j1 C q1tL ndlrrar6.ii'0ioLii.our;u:n "avoar H :r rylll L ldl tn"j C.
amrlirfi1]ls H-F > H-ct

F irh EN a.in'jr cl rsi6qi1l6'l'lrimn ndryran6rHaoroulcrsllr6sllrn ct tlflr.r rbjlraijn
yll lrdnrfl!]1ar{!6v Cl-F , H-F < H-Ct
?, 11i.!o{rrcrl.i -. .. FC. -F ;!' "' Li! ,r',-_l1rl r1a , .. I uu-ar0
!- ) - c
Ii on']:fi niir.! n:rra.ilir{116:fr oq(urrm du n:-.r r6ior fluo-l grJ Hnar\rnu
I
F
ria b) rl. EN ro.i N (3.04)> P(2.19)> H (2.20)> B (2.04) o-.iir31,r
neiuyuaa6r6nn:elrcrou6amrn H urynr N ld'urn ri{rifiurr ru-l ianrrri.urndqo

P Ld! H r I N [l alqu rar.l,fl nnlr od].,llrl Jr0l, u,tf'l
'tc
.i!L B u.lr h i,it EN r'.!,iuiouriao 6rrnoan rrdrrft]:: odrrooul
dlriuanuiryr-logro.r N-H > B-H > p-H ? j T
n-i
nrn:rJirrfurarlatorar:i'.r a '? -' -' tl.-A-n
clrairl i:rJiruvfiolfiuuavhiinr:v'nir.rfiervn.warrirrirrv loo
uH, NH. finirrrnn,i et,
Flu BF , ,tr1rli rlit.6ensr;ni rr iuylc 5l.t u1r:rc qahiifr
o-.rduanrrrdrta.,fumqa ltH3 > pH3 > tsH3
LcnUL/nn 3O.l fr{ rrrL rl ,dr.aridL iHS.I.Se ,(t uerp(l,

a) rr6alrirduq:lr-ulvluL ra naysr 4 rrnioutlhra
b) nr.r-uid ir.u ri.tiut: t o rh.ana#r I lnri"rhh,n
Iondi,rnd go.z rirr:zu{rranadohd co , co, , No uac No,

a) Il m qalnfiilt'uo:In ooi6 runlo rr muo{
b) a.:6a.r a'rri'lnrru u,{r*:.rrowr"lovh:ll ra n aoradoahhra

lOO CORE CONCEPTS II 89
fl 1sa:a'tuuoDals[ntf, laucilucl]f, Iila:a-ruci1o"l

tn!5u1L/1Ay!flUllitJU0Af0E0nat. plal!0u'tlt1l'tuvlo11ll.i!lutJ $oan000661.iMla
-." oull.tuclteYd' L
.axrtloafoooanc,-ntt'
. ,iari.l tlr.ala.rda" E0...ct It tcaau'
z
,rintyrt,lnd.aL tnL n ta Lllitdyd tul J nl"luulLoleu)
l.nlUaadr)UUlulinauxl
ht,
-?t L
L,rnnaJr lrlranarovruos
Gi}*f,.
f!'
''4fs-s'rt'
iuuoanocoddrorrwa ro%
r']}
urarln!1tln!lErtrJoBlllltnil6rnluitlr2un!,J
f \r* ""-'{-
dra"rirrir
6nor"rod'r.rvu'rrril ovoq]uantlldu'lriaaarot{r
!
I - t t. r - L
n-Llo-iurta-cifl - rrl r!Lrl.anal drurruLLL6' rrltt -1
-.". ! llld'I rr{
" vr!
!!M:n610qi!vttrl!tana1,0 t!tlo
,\ t\ h ra qaln rr rauddlriavarurir rfluLraqavirii'irviaianrn
I./ t li1?,
"
1l! rfl n aLprr f rn anvl!d:alaL1fl1LlMu(4.9u)f1l
- . t,
)1
-t-
,,\l '.tiu!dt titlj'tL) Ll].n1t |tl.i,aLoqrndllv0q t1,]5vtltxDurtL.!1J
'at
tQ+ ,a-rru r."Hral. .1uGL {C.H") n rir ELlt ddlvu r(S l
dr (8udio) uaxcnrdu (iiu!u)

l!arLl'tsoa:ar!lirn1]lo-lws).
amwu': lutanaiici-roriuurn z -3 1& ,
:ldtol'tltt:.nrar{rhta"lal'ufi uaro:vo"u ri'luoid'tu: iu1n i1i1!1una'l ! i
rtlL6ruot 1t,n:6rt fi{rrau a-:ln.rtcr-tra'k' iycs'611611dv5,'lx iiolfr s11tu r
n n6 - rr.LilL{-1it !II."nd v nInlt:.Ut!{Jlndt.jt,'Ln:dri t'lL!rt ..d:vr'l

-!
F -1.ihr{ro r:n-!- nrrnldl: nLtonsuotalnll]n.llsl'l'1011:ot1 )
dirarvqd riniraroraoiirrirvuorirn :rru:ri:rlo lrtala (nel dipole
monrent laio poLarlty lndex) 6u!rrfiolfrrGtr!rfitr!or-uttlul'rlarr,rlarqarr-riu

'l6aso'ra sr-r a d rr *a or o".ini: rr

90 l! CHEMEASY se.t5 l
Fir polarity index uoDAls[nDtaudull]doo
Grrrunr:agarol6'
lurir too q
H,O (water) 9.0
C ITCOON (acetic acid) 6_2 ar rr rld1rd'o;l:u
C,H5OH (ethanol) 5.2 avrrr'ldlnaheiru
C I3COOCTH. (ethylacetaL.) 4.4 4.1 g
C lCtr (chtoroform) 4.1 0.8 g
C I.CL (dichloromethanel 3.1 1.6 g
t,.H6 (benzene) 2.1 0.2 g
C, H5CHr (totuene) 2.5 0.05 q
Ci:ta lcarbon tetrachlor de) 1.0 0.1 !

C Hr: (cyclohexane) 4.2 0.01 g
UUw-uS: (Bond Angle)
urnrrtror616nn:ou oo16arriluuruluf,l (uririlurr,droltrlrfir) avrl jr

lliri trigonal pyramdat [as uent fii6rAnq:olr]lnnrdo-: z { lriln:rair.t
drJ'ruutuut6oriu tetrahedra( rfl i1ufi 4 ururriaudu uoii!ur-uoctirirn'u
$S VO.tnfllor.ntqolrlatri,..loll,l lodclt:ni Luilltft! nr j i.5nq,5ounfl'!:l
H
..,
uu*us:uooluranaiiJ
,o' H
o H
H
T
o H: H
tehahedral(nsnehur_r) H
107.5r
n"l,rilnr:rGolriolum-locroillranafr i: irirrfi oufiu uoiorl 4lfiurv

r_s :i!d fou'lfLLir t.i' u.oui{,:oJ 161 l \ rerr..oin:oynar- oto o:tr'in, N
i! rJ*!.l1.JLr -.tr.14!dnd.At 0 )ounr L6 nia0 Li; c ri.irror,dr.[oo", iufrejr olnu

aa r.: r: rudnlriqr nir.rdu 1rlyrlnair riu vr n 5 rFn n:aulil uo iio dufi or oror: oluo n
rluuirovilvunra.r d'ro tlrr rrlr
*
H H
quwiusrloolura4adrj
SUslDlruudDrn_u quiuG uuiu*
92.10 1030

-ro iu -rs itu11 !.dna.flLu i DrMfioui'u iir6rr:oualoordur 2 d

. rniL Loi o io'tN arnirs lirlrinalraranirinoroluod'orii"docno!'lot o
..,.r!
:ll' n)'y0vt0L10l S "dllM:ler akri)tlldllyldoer1]1J)lltu\tluldYlllv HrO 4u
lr,-usrni-rrrr l.( lulin-a!n;'rrirr vrf.irillru'I!r,nla OF, 6rdss0! F iri' lN
aln11p1:,01,1! O lillrllallrXnnaiLanOlUU[LU.aaOnLMlL Jnn61llllv1.1.L1.l1]11
.r?oolr F LvrL r:rr.Anrrno r rLr.rSo,Lorni:rvlani.Snoruufiru6rfltriurn ru
firtnvro.r oFz 6.i!!n1.J.i'r H,o
ars[nr]taucilnsDwdnsroorrjlo (Network Covalent)

a-:la.r.ar.:oiurrtiohiip.rtt:-rrliafluh,arnluirForihtriorior1t1,i'.Cou1
nu!nn!tu1!!Lrl4rousrlrru,rr,:orarrnar-ril ln:ra6ni' ro"rirfl retworL
covatent) arrnaiufl iviloraao!tvatfr aqtntr:r:nr:vaortvardool'rarau:r6o
.vf,t.turfuo:iqrr,nr"d ro,r.rr 1u.a1elorr,rudfi :vaurLvairildv'ta_r i6r
&-
l(Lby) ol rdrllarlnn1l1.!n,.n "rst unrllrn x?!coiu L :auerfltd Iu:out o>d
i6rauloaoaltri t6nouerflrri
C (diamond) C (graphite) SC (siticon carbide)

,
(m.p.3s5o"c) (m.p. 3650"c rr!fio) (m.p. 2730'c)
ffi
P (btack phosphorus) sio, (siLicon dioxide) BN (boron nltr de)
Oo
)o
w\
o
()r
o
(m.p.610"c) (m.p. 1710'c) (m.p. 2973'c rlrii)

92 l! CHEMEASY 5r e. l
31 nlsr6ow=usilooo[ifl
I --- . !
n l.r Odl'lrl)lnr 1 lu..r.' !vr rtlLu0L lL!.u.stLo.LnUho.ll rLU rtna Jlul
lersfi'l,t.n-'ouarrt::nauoi'arn::d'udrunrrliaulinarrrilularfaltiriold'
irl,l.i.",nr.irnitriotLo')rrrol i[.d0r"iur]or.Iarrair ufr.frr.,tor'lunr,riq
CaBr, rfr!!fi! NaCl
lra-ooruluttgia:u'uuoonrsliad rsUs:nouloaaan
ri!oo!nai!is Nact ornlr!io CaBr,
(r) Na(s) ---+ NaG)
^H-."i"(00) CAG) J CA(C) nlr5ctfro(oo)
^H
(2) Na(q) ---+ Na-{9 + e ca(q) + ca'?'(g) +2e -a (qu)
^Hu
(3) Br,(t) --+ Br:(g) (80)
^H,iJJ,L,o
(4) Y, Cl:(g)---' .(!) Br,(q) --+ 2B(g)
(5) Ct(s)+e ---+ Ct(S)
^Ha(n'r!)
2BlE) + 2e ) 2U (e) 2x
^HEi1
(qo)
(6) \a (gr + aLigt + r,ac.i:) ca'1gl + :eriq) cost(st (qn)

- ^Hh i,,rir
nlro_:1.!n:d l!o')'1r1.ro01]T111'rU6r)u)rn0ul0dal]nioartLnrr$ri.t!'tr"li
a , .!
lr1t,1t0i unu
(t) ra'.rrufil{lutt: rraa oloalta.{ar:tar uiloo nrtr flrr 6o oru{au LL al I ". r-r
r1:rsrfio (heat of sub(imation)

(2) tiir.! ufi(6lunrr6.i6r;n0terl"oonn' rolrorloll6y*ludfl r1.rrf, rriuld
l00oLU l'lykn' t lll':11r1,A r o-i1rrio1 erergy)
t3) 'Ildl! Uvl[nl!nU!A.lUYtAla[4.ll]Lr4na tlilLa'rn fôyr r:j rofrLr tli r-li-
anluufir{)
(4) na-i.r1!dldaar0liuo'ctcyiriogsloura.lolayg (bond energy)
(5) tra"rvr!iniaoon!idoocoo:.rtorolayviu6 rSno:orouaarurilltooorau
,tt60ul (r.ta:t ta{ etectron affi nity)
(6) ra'rmlfinraaanutfiotooauuinuaglaoa!a! air.ifl-uot'loo o inn'u ua v rar r
rlluuflFr r1,Ii!) tLtFlt) Dzuaf yt0 tdn (e ene.B/)

100 coRE coNcEPTS I 93
-,1
n'tstsundoalsus:nau loccun
n5n!o:am tr..l. ldooin u*.oirr"'ruloaour')'riulooauar ludod:ufilrli
ryib{{ rrrrlfluari r.i nrr,iuatdlta"'Sufid1ooout).rdL uii Jrrt.rd']uldadrdu
lorid'o.rt on r'rurlr.iod tt"t a rur',r r'lo o or n tr ti uri01. o du! r'iu 1i,; un6 d1.vs
rfi.r1 nruJnfi loourltiu z n:al
J!.i
Ca, (PO.). ln(ln,nlaaa! 1) lLn:orxt000uu?n,!o,tlEl.r!uu'iJln{rn']lnu2 tv.)fl'1r.l0o0u1J1f1Jl, ]ut0
>< rrqld'rau lar,tvralj 1,2uai 3!!fi :!1 +1, +2 tras +3 n'u]ailri'! lraeolo
urru6dt,utr6rdfidrvlerd 60 s tver (Aq l, zi-c (/17 ) r'a: scand ,..,rr
'5c')
2) lunidfrloaau!xnlo | larlrlllEl ltralunl lu.luft0l.lv3l]1101'lllFlulllnu
uoa ::1to{ooouiu o-ro-roeil
a'r!n'r5ritnltdL0a.ll"al 0rala'l6tn)ln I [0a0ud!ufr11!1tnlltlltlotU!
tdlaaau a0t iat0ad'u 6qt

lcccuaun -luslolcluf carbide C phosphide
ird6ru6rJd1lluoo8a6m nitride N' sulphide s'
r[,u te
o' cL
i
bromide B. hydrde H
]oaauaudrilunduc:ocu NN,. H,o

(polyatomr. anion) o:udo
azlde Nr trllodide
Nor nitrte No.
cto{ cr.o3
cto, cto
HS04 cyanide CN
hydrogencarbonate HCOs OCN'
dlhydrogenpho!!rhat. HrP04 SCN.
OH formate (meth.noate) HCOO
o, perrnanganate MnOa
Sulfate Son sLrtflte 5o.

Co, hydrogenphosphate HPO42
Croo' Ct207
peroxide o2' manganate Mn04
phosphate Pont PhosPhite PO,,

94 13 CHEMEASY '. .
n r sdo rS aDolf, u o Dw 6nloooUn
r.e" lAr dLnLr llnt,lL rFrl' E rle Eori.UL)i.UgUtit l' )0e r.L'e .ouy. a .r UrJ 1L
iirdrt:nrgndm6.r:guunr:l-o6oro-rotirr.irariauufi orthdut,ru
loa n i uirlo aouarr"ni vuT o'lv qini'rlooauura r:'r r'r o:: u! ni:o"o 6 e.i rr"r
!c11.rudL6,L-uL,.A.rorir"rr" " rir.orlooouurr6ii,uro,;irn: l"ldarlu
devir.r::uir aaorar o'r:rl
uulolooouuJn6tun-u
looouau
n.
oT ntrrJ nr:laitooouunrdrlrlluriorir.r:cy'jr.iloaouarlruu:rJ t. rv6fi 4o .rn

1lo :urtu"i rts orll $o66urfl s. u-o iu rU.,rr. . . iu-rlo:'
rtr" ro1,"oour.o
J N,- i
ld'ri erulrutr .. u'r. lr'hjr:6liL.ri- r rrlrloo
" oul: bi.i:..lafir. *ia.alf..:.ri:ny
:vvirrtooa rliraiarnrl rr:'rsovri{,ti'r610omrvfi ri*liu
.fLi"!Sr Lltltndr- r.er i:1. tt{r'hlluri. r i rt:v r rr1ooor.nu.,,ir rr r6r r
o'jrrr:6o.rdrto.rtoo ouau rrlrvah l rir-rfi o qji iwl lo u ti r tron il ri a.ro-.) !!E ni ac

!, ..
tlt" (1./e. ltlolyrvrrlcut.]]1.1t l.r!!.lt1irr s'r- pL- (Jo
nrt'lotuuu
dun.L
+-+
++
t
. , :! rf,L.,":,iurq')1i:r:1, urr.lF'oGuliLrlr t..r"r,ir,:iulu,6'u,,:n noju
{r.v'aolir rirluuur.Fl t',:rit rdruuud nrliy. o ) J fi iiL rqlre .--un.
"cubic hotes" :rui.onarlrotororauflr!!o niitiu.io-11e.i10oauar1ua]irlud
nalrrn"r'looourradfi ru.ronoldrloooual uiafi rrurotinnirioyr.lou uavdo,Lei
looouurnrirtttlrio.:du6': ic1fi unit cett ff.ru body centered cubic (bcc)

too coRE coNcEPTs l! 95
" rr.irr lri'.t6. utUML-t .fl1r

.r15o r.uruity jrr r" f,ilooouauo{60 ir"
tr ndLil ur t.lrr ; JLI. r'r r !)yM. rilooouos-lrrtilrdot B ilto ! C 6.!i
! lJ . t j
ort.{lu 'r't.5t rloEoLrt ilrfirda r a "dd^r.Mu1,0! B..rlr'lta0nuLxltLll
do{6irv-udo{ B vru.rvro qav6orrindo.ri'r:vuirrt'u z uru6o riorirrfi
0i'_uv l I(rFl dhFdrd holel {U",t.:'t rti01" t,y 1C o_tahpora. l-ol.'.irl
dun l lnodaJl]\, ts uel: L
uh6ouulSorrfr oururoriorriuudr l:tiuilio.r octahedrat hotes fitxlro
C
nirrnirrio.l tetrahedrat hotes uolavdolaur:al::{oaauurnMorii.!fl"u
. ria.r tetrahedrat hotes ni!rciovlli'looortrnfifituroGnrrn 6o #n
i::rrru 1/4 r.rio 1/3 rollooaxlau
. dar octahedrat hotes 1v4n. r.iîot .vr : r-,rgljloeor.tl-ii" I rn
{rr!1tu 1/2 ro.ltooou6!
Us:lnnuoDdoDi'Ds:hiiDlooauau
iioo B
ratloaai6rui'r
rl:vmytior
(i'M!o!eo!dai1.!ia!)
0.225 4.4t4
OLtahedrat hoLes 6 a.Alq 4.132
Cubi. holes 8 0.732 - t_AO
u'a,l C
"rtiuuutlin9tau{6?!a.ila0a!F!- unt nllrru.illl0001,llr1fl QY!1l1lu
uv:n" ri"ldufiltrarlrrto.rtu'lt ooo!;iao'wio i1!i.Jloloaau!xnua!'loooll
arrtadLdarri'u :iniGordrurud'utir.r
- JllL!!1 4 I r - ! q !.-
vararf]ntl.lui.ltLituv 11 2 un't n_l uu a'l - 5f'l_ l
J tllr"t!.9' J
n1sl6odoDilDnrnrs :.-.- !- :'
rSuoIuueuhi']D
^ -!-
1d 2 Lrr6a n |rrr!r1i I lrlvro1r,it'dut I (rl!rrrnlLui l_tLv I trulunl lFl
!!
- aBAB ) LLaEn rr. rl{ufr -. I- J.
ril:, 3 14!ti1u14ur C (r.uLl"0-!1r1 I tll!'l 1 tullnr !u
* ,--
nlt)lltllFruatLLlLitlvue'14r_i'lu-
^rlu ABaABC )
lNdud 3 uurrdolfiudun' 1
rY\ b
face
center
cubic
(fcc)
rx8un' 3 iudoo C

96 13 CHEMEA5Y
rann,lnar:1-h:na!looaiaiilaoar.r!rnuacloaouauturorlndr6arn"vlri
lo:la ir.ln t rududr ni:riE.ro-rroiovnaulavcur.rtto6rfluurr$ rrir se, tr,,tg, ti
nvfi unlt cetl u1,! hcp d'Ir At, Cu, A! nci unit ceLt u!! icc
nl'rur[Ju'looo0nuaDalsus:nou
doaor#rrnqrir EN lairrnfillairlr'uocn-! vraocorolorqufilfirh rt a.rnirda
orrlui,rurn IonradturFoaT :rJ:caa!'laaofinrvfixlrnoi hdrer tt:rcosoolfifidr
ariv6rrr,rud6.5"alrdugd.r6n.^Frrirl'riutoiflll.dr rin.flLldddLcu.tnr
Etr,
'loaolurn
, ,! -
uqM-n'1qquir.l LF' EN tnd.nulaL 1110i0.4. 010'u" t:.l0t0arul.t.ti6lto
r r. :'q4rjr"a'rir.a-1.tErFno ..u ur"o- juir:,.,nr- .turir-or1n.lr.udfircldriuu
dr.rlly'r.[oo'o}l
1u:lri'u!"oa!iar! r:'rirrrur{.irr1 lunr:or_0fi !,jlossroulo.inlqnvaia,!1il.l6c
a-luudo 6o
. 61slEfr o!6i1lfli-uo:dufi dr rru irldlrrnn,ir t.z,uriru f nor r--o.l u
ar::vnoulgooin
. d'rorqfiocairrfiuocriufirir rru oir.rriuhi6r r.z rrirs 6x.h.tv.ioliLrv
Lnn lal.thlvv t t r d3fi0tl11d lS rqltu 6l
rdol{urr6ori'tndrrdudt nt1!r{lulaaainlo.ia.rli,ynoulooofi n6oorn

i.F"rn' \ .'rn'fllt.d ..1,:ro lereri f,l.arurni,,t. ilnnu,Jin niEt_11
Fn,.rtuuLaa01.ln!',]n0Iu [1]0l)u
olou-ron 31 o.:rGarlritrtlnriurthloooinno.rar:sialld Nact Mgo mc Kl
lrutfr0 inr:turaarii.iFil EN i ct Na dftnitJ 3.16 , 0.93 = 2 23

o Mg ri..!ffl] 3.44 - 1.31 = 2.13 t-K rhini! 2.66 0.82 = 1.84
-!
tl i1.J!nt Tt tu1.t l0 0 ounla ! NaCl > MqO > ll

{
d uuTuoDa 1s rJ s !naulooa[in
a!ri6ra.rair!rynautaooind'lloirr1 frruo3rrold'6roIn:rairrnr:6srfrrto.r
'Ioooulur,Fn lrr..:r6rno:gr.rl 11ooor.fin.i'rluri't'ioci,rui.r,1.1Lr.{,d',
06!r ualth rrii.l"l 1ro.ia1: :cnoutooain l6uri

1) 61r{isnodoooinfino$aoutva16.! tt:rllaoortrnua:looaualqa0o
ruiordruu:lo'loo:vujrql:v1b'lrirrirlooolrordr'r (fi oirniuoefi fr nrrrd
u uau) urlavtoooura4oooatrnr"ut6'ora nr:vaartnnrrdrtooof,nt{lu
n1:rirar!riroctaooin:cvirrtooou Ioanrrrt6lrt:.rta.rfiutvlaooiaar
1U1LaJ|IU.ttr]lurlr-eLlUUiy 1l:y, riosltlal!?laltaaouvaqstlfu
serHjrJ$lwcxidu
',:uv a 0ttl r.J,: 1,1h,irr-r- r,' L I'..u.; 1r Lrr:1,oiru r" 16
"
ua0!tvnlnii!.ia.l
oc audauorelsus$auloooll06!uutlooouauciDniu
415 rslc d (i) lovao rva'r ra_lt1",tin5liritua'n
NaF 237 990

oc 48 kJlmol
Nacl 2.79 800

oc 43 k)lmot
NaBr 2.94 790

oc 41 kllmot
Nat 3 18 660
!C 38 kllmot
.
,, = ariir.m = li) T
2) r6ninmru{.tseitd:rr doqnquuSotnrv {aan*riLuurqlsiornduir) 6n

nrsuJdauan-ru:aoo
!./anloooEn nclronooald.i'r! [a:']su:om:aioGe.:d'rtdsutfi art6nioo 6lvtiou:lata'n
riu:vu'i'mJ:-vpirl#rFnutrnaoa li{f io!u0nns[iurv6sxr 1 16.lu!
ru'aef nut)uoirrwstqnuslns.th
Grious,r[{5ns:hiNdslrduln_u
+_ +_
t+ +
\
+
+ -1
+
+ +
msnonfihuol)wanloooon l0ualMoliwenlooo[nih]lulliDltcildsl:

t t.
i
''rlrniu I!.8{.),so.(,
.?.?"
*a'a $
o o
OlOIllDlLl Sll Ldi./an lJoaLln
(NH.),SO. uiohaouMal :) zu6nloooinlririrb,hlrluaorwto.rrii.r ria.rrralooelrndour,r'1rltd'usirio
!s:!rru 250'c'dDlliaolrn
!:lrua16l5ara1I]no0 uaaumrvioavarorlrrdrncdlt fr,116' !fl :rstooo!arrr:rro6aldld rra:{
(NH.):SO. o:drlwli, ld6n j"r ,rv.t!r.? 1r:a'rro:r.rto1ooofrn.rrrirh,ri^1ddr.,". Falaooir-yaot,y, r
(NH.):5o.xaoul6al l\!s1:
looou na.
- -.-r, -
d? lrqrJarir - lo o oL!n6ouy-lUi:{inf, or t{ ",ru'la'a: r, tnn i
rUn Loa:o)nnf 1
nlsa!alguluoDsran loooufl
riorirardnlaaain!rayai0ir osivra-rlrrr'rd grdol6a nr:oora-.l.lruln:Groadn

(Lattice energy)ldrirarau:lo'lgn::uirltooor.t uarnr:ortna'llrularo:t'l
(Hydration ener!y) oranr:air.lut.lo'.tonn-ulr,aqadrluoru,t larirr:;yirl
nai.t.rulunr:asarayjraor ocrilzuailaoruynilo lrdifl un-ryiragarr ndm6o
m 60 urauooLil (g)
. n:dd ua'wrulrr:rirla6n > rdrrrllaro:du n:rrruntrurolgdlrm
c 6ontruon:ruSou ra-r.rlmrnu'r ri{riqiu,rnfi ta.r6.r:ayaroaoar lounrr!ia!dL!duuuUa{n,
drr.rlruorraun.r: m c At = tattice energy, hydration energy
. n:rifi nd'.itrrla:lir.ra6n < yra-tlt:laro:dtr nrrurrn,lro"atudoro.-,t,
rai.irulrfii ll'rtriqrulnirarar:aunrorff r{u Ioonlrfaufi rtJdoru{a.rn g
rirurruqtuaunt: m c At = hydration energy - lattice energy

1oo coRE coNcEPTs l! 99
msa!a'rzrdluoDw6nlooo[n
a
+ a
,
t af a
iaaarhnnannour,nria,rqora-
latti.e d.rdraElisna4Nr.Jdn
1l,
t c,
i a1s 1 [!a Fo U5!1ru
lausau i.nrlJxe,r,nii os8u a i
:r s i r nn ri u n iu rrir nr
ura4crstaorrsu'u Ldu dovo' !:1.lna i,dnvlulrlainlLlllll'ltunni! O0lnrll1l1.JtL6 rhaL lU
Mgc ? iufaaos = a'ru:mr rfirirnfi,rrun rraca'rtrvirlolrlut.rena .hr n rdio:. ii rvuor r'li'rflu
24+ 2(3s.s) = 9s 'r
I Mgclz 95 I-lmoi yLlI U/-ror Lra'?lLtc^l"ltutl"aln rl.llvlr rUnn
i
ctlcot/rori ::.t n',roru,u,.1-,r"., Nact firi'rrii!!ruta[orr'u 783 u/rnoL ri,rir!.r arortludro"oo
Frxi io! 4 kllmol
L) n,rvf d1fl a"i,rixr1nr.!;l.wran!or NaCl
2) ayaro Nacl vin tt.u airluu: too c,n'fiotuuitili!6u 25 0
!f i !v r oalrttlil a.!
ri ry.-rn ro: n r.d;1d!,rin:
llulio rdr.rrdo-^litordr > ra-rrruloro:du ad c ozmoL d.irYu
U/mol
yra"lrrulor^rir.iorda = 783 + 4 = 787 ipr,nald. Il
Ndli!.nn,r.18se,mo r. lraC, l7e,lry]
- 54.5 g -
q29,.o
nlnaxrffi lattice - hydration
(100 o)( .: )^t KJ r000l
) (0.20 mot)
1kl
()C
1.90
qrur;,i.,rou11,rraoal 1.90'c r{lxr 23.1'c (qisrolrto 2)
tonrj nd ::t lr:avaraJrto.r cacL. iriifldjr i!10:ri rir.'n 22b0 U/mot tidd'l,r;n Cdct,:r1ara1B
1u;rrcnrunlriou 6o kllmot
a) orvrdTid'.wrutaro:du1a.im:aiatfl caci, I Lta
b) frrrdr.rularo:t'lta.i ca'z. iriltvirfl'u 1560 k/mo( tldlrirr6"r! s!o:d1r1o'i cl-
oc
r nr a1r eJ6 " cac.. ti qr6vin zz.z rir,lr"ui 200 . -r fr otuvt itild! 25.0 ! iv-
ofl v{ul0.iu1Ma.in1ia!aruta:narlul6u

1oo lI aHEMEAsY
ur nfi6f1oa ai fl! 1i!ioi (i.i 6it o:!vi1.iIa oo!d !!'la ra'i.!tr tatt ce oci
drrrnnill,ra"rfir hydraton lr'rnl (latt ce enerqy >> h)/dratior) energy) ra'n
tiorYlovhla"arorir r-rialuu'r.in*.imrlirar:asaiuro.iaTr'-hrnolJloooin 2 tio

6rnv" rot u ralir u^r,6orliffiu^.ilua >lod,i n'trin: n c 6ra,! qr;u
',eir.
s e. oul,i dru.uord tr 6ru6rd'o iiydr r rrfr otu-'j e rrloo, ir rirlo,uc,uri
mal avai!!'t
,:'o,lsr1l't,t
a rsna: a rr lou-rlos:^)10 nrsa,aruJruooarsrJs,noulaooLn

d'r: 6t !
(a:nraldrrnri'r 1.0 g/loocmr) (6unrutdi'dr iir 0.1 q/Loocm3)
NaC 35 8gl100h1
fll.oo! is! (+1)Yin I 1)lu{Fr
rc 34 4 g/100m1
lifllooo! (+1 ) ria luanr!a!
11)
Mgclr 54.39/100 mL rdu Cl Br NOr NO. CtO4
rlr:r:irr,lFrlaaainrioornloaouil
Alclr 45jrg/100h1 alo Nrl. N. I '",d.!trn il
NarSOr 4 7sl1ooml !rJ:r1rlrr u:.r6.:nort,r.r'blfl 'r
Msso( irl ;cro"r [:.!6.!oo!]r.ilrlii'riilrl
25.s9l100m1 ryrri.rrL: r i. ria ya roi-?'r
Al)(soi)r 36.48l100m1 ru{r ur-r'looo ura no o ra rn n-rirl ar r
AlSloCCUnne:a1,UILOO altiiYnout"a! qrfr a!lnrio Etari'looou (Ct, 8r, ) rin
a.nriu ebSoo SrSOa BaSOa a1:!rvao!a'ir Ag*, Hgt', Pb"
allliara't ori{rir5 rrlo tl
loooulo,rtiroy:u6,8'u t6o
lavarold o t-t.o yroocmrl dnr:
a1l ::ao!n-u o'? (oonttd), s'?
ir'irfr! 6a CaSOa Ba(OHL KCLOa
(t'al d) !t6:, oH 0soront{ri)
AgrSOa PbCL
arslocoania.arull'io_LicE
6nror.rfi li raulldrrairar:rl:yaau'laooinrolo.rorv! 2 6o
ar: :;noulao:on'ltdico"o',ai','lo':.,'rndro',nrrorrir.r lurrucia.r: :caa!
d'atrloogacaau;rldiiouarnrfl u!a.iair.i
I
o rsa:a'radluoDalsUs:noUloaoonuooF tohLi 2 L
a'ri nr:a:artildr ' ar:
t I
Agl
l,1q(OH),
ca(oHL
0.0012
AI7 q
100 cm
g MgSOa
CaSOa
tn-'acarli ui1
25-5
0209
g
100 cm
s(oH), 041 q SrSOa 0014 q
Ba(oH), 4g BaSOa 0 0002 g
e(oH)l
fiar:tl:v nolloooflnrr.rtriodhiarar t ir (r n n* nou) u-r ri guo.: : rir 6oe nau
q"" trlr'.iddlr1in1rli.ida.Li.rf,Lo"lqal
Fe(oH)r til,]n:na!?'u!q.i tvtno, i6riorao"t
i pbt fiA.yFd!.ra eqr fi6r. ru e

100 (oRE coNcEPTS l! 101
criotirod sa.z r'r:vqirar:laaoinolatrld avaruJrldvial-rl

a) Na,s b) ZnCO3 c) C(OH)r d) (NHJ,COT e) PbCt,
lutho Nars {rsno!firotooou Na- 6ravarflirtfifi

zn(o . !rrr,r!6r.1duo! zn' n-r Co
- i{la:a or5.nr,r[riir.J::1 -t. -t
c(oH). rf, llsoronlxd$o.rornn:rl6,t'r.r 6.r1riagarrir
(NHJrcor fllooa! +1 loluorLliol irara, oi-rtdd
Pbct, 6usriida iiirrfi !fr rnu avalailtdr6adao
- . .,j
-., lL vi,
linuwnn 332 1r-llr-rdr"L.rr{rrncrnlllu.ld rL toll)
a) au5 b) Ba(OHL c) Ll,soa d) Fe,(HPorl e) L1gSO,
q) AqBr h) [,/]nO, D TiCI, j) Kato4
aunlsloooon
doar:loooinluantrar:avnre (aq) rio fr iSorrrnnr:!auarracar!!i1ti"tufl'tr
o.dda1rfi 6nriflrs4luaoruvdul rdu (s), (q) #o (0 rtmsdrlr:attulaunr:laoo
in (ro1 c equation) v'i'daln_rlooairqri rner rcnr( FqJdlior) lfi Duan.i'r1l
rnounnturl9r !tu
n'lsliuuaunT slaaounrta:auarslooo[nans
aunr:loooin arm:laooinqvB
Na:s(aq) + zncl,(aq) , 2Nacl(aq) r znsG) zn'?- + sr ---+ znsG)
P,\ .I-, O"q. , .ll\Ol./oo 'DJO. I Pb"+50.: J Pb504(s)
NHaCt(aq)+ NaOH(aq) J Nacl(aq)+ NHr(g)+ H,o(t) NH4'+ OH ---+ NH3(S)+ H,O(l)
L.iHCCr:(ait) + 2HNor(aq) -+ Ca(No:l:(aq) + ll,0l) + (o,(S) HCor + H' ---r H,O(0 + COlg)
lr'"
r,r rnd r:drntttin nuudtulntlq,.eol ?lMrtLeYlds'e_gultc.llLdn r
ar:avar! (aq) 6oc1!tfi!4,t:r{6suutla{ ldu
Mgct,(aq) + Na,soa(aq) 'i Mgsoa(aq) + 2Nact(aq)

I a!- i d t
fnr;r Liir\i'rn-lLFrori i r,r ) Ldd0Ln!iltnYL,.dsd'lULJ1 l1/I0lvLnlJfl L)!'l
r6o.frzurirrnnr:ararar:alarorvati'luaauvlo udtirrraur:ntiouaunt:
looointdotirron6'or

102 I! cHtMEASY
dcod rod ::.: s r::rirrJij ffi ur n r:r ar ar:a: nr olutolo lli'a ,:r Farfirunr'LJa: a r ar" r uat tioulaooin anB
a) CrCLj + NHaoH b) Fe(Nor), + K,5 c) K,sOa + AgNor
ulla1 a) arnr:laooin: Crct3(aq) + 3NH.oH(aq) -+ c(oH)3(s) + 3NHaCl(aq)
fiunltloaoinqn6: , r 'do\ 'O /aq) + rO l).rs)
a'5'[o afl i _aLao toH), .1\t1r.r]1.rLaF 50' ltr]lr0 t6 1611t utlr1.
b) fitJa1'loooin: Fe(No3llaq)+ 2K,S(a4 -+ FeSG) F 2KNO3(aq)
fillnt'loooiinf,flE : l- (rq\.5 lao\r.e5l>)

ar:fi oansrau6a Fes ur:r:riludalrldtororqr:ruir-u
c) ar]n'lfloooin: Krsolaq) + 2AgNo3(aq) -) As,SOa(s)+ 2KNOr(aq)
?rn'rtlaootnq S: 2Aq Gqr - cO (aq) -J AQ

-O"1.)
,r'rio'ot r 0r"6, Aq-5O! l1r:'r!flL66L od .ido.:il' r,fir.firor,
l)nStJnn l]3r!.yrr.'r th.{ld'lntdtU..r.rfso[];.i.-"rr;Li:1di,;,n'auifir:1r.il,1.:v;.1,,

:,, - r!A v .; '...-.
a) NarCOr + f,4qsoa b) FeCt. + HS(NOr), c) Kl + CzBr?

d) K,HPOa + Feclj e) CuCl, + NarS 0 Fe(Ctorlr + NaOH
ll so s ! hil Do un1 a nlu oo I d ao u oDel s
tJ:;:nnlOottSoS:ttj'toOUnln
u:tr'vvil.rouarotro.r6r:tiorir,:1 6a u:li0orufiltoqnralolar:rv;i.rriurtr'lt
ot"r-uifr..rrFrrrii.,;rurrltluil..rrittrad,.rriou..r;r.vetlr'r1#e,:r.,rl
fi lnuJ6ouanruvfi drrniu yrad.:rnor:o!drosruirar:iirtrff
rr r-niu:r:vuir.r
ounroihi*i.rurr lo16ooi.ro'rrra ;iruar:fi iu:r:rrir roprnfi u,{rLL:.: nu
tu6n ur:l ri avfil oraa ol uanr da.t o"ra tjr r Lr:.r: g y.jl.l aun I61ua.r:rla.i.l r!60 in-.i
9t1r'N

roo conr corcesrs 13 to3
oqn'rnuooalsusxnncilD.'l
:3ul 611 q':lau1{415 olrn1n r:4lru?uuoE ll
Iau: 1,11rtB
6rrlh3na! 1oool$rnuac
fiuovtooo0a
toooia NaNq, KCt looounr
oralolau: ul.iao!oa! ([rnn5rnîi)
n"tta0d 0itr0xl
(ouoro!r6tr!) rio Disperion for.e
[iiaauoax] (!!t.inr-s!"rEr)
or, Hr, P4, ss fumna
lu,oqu\u,.,au,i liiE Disperslon force
61 l3nO! Hal, co, sol *:.ru:urooi:rad,

LLaaa
lnrrnrd NHr. HCOOH rtrr:1aln:rau
6rilFr !1!a uti trrn:, unrtdd,
a:q0! fiurglonrausi
1o:ii6nir{srrdru nrovd
. fugg r:firiuotlaur 6orviuror o orlaugliotj:rriu.tr,'{t ior- , rr

vaourxellcfldvv.thrq r)riê ur.,rio.vitrdlavrirririloveol|a rar,,ro
uaoumar lavvn{ 1<vq] 2<x1i 3 < 1,r:ruftdu)
o ar:rl:cnolr1aaafin rvfi."r16ioorrvi-t!rc{1r${ lulosouf iur i r vr"v:c1o

oai" r:vaotrua.r,F 1a..fi, do:l-art-rfduo: aa'rtoaoinitfrlo
ur
,6ruoi ooo 1000 rd',uo..:rdrro:vv':- aoau
"eor,,vc.(1
. er:1or*auoiurltlla:la6niTlorirs iniuotlntrtaud6otufir:ttoiacogoo ll
o'r0au a"rlfl q:J!n.1!10va0rlrv6rvqi!an
ur iriu:rft , .rtuc-t 'I I Jf r tvdt r ocno r,v6 01. aollr"rd': r {lr1i druur r
r ;i
6. rlu yvfi16o 4i tltl.4.j !1u!61,.d (rnte -notFc-tar ,o.e)fiya rrrio rd! utt
, J-
[,J!!qoi']-.d Jll6rolJoou .ll11:1l j li{r JlrtiL:v[otol.ir" t.110 1'ltua'u'r]!lt)l
6rqodrir.rvtrrLr.eqalorrrar.d r:nd :'luv'riotiouso1t
tts0rtf,utoosllad (Van Der Waals Force)

u:!..'tLlqoi).ci.flun'rtr'l{,ior::r ..5l5vvil.!oi"nravaltl rs!rufiiFJrrr
edran'r 6o tflru:lo'roon'trl*{lrr:rlrnrin tfiofi'u:u,irlornar Iltaqa vio
looou u:rnadrdl6uri
u5{aa!6o'u (London force) t30n6aadl.ii1 lliiatvnru vio dspe6ion force
!iorrnnr:n::rtso-ltarrejullon616ao:ordhiarirra!o uriu osroltoiflrt

IO4 I! cHEMEAsY
olrnoL nalyu0fl drnnoSdl"tdldyod:r Ar n:!n ma1"lllf,ndLnddoL]d't l!1r I

, ! ..
d' r.'r. r;L'1,U5: !-tu t0 ir.'fr . n:,:o.r r:Li: rioy o:-ctvr,r"6.6, r:.,u fi}i
rioaarndriudrtrr,Jg ( nstantaneous dipote) anlrrilt'rqruyiar!'r:orviurdrlf
_ J. TJ A" A <
.r:901? rxlJt.?mcol'xtluc JU n!y111I o.l;t 111r111.JL n:!-r1!6ilr(
"nul.aodI
ooL. d!r olyMllndyo! ! .,ir-r,': rd ioersyrrlr.l:l rlfi r l:tti,drFn.r ran,r
t.
1X,111? U.i Lonn_rnrrnol:v) :a: r utn E,0dt rt. . tiililLh.!arnrL!L1!o.a UI.
n tlixi o.ro.ni' -o,..u.e vioaD5r"1 .dLCCla..o,'ur"L
ruLir:r.hfora4a
fioantrut:
d]Uru:
fioantrull
d]UIU:
d+
* * .c[ .q)"
l6Daouoaus:hilo
o:oo! fi]do*nou
ua:srhilDlnanaffld
'luloslnu (N,)
(ar)
o
d+
GO "r"'
*
-
fi nrrutirhfr oria:nnLr:rf ir u:raouoolrtluu:r:ry: 1l:L-ln r.iulslJulola.i
[:raauoourrr]:[uqrr.]ai!rLrallLrnna uy'ai.rudrrtluu":.r::..r.jrrtJ:r1trlfrrdr.uu:
..sv-Jrl5it.h'r, ,.h.e..d r,twr u"u ,iar. r o:oaryi,Il,e-efit r.* r" r i ,i
trrolraqi rvirri'uirfialrrron616norr=ard'hqldro a{arron6r6aer:orfflvr!iliii
r0nr6lulttauil|tMtu!nodr'D111)to:.nnn lr
trllttiiilili,r (dipoteiipote force) rihu:lfi.lqo:rvir. rraqafi fi a-nuiurndro

u:raouoau cirrfiun:-.rfi rrrrr'c1ri.'r.rdirtlu[.,.ririoornanrrrirnrr: (uriu:r
aoroauriootaaarnri.:.t'rn:rr) r:.rtiod6.rl'nruu{lLr:irrraairu:raoloau
tltrgiioldnaoonar u:ri'6.rrio1d:vvirlaraqafifirirdrI:la-r.:rvhiu o-.:otjtrju
HC(, CH,O
luEnaoso HCI(g)
(hydrcgenchloide) lla: ^.'l^ d+
I
s:6iro[.J6na cH.o
''*,n+ T6-
,+
H

100 coRE coNcEPTs lI 105
r.1i:iv i rrix,miuxli , (dipote-i"]duced dipote force) .i!

i r.1ri.:6irra,i r1lxr,clafrfiiro r:: .tu
;,-l
r' r '.1hiri'L.eie
Ji'-
tihn{, .qL N iirrr1.r. -
"t lrLxhaFrLu)-{).flo6t]rr1 J$Lle
GO
rtt;
s?ecr
-r ,
u.LUfU-]ljaU]lIaaa!
,
drpote rorce, rfluu) 16roo
(ron
tryl, rr r lt.l.dfrd14!1r'r nu1000L,1iu nfldra'tL11D!

. v - . i-
a 51 r:.nd! llfl fl al.n allnon 1 tE"o51Ju LlldnALlnll{Uolul'lLl
,.
?l t Jt.n r.io!.tou1d..ru.L.ralf udtr,auu'nouroulooor.t .r
.[l.ltyv?inr':rvllu?rlrntJ['d'd'dr uon-rnouced dipote) l!1 t$iqini uLrl

, ittl -Y)tu!
-l' i '' [L[ald!' '
tsvt'lf-t.vuu )t ' ttr !,.0 tu.r uLal,)l 1r'.v1.JU rl.J'l!.cralr
or-rrufi" rd re rttflr.l#to', uti ufi rrvit :tit.tvtr .tl r tr'.srro'r'alhte^,r'.i r
rfi orJ:r1trlfr 'r'luarma iaoaufi riodurgmiutjrhrarlaa'rtooninuviohlo:tru

luaTntfi tvtnonnltlt!l.t[o
Wus:lolostou (Hydrogen Bond)

lr-r.r: lalo:.ll6o -)ilyvr rii r' ot-i..:to'tqo4.:'ti'
n_[:on r,,n_rr'tfi,
't{ur
. -l ri0l ,
i ' hu:vl0
.
ui 1lvv. r1{)14
-
)l hJ aiiaLLo! rlrJL,.li0nndl vL! vo totln!'l
, ii : z
- n0
r.r1l'tr1t ar l't91'l!l ixtltt.lLnS ino 01110
loto-ao {"C)
100 H,O
e Pirl l -!.: rflr:j'rqiitrrrju
!.t
16'uii r o uac tl ri'flrifio:oor I iaarrri:
50
.trr t'r _' ..err_, :o o: tte . l.li, o vio h
Hr - !"
0 :.r6n 1l1llrl!n!!lrl
a at arnn:r lou6ooto lrqalntrtaldns

$ r!i'r 611 3 tio 60 HP, HF !t6: NHr i1o
100 16ooq rair*l':Iiriarmztfl u tdomrnanrt
t'rfi u:rrrrtalfiuogtolo:tltt li'rlfii rr: s
-1 SO
CH :vvirfl uraqaiui.tu:rnirfu raqaloto:rid:
-200 du1 luraq]rdern-ruiluoelrrrrn ar:fi fi riutv
4 S 67hu
lElo:!nun.ituxn riv:r!0MD6r( !Mq0 tuvll

106 l! CHEMEA5Y se, es l
o"r.rt rra r:ir..iir"rrr:vr rrlr., .""ir.fr.o:1E19r,\)L o i d r. qt
..oanoood .oir, rol*,i ua: n:nEr.rrii hlrdu nrflr-la.oi,r .tjudu
•
yrat:'rrctliattitr!Fr')'r!ru:.r'luni:6.rooro.rIr.r:cr_ir.rraqarJ::mnri'r.r1
n!raalJtdniml o".in'r'r.!
nllu[tDlrsDuoo[sDs:6i"]DfuGlla
1.M:fl'ir.r'!r re rill1.i.ldlu. ri. ru,.6)ofl1oa r]:. tu
n-!oclnrlra!d 400 l.J/n ol
fiurylslo:rou 12-16 ld./rnot
In.ilcl4't'1.11'l a.s 2linol
[:ta0!f]0u
ool6aoIa!iohaoutKaf,uoDals
4tr
v?.L,ut v5di,.oo!
qonaauia) Iocl 1YrUno.uauLa0 !.y1e,!c,ttr1 iL.!1.J!r t lLlL,ri
fasrH:n3rirRhrr n s 355C aiul:l:vrdtlolnrn ar:iirL:.r::yirrauarou{.rr:rrLrnlviilovaoulrarfi
fan,qoxaarLra4o: n-oarou 3442
ar or"rodrrii'rri'q6o ar rlarrraudurtlo:.ir6nirrnmira rora.urtfr *rlndrto
l.aar':Jst<ri MgO 2852
aofir uarlnnvrirl ouiirdl
Ia"qoraaurraqo: flsau 2075
htt: lh,n (F€) 1535

arrifr,r,.i,,,.arlovro:-.v..d ion rr'iu.:r:vi ro\r'
[aH:: na{o,, lcu) 1083 itri,.6 !.ri : rr . r"b rcr.,o,..aldr'iu: ltl1, i- fl, rar d.ir-ur.l;.0 ooor.-
laaaonls:rfi: NaO 8m rriu riur"lolo:rar., rr:.rr"nirrfi rarutlaouoou
hr:: runo'tsu (|v!c) 6s0
Iulartalfl DEU{: riru,du (SJ

odrrt:iorl uriu:.1:vlrirrrY.:yiorr:lao!oolr!yff iurorr5.i
115
blrdau: t!'6su lfb) 98 dtend rrr r{uorlolqt.,rLEgu"n .,0iy_-d't1lo1 il..llrarer rn yi.i
turanafnD€uri: uudmdu 80
Lraqaaoiln5'60rirlra fi rsriou:raounou:c1rii.ifu ,aqar'u6.ru:.rairll'ur:
laln:md6' uiu
o riucd! (Sr, Mw = 256) iuri:cM-il.rhralariJuu:laouoouuoiilo
fulaqalPrrlaud: aH COO}I 118 vflo!-,y..ai1'l'd rF o Mw- tg, iii'xtlsl, rnr.:vyi^ rhrer a
tuErFhrrEud: t.H5OH 78
. arilouron:;aaol:ri (ccta , Mw = 154) i!flrfiao 77 oC dla.tni.r
fora4afnouuri CS, 46
fulaa.fmrlauri: HF 20
La !,.;t /\ 1.[r^ - Izrfifilo#aoi -rr ot r:.1fririuovlolr,,lr,
. [utJ6u 78)iu:.Dgy-jr lranarflu$tlao1]gol] !!m'l!rafa
(C6H6 , Mw =
luBrratnnaud: NHr 3l riluisl.Jlur(!1.tilu [a:aqjtori'ulrn ilo16on ao oc d{aiiirociL]
Iu6llafrurlard: o? 183 i:$1u,cd.l"NF) rvw - 73, dfinole'oo 77 oC rirlr'frir"or1olo:rlr-
riraioa: He )69 ii' cloo:,iu _1a! tirrnov.i.r.llya.ucl:

10.6o,l1dla-111"dxr.fi er'.li
lodao fQ rint5ou16'rfi utrairrroluriirx.ji.iol.lrlo n-.ilU6'rudr!

• I
\
;r: J
1l
::
SOLIDS LIQUIDS
AND GASES
)
I
I)
;

108 lg cHEMEAsY
nlooofflu
nllx.rd!fiuii:Eli1.!d1llir0ir.il 6r nfnnliyoao.!1oi{r]irulpr'r66il,!o6o !.t_
n'r1xroiufiulE 1n: (Boyle! 1a!ry)
nr'urd'1r60rti.!la6ofi a!n1oa'rrturri.rrar:6"radri frrnr]rroiur'ir!rf {1r i!1i11ri

,,r,,iua'th.r 111 1'11o1_..1 1fi 15r1 ra1 ruLan t: !r fi t5 rqir,rfi :-ri:. or:,d,fi
nrllraLr,): rLl5f rnii!,iLr 6 tL'ud'.u,r.:in nff uf, r.:6 lt, .ritr'lf ,ioalqa:-r y j' r.r. rror . ilu-. :, tru
fn ouarrr:rl4rartyoaorro.ri'ro1 looaoriranl rbfu6na.r
Qru]l4EilGlnqJ. tcharLes's Law)

vt lz , ..:
1l'Ll'.1r(6LdilrrlVLlr0r0y'))dU.y.n1i0!-Anr.tq.r-1.q1ai.,rfiL"t.ii!0
Tr Tz I
r,n iour q rr: ii,tttlr.o r ror ,.0,fiof rlilullior nr.. .14" . i :r r:a Lr r1r. rn
dcor]UsJu,rod
'vi'r m:r oao.r.iro
LlSLrlcrs i:LLLlsduosonlu 1ri ur fiinrrrairnilill o lq ruvnfrnn!3:Lro:1i'ror Io ln r:dra rU lfi
t lirtrlo.idufi li [rhrri'r,6!
q&ry4fi nlua ?,t&g'u (Gav-Lussac's [aw)

Tr Tz ntiaunlinoa"rrnoniuii'rr6oL{rqnon:ciloiard:r1find,n:r ,,rirllgurirnol'1 ,,
LLiaa rLlsi,-unDi vio'rirur6u[r.:ioruvnia.ri! 6ooc " rliou]n!5u!a.![n8fl .!r.rin:rLioin,lr] !Sr.0.J

illlrolr J:trlsf,!atl]liu
iinrrrnoornroql ornrnlrrfu rrnaalfirodrwi6aoondar{un4rorrati 4autn
ltu11+r
l1 a:1ilrufualiuG 'tfl i (A",oqaelrq!!aw)

nt ,11
r .,idrU;!-old :atuiiuilLf..[o il uri rlt.,lln li.nfi !l {rJioi. inrLyr i,...r
orr!Fl'1116!:n:ufirriin"rulirltralyifn-! nviiS!r0rrrlrrllr raionalrr6nioyd.rfio
llsrnos:rCn![ si]uos,l
i-. .
- r0ri'- ttL:U!'1uruharori
niliuruLa 1l5r r 10,1!iL'"rrirnarff ,!
amoiuatrnuU
halrr:rirururiorn'rfirt 6.rdr6ryfifro.riri.rlrirrn6o rdrarorirrirrlfitvurua.r
rl lltIrd!!Du0atonlot!
Hrdlr
. ",L!-.n i(o.. ..-l,J.li 'h.vr_.

r.oriu
F.tr!d! (p) hrtjruJrlu.rI r (.rn)

roo coRE coNcEPTs 13 109
. ririuonGuiu 16'uil Glror (U1rxxhu6or (dm3, L)

.lllralroLa
il'uulla (n)
!!4fl1t (g) tl,]M runi!

. n trlna! fntlatlu lotrfl nl tllLl[r"u lu) lLMtr')u g/ 1,150 g/dr.
n':1r]!d!{u (c)ll,lu r! moYL vio moYdm
. - 22.4" . qt ,
yt0;; _!.rvanrr0 ,
n'nlfl lnt.r r1q= 0.082 tslcau!!1ryl.l)uo_r.f 1ruu
rh ti,,tw v5o tr,l (mobr mass) duriltiorolffrsh:vu!
dlln,lrrx aala{fi1{
]iiri,nr n-d1fu4{i Lo ltr&tt ,{l!cl] r11t0r' J r:tocrn'111Lv1",1 1])aud v1!
..tar.lqfi,:.ta:J!:d. dFa, eas. pe/- . e.- ilr'1.i dt.i.llfiirriLF 6"r
I'v= nRT !1lYr)l1l
r, - 'RT na L.rlr P - cRt rrla.u.jrdr"

pv = I RT :rjiiruirdr!'rrurrafirtuiovr ww
i "v" no ,îr- o = l"- ,unr rvr.'.tliu
uannlnd rrsi0L!mruvurir n +a: r inrrldrri'rgu'lf li'l1ri!nllohultuxa

6',to0!J11:',)0lti,
6'nflT1un1:u ud1 R ua! T

nt:!aonuvurir R Bav T odrltraurvallgrirolv'nr:n'rurrul{luliotirl:rsrtir 6a
. l'fiFi1 R ltu 0.082 #a # Iotrr6anl,{rhdarur:ori'orounlrlri,ldrltdi, tr
. ri1 RT lslU6ornuqq.l,r4fi aaim6o dooc rirRTnslih224

d zooc ,ir nr arriu zq.o
i 32oc dl RT nvlfl! 25.0
oc
olriu dqr,:ra4i zo :z rinGolarvr:ouvrir RT ldd'jroi 24.0 25.0lou
16anunuririd'onouanrir6u{ri'.irr i6rr:iioriro}ildir"rsroutir Ioutirqo!a'rr

nararo6orornrlmirtSnrla0 usrhiiaad.l ildoao!rl:tlc

110 13 cHEM€ASY
n''t5ttflallo{n1{ru5glll11u1J 2 fln']'tl
alrr^rMaiurrl[!!a']Lrai'oiLtyi !fi a16r.li0L!fi !! 2 an rlr'ld rd!
PV= nRT i-o;l1ii'!ilu R=Pv
NT
PrVr ,V,
lranalrM 1 R 1]]aattry 7 H= P
nu Tz
-
PrVr Pzlz
u.llt1l
tld: llvd,l' ilrL)l Unol0. ayd-r 111 rlral,yryl' yr 1 r'rn !)U!1itt r:V, l
2 a.ilryti1.il rd!
PrMwl PzMw2
RT
ilLi
nra P=CRT ostd

PrCr Pzcz
1rr1"5l rucr,n_1.r 5u!11_uu 2 <.t-1lui irioLt!60 /o r..r r.q riitr-tur.sir,r

, -.Y -
n1!)l.ttlL1rtulu.tuultu)rLyn2n]ttol.tl.r-)Lcvaoct!t,1LIILnt5[!nuLyLltli
ntlul.l loun
= l dmr - 0.ool mr uay 1oo0 g = 1 tq =
qitriulximllca5eaus Etru5
.t1,5nto"riL.f :.1r. " .u . J, Lx.. ..; e(:..i0.-'.
.":
"r-:r. -l
5: vrorje rrirrul 1j1. -ard r.1..inr,. arlr r"c.-r,. I ri:Lri
riru',ol{rair{rtiiilrnlaran6Lou yrn6l!6rt]tlfi.o A ua! B nsUinrixrni ?iu iilil .
RA E-,
RB ! MWA
nl1o.:tlnr!rEuialxt'rr0riritlldoBl-r!r^:rrri.lo.lfirr'lit'lu.rl.tr:ca:fi1fiorr!
n1:[[1,{ito.rfr 1s (Gaseous Diff usion)

n1!!!rjrio!'rnnt'r,Jilqndr.ito.iFtxrutd:r{wo.!o!r'tnri.rrrufrrnarl mni 2 rir,:tu
a
.a fi inrtttr{uriuro.:orarnoirrniu tarionr:ulriro.rollrrnff. s!rn!irrtuiin?il
rirtulr ntr.lo'.rrirr rudfinrrr rdaduda s nr'r

too coRt coNcEPls l! 111
nquioafiuooff'1d
ofuhnu
Atutln! A0 lrrt ALtjolllllon5YOtfl 6!lfunALtndUtL!aLflln vdflMrllfl lIfl'lylll
n1tflfl1l.Jo!vu11nllll.J!aulangtvrnu lnfln'1t11!!'ral!rafla!'rnoun'rflfllt!s
LAAiUVILOI ln)'ln'lqfll]t rdUlÂfdLaf (O.VUnaX:lt'ln Jr) O]t]dUnll E,, = :mv
"L0r)turnIl 6lUUt.Ua1 fl a1!lLnAUtd'i0U'] lcnltiv[!nt LlUo.U

01t,]a uE J11t1.i0tuv,1:l 1t6.ii11lia!/ fl?1Lll:!10.101.1r1n :cusrlnicMl'lia!n1n
- - e -i
LLdg1l5Lll0t:fl ti ll.to lll
q(lln{!r n{{lusnu hltr!:1tun1ltn6a!fl f:am:

mrirr
1nd
otuu,liro.rfi1rfrh"hn1in"rl.J!ruQvrfl uqtuv{lff1l]vrl!!lnai! (K) Iou
T(K) = 273.1s+t('C)
nlluo-u
nrrro!-Llir--)r "noi,n on t .!tLnt n1'l!nlIVUl_
"u, '.Lltuln'!itr:
va)'.tL uW,. i rt Jl tl,.trru0ltrv[tl.' 1]tU L1 1lia !v,Ju!rl: 1, d01.Jt r
_[.1
fu L:rriiiartolr:liounrnirqurfii) t'rifi
gfriarairair
!ia{t :.,ii.i:'-r..,,,,..t,:t:.!i,t.t)at,rt) Mt)-Fltar r,r:rr,';t;r,rria,t:
r_':... raa'rrifili'60 ,'. . ,: L.' oil"u nrrudraolfirtov*tl:fiuorlrltt)''i (ria
tr - .aq
rrr" {tl-r{Llot1l
F hII:-dr)1anLn oa n:ltl"Ltr nr LrillJLln" 01rd tL,x]ool.l
lfi0 !u[5il1]
USu1osff1d
firtrfl uaorueiirlir:ro:o,lrni!u3du::1 rio.iurnlnoqnlo(o6audt6'od1i66rE
6r{rn::rror6rnrtu:'lu!vdt:rrcitr:tu'ruanttlu 2 f:0i60 nT tlvur:1fi1tfi
G rn:lrin.rd i'u nrtucu::1fillitJi lnrnq$

112 13 cHEMEAsY
"[:.J5i-r0,i] irlxFrv.io.'1n rurlrr)li^rvc 1r rLld ,ru ve.lrAqLi dlrJila

nrl r 6.1cr v n.'i'lfrLvioooerorxnildrfilr 'itr!!u!:r{iL'e rrioti'n: rir.
6rtnrulunrtug rvirn'unriro"lornrnalurroata!.ra d'i:i
) a) e o
a , !\r! I
e D
t a a a
P P P P
*;
artr::ottarrrdrrfi aaonrrro'r:r"rg nrtu:oriGrro:n$Ln:r:iauqa tv!!JnuvFr0)4.!tYr0r1r1rfri11r61ln1{
arrLldrilrirn"velrro-rmuuar r!':.roi!n1 !61rrrrruon aruhlrirvirrirl".lrt]1ron
ni{ulDtul0jilItl6jlt ,1u r l*' -2

c0 r,rL1xr er00r!.Qu,r11)u n:*!0ld.115r Lu_irLu
6l) t6lLtrerln itl.l t.,
ltl"s i Bl 1JnlJ olltyrtulr d lt i t1l
nf, luunncilDS:hilDffldOsDn:Uff ldOOUn6

: rt,.orq6.itL"'rfrlninu'ereqiel,rGdur 1d,.,., 1r'.r;.".*t,.0
^n, "",
ufroi.:udrfrrtqorn6iaifiot'wrronolrlorafirr13.loalra.rfl!)_:rnrt [eo.io_nr!ailn
fi'tto3.i {reat gas) ft1{,o'l!60 at gas)

ru'ro (ii!1err) io.!alfl 'riff't r#nrrn uorhmqa
irrvntiaiournriJunr,-r 616oirrirulntiofi
fitu;inrtinfiwrolriryiriu rriu cL, lrarln,i o, raia
ruloourrnflilril,] Glr'rnrso.ia!nann'']t =0
ffl{ C3Hs1l.iqjaal NH3
rl3rrn:tolfirt 'F.
rylrri'r 3rm:nrtu:
t.' Grrnrtorfrrtrrlrn"uGl' oilro.initugiur:n
a1]ooflo"tu rJal,)l]G ,to!
,u0.i0un!nn'i{lriM!o
i*:rn::rir:rv ir.rlarna niu

lltxtu)-ifl l9Yt'D!vt !aunl6nrct
I
ru:in:gars u:.mcyi'r.ifr r|[urgtaler-Lor
; -- :-
0!r16n1x0'l!!Jttu}t1:rna0!r1 rih rdul6.rtfi 01.1,'tn n1i(n6 0xt11nl! !d u0l:1[1]1J ttyifi11 'l
i
d':uu:rfi .roorvr.dr.roqnrnifi oioriu (ar:rn6alfiuluurrrj)
ourinfi ltiari{ur-1tu1rrltrl6ort]l raivuoari
aur1eff rtifl r:firiulluUiolariu
r' .r;iruara ulFlul! rfllr a-l irur,t u'hat,tr i 6tri'
i srp flrr t fua fiGusr';ioun.ir 22.4 6or:6a fr sTP fi'rr 1 I']a iG!.ror 22 4 6n:

1oo coRE coNcEPTs l1 113
I
dUUOUODI'ODIIUD
wantuuoultu0
tJanlut0i..l.ttL.taanruu4lltr,nvnl:JlLolt0iultlluotvuu)dlnlnld110.ll,1l
t1r10)unutl0!u
,r6rrlafi!
*
* ?lill"rl lrlLllUlJAnlAVl [OJn Idvl11fl1UO L?L .Vna .ld-.LtlI .iU 1l0!n I
,* ,.an111."-nLLll-^):1fnr"Ll.v11,1!l"udlYp'u..rrllnuil,l:.2.LL.1t:.Ltillln):J
q O ) rr^lilrlrrraiU 111114 [O L):1 1lfll)ilFl.:UlFl.14.l]Url.UllU
qSntaoofln
lorui.rfiriha6a t6'uri ar:- :vnorlaoofrnlnrf,or rrhJ Nacl l\,4go cusoa
fl6n ::l'lrduirurir :rc filor16oolornorruarqr (irc 1r! 600-3ooooc dlrdir
rurotooou ruro :er ua:fl uuunr:io13rrfrr) nr:lhriuiooouliu:vrisu lrirjr
[r{fl rli"anrr":torndr .roirvr.i-ld.fiavaor.va.vioe:ated (fi6"1oa,rinara tuft
tdrrrrio)
ii;nlxr ra!a
rorudrfi rfl uFa1rltala kiun ar:r}cnoulotrta!6firiluhLalarrava!1u
anru:uorutr riu Co, H,o NHr ([o!l!tia) P! ( aa aiatii)ss (rir!!fi!) h6n
tl.u., ytt:.i rLvlii 1,vn" lr.Ynl;1 (u n, novd. t Lvc Jc10 r ly'* all- r)'l rte: a a
o:avaro'l,uor''rvirasaraiff'riilniitFu.!n'u (tike dis5rltve like) nr:'i'oGuldrtol

hLaqaLilr.::rLtur (1uar-rifitrlLilu:vrfior ovblrionna'r uritstionir rarLL{l
a6'tur'ru via amorphous)
r f;nIn rr rau-d
rr.itfittrtF,let r.ei-rj l6ui a r:lntrnr.dfiriularuFnr I
to
q d u rru *':1rd tfitr nraqd l.raraiaq" r 66rduo flto'rir,
:-"
nL rJii' 1!Lnvu!61vc0 tvd)illJ'fl .ht t1'' )vnd!'t4d)tlal1'l-d-u
fiurclnrrraudfi 6o:gv'irrotnoa nr:'i'otiorn"ttolavoautilu
rrrfiru ruinlr rr.audt- rtiorri't fi{d rtiqfiora"r.r'lf r hn^rcfi
rvl, ca! ueinrrrUltii'r u'llxi6 tvi'{ovt

114 l! cHEMEAsY
dru:UuoDUoDuiD (Allotrope)
tor-{rfrLilu:,mr-iavirrrrnroar.i:'r-..rn-nr:.t_l16ltolotsro:lviolr-.anaulnnrr
llrl-rrliv]'lLV^nOflnrl?r:?itrlL^1:?Lndl"oFlIûdtilnl1llul.LtllF1llJnfl1l"1lL6rtl
touln! wl!Jan!t!sali (asa!uflalurlt,Irl011n! !n010u'tn[1!
0.]!!IllJ
ar6ntoirirlcn'ufiod 2 ;1luuu 60 iiruron:ou0a (asulphur) [asdrr]vfiu
tudr urldu' //sulohu 0ltry o6 1lo C) loi.1Ular",."rul0tr arFl11].Ae'.1
",r3..rP 1.llnn)l nlrrnr.vr, ?Lo L "11/r:lurdnaF.
*i3$t " rl l' !s1? d!Hla'a L ItJaLvtnot enl uo. o rrnl.e rFr tl rr
#
Rhombic a!ufi RhombicSulphur M{noctiricS'rl.phur
6'nuruc flnnlutrluArMda raau qrdn ld dtlra01rl,!nll
rouaouuar (oc) 113 t19
1o16ao {oc) 444.1 444 7
orrrvuruiu (g/cmt) 2_47 1.96

Monoctinic
Sliuau
c aa'noriroufi raaraii'q1J li'uri urt: *n:tllii uavr{araoir.r uriavgluwrio
.?. n'rnn1:riu.!oi?io.!ocoornli!E!frril.iriu rirlriiarr"froirrnludro 5'o:rifiurLfr
ooSco !nt:u!n!t: llaq{n.i9]'tt1n
Diamond
aa0E Diamond Graphite
'1'0.i(1.i anr ,tl.ittt,l
ffi
1]unt'13.150u
u{r1a*air!:re
r1.tE001J fivaro:rlurt'
lnvao!rual (oc) 3550 3652 527
e:rryrr*rir (g/cmr) 3.51 225 1.12
Graphite nr:rirtr,{frr rirldrr'rinr.l lrir.ir
i,vir rnc.eoiuriu .ilud 6urJq;rtorn ;LorlffrrUy.,rya'-rlaru lri*-

rtv ..nau fi,r r ri o5u. rilr ,rr d n,ioc, r r-,,rd- rh,ril,r r ite
t) . riL fJ..erpne fr1!!a .arfr-frao ilr oud;urtri rvigu tz v#
2) C60 (buckminsterfutterene rio bucky batt) fll!16rprtluv:tnaladreanuoa
!r: 1a!0lt) li ru6tr 12 yi | .r.ulLyflry6L 20 t4i]

3) ctu (bucky batl c,
fifurnarilur:.rrri adroqniad
4) C do,ico,dhedra'Jlle Fn. .fl ultv,l1ioua r.udorur r lraq
5) Carbon nanotube rfll]ilriiyio

100 coRE coNCEPr l! 115
L0inr"ig!fi6"dq? vi1 Fa a-norDl-oJ) cdroon viooîuur.oirug rr. riu

fllllJ0Xlvnl:llti9l.lrdiAY00tllLtll1.lttr!t-lJ,vL0U.rQlU0U" [eU' ll 0_Xvl]]1U
.toi,6rdrore ritouq.rl .xu rulrrl>{{li tv,ii6 r{rtdr"
r.lodila;6
ioa{oiaival!ii'ryr (al(otrope) nirriu 16'uri rloaioiar'rr $loa oYauo.l
ua:$oarloierir.loie:it.l!tfrnltfi,rd"ii'r!r'u.iau n].Iqi.!?i llnrrriic_t'l
sftftl
white Phosphorur Red Phorphotus VlotetPhosphonrs
rtft&
BtackPhosphorus
Btack P
6'nuruc 10n!!1.i61',]10x{va0n 1A.i*1iA[9i 1r0.i [t.i6:]'t,tfr1 110.ill1]taot
lqvaourdl r Ll 44 597 (43 atm) 590-610 (rv(fi6) 610
n ]luvutuxlu (q/cm ) t.82 234 2.3A-2 40 2_10
nr:u'r1ifrr I U',t trlrir hirir !rv0tu1rr!an

nitasa"rlr!.r1 avarot6'dol travar! 'lrlavarg hiacaro
ln5ld51it1ll.l
aniotlli gs'c In:.rair.lilunrira
61Uu',t',l
EIUUOUODUODIhAf,
ntludDt ) (Surface Tension)

orrr6lfr rrioarnu:rdrgo::virra!nrntartartvar ono-roirltril Ilraqatolrir
1rr_-)rdrqodl h!.:dfraql0, i_1 [r]rd'ldM0qlt,.tut'.1]l{3h)Ll.)loloon'
i l__ '
I!,..]?i'La'l trlLrfiat r, u)rrjviqv lrtnl.le'vlL PiuL 111r1'l,l Jvll'1l4!10ntn')
r:fintiarfraoryitfr .iu.r' ridilll r-..1rdrn .k,a' ed i"lufu.aI

115 l! aHaMFAsY
anflSau-IotlLaoD
lr506ooo5:hj1Dlurana
) a au4 aa
)a -
I
Arf.t
uoanrni [r.io_rfr x0'.i60!vfi orfu ralatowor[!rarltdlon'u rir'hioqnrnuo.r
., .. -
"!
d'ltrrl.,.1l5n0r.1rlr rl1r.1.Jdt.lt0lll4d.Lot - rMrd.:'l
rn $r.ln1d r rntut-tu.t
- - 3r* . B 3
dlll:0.l!.111U1J,1.11'llUttltLLlL rl\t'l: L lyLfldlULXlF LLLfrlJr!0lf".tul-l
,:
(llxt!a1iv11[11u1t1]u nltl.l14u-[f r1]1rInn)t!a)
tts0tSoUtltiutta:ltsodocto (Cohesion & Adhesion force)

_tll.i[iou.! u' (cohesio'1
'orcel io u.:i.rorrlr, !, L] 61 ral,yattLn
.ir.i!flro{(',:iu arr, -*rrEafio (adresion rorce) Fu...16rr( .yy. io.l, F
ll.rltl.rl,v?Jn!dLt'adL ,tl. I l.tUl"!'I
- J',. n' J0iJJl
-
o lool:lrlrrnunrBr n :fl nsruarn n'rn!:vta
rrn:d firdrfiahuruvriret !fiot 1{rn[:.![6a!
ruriuuorririrhio o nir u:rEoi a:'vu i r I rit 6'l fi': un"r
jj
[Ut!U: yU)U1oYLdr EtU: 1]L" L 11) vtlt 1,l,( tULL1e l
ui0lltlt!lll tntt[ttu09]0lur.i)-r ! l:dynl]r,DLLn:
nlSS:th8 (Evaporation)
0uran10nI0!t1r0?!ni5ma0! !t,ltut!0n0a00na,t tdon.t),o-E[1,11â.i.t,]!nltldoitt
*r,r) ui1r !ioduJ.ridEUi,ruirvd t.rtortvatlo'iurFlr-ll_r r':ti-ru,rui
harrrr.I_n1'{arnr.0l!u:ul:,,.vL"t1ryJrl11].....te1.14.t0.L,i1. o\nt6ir-.r
I . , :-
Vq,0u' llJ1 rlf,.1,lL-1,0!tr0i,va JUL t5: t:LT'l1t l-d .t"iU'ti "t .i):.yU"
!nn!1uaa00nil53t1tu1.J1t!yat8unn0 L0url
Ji.;JJ.
. t{ul4u1 t [tLi1r])Itn IJ- @L:1 r t-'1' t) 1 ..1tuioUt1. o r l.yt)'l:yc, rrua! ^
r.r!d0daotuuun!rfto ttl

oo.JTn 0 tqtuvnlaI 11?II xntllt a 0\r'FlorrMd'l1tLnL..1i Ilon-ayi!

tollu!ul.tfl t119:3y?l.i0ur1ral0.itMalFnunulou1fl
trll6innlrn!']{l rana ii rfi:rrnfi1v:vryou n .ri 11lurdnn60. iu Jneuld'6
!.2 - e
ul{6.iooi:xi'r.ilr.r!6n6iidudu anrrt'r uarr:afu rana
lntdaoto.uo$raa, d i,,2o16ooqrn;':;,u,tio"r rir.r,Hri.:r'udi.rt rk rir

unn!r..1n ldl.Ma)v!no.ononrnrlnTn..l rzrilvuulrYv J rrL!rdnd11..1 r.r r
tt'uflu
t I
.t
nllUdulo (Vapor pressure)
a lr:-,,ir".ororrorrla: 60 nrrroilro.rto {flrr) d.iLiiirnnr:t:rurro{
!.$ui Fr'ti!n! "a n.! tl"r1rr'Iri fl.t1rr lr1il i1ar rlri l
.u
I LalllL-rl0 ,. o' )o" roL1,rl l"(nloL

a .l 'lfrr/Liu.1lll.ra
l' .!.nnn.t.'tt 1Ln r1',.r.nr. i-oL *.:1[.na 55:.vJiE vu 1"!.1tn lti
a ! ltEr0 t! a.!
t"
aat -' L!Jl:t!!!lt r/" " r, I ... . 1,.'ryc.v.i.yilrl"Xl'L-1r d: d,' " ; tI
I l. a "
II I I r'r'firvua:roarii:rorrvrr ri_"hho:rra :riu::rvatdu rfljL !!ar',rrrii

a a
e ,I T
a " i:,c arLi,a')
. ) a:-qrl:vtt' t1:tv't,ar tft'Lt!LtfruL
fl'ltlna9r
i!aIrnt1ut0uIn!a.ttr!at 0!]tan10.m0t!lta'tn3!]ra.i.i'rtnrl-laa!111r1n1u
- 4, t
t1.nl.til;L !a lvdl"n nti" "r:^,1411 1. lt. 1!v. r14dFL.fl an LULU i' t'tL d i9'.!v
n. r"dr.I"1rtrr-i r- r"n: ric1oi,rc.ld;tr. r Lnufi.J ;11.d!1^'r,'\r.!,r tL:..1r
nqolrl In ul.n'.1orrr !.y.1.'. d" ltut', r'rrtl, ri: to r l: t'ot'{ota r odr-1u
- .r :.Y;-
1lo.ir1.r6':Inuinru rfiorfr!fi1frfi':ta.tnr:nar8tflu'la n:curunr:dinri:tB0air
"n1:16oq" loagflivr6oo nxl!6'da!orrva't > 6't'r!o11ra1f16tMfiofrx1aitun'l
1tu*UX.r
eirud!fir]iii!t4i1,iF'1'rxro"u'loniu!oGoo !!asn'r:tElfis uhBs!6itrrrnai1.l

:surror,lrttir'hldorn*arrnrrriot i
llt.it 6[14ug2lv1/t']'l{otirli n1rrc[1,untnto{r al nxluiulo nil|on
lt0u ,rTU ai
i.t-rn !in tl.!

STOICHIOMETR I
I .a
:
\ trI
t \
L r
L-- I
I
RfIUIUUUUUODaISa!a1A
nlslclsSuelsa:a1u01nfl 1sa:aluuoDlriD
nt!$lttLa ri.i:a Iy0] J0nay61 rtlullt0!,.11 11 ][0uf]'ntt9u0ncila t0.t[nlE!1liyl
fio':rla;ritrrri, inoua:lsil'n:lrr.: u6r16r,n-rfrevaroarlutroioGrorrluli
!3! rm:aT :aca rufl'rlfrfr0.!a r:
n )t)lr0Lnft l]n.) { rn "ljlrt1nt61ta!a1Ul|n0.!n1:tflltlll-' .'tu0.ln rlt]la
Lvi'ia Lri! toriu:r 1 6oi,4 6oi r3o 0.5 Afl: ufir6rdrrhorur{rdurrn"ruriuj'r
irssrFl:L1lsl!Ilfl d3drf rnn:! o!o)irlrl.l
0)Oulon 39.1 0r01' lu,tLIa talert 7n rlrtL 0.05 roydr ! 1 .1] 2 .0r) !'r 'UI"l, 1
Zn + HCt -, ZnCt, + H,
. -- !-
-
. a) op lLtiJll6vxd !nYillavlinnlu
{ ol da ia':atr ru'lio u(r i.{fir"otirrrlotF,ro zor' ri l,r z Fnr
1
l-
I llurao riru'rcu mol ror zn fi6'o.rldiiou
r
/o_....io.., 0.05 mol-zn .,,
I 65 el-zn _
---:-.L a\97. viu,-rOl -ro,
1dmri6&! l mol-Z.
I
a:r:e l r fd.., r'ld.t r.e" ' iiir 60 0.,/ no ,fi,lif fli--t 6r z' tu6
( uasfio.iai:tdar:agar! 2 d.n' o-rrirorrruiaduto.rarrat6l!n:o HCt ildda ilih
{ o2mol Hc
0.,royd.l .r-l1.(L ior' iLL1,11rl]fluo - rntt"tr.?Lnl1L.r6r..' I
I ,i-;,..-;
,t
.\
Lu'l:rlria_rlJdr1.ll0qltutdrklllr.r ltrslru!c'54;cltr (t0r11 !u
. r
1Jt4Yl5
t
t- 100%) n0.!u'rt0unrnri:ru:4r101r'rnlulix0lu ltll
I
t d:otjrod :s.z nlloiEnral:ara'ru NaoN !d!d! lM il'r!!u 2 ao: nrfrn6oltort a':lllilrd
I 80% louuxa !vii6lir[g]iulat:nta'r8otl1 ih
0.5

120 l! cHEMEAsY
rLutAo a-l5aya'r!fifroiai:i NaOH 0.5 motsio l dmr

fir6'a.rnrrrniuar:arara z am'6'0.fld t'taott r,rsrvro 1 mot (ui, 40 q NaoH)
itortrl roo g fi NaoFr o{ eo g rio qonairn'uldir

frrdarnri tiaoH 80 q dord'irqrtll:rl 100 g
frrd'arnrr= raolt co g 6o.rri.rlro{rllr so g
6loSurar : ava rul6'lo u trrin6ohortdri'.rndlrvdn so g
la'hrro-loGrro:ruro 2 am' udrrirr-irna-lol6l6nuonrl5rro:
f')-lsroSaualsa:a1uo'rn51sa;alalJuu'u
t1.11. 1.1!V.1'l d' )e:.r aylUL ln lLni rLuU-rl. Jol.n. rL.], tl.l rnn. r14ni ltl ln
arr.:n.6ol'rr':era'}i.-:ir.rloue.r'lotr':r6u')tr"'a:o ro:l .ri:,,r rrhiloru
lji . rugl"'lr I er e'Ly_fr u'lLe r:dl.' uf ie r.6u Jq F rir i u6o r r't r, rr rlt o :
er.v.1r&rv fL dtttr...'a,r.:,o'ru,ruo. r-."idr-lvri dr-, rli: -ruh ari'':n'
a:a'rtl?rnnro! 0n4qi
C' v, C" V"

i
rir c rtlrirnrrrudrdr:1ur.iirs tr,tolar y5o % uulrlrll (rl3lîuo-r4aavaô/
arra;aro) itd riooru c d':0 v ( 3 rorllaiari6c61l) lcliFjrii!rrudrnnagar!
drrvi'rdu#.iiau*agya-r 1oo "rir c uav v 6orriluvrirar6orri'uoauutudrluao:"
oiotirod gs.: riurir:so ..' ar'luar:avaran:ohninrdrril o.t la so cm' lclo'a1:acar!1vri.7i

n?i rfirdlLlirlor
uulno arlr:o[it:r]'rldiau C,V, = C,V,

(0.05 dmr) = t, (0.05+0 25 dmi)
cl
nr-lotiDri 3c4 f a:a:,, r, r.ri,ll sooo." fio:"r vr.,ur-u Lzbq -n :Ir20

raluori r "s'Ld.rr'u
alttnLu r)L roi 100 cn !t lta . a:,6 rr nia)-! l{uri1ril,ra i

1oo coRE coNcEPrs ll 121
Ituf,no uJdauviraa,t:acarun:fllusrin!fir{ufluvdr0llari.iou
..," \ /lO0Ocm'\ / r.ol
(';;
/5og-H\Or\ (/1,26g-
r.m, , t=;:-/ (o:s uNo,,)
:]l], _ fO.oyO.,
rd':rnuafluqn: CrVr = czYz
tffi) to.ozo a.l = c, (o.1oo dm3)
2 m.l
\1dmP
nlsw6ualsa:a1Bdrlot6arfi ufi nlruru'uJucironr-u

nlrr.ra!alla!a'l011.lo Lir!itie lr:.1ft!lljtltilnL aiqEvnntittoaln!vlll0vlururll
6. .,. rlr. n'r-r .it1r"""0,:e..".c'' u L t.L L ri.v 16':'rirsi:.r-
oaura"l a:tdalnr:qn; 6o
crvr + C,V. +... = C,., V,.
14 r:r ..,xL .Li L'lvL'll l rlvf! !u , 11-V FIL ["4: "lrl vL

her rj.r '"r. jr.' It(r.[].qi'.r, r,,: r
',îrd,ri n "r" t .firarLr 1it.r
n r,
mo\i! +C1V1 + Crv, + ... = C'", V'",

' riorltnrrrr{r:ir: tuvri:a movam' Grrn:turriru am' rrirrir
oif,orj]Dfr 39.5 'hnr:rarar:asnra Mqct, 0.5l\4 400 cm3 riu 0.2 M 200 cm3 l!d']!6! Mgcl, aitl
Grriuraf,r arnrl'ur6rr1rar1 ru16'ar:acaru t 5o: drrarin'uor t,lgcL irilarltliurflli
n:-! Lfi 01fi16'ar:asarclvrlrtrir-r o.zst,l
llu)no r[r1.]rir'lt]a1]a'rilriraa Ctvr + crv, + mol'6r
19IJ1911 6 466
'1dm|
6. , - rot "9r,0.200
dm'
o. , ..ioL
02mol + 0.04mol + xmol 0.25 mol
r:16nr x = 0.01 mol 6.16orth o ls g uqcr, iidoro-arfrxra.it lu6'rlncn,lirtrs!
tond nd :g.t ii.ra,6n raeso, 2.40 ni! acallaltuaisaYaiu Mqcl, ldxlt! o 1 moydmr i 'roi
200 cm3 nuniraval0vtro t6lrirr6'utliur-15urn:ar:araro:ldfi tfl u so0 crn'
a) aliayaruqo{1sflnlr r{rdulol t"lg'- rvi{otuvrirl mot/dml

b) o-oitdldoul alor so.'? : c[ tuar:a:ar oqofrratiluwirlor

r22 12 cHEMEAsy
nlluru-uJuuoDalSa:aluhUluci'rD.l
6llasalalionlnn']lavalotal 'o"tnna!a'ta" 111 'dtti'taia'tu" ntlsrtri {uto,!
a1rav6'ru!r6!d!!3!'rturi'lnnaear!fr agarsoti uar S!lu6'rliragalui'[{ ar:
1J0l r . rlllJl11ll,0 jd
rl.i n !r!U !01LOy6' rt iul,llu,.i'llt F. tllll rtCll
o'rr1.in"1od'r.ii rilunr:uonrl5arru "drnna:ara" *a: "st-llirayaro" lu
''i'tnld_u-'1i6triJ.trtL.ill )on ).noLa. ) rroLal,5 ppn ud:5 ppb
1,t1l2U % uuJdl{.1 moUkg

ppm ppb
n'ltut!uuu Vov M, mohr m, molal
ui6rnacaial 5q 5 mot 5 moL 5 rixu
i111iAEtr! (100 5) g
C
alidva'ru 100l.ni 100 g 100 crn' l dmr
.rrldr! Llrlru!i)Lll
no;'nii
radra'ra_oflrinr:urJalvrirua,t:ayataorn irsuuufi d.!}Ii urrieusnuttyd.i

. dat..afntln'rL.tu)ryr' rdrena:atg iitd'are'u ,.drs'rd-tayt'1, ooni r ir.l
o riry!_nro.rar:avalu!cryirfiu J'uu'no-ronayara + rirrdndrlirasaro {nrrnn
fll.rlra) !3xin:arlagar! orlocUirrii6'! iiu.tsririlarnnra.r0 + liurfl:
usi
r'rv'- cta r, lrr: rch.inSrt lr.Jiu,o r yaduii t " 1oui,.!odr dEadfi!f -

othrav 100.0 cm'aaln"lnstfil3 1nriu1 fi.i 2oo.o cml
. ar:r!6oiJ)li!u "q'xnnni61u"
IUdUL3er,m lf U[t. ln ?L^tl1JU1c I "0 Jr "dJ.t L'
!d6u1l g +) motlou[d M (motar rnass)xio Mw yEo Fw 1a{0-,]qnavalu
tllatlt o rr ne InE,ltr..,lltdl,[1.]i ' g- 1000 rrg
o nirr{6u!r!?e " d'rrira:aru "

.UeuLs<) kp lFrU lr. r' &Flfirii ' 000 9 ltq
i! vu-.dJi
-- " auntEr tilyliri'la:a.u -
= iryu"nqt"ronasirtr
. n1ll dulry ?u "ai:a!als"
tllaU! q e c'n lqaltnllrlMul,.Ll.t.d! '? lFyn-t '
ruldsu cm' e+ om3loulfnrua-rriuii looo cm' = t dn3
r dsl cmr +-r m'IooldnlrLa'rririi 106 cm3 = 1 .3

d:odroii Eg.e arn^.t.ruirArr,,lw= 125) i"rtru 25 "i!r{!;rrulder:va^t 50Ocn'

v:tntTtvll'ttlult 1.02 q/cm n.iM1n1'lt]t1l!lxr1]0.iaat6taf !luvu']u9t't.il
lluf,io oiudr,.:ndar,.tlarv ruy. od r riouo_r:s r': rrd m rrGu n"flrvfliu l

frrqnalarl 25 g= 0.2 mol
gt't m96'tu O 2s = 485 ! vio 0.485 kq
arl3ua!0 500 cm 0.5 dml 510r (D = m,.V)
*dor6o raar:acar!aiou n_mgrr6nrradryriasarald

i . - " "i
n tflu1t u'rl lurauull,t't:fluFrl!v! lullu 0n n 1lfr"rultu 0ntr
-661 l%w ittn : 25 g r_"
_tol) = 4 9Ll6w
510 gantr$!
66l %w,v iln -----j:-9j::: _ 100 = 5o.wv

500.mr r kii,
6o %v Liilr:Ln:rc dronaral![{]urlo.ttt{r
- motar
ao
n z mnld."
- 0.4 moYdm M)d0.4lvl
''n---
0.5 dm' mi r
- mora. { tn
oo
0.2 mol irm
U.q-l moJ(e ,1;O 0.412 m
0 4as kB dri 1
fio oo.n
"
I rr ---::gjL ------jrii:-
510ai ?$n 1.000,000 gFrk
t6 , - qoOts pp.n 6rt ir !
'
-
oitrod,Dd 39.7 asaruloi[.!E'] B (Mw = 80) il1]ru 40 lrilar'lur.iroul6'arra:aru 2oo c.' diarru
t{1,].trLI 0.95 q/cr 0^,t0!t eJB tn J1UyL ' BLU 0 8 g/r -n n.!y'tnJ l[?l1tL1]01
61-asnluhxiraeil.r'l
[u]6o 5rdu.r.:r6'a ruue ivlrr lr oL r r dl"o'!Jr tl'td (n1'lGr, rrudlu flrL' I
6rnrate u 40o - O5 -ro.rcfl40E 50.--1

d'rriravarr 190 40 = 150 q raio 0.15 kg
ii:aiai! 200 cmr = 0.2 dmr =190r (D=n V)
6o %w rrn .100 = 21.45%w
60 %w/v lrir ,lA0 = 2A%\\/\
6q e6u rrn -Ilgll ,fia = 25o/ov
6o motar nrf 2.5 moudmr uio 2.5 M
smol;rlr
60 motat nlrl
o
0.15 kg d:ir*
- 3.33 moykQ Mia 3 33 m

124 lg cHEMEAsY
x g;.i' (rfinloorfurir)
6o ppm arn ld x = etoseo ppm
f i' v = zso000 ppm (tfiwloLrii1r'ror)

nto =
#ffi
drfitrliuuonrfl l ppm urafi fr'rQr6cn'rsoirrrn
rfiudlulua (mole fraction)

rrrudrufua riunrri-roni-l5lrrutorar:radro'n:riirulooha rirliloadr "<irrru
Ir,a. ara':fi v r6'ru -
r'ru tulr atlrtorrrtl{rvr o
ir)oLiroa 39.8 {rv.l.iJ;,L"rr.01.,,r:ord.. ...1ua )(rrle..u\'!u.,-Ho r_otr L.!

I11 ruaa (cHrcH,CH,oH) lortrior'r!rd,rdula.rurrrr.:oaLflr 209; lorrlna
lluJ6(] ar:a:ai-q 100 ni l:cnoufrr!

irlrl1rraa zo n:-r (t.tw :z) 6orfl! 0.625lla
rmrl1aslr'r1raa B0 nY!r0!,lw 60) iio[{]u 1.333lira
0625
rnuriruhalo.:mvruaa 6o
1333
LPIlldllrL!A1ln tlll:h ruila a
1333+0.625
tnF 1! [u {n altnn!u1't lu1fl
uutrfroErFlu r:rtrliirrihfiolrfrauorrar:acar! 100 niltalot!

arrtr6fia'tlaiYaru tzo niu oc!:cnoud:fl
ur11'r1.Joa 24 rr"r.t (Mw 32) 6orfll o.zs La
[6Hlfllr-1]oa 96 ni'}] (Mw 60) 6oti]u 1.601 a
o'u
to,gairullalorrrr -uoa 6o 1.6+O.15
tnurirufuaro{rryrroada 1'60 l!9

7.6+4.75 2.35
6.in'ruroradlijiron'ir
lcni(tnd :g.z r.rr.nnrrr.tlriurolar:ayarariolrJd

d' ar. uLrot/. q1r-f taOolifl:eua..i6. yc-r f,i$r.:nla i
rrvl.r.r-r"r" t.OZ
b) rarsivruaarYuJraubiar.rasarofiiLrlrruoa 64%v! itliimuiilul!dloiDi,i isno!

100 coRE coNcEPrs lx 125
40 euutnoelflfiu/
al!'6naiurijvln-ortl!au!'6fi inrrrrirru6o rfl uarr'fr ijduri'r' a-o;irurrvirrn'rnn

.:i+r.F..1 .:d'L _r [rlL nLi!.tr'.t.ti..,dt"
riauh,totn-r gaevarulurSordn'orrtlun-rn"araru$::rvturnravlrir.nnrir
(mn*nnn"rdorirrrnrnri$qn61oon!lrilua!R1ri1u6i:6:a'lod?0)
v.nnr:vrtlAfUl!.ll0ldlllnnaa.n fltullflt l.UdlU n0

o t--l
6114:a1gn:I1nln00C.ll,Li111O!000!0i0tv1a:A1U!:qv0
rl:'rvo-tqnavnrravdrurfi uu:r6orviu'::rvirrfu nrlauoro"rri'r
;t a 6llacal
! 2
asa1fi vrtvo!11ra:a1a:!rvH.fluulLof"" rlnlu
UtgrJnn(UA nUl.l1ln1A.!nlnOfilg! 0 U1.l ll O,! O ?111
63A1UUldV5 LL._liUln rnf lSnldllULrlalLLJt l]n:l')r/llO
. n'r riulr!!0.i10ui09lla8n1rno6{!ar16lu0rr!'1r,! !y..rl)l'1,

oudodrldrrruoqlrn (vSoritruLo) uordrqrarara ria
rli!'r tuo_rrira l ar a
. -.1 -.: -'

n1n0nfl lsaoaDUoDootuofl [uDrra:nlslwuuuuoDootooo
-: 4 J.
fi-Altn reoar0llO.U.rLil K1 Jol et6 !Vr 1).14r!"!tA!i0t.0t0o <b).ltlJL.l
triouoio-rriracaru rdu
prianu6r Kf nntnat Kb
ilr1aJa1a
fcr (oclmolat) ( C,' (oclmotal.)
0 186 100 453

ru1]6u (C6H6) 55 512 80.1 2.53
CCI. 23 298 75.8 4.48
!!1]11116! (c1oHs) 80.2 2t1.1 580

''i v" nr teirnuLdl6L.!ih ,.lnrrn vloq ! tv ltn /ltlru vlt

126 11 cHEMEAsY
.iaairrr:'q"r'!.i:-liuirvurrroovr.i r-nlo'r' irrnru.dr{r.totd'rur

asalu'hMilu moukg (unuuou) rcldai'ut!.&o jn: ltwil Kf uac Kb o".iill
r&)
Kb = 4lq
11 = 4rl
o,l1$n'eDtilr (motkg)
r nrua'riiliid.rn;il hfldrildrrirararorinyu-,r rfior!6uLot":viraiiara 66oi'l

rrrltlr 6!!t! dl Kr !!a: r 6acrrl6aul otr[iiliololirrirasaro
o errlfi r-u6irr1d1d'6'lurirrn,-rrifi o-ronavaruhlr.irdurrnriuhl yrn 16
nrrra'rriuidrira':rrLdrdurraruuflorr'rar.:riuo-:orrrfionrrrnarorn6ar:16'
innouii.!frda.iryii6a iiiurun:"tnr:*r,nflrlerdrnnatar! ( I ) doa3a1s11r

]}n1 in!a'tu !:tic!06!n1ta,l145!n'tttt!a0
,1Tl ATb
- i.K
arnr:drfie,: at nirar:avarol5qud {arrrrdldr.: o moLtlg)
oilothDd ao.l a'r:avaradr.rldot!drrfioo16ooua:aoGonud,iryl.io (orifu{o4nhor:rrvrhi*i')

i. qriu +.2 g1rrdr roo g t. nqlna a.s hrir so
g g
o. ,i',rl.rr,,a ac.z g lr,i oo q {. !u 16! 5.12 g luoudu 50 g
lulno o'o.lniru':ta':rlr{ldulunri.lo moLutq riou udr6trirutru ATr $as ATb
nor0on!ffi.iia.ia.l:ara.ru = nnrAon[d.tinfr ATr
lnt6aotrelar:alall =not6ooln6+ ATb

ali nl't tll!1t1.] !o[6on!!6.i

(Fb.) uas
9nflnnvni! irtv'l6sn'lu
(moVkg)
nordoo
(Bp.)luv r0 oc
NHZCONH' Fp = 0 - (0.7)(1.86)= 1.3

429 ri roo g jL ^-
(l,aw = 60)
C,1 kg Bp. = 100 + (0.7X0.53) = 100.37
c6H1'06 Fp. = 0 - (0.5)(1 86) = -0.93

4.5 c rir so g
([4,/r' = 180) 0,05 k9 Bp. = 100 + (0.5X0.53) = 100.26
ci,H,,o:, Fp.=0 (1.25)(1.86)= 2.33

34-2 ti, so s
(M\ = 342)
E
= r.25 Bp. = 100+{1.25X0.s3) = 100.66
0.08 ig
C,oHu Fp.. 5.5 - (0.815 12) = 1.4

5.12 g ruriu 50 g
(Mw = 128) 0.05 [3 Bp. = 80.1 + (0 8X2.53) = 82.12
',i']" ia'] x, = 1.86 [as Kb = 0.s3 ;iu "ru1.,iu" ir]r l! = 5.12 uaz Kb- 2s3
oiloli1Dii 40 2 a'rr^larirlrarar5 A nil iror6ooriu 100.4 tc fr"r6'!rn1{1i

llr:n u o nir lurir zso
a'idrd1,ifri0[i,1..{r,trL -Jo ( iy6. !.613_5 A F.!hltl'r5, ',vu,n q u.it K
oclrn
to.ldrrtlu 0.5 [av 1.8 orr]ri'ril-!
ltutno loyt'lrilddryuc' ruorol"Jl,orc11 a n'.!lt141-!F- / (triq-oe ,1it
fior:rur1odoo = im Kb
^Tb
(0.4) = im(0.5) i316rir ,m= 0.8
firrrrurpdonuir aTf = lmKf
(3.6) = im(1.8) av16'rir lm= 2.0
h]rr 250 q 6r i m = 0.8 uJar.Jau A 2.0 q
01F1 im=2.0 010!rlarlA= -" 2.0 =5q

riu6o dol6uar: e 6a : nir
j
cl-outDR 403 d'l..r', D h]fi11 r.sa uO ,"LrL 1[r]..d6 riort0'.r11 J.6l C l,q! liltr:n uu
rtrtr: ;fu*aarvilotEof !!6r 8.09oc irl4ri rfir.rrduaruino16onu6l -a.zluc ovi
FnlLllll ltUat ll!Llaa
rrulno tilr"r' ),1-h UUl?l tru t0lU0' euo!l!" u ll.nl _

1,1llola d't.t !
ulull llnlllAtJru6
- = r'Kl
ct !ilva :.: F ." \ t {. "t d'1,.? I 4./J ( Lt i]Llltlg! --

128 13 CHEMEA5Y
l-,-r, I l-,-,,1
irilfi = i'Kf
8,09 l,6i 4.13-3.61
l1
= 1.5
ar:nrnraiiqorionudr -4.73oC inxiu,i!tl 1.5 mohl

'vjlit)ti rlf2Efi Ltulrh r.f iauotLfranatlunvilutw tvtttladlxliialntzl,iswrh r:
ojlotj'tDfr 4o.4 rrndarahnr:r.r r.riorrilo-tlrl1a bc !!ar xyz

n:rrriiriuh{r F.p.1a.id'l:nEa1u B p. 1Jo.i61laEa'tu
cHrotl 15ai'!!
c6H1'o. 15%.r 'l
clHscr 2 motat
1) b>c>a [axz>y>x 2) b>c>attacx>z>y

3) c>a>b llasy>z>x 4) a>c>b!!asx>z>y
ilulfrrr d17a61s ClH1p6 (fl15a!arU 1OO g iJtynau6':tr CuU,,O, rS g *arrir OS g )
rc rj llr,1ll
, rov-q n. ! n-.^L
M J 1] !1.ryu') u
" 098ror/kq-
0,085 kq
d1ldti'tct CtHaOt rdriu 2 moVkq
d t)e:dluL j.1I? L:--n i6l!t 0or :di no.' anJ{t. _

l9
J
n1rlous:vr".,lM b,cua:/\) tt .va0..fo.[Pa- ..Fl 2
*1oi6o.r:r{.r 6o rirarraea"u CHroH 1r'I i0!!frluoxrl

j .or
rarFirnlrlldldurar CH3OH luvrl, u moVkg nin -lL = 5.1,1 flroL/kg
! 0 08'
tl,rlltLl4dr !tY ]tYLnnUUrA! b. 6r,rtrn'rldr6on 2 (fio)
rui'iir*d: ctro| lurrrloa) rfl u6lrqnarared "h"[ioart'6ooiLai[l_

ria.rrrn uludranagarofi:vrro.iranirusr r:o'llo16ootorar:nreraa.rn;rnir L0ooc
drlri z>y>x 6ro:.rfiio-.r6oafi t
i6v-ifiidlr.!lorarle:d Lai,o I lSoo

^1rJ ..:!!-nflitd.,,
qa!c roriontLirrorrir6o
o'c
lni6onudruo.rorrruaa 6a
y .d'ict. 6!i:nd1;.u.!y. - . 1i. - .).85Io0,,:d
11t!-tuiEfa, rr rldln! rnFun uir;irl rird l-l3rr' )* 'o-ln: - r7j .
(rhnt.r rz.s oc r:.iurld methanot rtrlarr antifreez. tasn-rm:uiro'irauirt

1oo coRE coNcEPrs l! 129
SoEatoo6Us:nou'luaosars
,.r:r.Jrrnoutiorai.rfi4n: l.,Po. tn!iuL6ort.aririocta'il'ruruo:routororE

tu4n:a'md:enar uao.ia"o:rdrutalorl:?
drrarliriauf {uonl'uuorrouororqoirrl#:uq-rduliuaral:snor tar

u'ooo'rndrr6rronira"orirdoahatar*o1a:orq ornriroeirlrirl6l r,eoo ri'uri.r
1lr]a rsnoudlu K3 mol:P 1mol:o 4 mot
uaaarnaiod': oulr.rafi !!aouirlLatfiorudr t:rti.:iruontilua"o;iruloarra

uia iot-ragrorurlalordtl:vnordr! 6'.iir"rrEr.i
fi1rilr':'u'larritl:cnolIo!!2a1ro.i KrPoi tlrdojYttlll molar.nass (:.l2aaor

uio!rahran6) !o.iar5ior rr:rgfro.r16rthdrrr:'lurr:ir"ruruiaaav
. [4otar mass uo.i KrPo. = (3)(39] + 31 + (4)(16) = 212 q/mol
e %6.16p = 1,100 = 14.6% Iolrtrn

. 9o 6.rn o = lllQ,roo = 30:qt loaura
. % !'rq PO4 = 44.8% lFUlxa
h'rAosuoDalsUs:nouolnlod3u [ouu)auaDaDdUs:nou
orao-rodr.rd ru'r
nr':rriouaglt a:.r:ala.io.rritl:snoul4r'l lriorn uri'luwr'l
nn-rfiu vrnr:rdarnrrvrao.'tolar:rrna'nalulo gma lcidlrnouid'lr{o!n'ir
nr:rr froiiru
no:fu m4a r5o 4n:odt.t.irE araa"qdtuloitrqluar:rJ:vlat
frlfrl:rorrrtlurloir{u61oslra v6ariludqrirulourlanl t6'riuunln 1oo% fllii
aoGaurrnri'rodrrqiot d
ctiotjrod lt.t ri'r ,tiorvin ): Dt drui q lr/q.rFv o'll.cYqjJL 20.0oo rc: 53 1% d-!-a' 6'r i.'A,r
rit:srq s r.rltr4or : o ci'r r.i'r!rlo rir:rl:c no!i

130 l! cHEMEAsy
ltulno dor[r]ar "a'oarulq!lna " hiaarurih.r'i'oarulorLa "

rl
'lolud
r Au r.Li,qtlra v11c")L r.eovror rornlluvu n!16
L4c C S
2A
24
0.83 3.33 ll = 0.t3
uinlr1uaayao!1!!ItMnnt!rlutr to
1
q rrroua' :dtj.o" rih turgso,
0loulDn 41.2 nililaeil o.$.r6n6rrrior4u'.lirJ:lral6rtorq Ca l,l! !!6: O tuiihii!1r 5 : l r 4Iou!16
[uf,6(l fiorrri-lnr "a"oai:doorra" lrinarsrilu "dodruloolua"
L)
-1
1
21
1
1 1
ntuI,ri''rr"i!ii'?u 8 ny1fiqo:r,o.rar.;d rarrfl u c"r,,tgr.t,
nlsn'tuf futnBUaoaf uoDnus:nouuoDals

irdro-rghnr:uJiarrfiordodruro.ro.r6!:yaarolrrl 6anr:16ardhn-r:n'rrru
tvull t14at'tll.t.rtuu.t-tn,.a&.vr., [1 tt [] t0n.0u ]lnL
cbotjroi at.s i.tan6'rr;'lr KA(soJ,.nH,o r1:rnoldruorqlanv tq% liyrrir n

(r!ao!oo:.r K = 39, AL = 27)
uuf,ao riru:n doqfiuraraaind I fua toarvr'wir

6r'l K !16; At :?t]niu 14 nia nturai6ny'lrallot 100 nit
ar6nd t Lra iorq < ua* at:ruriu 39 + 27 = 66 fYrl
d'o{trrlrnar6ni = !!It!! 3 476 15'1
:irriorr rfiau:ruir KAt(soJ,.nH:o filra4o:rilu czo iayrrjr n1d
39 * 27 | 2t32 - 116\4)) + 18n = 470 ogld n = t:

100 coRE coNcEPrs 13 131
tboti]0i 41.4 AL.?fiLri.rr B1.ro, r2% lnLrrc r'rri 1 at,.i.n:,vFoiro{ 4o" !fiddr1d5,o1^rli
u!irfia.rrirl:cnourf,ufr6rratl 54% Iosr:a l.rdrurruvrio!avIeu!rato.ri6nr1l
6uoafioriorouuri.r
Ituf,no oi'or.illnou.,ordr-:v'or,'h.iu.vir,.,_r.irr..ul".,r 6o urri,: rvohj.ri iu

;- l
? rL.Ldu LU)r'e!,1" {.'l'..?YC' )0U' llilulULtl JLr . ll,1!
#umronl*ir dorafihvrflfirr6o
ordrl:gnor 910i..tuia srol.rrd.r
t!0au 96ah
1.l r
n1n0llr I ! rntdmAfl
dO.r "UiOl " l-- - 54
-- tLl.U.qLll0.lll
- q4
drill ir$dL^L)ntâooL,r! 88oo xYiiAnrJU 88 r - = 49.5%
f't1sh1aos6'rso1fl utfr sulnlsaaluo-Ksoono:fiou

dadrar:l:gaor-ruT1#orr!iououaaruo-r 5arruzu6orricudfi'ldlrnnrraarari'rtsri.t
r-ro'i116r.'ru:rq.riit::"ruL r!61'hra 1rJr6L1,i1'uirltit tr d,rLr:.'ro!fii
: r0l( O * N ..cr;L. .iuoti,:""0t virr':dtr"ryia :v fr'odrltots qq tn
luripriirur{uslast0n rfiau'rliv'ttattiotrttorusia:orgfluq0tai:11:ifo!giifru
. -i - - -
clltroEilDd 41.5 ertiruil tv4o!;2tD'q,lo..eEl'6i1.1:tioi?frll8ri!xrr!ftl'lviEtl'r
arr;rai rioffrtnriuoi:loaonttd t.;6 ail rravrir o.go niu +arnlirarrdio'tq
'lulo:nutih:ar6:raouo{23.770IoutL?a!.ivrqnioti'tl'i'rurroia'r:tl:vnautiod
uur6o (o . /o B
ao.iir o 04 no' 6rioi fi c oi o.oa rro
I FO 0o0gio,i!005ror 6rfr.i'fr r ({ 0.1 r.ol rrh'rt h itdl+au 2'

arri r-t8 e fi N .ri' t n '']'
o,8 e ac.ihr o.o2 -no.
*r:r'irv'rrl'ru:uLatora onitlu tn:rva rr$r'lvrhci o, luarnrart6oilfri3lrriru
. -",, J
"l rn rnvolulr rr11o )'r!.11d!v6llutl"
CO, 0.04 mot C 0.04 nrot 0.48 e
H,O 0.90 g 0.05 mol H 0.10 mol 0.10 g
u 0 02 mol 0.28 g
o 1

732 ll cnr urlsy
! rnol) r ,)1.r'u1t0r,r1L Jatut O'luarr t tg ni:- ltiuiu.. 6o
fi o oi 1.18 (0.48+0.10+0.28) = 0.32 B
Lra:vriirurufu aroraanfi rtuld'rfl 1 o 02 mot

lrno:.ri'Lrmvr:rrdo:rdx! C: H:N i o rih 2:5:1i 1 via c,H.No 1.i1r!a.i
LiVltrlf .lL.vlrivlv ".Fl JlYvv OiFll)t ndUtLld l)ll.tnOU0llFlL .'dL
61ll:cna!naohrito.ilarvtrh:'rrtrin r:raur:nu1!iaocoourorlataco-{a6iirtd
'j. , .
.l1i1l1 )ltllLtal,l:1Jl.JtItl ttra'l0lt lr )0t r!na[Ur.
ci:otitod +t.o a'ri r v I oir 6 a o'[:!i!o rlaustiol.ri.i d odMyo a a.r rdo:: !rio u oilalr rriu Io e r],l:rir
ar:rJ:cno!naol:ii to.q rra:arsi'r [dx16r]a'ri6!6ru AgNoj a.r[]lrnriulro
nYu
a'.rmoldrtrGrrousnolfinrdhlifildu rfion:o.rovaourouuy'r .r-lrlra'ld t4 3s air ar

Mrirlav!o"inri.liracrtjutavulo
!!u!!tl i lnn li11Ftd0 iax.tuGr tl,t1lIniarlna
MCt, + { AgNO3 '+ M(NOjt + xAgct

egcL firiodlr ra.:r q 6oriu 0.10 mot
lirlrir:rvrrrltdirluar:rl:caa!oaat:ii r0 q g fi ct oql 0.10 mot 6otihr 3.55 g
d.nlua'oairulourralo.r t,t : ct 60 6.85 : 3.55 vio ea.s : :s.s iirihtii-narrn:ri

a"oei':ulou:; t,,t :Cl !.lao:fla! [l
l!tCt 68-5 :34-5 trlurluo r:r.r
t,4ct, 1-31 :1r 137 8a
llict. 245-5 : 106-5 245.5 trhrtuor:rr

rrnor:r layg a'.rrlro:rfll Ba
l?noh,nn 41 Iar,r: : trio lduri o E [aB G a.]:!:ynauaontri,itorlnrarvil I dfioio:rd,luIflotlxar!.!

orqlarrdaaantrurilu z :3 ,8: \ *af, 3:2 sr aho-! iran:uorar: :taaro-ruill
rilu GO, !,a:a"n:id!!!'taoroalra$ara: D,E e rflri z:e:6 muaid'u
! J 1.t"t-ur.nd0!0l03lt11l16l
a) tn't1311i
b) oanlgdsol .trar.dan:otlr. :

uraoloou ua! uradofua
rirrlafuifi riourllva-nan: uciifi nr rrirrfl urrrrr r!,tru1fi6ori rL, kiri.iu v,n

. ,, 5l
l11c'L'ianlila eQtanlU.Lrll !t'e I.rltllr.l!ltl
llnr:lir]orririru':ruriorrirrlSurruar:alvl"ud u:iogfin'rid'rv1lori'rrl'raoeoo!
nrrlvlar.ULl-tl4LOnllnlrlnaYr'ro!"t0l:'llltrrlSo1lht.nuttlu.Lr;trU!1,rl.lno
" r cu ""-
rirt-
*
td.i':tt- L.nor r.ltot: qfrn,rl rI' .,eu:ii'r:,t
!H
IIN
He
1J'la! 'lLirioulo']d
,U ',8
'ae
Na "si
!s
S. 4Ti
E uGa Dse
Ik
st! Yl"zr INl! 'ln T€
EEEEEEE BS
uf,aciolua (Molar Mass)

urasloha (M) 60,.r-rariluni lo.!a1ii'11.r!r.r l fua ur.rnirfitionir rralutaqa
.irvir ar:lqrrrudi.fluh.dqa 1"1rFfiun "!'rfl{nl tdlMiua rrlaooin,
urarlofu a ovqnldrrnlunr:rirultutiorr"tGuT ruar:d'ur{uii ar:#otrarura
r rr0ioUat.ilc^)ei tT.,r"riuh tiulri.tur.e6morltf'J aeot isfiov'uro.u rt-,-,r
..c 2 -
uii JtllFofi rL Jaulori)dL Fd'l j:il,.l)aoaltlafl0l_arlouroLfi\Llou'llvJlr. l0llll
Co,=M = 5L) = 95 a. .,4. - '4..\

H.O = 18 cooH = 45 9a a,,H",Oi - 342
j:nudrurr.soL-at,rr eit u: o,ru.v.rfflff 'lJ(61ir ro.iriulr 1i.ie I r 'r rr
rorn'r ruolfrrio.rlflnrirtrfld'ilnr:rirkud 6rLoon{ua"oourutlrd6lfiin6raa-'u

r{lurli 6ur lruru'u o tla!'r nfr a vo r oor tn: rs ns tto ua rlrl'r n liiilnnu[n!0u

134 l! cHEMEAsY
--: " - - !o g
d u n 1 s rn u hd ln-fulu s uuss u ua1
lunrr.rir!qvrllvrir.i ua Loi".ti,tro"otaro.s ,rorrior.rFrniruiorl> viu1d,: Ir

llJLd )0llill.t rl y r'l!Xl?'I ). .1UUC&n i,nll irOdllFl .!UrU.te !-fl01L1 r
uriarnr:roirrfi rfluioarf,ufiu uo1:rlurrva-n1 uSoalar:drdry1 Lu:vri't

J+ i".
"
Lr\,Lla gurr,]lllrlluf lvLr !' rurLudtr'iv .l .lun,' {1.. r)14.. nf! r-lr!
r a!nr:nrrrsri!x.rfirt a. nrn6r1,i!ir
2K.l',4nct(s) tr+ K,turolt + lilno,G) +
. ar.in1in15[nir]xifi'r{ ct! ornoi'r.ryr"ufr r*a:n;o'lrlo:aaoil

2$nncd(s) + l6HCtraq) ---+ 2KCt(aq) - 2[lnCL:(aq) + 8H:aXl] +
o aunr:ar:ararulavrra.:uordrra:ohoirr
(:uG) aHNor(aq) --+ + Cu(NOr,(aq) + 2H,O(L) ,r r,,,.r., ,r.i,.i
3CuG) + SHNOr(aq) ---) 3tu(NoJlaq) + + AHrO(l) :-:.-:,rr.r:.;l:, ,
. ar:lroaouffrr co, d-rirrJula

Ca(oH),(aq) + co,(!) -+ cacorG) + H:oit)
r alar:'r r:'ra "lyria rlr r lLrt 't airo{101o:c'r irJ o!
'lo' - ' 'g
o arrr:rr':Liioaiulotruia
+ + 6HrO --+ 4Fe(OHlr ---+ 2Fe:Or.nH,O
4Fe
. t1 , "ti i s .1.. r.eri' ..i r,..orraaa.' ", o..o o.

CsNlrOr ) I 2CO,
o ernr:nr':riorffrruorhrfi llrnm6ouodlrfr ur
r_50..0'r.:.ir,u r d ...c L.rd ' . 1, .r.' 'rr.or.ria
llH.Cl(s) + NaoH(aq) ---+ Nacl(ag) + H,O(t) +
(,iHr,so, . 2KoH(atr ---, &Soa(aq) + H,o(r) +
o arnr:rr:rForirtnritoulooon'ltdaraar :rl;:rororiuorr.:or
c'r';rlrcralloii!aiuo + iilasalLnio ---+ n6o + rii * ,r-"rari:artolorhd
CaCOr(t) + 2Hct(a(t) + Cac[(aq) + H:O(L) -

100 coRE coNctPTs 13 135
. aunl5Jiiiulrojlayvroan{a (y!ii I = M)n-ud'r
2M + 21120 ---+ 2MOH + H,
. lr 'll rS0alldyvclUl_Ltqr llÛq^1! OLv l0i^4r11.,.110luyrJl,1l11tlrll01i11I

2r-O: + 2CO uaY La.O.-lCO?'ta \CO
. drnltqtana]l onfi')
Cl,(g) + NaOH(aq) ---, Nac(aq) + Naoct(aq)+ H,o
cu{d + Na,co3(ad ---+ Nac(aq) + Naoct(aq) + Cols)
2ctz(s) + ca(oH),(aq) ---+ cact,(aq) + Ca(ocLL(aq) + 2Hzo
. a narnl:raqad (Saponification)
hr"u+3ruauri ___+ 3aU + n6ltoroa

C3H5(Cj?H35COO)3 + 3NaOH ---) 3C,7H15CooNa + C3H5(OHL
Y
n56jLmr + L!ra[n ) a1r + r]'l
CT5H3TCOOH + OOn -- a,,n.,a*O * n,O
r arar:ar:ainluladrta
! - "" - ',t!A!05lnXatO nl! !11r1 !!d:nilidl0c
I L',llllr1.Jl
11.11t
CaH5(C17N35COO)1 + 3H,O ---+ 3Cr?H35COOH + CrH5(Ol-l)3

l!
n-i!fi 2 !'r.ro11rlr"
" rv' {ii5 r rnir uoor ooerrihrcq,r.Fr ld ttloi,sa
C,U5COOH + CHrOH --r Cr?H35COOCHT + H,O
",- !
a't!110u'tlolLl,uf,al.mul totu[14Ln llM ]uufl:L]nutlod n 0a0a laL
riun'jlnisrrunlr "vnrur{ioarqoifl tnt'l'l(transesterifi cation)
elsrilhuoUSulru'luaufl 1s lni
-
-r- ar5d',!6urfr!N6!!6ui !,e 4 1
din;116$ fiiEfi1r6fifi rilnEa'rxririr!frErur"r iu'rtutaia1t
r,Fqi&{-enrdr[q utid viu!{]nit1.alrrja'llo!srullnnJ I ol '1)v lMd risll
J J ! a ,
-l- "r"rt0u rn (r$) :.,uodl )r !FlLlrFn:rl t
6uL^$r":rin-1Li rli n la n=i r.1n!r; rv!or0t\1]1r1i
:^^
j -rifrulilEl!vr
1:1r arl rn l '') l) tntl,-!o.!llLrd]1fl1r!lvllt!tcdl)1,1L!0'lttl
vroh ert.a :ojrdrd',6liutifiGr"rul n!nt.$d iri,:o i::u'lro"t'iuhll
ar:d.rdr:o-rvirvroh] 6ov6airrJfl iioT dr.rqo

135 l! cHEMEAsY
.-:;.rd!if"fliruo1 i 1di'Litu!fiLUrrl itL tu.r 'r511'luar.n :.nfitd1or ,: .:

:..
ir iu' c :d roir.iqrltvucltt j r "a,,hvlorirru' rr -nrr ,lB eaqe-r) .tu
o ar:d:atirrfi 6'ornr:vrll3uru rriu r:r6ornr:iorlirtrr,uralusraon:o t:rdo.r
rir.iouruegarslla-rataren:ofiu,n.iurr, hi- iui.rrtav-oflr"t'riu rr
agnroolfi lo n:rdr:'r6oir " tudl1rtlr " lilu61lri1Ml.rorl5uro arnriur:rrioat

lMtul0tlrll l5l-l 1tuntoMLraavtf a,:
. a rra: 6 [ld yfl.rroroi ron:nluor-n r:'darlirnrqu ,nriuro.iol+acatu

lauvv o.ruo.rt6'uro
o ^'rorovro ooor:r-rr!i, rliL Aq . t q , ro r:rrl trilooou,v;i'd,tjun :
drylorlirrru ur:r;r{luar:ff fi :rnr*r.r
n'lsh1a'rsri-lKuorJSu'1tu
lur:rroaa:riorr"rliiSr'.rie'u.fluyuri!"Frrir,ryi.rarr'l,oriha-r.irulo
rJir n"oqrior.uir irr.i h i-u':urfiuru'ur'lrsue riu11j r.r1r" t.rutit oa or-,il ,r,
olr.toon'ltl 6 o l-nlriara r:rJfr ffior viiorrlirrruar:nlr duusiac n'rurlfi u6:1i'r:'rrlri'l
ar:lortluar:drraror-lirrru r'rriudo.ryrar:finnldu!orlou ua'r6lrfig!rai{iurru
a't5a!l !ua!fl ]iitJllrora! r
criodrod 44.1 ar:trry:ovrorlLtrtulo.id"r:6iar! Hror r4.ido-id

n ldtJnlotu'ro t0 0o cmr ooar:a:ara Hp, *6:'liio.:1urro;r1,rr{
t. 16rar:a:arolololoqirdldl z llrri t0 .m' ,iitlrtorltuii nsLiotriisoi
o".r6lrnr: Hra,+ 2H'+ 2 --+ z + z12a
o. yoo,irur].tanarltl 1 2 r.lao arrasardllrl.rc:tltriaerl6c!rilu6lh.rdlriu
i. tltv:srar:acaru'lutro:!rlrj6',:aar:avara Nars2o3 llntvlu!t!du0.500
moLdm3 fi1oqfrar:avarou.lduurthtrifif, ldar:ardru Na,s,or 1l zo.oo cml
ara':r.liiBrr 6o t, + 2szqt --) z- + soa5'
ar:10 rfluar: riryuorjirrulunr:yo a ord rn:rv rvolo
ltu)io i. u'l Hro, riuar:fir.,r6'alnr:tr:.rlrJir,ru 6tfrollflar:flrtu

ltlnr:yqao.ld fia:.rni:
ar:riryuorJiuriu uav6'arli'ar:asnratolalo6:Lrnriura r.iolr_izua-nri'ulri lro,
rio!fri;Ernly:rn G .rru
t, firiodufia:duduGururo.i H,o, fiulol
'lurir.: .r.
riunrrtyrn:o Gxnr! S,o3r irrrr6!a)hRu , urfrn!,jii5orlo6riu loor:rn:
ll:1!G,l.rtuIualol Sro3'z riol rd:6.rn'rurrurfialyrrJirrotor , rra: Hro. olo'l

or-rotiroi 44.2 iu. 'i.",i'oilr!-ri! So- diu Ca(ol r- d'!a!nri
ca(oHLG)+ soJo -+ casols)+ HP(t)

CaSOJs) + Old + 2H,O(t) -+ CaSOa 2HrO(s)
^ &, a e
i.J3!'ru C..o, fild n:6u,iua1:l,o rflr,!.uqlrr
uuria rli-it- rfl'trfiari ioi rt >o i rr' .ilr,,'o rlf o- r r'li vual' 'lutuvfr c" o+, o"o rfiot
!'rn!fi llrla rfi oira-fl o'ulfillii3arrio16'urnfi qo
diurl3u rrL ad.o, fl;:nlaui'r >o 6rLtlerrr" ur.:orJir rn:t.rtfliir i
ld ltnovItq 5 rut/vdn]
{
u5u r ru a r s aiuw.u6u ao firt
Ialrtiiqnrva-nhriord niufi rr:urqo:IlLaqararff rttalornrfu orlrml!iiiorar:
-r lur"ua "i irqi,ioir riL i.!Lrru..r[iru ru:. 1t! ( o { 'rL.ol.uirl r pi1.
CafO yl!nolu
. *- r1.d
"1..
In14! lr.lnn!JflJsUtr !9dlAtUFrd
o rll:- sriie,,'e eLi. Lc r.{i:. tt!/fr q1i' alunLoo.rL rLUlltL' !Lle' rn

i5!i,ri1o.ifr1t co,
_
o t:l orari t tlr"lr .rrnvrr_or" '1 100 fF'r xdr ii t:.ir-
!o.irr1ar) 6E n'rtEonitxuirv6aniniii;B l
df,orirDi 45.1 ri'rtuiffrt'lalo:orirouqo:Irraqa c.l,,l'ruru zoo .rnr dufrlqoof qn! 2000 cmr
.i, i'i' ,dr"(oioLiuo:6 tk' t'oo , - r 'u:

qi rvro cr1r"i :Jula L:- r'':r"ru
rtru6ofl rr soo c,n' fi rslalo:erfu oufl fiIn:rairrfi rilulttoarraarauldfr.rduiutt

138 l? cHEMEAsY
luf,do '""'" """'filr co, fiLio6u 6o vo, oauairrtilqrla = tsoo 500 = 1000cmr
firroaniraudlda 6o 500 cm'qifufirtooninuil,{60 zooo - soo = rsoo cm'

acldd'oiiruGlioro'rx,alnr6a 200 : 1500 : 1000 (ro.i,xar)
C.Hy + O, "+ CO, + HrC
ri'r t00 rar:oaoo lvld'rarqaliu 2 15 10
frovnor o rvldn.uqadrrf,! 10 ldFh x = 5llayy= 10
aFrr'lEloriiri!oriirilu
ilo;rair.rttlnauoarnu'16' 5
CtNrc
u-r On'AL&
nltuduw-uds:K j-tDrJSurosrn:druru[uauoorird
.fr o i r" r: i, rlir^nii rien I.dut *u .T r,c: p c r,!- r: f rlxi i:- o r r,ir .r,t.:dir.
o:lirdruruirn (n) Inotridufiitfiotolfirt (o'unSro.iochn.rlo:) !!ayr.rndrfi1t
z tiofifi{Brrnrr rn-urrt".rr:aryrui'r l.laro.rflrrirull:dunrr Mw rirertiun-u
of,ou-rDn 45 2 t:oluvililvrurin s.z.so g rioU::1i''ro co. fi stc *dra:urir sa.++ q drrirtrnnihl

r:r1i "tiouirfi e.ri.irJ vri, .::o g ,-rrfi,rv.flu"-ta: Ii
IuMo firtdraarrioadaarry16urn'u fi-, p rvirnil)r.lilror:6#rniurr:rrtdt.:o1l16elt
liruhafrrtdord'orrvirn"udra astdir Mw o g
rrarariirt Corlunrruv = 53 44 52.56 = 0.8g nr"! (Co, i Mw = 44)

fi'uraff't'l,unrtwrth = 53.2a s2.56 = 0.64 ri firtdosi r,,r* = o,g , 44=32
0.88
tonrjflnd +S ft :rurrJi]i3trr CHpH(aq) + HC((s) r cH3ct(S)+ H,o(C)

drrioelairufi.rr ttcl 1.12 mr lfirih o.rn-,ls!6n1 luuLnruoaliqni irrrrl 8 dm3 firila-l
,. ,,.. j
rcoc t.tu t 01y!rL,!1toua:i11h4tiuF I ioluiu.ointt, tt
I lct l]l,notu
STp 0 56 n u.iE ,
arararirlfiioolrn dru Hp drfinduor:run-rri'r HC( nar!rfllal:agarun:q riryuo
nT ruyu.tur.lltorunrrtoaivira"r o.a gzcm3
a) ar:riruoGrriulurJ!ffi orfi'6oar:1o
b) iolasirato'tol ri3d.drflllri{o
c) lra$a$idriqfirit rloluuirenir
d) ar:aca.run:q Hct lufioolqnriroavitauairullnwirlo

roo coRE coNaEPrs l: 139
5o u a t w a'l o-uoorJ[ fr 3 u r rn 6
n15Fl1.rl,UtArA3tA[01l0!U0nlul.llnur']uf-t.aannll6lvul[La:.n]1"nuvt'ruD0
nr:rirurtu tqrrrioXai'hyririruro) rr6onar:drd'ur6oarr'a6ndrud6!i qntr
n?1rrvr.rlratL[arfl']r n!"grarr:r 1fir6onlr I ar: udra"ruruirirriotlfr f,ior
:- , l-,,4,..*"
atll 5tunv!115!ltud r5LL^Vl1lY5 l,ta]Lnvl-nlMUClr lAlrlrlrtui1 "11 rLM) nLv1r rU I
rfi olu.loirirririu qtrirrndroritroiolld
nf,oBlDn 46.1 lunr:rrr caco, !:a 100 ai hiaalflo"rnaillih] cao !!a3 co, rtrirrdjn'E$rrfi
d'..1l.vd0ag /U ni! nlV':aUa:'_
_
? 15t_611111]:t
Uf,nO cacoj 100 ni! (1 l!6fla6)drLiorJfriSararl:niaveiairio co, 44 ni! (1 lua liirfl!)

n'r!a!n'r)' CaCOJs) -.) CaOG) + COlg)
;. A
tlar u h1t66i1n atn $ co7 v[non!i!.i']9fl21
or rudrrataru{rffvrotrl ur:rr'ldraruliuffrt co, = 100 78 = 22 nfir
,"!frliil. .)iv.:r , O 44 -r"x L"r li aa,".la /, 00 ,0%

44
oloa-]on 46.2 lunr:agararrdrnrirra ni dxual:asa'rsnio HCI !i d! o.1o moydm'G!]lni

6.5
soo cm' rc6-rraotfiu{0lfft l, rfiotririotlorffrtrfildu6n rlorir pH lonaltasa'ru

ld't.u oivrio!acnr:rifliiiiul (zn = 65, loc 2 = 0.3)
LIUf,NO hi zn lria 6.5 nilr (6orth 0.1 I!a)

al:a3a'rirnlo Hft 0 10 moyamt soo cmr ( 6otfl! o.os lr]a)
a nr: 60 Zn + 2HCt ) Zrclz+ l,
ar:ritauo{irrol,udd 6a HCt 0.05ItLa ncaca'ru zn ld 0.025lua (tilat6tolaalnr:)
lun:nid auEes:-r-lcrrlu6oo{i rrutlqtdirru au"ti
altayalsnroorol]va"n pH 1.7 (!'rn'rn 2 0.3 vio 2 - log 2)
,l-+r'u n:ouil lHctl = lHl = 2x10'] = 0.02 mol,/dml

n:o HCt arrnuqnl{vro'l uoinalur eood o.o2 movdmr ornoouu:n 0.10 movdm'
[aoliilv6onlooqj 20% urud etyi"ld = aoo,t

140 13 CHEMEASY
47 rJ!frSoraunrsdor0oo
.r lirirujn ,d urir.rfiorirrrliu iua r1r"au"'rrqfilr.' t".ir urt-arL. r

l.aori')tLrvLrir.rd')erruLLlrrn'ivr.u.)-:.rul.r)u..r.lt)"0iva'r.a:''1
or.r:,ri hJarir, r"uvr4oir rr_r:rdar" : vdr;i Jr!6a d,:u -ar:dr:.1_ irl
,tdXldl )lll"lt 0' llttl,.U LdclS'!'t'T0 JcL'10e111.J
oi:otirod +l.t t:i6o ,.olumin tcrotia".urJfrffio r I .ir"oor- ri'rd
a. 4NH:r + 5Or ---+ 4NO + 6H,O
1. 2NO + O, --+ 2NO,
n. 3NO, + H,O ---+ 2HNOr + NO
r'v e': t irrir"itrv. rrlir rrua r:o"riu \ t, -lr.asr-tud rqr O

tri I
l) N()--lnFtl]llt1u n ur flnvr]uLrrur.r'rlran
.-! 3
l) \L)Ttnf[].J1ru A uInd!.lLt'tr!!t rtutr0n
liulno uuu (l No W.Jn uutlou

arn15nx3 ; 12NH + 15O, ---+ 1 + 18H,O (NO 6oairri'x;x!)
axnrll!6: 12NO+6(] + 12tt (No, iloar5n-xirxr)
allnllnx4; I + 4HrO ---+ 8HNO3 + 4NO

a:16' t:NH, : auno, xio NH3 3I a ao6fi! HNor 2Irla
sw (A No iniuul qudttultdnld
axr|_:r i 4NH.+5(],+ 4 + 6H,O
6!nl:1x3 ; 6NO + 3(). r

alf'll Fx 2 6NO, + 2H,O + 4HNOJ + 2NO (vr"i NO r.a! No. 6aar5o"1ill)
retd' +r*, r +nto, rfia Nr. r lua ro6iu lNo, I ha

1oo coRE coNcrPTs l! 141
0trcu'tDn 47.2 nrcir?i.rka r?tjv hl1rn1: Lr6o1ror uot (tlarcor) itiuorouva'n 16 0
n. NaCl + NHr + CO, + H,O + NaHCOT + NHaCI
!. 2NaHCOr + Na,COj + CO, + H,O
n. Ca(OH), + 2NHaCl + CaCl, + 2NH3 + HzO
a.-dodud',u'ryr,oonrrr.rnr:60 Nact n-r NH. *avizuaraaatd6o cacl.

oivln11i]a-lr-uijtEviriGritulo'l NaCl : NHr : NarCOr : Cact,
{ut60 uuu N4 A1nrluiauvill

a flrrflx2i 2NaC(+2NH3 + 2fO: + 2H:C + 2N;ll(or+2NH1L.
auni' 1 ; 2NaHCOr + Na,CO3+CO,+ HP
A!1fl1:n; Ca(OH), + 2NHaC( + CaCtr+2NHr+Hp
ns16' Nact:NHr lNarco.t:CaClz = 2:2:l:7
lllafilo
a nlrnx2; 2NaC(+2NHr+2CO,+2H,O + 2NaHC 03 + 2NHaC(
a nl:{; 2NaHCO. + NarCOr+aO.+ H:O
-.l1lll
l) fl ; Ca(OH), + 2NHaCl + CaCt, + 2NH r+Hro
'ivtd Nact NH3:Na,Cor:cacL = 2ror1:1

ILUL.ua,,L1L'!l \P. t0 !1\1liliLU,l'U11 L vl
a.rluuri t,tu, ff 6a.r'l;ioourir LL--a Lvlrurl
rJ[fr3ur'lus:uuuooweu
S:UUUODWAU
d i -,
1ur^t!flsera l)sl_!dLd_vli UIi-u Irtluu_.lei: luallJ l1a.0l)tlxr{ rnd11v1l14M'
lli.fl, u6.11o1s'Lthl1]!o_ir.d
'rJLira 'q.UrUdrrJtr6lrrlt0.aouln:u'[6u)-)!]
d'-:d lua'nuruci!:riaxrriauaanr:uardtt rrd:fior:rultun:oiltr.lir fir6orairur{
4- ! - &
i:xril.ridl:' e;oi'- rlltd r)dlF!iu al.vi0lI lnvu61' utuvutu- ll" JFolvo'u01
6uiuriar"ltluhnriioriu1 hlfnriuueorfi ru rqo nn-Iad' tu ahlf

142 I., cHEMEASY
otou]Dn 48.'l uiaaalllcnoldxd N, uav co, x n 24.0 I uii!'hn'rrucuulo 2 6or: rioahuuffa

tro
t n:Jid.lui ldraruCa,Olr rrn,ilr*aU:'nflr.ir0r_ulrCaC') lO.O nir ".fidi,c.i
tl:;nordrr tt. io oavrrfi,olo e:Jirrot:
,
" -_ J, .,
IUf,nO {'.lLir'l r) 6arvl rui N 1ju hliriliir.d! ra/Ol)
rleiCo, riirliii!1d'.ia!fl1r co, + Ca(oH), ---+ Cacor + H,o
.Ffl ( ar O. iu lO.O ni! (OIfud,a r,:rri't1 o"rrO-ldo. Tle.rlir-
-t n-
9lL1Jhr'ttl.lll ,r CO/ 0L 0.1 lU. . Flt1ll 4.4 'ltll
uayifilr N, od 24.0 - 4 4 = 19.6 nr"r AolilJ 0.7I!6
Lafirs:rdlRrtuv 6o 0.1 + 0.7 = 0.8 ha
druirfirs*6r "iooaelooGrro:" rartdorn'iouay1nufu a"
)-dLrulouutl't6lto L. N. .10 = 875%\
-
of,ouron 4f,.2 rj,fi rtr,nr.:yr iLH4 iul ,i r.ru zao,nire,iyfiro.rfir\ J 500.n rfieriLi rr
co, ua:rlarlrriu{ z tio ioGrro:firtn}.rmofirEurdr 360 cnrr *drdruafluJr r:la
fitlrnri:rro rcrviafi'rrGrror: 80 cmr rluriouarlnarJirro:ror H,1rlffrtra:r
Iu]io rrnhrti Glrqr:frrtiaoaroolii'rlllud 60 360 - 80 = 2Bo cm'rflufitr co.

nin6nn1l CrH4 + 30, ___+
2Ca1+ 2HrO
6rrio co, 280 cm'uaoriri c,lo t+o cm'dTruiun'u
. Ji
dtiliui -
trar.rs,r.r.rn i:"t n oq zqo t40= too,.nj
ioc.tluur-|i! ror:t,rr.l 'lurtoraeuqot. r'6. 19!j-199 4 . %/
mn6'roelrrrhd'u rfll:-srrrorzualirlSrrruar:'huoiaztl4-iirrhlrda.:rioriir
.r_t€ ruttun luJ6 0t t lLr^f [11, ty / uolEJlttnllulnuliuJluu. o!(at o-nJU),uiitiF t.!.
{1r{)ut I tL0!nln!)1 tui'llLull0..ird! ,liturqt'u.iu lutdl.t dlotiltrilfl :-
anuu.lyltt!1J
1rir.rrua?i.rrurrir1.rri1ilu11.r1.raauayiolliuaarin:!rrilr 2.16 rli ldfia{oaf6rn! I

4 :, t!. .1 0.r. tlyxiot' idt r :n" I :*" tu rruu .nui.u!_el i, y.u: r'l1"? r lhi!.
iSr-r: rirr.r-iuur rur n,".:dr6ouluntrn',r..n.jiyfr i6. . r:16"0tor" u

n!!ODn1U (Lever Rule)

I Uqav
f1)nl1.ltutLl)Lllilit'llDlfl6ultlU!n0ltln.is0]fiU16fl'll.2fUtlulqli!n1lfilttO
r.n6-061{r.o ..arn r ro'oroarar':lun rudartrv- i- rot .tu tiuoiuita taal A
uns g :lrd! oo ni! 6o'orrirrar:ntiiar: I oqj x nil [a3iarr B oti 60 - x ni! 1,u
F.icruvd.lr:,.ia rrrir'rl:fin''ira_rura (nir) r-rr vw rirl,riaurr:6n.nuarufi

rialdN(ra:n
nr:1{nnrororur{rriruv'rn'rnar aur:naon':rr{rrraluar:uiarnr: too

J I ; r-. -
drfrun -
" nduLou tu 2 nttu !.al.utalr.11uununl.0attrvt ll z- q1!l tlt0l/l.Jf llul.l
tvu,]'t116a,i1.l'tfl fl 'laul'!nu
o-loJ,06 48.3 lunroar:fint fi fid rt.uvxi.uion r)riul" I81,lt luin

iia ldrn:orodo :.oz loarn:ousiacitrtiutn:o 3 uas a tvi'riu
tr,r,, fui'rnro.o6r 3.50 lo a rnrflrr ayit r.thr.itt 7 !.ai 4 lvirLYu
tr Sieivu :t inn'tdrn: e I odfivurcio ra.'
r) trrjfivu':rhou-td',r:o 2 o.d
ir41i ru ir
lulno lvr re J [r rlnrol.ll f]1iilLrirn,o 4 rnr.n":uio rnrnroiuorrii" q.00
uoidrtdrn:o I lnratjroior rnrora6olyt{lu 3.oo

d'ldm:o r nag o rllit" r.rorodtqr oir: uiri J.00 n1 I o0
lettnro 3 ,l'-lru t m.raio l:o'ltnroraduall- 119{00 = 6 95u

1{r4tarnru lna6i.rornr:a'mn:r tfluo"lgrJ
(1. 61nldunr. ]rr!.r 2. arnlram:ovt'ldiltutdur!!u.i 3. n'rn!odoalaA!au1)
4oo
rosaraiullrlni rnsorarr,tli lni ,ro .rrnlir zoo
rs.ter&r1a'.u.larnli6'nro rtutulqxtirr,nnJdrnr o r
!,rn!qiu -rih rnllroiu rm'ciu rnt '*''i'
3.33
3.6t
3.50 o
317
| '*"a.,'t*.' " I | '"-a",1*"., I

nsailtnso r ii:ua ns.iiG,nsa: iicx.ro nsadlsrnso r iiorr" ns,rdli,nr", i""'r.
arnnrn iiatdtn:o 3 virv!fl 6 t! ?8ie'r txrlldrnro 2 vilr,ro 4.5 viloier

144 I! CHEMEASY
ll -ta0iu'tfrnl0ul tnu)14 ln!tu0t41n!nuut!
criodrori ao.+ fiirfla!] i3Mi. rrfirfl! (c HJ mr i urlr (C,H. ) ri r!r!v! : or: r rrr , r iorq n r iu outtu
o.lrirlrr.ro!r 76% 10arla i.M'rioaasloa:.r,)arorfi rtirmuluirtaarfl
llu)ao hrtlnruiooadnerratar cHo
idat rirvuotrifiirtrau too nir rtu ctto = x airL uav C,H, = 100 x nYr
Uld L lu Cu. $41f! - * nll]

ma c tr crru rirnlr
*a(roo -
*) ni,
uaC *1?x+#(100 x)
Fanrira-rc100 100
rctd 76 = l, r lrroo "l
80
Tlnqwtatu
frrau61fifi cHo 1oo%n!fi%c = 75%Ioulii
1613x100=
drau6trifi c.H, toosr ryfi %c = jo4
xloo = 80% to!,rri
kudriryuoirfi c 76% 10!,.]xa 6ilndril %c !o.r cH, !1nfl.i.]
,)6c 1$ cx. 96c 1rr qH6
a0 e ao
79 79
77
Dc
9,-
76 76
75 75
a b
E'
i00 E0 60 ?r0 20
1
YoCHa t
cH4 10c r: crH6 10070
aa.rirnurnr:nrnn:rr, i'lgrJ o:nlnirrioar!tvdolndlu Aabc [ar Aedc

6:e uin,Drldj + o: ir.6o 20 ao
t4
lvi1fl'1Jir %cHa Iour]ra ([muau) i]orrra'rr{urin-u qoc (uaurij,r)
liia'rl"noy,l % Iosrxaror Gt" !i' aoo,o lqtrlrldo.ildnr:[fialrnr:

1oo coRE coNcEPTs ll 145
nlsldnDUoonrLfl us:uuuaDwau
lui'r{or:liunr:irnnlaroruur ::qndltlunr:uihrdf, q;mdarn"u::uutoraar
lririn.3, u1d'.r'uu!.rnvr}ltllf,kioti rrvl'ca! uonl tnf,6rcIao,qurFo.r!ui6r:tti
nodrrujo'ru
crlcorhod ag.s ltlnr:rftrtvria'rsIflrlni (c3HJ iiru'r1r 200 nilr !rln4irrioar:unluflriarrg:0i16'firt

naoirudrtu co, [n! co ii niul4!-n 580 nir arv1jrfirtainniruq{fi co, oqjioaav
Lvi'r'loloarl3rro:
uuf,6o arnr:nr:rarrlvrifirfrnduFo crHa + 40, '-+ 3ca, + 2Hp

q1a + 2'54, ---+ 3CO + 2H,O
idnz,t
n r)u.o(lu 44 ula
tvl"olvu t n t,D co.
!.cY.io:'t.O 580 it 6'rflL l:5: t.
F,t .t .,v* - aot.lr,du,oo ir- a'rir" 5i:"e
6!!'!0i. lr.:Fi^t CO *cr (O 1:LrL lr .! d {l'lr'a: a lt
a !!!-n
| 15 .iyldn , .4r0 I irr 6,.{lu ro!-c)
10x100
*lnoGlro:tal co, luzufron'rur4 = 15
= 66.7%
ns"ldngtta tatu
fi1s c3H4 (Mw = 40) !i!du zoo nir frot{lu 5lua
6!l6i1!io co:
3.!14r.ro
ncrfiold ts lua 6or{lu mo nil
LLsldra!!fi'irLfio co ri.irlo ncriold 15I a Aolf,u 420 nit.l
rir$rinr}r iqn_fl drran:u
660 660
540 580
500 500
420 120
Lfis roo%
co- rfii co 1oo%
1ru Iuu)
(ro La)
orn)Li:,nli'l rio Co . Co .ill. 2. I (riol nnlr'[ti ldvAra1rrvfir!.n,l rstu

dradl.rd qs.q) fudoiio co, 66.7% Io!i3t|r0ld!ro.r

146 13 cHEMEAsY
cl:trcorDri 48.6 fuar:ulra.:lay:urniriaril'rr.rru lz.o n:-u iqov4iar lut:-:rrnrniifirrlulsr:rou

[acoan6!nrlu']n!filtrro (oiq:rdrura.r N, : o, rtu ss r z lno{iuror:) riia{friiuT rin
Inaarl:nj nrirlo'rlrntoiai: :cno!2a!:cy'jr.i MqrN, [ay [,,1qo l'] n"uy!"n 84.0
air r.rr.irira6onisuddl6'i l,tgo otjiou6rryi{olotnla
luf,do arnr:r.lfriitririodu6a 2Mg + o, ' 2^,tgc)
3Mg + N2 ---+ Mg3N,
1dal7
vttrurulua ug norrrirdu sz.r niu 6orilu z.qlua
rirr.rlolu' vg druru x Iua 6ortt: tr,,tgo ,l'rurr x lla nJrn'l
$av Mg,ir!'ru (2.4 ifua rfloriu tug,lt, iiruru 3:j-{ Lra (,rrnrauoaluaaar:)
aclduralo.iitirlrY,iJd:rxl,yl.lf"1l 84.0 nr":] (I,tw !a.l MgO = 40, MgjN, = 1OO)
o'rrir 4ox + 1g(1oo) =

3
84.0
rvl;l"rir x = o.6ira
rio Mqo !'.ui1.t 0.61!a y5o zq.O ni! 6o!iu 4x100 =28696Ioa ,)a
mi"lln!l{oln1u
alr6ir ha rfiorfll t,,tgo r&tllo r:riot6' 2.4 ila Foltlu 96 ni!
lag z.+
uoidr t,lg:.c lla rioutl MgrN, vrrruro lvriold o.8lla Aolflu s0 ai!
lutjdruuo'jrrioa6on"rud:rrn'u o+.0 nir (riroqjrvri.r.i 80 6{ 96)
rirnrirnolerlirfi#l
100
96 96
9? 92
aa 88
u u
80 80
[&o
lnn fii Mq^],
rir$ln rinrlr
n'lr!!sruir tulg 2.4 Lta uti.raonrflu q;i.u (ufrrhiabdtu)
[4g 1 d?! 60 0.6 ha rfrorJiiiurli L.lgo 0.6 lrla (24 aixr)
*av tMg 1.8lla 6q friiu116 MS3N? 0.6 Ua (60
5a 3 dru 6o ni:J)
riufiorio tttgo :a air 6orilr: ?1xtoo = 2l.6yala ,r1a

100 coRc coNcEPTs l: 147
lonriihri +e.t firrerdlrsv!rr c,F]4 rds czH" triv:1!A'od':tl uoin:ru lri nr iuaua qiiaoa: 8410!!ia
&e--l-z
1olllorfla:Jrnr4lq 0i!filnttiatu 22.4 aut n:tqntt co, ndo: 01!:r.l'lq)^nltlj1llrul9
115tP
[ont]fitnd +s.z rolr.rar:euir.i caco, !!ac Mgco3 drll,:lrvd! rfiorirrrLarouLio fliiorarl:ru tdi
ai ,-d:s no!a o nlteii!r a tfi tlo6ruu_.rta r lra riai.L ta r orvriaoarlolrtalo.t caco, t:

10ii.ra!
tonrldlnii aa.: ionlrarir6Lh!r'irrtx.rlrTlroauartovruaaritr:tlnu 216 airl ld6r{ooaAln! 4.32 ni

rfi orrr'lrriotlrrarl:ni r'rrii!:ruvrtnr,ldr!ha1o.!L:ruruoalulatrar
tondi/nd +a.a rtuTtrfin'rdta! (csN,J 1.425 kq holnltl l:lnli-rurlvrib.larlr:oi tfroirt co, uav
co iraxriil.r'ridn 4.0 kg a.ivririfi'n co. o!iaravrvlrlo
fcntlitnd as.s roru{flar:vu'jrr cuso" 5Hro 1i'! Mg5o4 5H,o tli!'riuuir iahuructtl!i.r.i 6odrlot
rari'lrlfrnrrriorfiqura4fi too-t+ouc luusrla! ouzu6nf'rhro.ttaur-:tveoonlJotr
vuo xl irrrauor *{ rfirv6 a6 o ttuioo av 60 tauranoltilfil lrn'rutruioaa:loor:a
ra.r t.lg luto.la aunour3ufi! (tilruouraosoo! = 24,Cu = 64)
^,'lg

RATE OF REACTION
I
)

n 1s doln o tta ! n 1s to o:o s 1 n1 s lfr o rJ

[ fr 5 or
-- .!
ru oolralhuD t{soludfDlfalhuD
do:rar:riorJ[fiiorriuqtdorarr:r!6aruia.rlolar:dlduiaoar 13ooornar:
- r*- 3 i"
' rldl,rtJ.r l)lFoot'11î,lt1JI'1tl liUta0lM6ltl1.L lytl'
i.rflntuny.16lr!O '
ra{ildnlurir.r::virrar:oir6rrirar:ar6niiud iraariyaiui6 o-ln-rati'r{rdu
o flfiunnd ,r dra rdrduuecd ),,FqirL{fiFdo1!iLior,r! .r ra'u rrniu,rorfld

lurrruJttr"dtri,riu ntrrFar"Slor t lranoo lrrr:r.ir"lrifit r,rfiosrr or"fi
rirlfiar:a;areuJdtlrlonl.arilrr]u
| -- - J
a -
,r1aflru6uL n [uu]r1ru^vltul't)f.e nlrlc!6r.),.aJ!'rrttnol!.) nd ru r')oto
!J'Jaioodrld !,b! l. ,svalu..vuhrrror.;':.ifiq rt r. r,i,6^"f,urJflaiu D-a:

driiur; qr-rniuirtlufr ru rndoa . rr i i ea . ni rfrr{r.l,i .tt- ' ': rio rirto',v6r
. n't]&Ju0ne1{lirnsoLua C' vltLll' )L 1v! nlo (H') vicLf ? \Ol ) ! liL.1"d1
.:-ar ':o6on'u. r:.in ii5c'1,'. r, . r pr v!rtiou-rJer .iu rfrffiu-'u.r:
tlro. nL I 1r".1 )eBa'Utlo r o1l{rlu o'[L1.Jl1-l F n:doarll.rtl'l ]'lM oH
r3
t0llil t,ltlJ'1.J --J, -
-qlnl"Fu!1 prl-r.eter l14al1J)clF_
o n1:r 6fllu a{arr!q'u iiruirrlfliior:tvir.rflrtluislJtltn tr1aM:n1d
qauge ionrrrd'ufirth:rr,ruld' o:rrdufirtfi rr.ldouur.laragarrr:otjrut
o'rl,ruiro:r1oi..o.iau1tirn'rutorBC6ofiar:ril'rurutuarorfirti:ar:siidL
rirflrarrrForriruddarL",vi *,r, ,-, - o) + 75o .fio.ior fli3c \J
rio'l cr ruo'utvaoet drr.rJfri3u rv-1ff0-t 1d.tu 2No+ N -o. tti s
n't1ud!fiatfu 5vu!nsnlfi
I
nlsntultuo0slnlslfl ou!n5u''1
I( aufiirr:,trroaoriooorrrnr:tinrlfr fiiar::virl atod'.in3;!rT a 6.50 iri! fi oqtu
6r'rrBid'r110 lL .i!{L 0 '0 tr nri \00 , -n la'lut ; o h- . rrurtai,Jri :6i, o.

I u"ufi rurar:ru11n1 zo iurfr tdtolao-lor:r.t
!x61 (s) 0 20 40 60 80 100
'ra (s) 520 00 519.94 s19 90 519.87 519.85 519.84
H" (g) 0 006 0.10 0.13 015 0.16

150 l! cHEMEAsY
n'ranl5l.ldoranllvaaoi rrrrr' nFrirtrr:l1gld'ri !'raiaoa.:6ofirt u. i

rir,F1].0t, or r"o'fi' .'oiltl irar. 1r,'. - 2 I rcq) zr (l raq) - l-(ql
.^lr1dnir{u "dx{" (?alvdi 1i{00 alraH,/at nirodr.inilJ

i0)11l1..d'rirlFr 0 l0lu rt :40_0 0.00250
,iol1lLrrfillrrA r 20 60_!-,M _- 0.11-0.05 - 000t/5pl.

60-20
0,16 0 I0 (i(l(,1(,(l p/t
rlol'l1lufi)lt)a] 4l) Ot) )Ulv
100 40
ml}l]lQSII !4 141- ?nrlllj l 'llFv.1_t rr F.ou'litlru

. i6[:!1afi n dorlronrrdua l, fi riodurfi ornirrrar 1o! [6rainriua-l]hia
ldLfl) rl,I nu11tl0lr r)vl0rl)11 n rn! u'DL!.l.6ltr.ll(dn0eur n )
riorJfriSar nrlorrarliu (fij1ulo.!o"sli1nsr]rnfn xl:urorunu y /unu x i'tifi
r1n61n!iud'!riad1afi oxln tinrafr narora6ou 6.rntl{eo!fi :rqoi?ha)
i6d:lrrurrnri,lrir.i16o.r a rulv q,r,i r

":lni=
ii dLLir'nrnri11 5v'ifls1
r r.:criFirJ r tu 1F.,a 11_ 40 ir-,i ,o ,e rt rr.urrl.Jrr_u6t, .tra'r' ,
!:grrrutdrrnii'n:rlutirllx6'r 20 40 ms 40 60 iurfi16 iounr:ro6s 6o
q."o ==:;:::j
)r ^R
o.oot/5 I .ildu
i6 differentiate i6d l"r rtlda.rlr:rral nr:or rrldlrirlii:c vi'x " iSx.r'rrl.rl o.i
a1:" n'u "!rai" .rnfrrod'r.ir.d! n!u6'ji lirrru H, iirra'roi,rilrfl!1i.irid'um.!
.-tJ
nat It) aoitnrrrno H ! lattol {r nt
-f{t)
nlsrdSt urduuJoslfl 1Slfr oUafr SuluoDrLcia:a1s'luaunls

arr6arnr:rlfrisor 2A + B -+ 3C o"o:rar:riorJfri3arorn'.turruornar:106
ldiiar .:aionr:nlduuI artdaco:n
o o"o:rrfiioornar: A = 0rrM xd molA/s) rfludn:rflr:,.aoa.l" !o.lA
RA
. o'Fl:r'1firio!1na't: B = Rs0!r 1u mot B/s) tfluo-o:rrr: .noal,,uor B

. ri'rittfii-ffnrnfl1r c = &(lrMi1u mot c/s) riludor:rnr:,,rfil6l,,tar c
nrrtldln"i:r5:cldr.ioiq:rrtoluoiaca.t: 6a
i*^ = *, = J& {.rrlr rviird r:r Gu nil a-oi.r mi rio!iii.r1!od!

loo coRE coNcEPTS lg 151
I u oounu$raooooslfllslno rJfrfr3orra!
olninro.r6'rrugiarourrnn!iaa-.i.i1!ila{fr ac6!o qjnro'lu nrrlii'uiuii:lv'i'r.r

' ri rr ru.lni iu - d r luoln rn ",urr tu fr tl,r Lfl fr .!, rndlL'lun rvirAr rrr-
, , J - - - ."
idul:o1ru ll.Jl. ri !d!n n,yIt lalut du.yllLl"yllruhrtl1l1l{auo I lnY:dd.lL tn
Ol ll ?ln if l:i) a i Lltsi bulton .rrvel tlJdtru ti1]nalA' lrrllr /U 1IU! .1) fl lt.
nr..l6Mlotuhn! rLil!"lra!.u, tndllqt.trLt1]5: tu
t:lu?rloqR1n
Ea
n6 {t1uia!nataunli
finivurnranilddrvuornrusiruri'tnfrrrldi.:"rr ruu-r .irn:rnr ta ;i rvir-

r.ria:rJfliiu r (clta rioxr {lr Adivated Ene'q}.rrej'lr.r_irrlr,oir-r,iudvio
1\e !r rL.)!9 U' 0\J 'lr ltltlrlfl.r i l' UrAr..lr..duulU .rlOlLnuIa) f1'11..t{lLn]lXL
. i,"" . q - e ! t
tl:L lnlrnrlt:.ad rlnlu1J.OL .L.vA5l.iliL5YlV!? ULO ttULd ii:
lOZilLt:Lvl.?1.5)l
a - - ,-""!
LllUlIUfrl LU5l lI1ll lnlA r5Olm![v
', al,r"OU'l,lldlnOLliUa ]t AOJltu1laL0 lLnt-
ion'r.rioqnrniruturil
,JL.U..r.l]dlr.lle.rr_llt .E rLf Ldr'L ":.r ,1lx r, to.r.d,r-u!.)'I

fiio ",,rr 6in{1.ilotii:L 16i,d !.rirnnlr11r.ar filfrltrtdrlt,rtutq, o
ie --- ,,Lr -.Y;
0r.u11L1e'u\.',rp14)-14irr L")nLl rnhd. :.' n!11'u
i
L r1{LvnluLtul'
.r Lv. r-lfr-i. i.: i,.i,l6"'i vr'.:nr..r" 4 i''..ilo,r ri :-",.i, r.ri:-fl " i,r
14yrL hL!1d rl"r-,'yl rr- 1!t,rr.r"l/.1 " J rl.l,!-"Ll,f rd'r0'1,L qlLv..! -.:
o"rrii{fr iiur (catalyst)

152 13 cHEMEAsY
rlnnu 01!?!D!r1fi fi':']l]olunlrilr tla{llunau fll1rl
liultx.t'tfl111
tflllllla
1l'tt11t ri^riavnlxllxl tYntlrtlt Llttli
r1r1r1,1.r10 1
atulttr.tfr.:vr
ll5ul01llltfllnl
ixr'la1r1r
,r'tn1!
t1lt5.!1!
rtlLrotu1ta! tM'tLF:.] ,t'r!0turt1l
l. ::ltu
ra lvrl
urinr'r=tlan :a
vfllrn 1n1!
'. ltxlotuvtIvtvlll.l'r.').1r.1,-0l:)"1!'1''tti:0ia)])ltv:0,1.')'t'iot.r'l
ur!nnUvUWltltl.tldUlnl',LrrtrcXrQrt -lli ran0 1\Ll L J [1]'."dltctd
1olalr"r :"uir-:ruj roLr r€d rfolio'r.x6;u ,r" "r -r 0ii' ,dorar'1uv-i
Ecr-iiic ::yira:dtri'ui'q].r.:as.t,rri . 'r i.td 6trl ,i ":..LndrL:L
ItJL,a ro,t Lutq)oulr.t1tr ''rllritL?\ r,orzududr).i6.t \aO I tLrr t
!-
1.1'l!Un1fl$lt a1)'m.! 0ll.lU.i6Al !!L/l AnlTAi lrlLl0.l] n.l] fl l! 6 Y6 i 0n ! llinn!:Unll9in
,11lnL Sld!dlflLn'l5fiL141onu .1^0[l4LLtanan]n..mn:li'ialr .lnld{unL!lnlL!i1a

r.lf iir ^:r ui r rtro r.ri.:riua :e, . u,, :' u to rrd rrrlu( r'.: u _ _ r.fi ,JdLy'A )
lond nd so halaliainlu A !i!il] o.: fuari rl5rrn: so cmr rilar:acars g rtxrt! 0.3 hali
Grro: 50 cm3 udrinolrrdr{u.uo.lar:'h:rurdrraroirll'ldnio.r:t
rrar (!rfr) tAl, M tB], M IC], M tD], M
x C t
010 010 005
0.09 4.12 c05
a) !.!1r'rFilroi W, X, Y mr z
o LLI Jr I L fr"tr 'ioior n rr.i,rJfrT' r"a5u'Iur,u fi
c) o"o:rar:riorJfrffiarra6alurir.r o t ufi
r{luirvlrtolri:lr:ar 1-:z urfi
0r i1,1,r..!r!"'11404(le...drllr )t ,l]1 .:e l!111111,cdI

100 coRE coNcEPls lg 153
a)1uKU'tuuo0n!oos1
lrloior:r 60 alnr:Firrrfrlfiu5:yyir.r " oin:rar: riorlfr iil{ol:.ll " r't "r1rn.:rl
ri^J!..rrrrolrj-..rn:d'r-o r iiri", atv_iri 6t. 6t. it_,u q[Ly..i
rf, iI i [w6!nr:n?r:]nixnr'u6o-rnilm6a
!rna!rnrrn{o-nr1 ar,]'rioutlaoon:r,r'16'aooodor6'l z ial"uifi aarioo-o:r

ld'uri qiuvqfi unverr:r tiuriuto.rar:or'rfru in udrn:rr rdlriur ora r:03.r dui rlru r i
o:d.raalr-irir n !ranr tl6ru rirurl'r k rirasu!:oirlonroruranioruarnr:,ro.r
orir:!i!6 60
c rl'rL.rl1rflirr! e,pone-ridl luLn' l. !: r61L11tLrr08 t!l.r, tr.,1tL6')t

:d
-.- -. ; - - ; -
oi e,tluri fr6ur ir p,e e,Oo .n,",'d.tor vio' eqLe1-, a. Lo' 6tl urtt"t'
i radnl rn rlruriLro illrana.ral tor.avr rafi 6 arudinritureld.ltulr"
tiolraorAnHr) {:a1nr:!r nI r:nnn:! ltor! u
rnk = -B + rna i1 R = 8.314)lmot.K
:-"- rftun.rlxr"tFr ruro;r,riud (t at r o:r

liirrutr
axr. fri3ur v^1d10 url-
q lnrfl2n lvodanrdtul,lrt 2 n ll lttll ut tl,rut nu ordli"')
oluoiuuoDrJtfr suTrra!o:uoluuaD6'rscr:Dcl-u
l-- .
aLOtlrallalal:01!OllFA 911.At d V5a lr 1l['l]U,a!Lfn alg0 !61'n'l'llurwlol
!_ , .
allminu..9attl.o|LCLn'lr lafli' ll]U r)!0, 'l l. J' U.11llU10ld ll9 la!"JaAl S l
L,..doo0cl' r11,nolll'llL D rn..l,rurto o).d1 tli!'lltiitl,lloD06151ll_n
---t-
;1uild'lra lriiulliu 6oruarx!na.iduii'lr1ro.!a't:frt01!urlaccri iirvirrnr:
x,
urdr6'ldro1'r.r1 riu 6orurnrnfl 1il1oao.i !h!5uuno.!fi nurrrno"rodrrriohlfl

154 I! CHEMEASY
ctlcotj-rod so I rirnr:voaorGolS'orraT !io:liii!'rr!r'j'r.r cto, n! oH- dla lr5

2ctolaq) + 2oH (aq) ---+ C[oj-(aq) + CtO, (aq) + H,O(l)
ldraar:nnaaro".ror:r.r
lcto, 6!iu loHl rtuiu 0rflmrntqllntsl

nr:vaaoti (M/.) I
(M) tu)
002 002 3.0x 1c
2 002 120 v t0
0.02
4 0.04 0.04
i 0.04 \ 48.0 x 10
- - &-
n{ut01.1rru.0ll]lfltrl.l dl.otlo{un rta riria':a{otl:l itararna ) _! v
uuf,io nrr6'!Finrroaoitrdacfi!cdrulfir:r!61616r,rato.rnr']!!t tl&0.!alidln'uutia!o-')
tcro,l" toH f i auf]ll
1 ---+ 2
rfi! 2 ri1 ri! 4 ri'r 2= I lqa=2
(002+004) (3.0-12.0)
1)3 rir : llir rir z rri'r

(0 02+0 04) (30+6 o)
l
arnor:rorvaur:oriaua4do :rld'rf,
qdre = < [LtL, ,' oH J ralu n"r. k ( o-l lot
o-uo"1r1roi cto, 60 2 troud1]dlro! oH 60 1 ( tcto, firiaeioo"firirinfii loH I)
durYlr:r!rro.!Uiii!160 2 + 1= 3
' \1v n Ual v ,ld' rUr4A'.-5[0tl')rl. }lt !-,tlf L.]u'l' (' 6.1n0.110'"610)
tato:f toH I' lt auo!
lixr 2* !vi1 ${,] a tvt't

3 -4 2
(0.02--+004) (6 0r x)
riixr r rYi'r rfrx.r 4* rr'l

2 ---+ 5 4 =4
(r2.0+4E
(0 02+ y) 0)
a:16dr x = :q o'to ' ravdr y = 0.08 Motar

100 coRE coNcEPTs l: 155
0)o810n 50.2 ninnrrroaoroisDrnlirfr nlimul 2A + I + C --+ 3D + E'ldirao"i{a{ahoafl r
n1flrnao.r lAl tBl tcl a'alnr:riarj!fiiur

(moYdm3) (movdms) (movdml) (moVdmls)
1 0il 02 0.1 2.5 x rc1
2 a2 0.2 O,I 5.OX10l
3 01 02 02 1.0x10':
,J1
4 0.1 0.2 t.o x to'
5 c3 a2 0.1
niinrirarfi dor. rli n uaao'ud'ule.rar':oi.rdrdraru
lluloo nllnnl'roa0.!nju
IA] r8l la t' i 0u6)\l
1-+2 !fru 2 [vii !1111 2 rl,l',t 2 =.2 tqa= t-\
4 ---+ 3 rfi! 1 rvi-r 2 =ltor b=0
1--+3 tllLr 2 t11'l i.fi! 4 [vi'] 2'=4ldc=2

1=
2-) 5 !fi! 15* ril llir.r I ! !r1 1.5 1.5
1g166'udrlrla.rar:#rdu I s uae c lih 1. o uas 2 olud']d1J
liirir R= (1.5Xs.0.101 = 7.5,103
ualarurioriorarmrnloh:{ririlu nate = t tql'lcl'?

n :u r"r tldGslr rrvoe"rfiuvr,ri'i /luifir5o-rrrno"of -'
'.dau
unudrld 2.sxlo3 = k(0.1)10.1)'?
rvt6' k= 2.5 dm6/mot'zs
nsrlvn)1u;uw:uSs:Kf, 1DR)lulu-uu-uuooals
!-
nuauouuoDalsclDclu
1uu'.irJ[ iiu r rin.irrdr rnar.ri o lt-'i ruqlnoiot:r n r r rinrJfi i3 u r6.raoe r ri a t 1 rfi a
JiiS!1nilidu

155 I? CHEMEAsY
5 10 15 20 2s 3rl
rirflo!fi60 { &-
:r un1r !.r ri!.riuro.r6 rrd{er-u (alrasaru HCt) iiaFiodnilnri
,ior-lfri5u ir-1. r rfi, r iii' ror r.ir"h :q tCt :r r 1"31' ,i flri l-.C fioi'ro.. r
6o u 1 ob:rnr:rfrorJj ffi or6'rir aroru lUdro rr n 1od d or:r dorLIt-rorrr6o r{rn'u

!-
t:0t0ufr1lta.tai:0.ifiluavnr00ta nv ui't
Y. --. -.. t. -l
..lllfiiflUlll.lrot.tl!0FilI"?lLlll1"?lrllrlllsllglUol)Ll-il1 l rtJdonrl0ll r'
. dllFlitll.lludUOU.llu I fll l1l"lllJ'llLllOlrt )0llfrUOrLL{1 "LtJagaaO5
J. r-. - -.
. d l)0l1tlL't1ll01.10t.rlu 2 FlJ lu..1l!'tll.llolr! tollol1.olrLLnX 'I9JdOrd0l)r ln-
r:ia1:.r'r5nai'r.!ar1 ar1!drr,r'i.rii:gyirrarurtrdutotar:oilril (fiiduri'l

0r !11 n!0fl ttnlltn0uln5! Lor0 tu
so.: liffi arror

cri:odrod A+B+2C +2D+E fiflrdnrllil! Rate = k lultclz
1) n iluniri [A] n'! ilal 2) nirilun:1rl lBl fi! !16'1 3) !.!!6uunrr1tr [a] ri'! r'tar
do [B] !rn: [C] r]rfriixrho 60 lAl L!6y lcl lrnliura u]'o [Al uas [U] lrlnliuro
IT al
t,ta1
4) n.lrfidlrnr"r RA n"ll n61 5) !.i!6u!n:rli RB n-! !!a'l 6) n.!!i!1rnr'rd t ir'ir rlal
lio [B] [aY lC] ,r1friul,ro da [A] [as lC] ,rlnriwro r.fio [A $as [B] inriwro
I
7) n.lr{sunrtl Rate n'! lAl 8) n$6uunrf1tr Rate ni! [B] 9) n.irioxrn:l Rate iiu lcl
uro ial udr Llltnlf1]tlo do [A] [ar [C] rntiura do lA ([aE IB]l.rlnrilll1o
IA] IBI
lel irasloa'o.,rur!L&n:.1 rcr i',r,roo-",i.,n.,Jfililal

roo conr corceprs l! 157
n al nn r s cir r E u'l rJuoorJ [ fr 5 ar r n 6
ra"jilulo.r iiSui (enthatpy of reaction, AH) 6orilaasirrorra"r.!'ru:gy'j'r.ra'r:
rflurrr uavrJfrfi!uroruerrr
ii'rri'un'rar:n6orrirud rlfr6Surqonrrrioufirlr aH
-it r' al L[u.f01? a!n1 0fi1 rr n[. n!flnlr _ l rn: [r0t-v50t"0
tol"tn' aH tilLau
Lir ..nr:h Lfiork.:dr-.3orBroa.Ffi .i0 nrii!n:LB!oddJun'ril ;u!ud.r
qru1rrl.11o,irvL11l
:o
nalfl nlstnouIn5u'][a:uun']huoocrS'r
1ll15t t1r^ t.l d tn.nr
- - -
1!lr"tr-0 0L.0lt . v)0.n0u rl.u.rti]Lfiou h.t!,riu.: o n
nriylrGsurfi 0u 6'.irluuaan'no'rriutrhollfr iiurniurlou uio hiuiurr',-rr
n " !tl-lL1-14'15tr r1u0 rJL., L l ..!t'lttll.1]nn)u,, 1. l'i L i)u)'ll?l') t1lu

rJfri5aro'randrrru o:ruaon:r tiani'rnare transition in'riaiarriLs:j'lui!!a3
ir.,,:
.r)ll r,t\u:YtoL lL,d,:6rd llr-"rLtLltl
- :,
ld )0 10 r.l.el c '1tJF0lt tuf ll lsal
h.e16 0.{vij
e ,.6tdau'titci'Aau.Leo'o-p.'rd:od tr friir rit-rur"
,6ur,rj, *o * o, --* r',o, * o,
ao ?
t
158 I: cHEM EA5 Y
- irrairrlX'it,-iive.u"rr.ooulti{r.drrl,qdnl'.PdtF deterrrrnr're step:

' nos, lot riue oufi.iqld'fi1fiio Id i rfi4e ) ,ry.fl!{uri 'vuoi o,
'
1,:
n1:af irll]!.!f!ni6 nri ,Lir'Un.i,liiid1
' ntt[1]1ro')0u^ lUo 'r

i s - --J -
. U 2 u1J0 01r LrLiljtll.llullo'r'.U'plU1êtr urrlrl"ll
2 .llXlllll'' 11LFl0tl1 d)ulUtr')'LiJ|Un'rU'y01\C!llL1ltL' l.llulJlJal_1,4L,00:1
rcM'ji.liilrooufi 1 tlar 2 ivi "a'r:ri6u-uoi" (tntermictiate) uio "Tuuarla

i
dJ",r. -tr
rnailr?:r:or:!qiifrk'Jlxr.aiuill"ilD:,.y.td'd"".1 {)-1r-' 0.50.001
.u 't1 dlu^tn lt!.l0 )lt 011ufl't tr.r6l.. t.ru06 lor rndau [0 { 19 I { ]n n'tl .i lcr auli:-:-usi
r_ riluui u rn"r: frii"r n1 '!::l it to'5ltfrth-lrr.rrn..r.u.nrr.taorld
dTotirr:.Jfriior z rYr.:orou rtiu No, + co -) No + co, rioal,ruiuoau
'dr.l 7 ilri. No r No , \o + No tr;ad,
NO3 + CO ---+ NO, + CO, (init?)
e. L- ) !
-
.ixrnrMLg ri0,11iy.tluiLi fi !i . iofi v r. !l rd urn r.,. rr)o i,. ..inrJiiic r
d;if.lour ,,rrrtufi , ,rr'ro",ri"ûul. rir.r'a .filo ll.r'itr.t, r tto
i
lcnuql nn y,n':urli1rdufl.5u "t , ,. j
" r LFdI
51
'i0l1lu-..o,.q L
irR,t.iliJto!,t'r5 rdu uri'rrruriarYrfud Aufo.nJfifiiur
200 u 42A k-l I150 ld
11. 300 u 24A k) 5C <l
al 1lrfl5aT-otnoioLSlarr
bl !rd1r,"l) rur, tfi;clni0]c 111U{:!r 1y"i661 fi. 1y lol
c) uraiiiio'rvtslaorriodouna'u rvidrnd'r.rrurlaail:iudrvirtotrr

,/i
|dlt l
CHEMICAL
EQUILIBRIUM
N- ,s I
I
E
i'

150 l? cHEMEAsY
n1slfron1r!euoa
1l).u.1ulrulr1 r- ru.,dE- t.1J,r L"r1l. r14'ir'r yuull.r: 11101,.lIn'c,ron .:

6r-qdtlLlt- i-'j-F!-r.ni L'i' o' .d! 1
j -duaayiain,o / d- . eo- lrb.rL-1r 3!
1!L ll-n1 "tunl)"1lAl U""1lrl !"nUllLal Od AO" r.llUvA1l'1.!llll I ll ItlL1"^F:il nLnF1."L
;
t o"oiriirli,laiu'
ntl!t1lfuMotatl
(Rater = nateo) ur'::wr:bjvqofl.! [6]6t]1]-61oErr!1r0.!:ruu rliu
a !.n6t'tu !!u.!n.i11
rt
or-todrrlornrrvdroa rriu rlrhuaooyoaoltoaiir Fr-.!!..ldrs nyfi n t.:
3
I .!.r''U..11.l!'ln-t t l14lL / :r_l.U. .,'
ir. r-"vi :udrrr^'. Fo,.
".:.y, -.:
- | o,9,d1fGrruJi.r.r.o-rv-..e:ri:
1a .1 -r<LrUndrU...,L
ru
/ Pill [1]1]lOnaiYoll ttunL

: L
a t -."- i,e
0t 1l11'ls'lll Jl rlYSLoaLto.not1"lo..rxr t
I t o
L1l "Lood!!ilir iird'lnfr np h fr
a I rr:rrl6sr:udardlrdrtfio.ioE11,]ivuliJo fi.!v!,luoirlir "lriinrr-droryaraar:-

ar a ::v'irl:;tufli6.:*rodar "
a Io t . r'). ;uL!.t.ir'fl'r.,fiy:.r,rrr,n nr.tuu'orolludn r!: aorvri..arn) !01 d
c-L'rt.Fo.')u ;'!k".!hi'ryurtosrounirld
,J4
:r: 1,'): I r',p' f'LdL lun r.:.rto cyr_, 1L .! r.-, 1d II tiirr:u: li j r. i
r r
6uu"lt6"ir:vurao1rrnrr:aroa 6'.rrlolrlf,
. 9i'lnhId t. 1,ljtt L,.rJdilrlll"ryu Ldrtlal'tutalfr
)!1rlLFUtraL.')ud,
o,fr ,r" rr-r.r,r':u1o" r, :r. r :rt r.: tiu6,rri
4cr1c1vl'Lii,ir r.o erd r:
l-o:;uutfirih:vrrUorriu16l
rirno6auoa
''a !tdtucd6o. Itrior,..tc_,Fll.Jlrv) ! .,r.Jc.ttu10lo,,!.;id!"atclrr;rituti
y"li. .ruliL _a..n,-n,r, r{xriLrr la.rridunldr- rir.. r."u
2sq(d 2sols) + ols)

-= lso,lFo,ltort - tso,l,to,t
,.la1n!rar.rod K =
fso,ltso,l -'r tso:f.

1oo coRE coNcEPTS l! 161
ti
ai 1 K Mi, h rn1l.dr]odnlrllrrnla lrti0tulrrLlru tt?t Lu s6: [!n ] rltuuil 0 0i
16, u j J!
rir alr rr1-c:"r ha,r,:rrir doolld .*r-v6oto rYorer qnnr" :1un r:
15
wulJu JL Uln r \,y.t_l!F . 114 -9q^n J, Htll"uta!.1 tl' rrlliud,tt]101!eLu..!al

LO tlltliUOtt.dl" :l nruvr . nl...rl )E lF I lvtJd n11l[1] "Ull
,:t
loou tucl-lDltun1sn1u)fun'rnDnauqauu
1. tarqahauniflo.!llriavar:ovldrtlumraniir6'.rriroxrur{ {ulota'rilir./'l
2. tu atuvnto!rnttnr KnM Larel K nc,!iiLuuleru0eorfir:-ltaLu[1]
a. ,OO',or**{ro"ool: tlulnirs moydm3) fiau r:n uJi uuu,Jool,i' lduii ar:
toClLxr! Go) v-o (ol rv_tr. a.ud'rltutrj
:-,-
" {!). (tr ul.tdJ1!c)'rttulrlrvG lv
0uvr.rc rrouon) tdrf rr r.lxrJtL rt)'l&..rlri!uis!l'11r rL ri nJrt.ldriL
tnrar5vrLltu (s) (t) nErElrldlru tll0!r-r.lltll
Mg(oH)zG) Mq:-(aq) + 2oH (aq) K = tMg:'ltoH I

-
cacorG) caoG) 1Cols) K = ICO,]
-
NHa.(aq)+ H?o(l) + NHr(aq) + Hro'(aq) K= lNH3llH3o+l
tNHi]
lHbcollo,l
HDU +LU _ HDLU+U,
tHbortcol
q. lun:oiit{nlrrrduduutlu moudml hnr:e'rurzu lttion-jrrir lt !!a3'iun:.i

qa.r:crnrffr{ arlr:01{Fi'r orun'u (P.'lur,t -:o atm) o'rtnrurir x tdrrilril rir
K vrtorrlr !5r n:rFr K"
uririr x avrilua-fl drufi fi d"rtnutfl urirrrnnrrrt{rriura'ta6oirud uavoird'tu

rilr.totc rof :/u ..ri16yl ucr! r! t' d' e r a, t .r,i. tvir 3l'ruaF, iru'rilu:vu,
!1nnl'taltn.tuu 14.i11!fl llululutat!nn'lan[aY'il'1ulu1a.r rra:.rin tun'uotifi'lu rlrl
adr{:6ou rlrnrfiarqa6ti{roiocuoafiFl'tln'r:t 6uu!t a. 6' 6o
. M rre I h ifi_3r_nl (.rL I0 r i$on: d iule J' lut: ut, r-li!]tul.ranntufloq!-n

IoorJ!i3arifi nvr.r1:.1{r$atirunn'jr url Rater n"! Rateh ti.llvilni!
. yrnrll t< irirrios!'rn (nfu t o 1 6 rvtflu luvr.tr:.tfiudru 6oiar:or&.rduoqjurn
. yrnrir x iriroohthr 10' 10'1fi!h6!!rs?"i ttr':'rcti'it arrlr:auonld'i,lll,r
:rr nniuagiil3rrruar:q.tdlviolslriuzu6tui'tudrirnniln'u

162 l! cHEMEASY
nlsctsf oaouh'ta'tstun'tf :auoa

lriu_n13rufi or:ruror"':a:lrrauoaLnfflurlfr iiarta.l
2Fe"laqi) + 2t (aq) 2Fer'(aq)+ ,(aq)
-
c rto''.,l'lt.l:u n :J : or , , ta ou1a'Ioult ,eage ,i'ruiohJf
6',lrrfivro6au neagent ild nltdr!nnHa dltI14U
tnfta't:[1J.l{atau'] [.i1]fl 0 !
&tFe(cNU
KFelFe(CN)61 (Guflar Prussia. bLue)
iron(lll) potassium hexacyanoferat€
ar:a;aranarr LiliLLo.:r ns
NH4SCN
lFeSCNlz_ thiocyanatei,on lll)
ammonium thio.yanate
n6a feiri. thiocyanate
atla:alu111] Aq l]uu(t
lnongftauAl]'tlulalrai Al
aliauarE A!NO3
U
tjr rrl.r rioar:r0r{auirirlrdlunloi
starch da* blue btack comptex
nllud'uwruss:hjrDdl Kc lla: Kp
lLdfur.rrdri' I 1 n6o.'tc!fi d!q, a I r:nl6n " n r. r.rril_ yi, ri r -c t.:,ri'r.'

,)lt lur te_Ultu lqtd'leLqrlXfL14l.Jtn n.>e.rnrtotIrr aL
PV = nFT do)'ilr{l! p= cRT yia ( =l

L "RT
u;,d fi , D crldli!'1d r'lt.n r,ri u:n ., r,'rd.er r r r-ir ro, l i

100 coRr coNcEPTs 13 163
INot, to,t
2NOr(q) 2NO(q) + Or(q) xrnlnfld rld (= f"iti.
-=
ruFil c giaYdl{i'irrI
RT
,rxor'rl9z\ PnoPoz
agtd (RT)-,
I
(- &(Rl1 vio ((Rr)
&6 (s) trr dr!)

r:161 1505: n?1 6' l'!iusld'i1 K. K{(Rr)
aluolslRUfruRlnoneuoa
n'tolll6lJqcl uF vn0it1]uueJ't{ain!d!r' )r,1'rflli .l1lÊoollxlal,nFl0.i,.nl:l ll

- -. ., "!
Lrli,L.drEaridrrorF)r!r{!.tl.luf}iaila:.niirrdlnrrUittrJ6lui1JL1!er'-r
ua?r,ravLnfl " - -z
nLFrFriya!oa t ann!:a'tntuq,fi.1
. .rr,rntudllnlro)fl{ rL JL n al K nYonunnlalnlun'l n
. l1lnnnlH,l:a!n'15 at K n:flnftallt6l+L1hlalu
. ll aI lall 1 )ie dN0.ltJ1ll!n! n1 K 1oi[rnla t^lwL_l_f nlr
':tji'li11i!tlU[v| tnvUUL1LL0!t']!U FA !0lY'11' )11 0qlLdll'ilOlltUi

atun15[ofl1 a.ir.flfiratoa]'[1]1.tlll0lxrdtuu'ttYlnrEfillli"0vt0tn uaB6ll,nrtJivi':
rluog iroqrJrlf,ndu riufihr d'irvuouiok au.rdrr,rl nor-:o' ttrol i
cilourDd 53.1 iirvuoarnr:rJfrfiEoma\Ji

Nr+2H, + NrH! K= a
2NH3 + N,+3N,
n{u1rl1 K lojiii3u1 Y2 N2l4 + th H2 -+ NH,

164 I! cHEMEAsY
1
llu)60
v,I;t 3/2t, +
7
nduann'r'ifi 2 ualqflrdru v,N, + NHr i(
arnr:i 2 LLa: r tiorioLio.i6'tl rialaLduu:1lrn"u 16'
\/, N.Ht + .r4, + 3/2N? : NN. + ,/2+( + H,
%N,H4+%H, n+ NHrK
cirodrori s:.2 ficrrrrui. r"avor" rfia:-Ea

ri rr.ruo'' fr.r..u,cioh
ccXO + H,o(s) +cols)+Hls)
2CO(q) +CG)+COJ8) K:=Y

c(s)+ H,O(s) : Co(s) + Hlc) K.=z
3.i
olr1fl tludlfiuiilfl u:xuro.!Fi'r K 3 6rnii
Iu]60 . 1,r tir:rrr r

dxl,rfi I !T r'i ' ''rrtliulo:alrr:fi 2 ..ar I
t rl.u 1yln6,'ltJ6trtL".' <, t v) v:E , = tz
6.,
nlsRlUrfulnB 3nuRlflDnElUOa
-,i .
n1sn1uf, funlnDnauoaolfl n1nf, 'lurluduuoDals
n'rtri'rurtufi'rn.ifra!na!anrhorrrr{rdulJolar: lirih6'o.ltthro rrdrriulur.1 tl
- /o'n {i'rvl"rr rt rL,dor.ilur rv'n .rarr4rr.vi iulnrhyio I'r jrvu,.,
n r L.iLtL[r tL[al6]1r[irtLla!a r5rilriofra]):aroarr'L# o"kr|rL'rrL
oiotirod s+ t rliffill 25o3(g) r- 2solg) + o,(s) dr!:rnfi]x sor 8 ni! ll]rldlrs 5 6fl: Io!fiorr:l
duo!'.ur.;i.ut"r.!i'LLiF:uri.llEafiui.ir.o.cetorirl.iau,:orrrv.or.rii
aI]oa?ta.il rntna!.1

1oo coRE coNcEPTs lI 165
llutrno .''L"r,.rdrar'O .i, d,L Fa 0 1001!,d lL "Lv5.o.J1,:1r \o -0.020r or o'1

aallo"r'l 60% 6nril1] o.oL2 mol/drnl
ldiiiu'r 2sor(q) : 2solq) + ol!)
rir 0020 0 0
!i6u! 0 012 -c.012 +0 006 h1sli\dxu6lqa)

alEa 0.008 0 01, 0006
y.)q |\ _o o l2 12lo ^006 r

00.i5 yla.r5.t0)
{0.008r
avuitlir uirir x lciFirio! urio"rl?d!6ri!io.id15&6oai du-ifilrnnirl a:raar:sr'ifru
crioriroi slz ialarrncalgfiitooou A' rdrir o.to t,t drutu 50 c.n' fiuar:acarefiffloaa! B
rdrrll o.:o tul ,iruru 50 cmt va-l l 1n , g !Ji.r a a'ltr rtvax]rla xionlilrdldutol e'- 16'
0 04 v {ly oi nrfi,.r qa. oe

iii' ,fl arr :i, a ao, - 28 'dor :' AB. aq)
llutno 16MfiO (!n! ChO Ce loqnnl 1sflqn

28, + lAB,l'?
6r, o.1o o20 o rir o.o5 0.10 0
r Auu 0.06 0.12 +0.06 rl;!1] 0.01 -0.02 +0.01
6!qa _0,04____0-08 Qi6 0.04 0.08 001

(0.06) (0.01)
osldrir x = (0.04x0.0e)z
ostfirir t< =
(0.04)(oo3),
rir t5uldo$orn'u nirturirellrrd.uarallacaltrria!*

ar:acarava'.lrariG!,rollll 50 + 50 = 100 cml
aT6vff1U A n:nnlial]i MlVr = MrV,

rv1rdr (0.1)60) = M,(loo) ld' M, = 0.05 M
dlratralu B n:0n!6on1.i MlVr . [,4rV,
uvlrfil (o.2x5o) = Mr(100) ld Mz - 0.10 M
tonriilnd s+.t r ::1ffrtt-a trloflooo nltii L Ila filtoan6tnu 2lua uacf-rqt"au oflo:oonltei o.s lrla
'luntuustloturo50dm' rir,rlfriioril6larnr:- 25oJ4 + o,(s) : 2soJg)
lirtr:roaarfi q*n4iuacnr,ludiun.!d tiortuuaqtuntvar:qart'jrifrtt so, oqlu
:cu!iouar 40 lod!a rlrordarqatoltlfr iieroin;im1u:rludfi drivi{o

166 If, cHEMEA5Y
n1 s h1Fi1 nll u ru-u u'uu oDa r 5 0'rn ri1 n Dfi auo a
[1]1l',t,l]0Ela!u0lfluuutnunaluflu14?lt011(1111]l tlt ui ufl !1-l!n liF tru 0una!uaval flu

n rlUlO.Ulll$LLl L.A:.Lnd:ln ) f,r linUra nO"uUllodlUU
cricari-rod s+.: fiaitrvil$lfri3or H,(g)+ ,(g) + 2Hr(q) idr r =:l firrSldrdranr:rir Hta'rrr':i.r
2 0o Ld.r'lLr rLy"i!;o:. r'r,il."lr. r I ..er H,f.Lq6ri. r'' 1rl
ltuf,no yrn:rrrdr"iurar Ht nouril

i tt ri'rr:r : Iua lunrtue 0.5 6011 6o!ih 4 moydml
rliiSul u:(g) + r:(g) : 2HG)
rsxr004
nldru -2x (o1']a"oiixu[asqa)
f,:.toa
@-2x)z
xlril t.
(x)'?
25
4-2x
toollnfl 2 16 5 nlild x = 4/7 $ia Q.57
Md!qan:ti LH,l = 0.57 mol/dm'

Mn!6lan! LHU=4 (2){0.57)=286 moydm
$16ir.r1r. plot nidn't:nl6ouu atnr'r!.triu{!!o.tar:rir.t{l:;lri6 6o
.ftrl1i!1"s (movL)
4.W
3.00
HI
2.m
..m t2
.h"adioiriai.'r:urlirrularlua'nuiurdiaurirur[].r<ir.ri.r,i,arrr:-rd'a.,,-',
dr Elu',:-1fia r r d l arr r:rlo uiirur iuc r K o.rr-- s l yrir1,,:rldriro olt"rlr r frar
-rri01-rori,r !"r?LuiLr'nt:ruitu.," nrir".i,iur"r.it irL{uualr-:lrlri il

2Hl(g) Hr(q) + l,(9 |ld!firilulruoTrini filsldrir x = t.zs
(n -=
nn!tr cho..5flonLr)
v ntr ,iounA'uar n r,: r t dor-cru.ilu l/t Tqyio o s7 n-r,rcldiilnouiinnoia,
acir6u'ir l rh tr dr.r5.ro'rnarnr: y.ninGurtnaillalnr: dn6trudornalrir t< dtu

100 aoRE coNaFPrs l: 157
crltodrori s+.+ Jrliuvllrii L atm, ruBl!fi 2 ilrflr46n5

i5lrrqi 6 aot !55ifirr x fintrlrn'1t L5
!:ixf|rg Y ynli ou 2-0 atm riooioriolntlutri:aa!dt0Ma$uro16n (!60{i!1n:t]o)
rruror1'rd'urloosorrirr X 6o:v!!ou'lunrr gauoa
d vloerlr rr iii' ri, + t .: -/ : h = t0
ltuf,no 't5'Iluo (rir nrrr:rillulor Jrruyurlr raa) iEd4tr (6tari!o-!ra-.!iralrria!)
!ixr 1.5 2.4 0 rir 0.9 0.8 0
l1l6Ull +2x +2x

auq6 l5\ 2.Ox 2\ fi!qa
(2,)z
ostd K
( L.s- 1tx2.0-x) =10 trtri K _ --------:::--: =I )
x=1 .04 x = 0.52
^ rm)^1i1
1,]ntlErutrannonll Ol.l:':llriaitt0llrlorl'l{u:aou tvi! = 10 an:) ussl;6 .ri!,
(1.5)(6) P, (10) 16c,=os

|{T,
Q.a)@) P, (LO) !i e, = 6.6
6o*yunraurrn16'or ovldn:rr]oluriogclo.l,i'rt x fiar.taa = 0.9 0.52 = o 38 atm
E
a'|munL:uuua']9nuluud?u l?tfl noos:g']{Lnu1nunl K 1l{u!q 5 ao
.-
' " u ,!
!o{nat
r :cr".ianrw 'lirarrc (q) n:u (aq)
o :riwaqaaurr l{u nd, n'.rnol6nrir x
. lunr)Fiurtun t linr lr{r{utorar>'h:cut1uv ru mo'/clm rrruJrr
. i::r dniirun'ri.t;aLutn rro !n N.aronli.a!nrl r rer
. rlr o:u.l6El! rdaqflru4iuJdaurviriu

t<
tond nd sa.z lunlrtlvlu'rer 2.0 6m: fir{ Noct, N,, oz rr6y ct, ii1llr! 0 20,0.10,030,0.40Ir.ra
oqtunliaxrEao-ra:rfl1r Noct(q) + Nlg) + o,(q) + ct,(q) lalnr6irfirr t,t, a.r
LrflurcrnrLffakie:rL{ftirulal Noct daloal1fi^li:rd!ri]u z rrir 6aq6r u, a.lt!irir,

15a l: cHEMrasY
5s euoafl 1sa:e1aua:'laooui3u
rirnoiwa4runrsaialu (solubility-product constant)

ni!a cnr ut.lr?r o.ilo.iu{ri!!uofl1u$ira g/ 100 .rn3 Ioui !f tuda r:acar o 6o
PbCl, 1.09/10OmL . rrra:arddunnir 10 g;oi1 "a!61u1ti"'
CaSO^ r100mL
AaSOj
O.2
0 0002 g/100m1 . yraararolddooair o.t q 6oir "lrarar!" tri.rludravarelfr uciioorrn1)
KclO4 r.5 s/loomL . rrralarti6o{:rvir.r 0.1 1.0 g 6oi'r "avarot6'#nioa"
ACCI 0 O0O5 g/100 ma
PbSO. 0.0429/10OmL
AgrSOl t-29l100m1 ar:fi'lriacarui'rrioararatdrSniaa orirotJrrr,r-.rgrJd'rt{rr 6rtvtrhrnr:tan
re{oHto.o001s s/r0OmL
i!rflrnr:acai!r{luFiid:ta1fiio!rrn $nsiratioirvn'rardr[vi.i rtln'.ria!ton
fn!nin.ifl fl afltuniSasalu$1r11
cr-:odroh ss.t e,F"!orur r co oF, irir ,,arn^t-rl iqruv4iriolrtl" 0.I85 €/toL cr

n itll6tn.! riJaFt,un,l'a3F'luto.l Ca(OH),
[uro tj3r.]'r!:lrn,l:aca,lu 0.185 9/100 cnrr 6o!fiBrll'rn 1 r llt6'rflu r.ss,yr r

. 6u!Mrr.rrir..rol,t Ie, filq
lL 'mol-caF')
748
002.n-oJ
arar:nr:aearoao Ca(OH),G) : Ca"(aq) + 2OH- (aq) ; q= lca"lloH-l'
fil lca(oH),] fia:aidpi = 0.025 moVL r,rfi'l
lca'?'l = 0 025 moyL ri6s [F-] = 2(0.025) mol,/L

rtlohr to - I0o25rl 2/00'5)17 - 4(0025) ,-2\. t-
o]]oti'rDi 55.2 fiqiura4r' :s'c adrrar*{.i lead(t) iodide (Pbtr) iFi'mriaa4runr:araro|lrair 3.2^10'
lrrrrirf r,acarufrlurltiru g/1oocm' iqruuryr'd.in6irl
lluf,io arar:ar:avarodo pbt,(s): pb'?.(ad+2-(aO (, = tpb'ltt-f

os16' 3.2x1or = Ipb"ll l'?
n'rialaltilod nfinrfi lt-l = 4P6"1
'ruL 3.2\.0 tob- I ('tpb I I

32xrc' = 4lp6?.13
e*to' = Pr"l' ld' tpb'.1 = e,to'vio o.ooz tr.r
irJ6auvtjraril yL lno = o szz 9[ ,,io o .0s22 g/ fio mL
-g
loo coRE coNcEPTs l: 169
wauoDlooouilucioauqaftlsa:a1u (Common-ion Effect)

110tuyntryu !rl f 1A)l4ndqtu'l11at d lr lrali.nntd l.[l,lLolnl rlqlf !v [i-61'U rln
orriLyiinnlt-tunrlerunurlSrrnlooot-u'ttink'lf'rorit,,in'.l,,,rou,rt.ttr
nr:nrrqrorurdrdrnroltooautr.rtioh.lirfi fi fi rild oio-rotlr.rsiohli
clloutDn 55.3 vurou"lriolYrdrarnrio.rvqao{ivo'rflrani fio.ia'ririrnh pbct, .ior.r!dora.rqur,relrri vra

2+ ! !5 {r
1-:-roln'16)'.: i!'tu Pb tLL .lil,i.it. o50 pps 1o'l{vF'1oo' r^: r:.ui. ,"i
Mg. l- i'r-:r- r . g ir^06'iL1,,re rr qr il rruo.i.lurj riauvni :o c t i6s : r,r
i-
r''r,L6tlv PD' r. lra'1]]vqfuvtx.t'0 t,r 5.'69/t uev"b=lul)
- .56 p l mol Pbcl

Itutfto .!Fr!vr..rr ,).ur'.10i Pb, l,lvl,
' IL 2',748
002 n-oy
axrnlrflrraraiu Pb C(, (s) + Pb"(aq) + 2ct-(aq) i(e=tPb'ltct f

nrmYar! (moYL) a12 0.t2
actdi (0.02)l(2x0.02)l' = 4laa2)' = 32x10'
urr 5np-Dh"+ rn3cr3^ Imol-. _ J14^10'mo_/L

llrr tu 650 ppo = -;6;;;- lL )atl.Pb_r
urnl3lru lPb'.1 = 3 14x10' moyl [rr!3fi1 [Ci-] 1610u
aln (, = tPb'llcr-l'
unrrh 3.2*1ou = 3.14x106 tct-l' ogld tct I = :.2 .ouam'
f,uio dori rlfluri fi lct-l u r r, .1 3., [.a i1!: fr ob {du ," o\0 ppo
[4qrr 6.q - b000 -o.tjrk. *-!r

q - 50 -ol MqCt- v;er 100 mo L -
' 120 s/mol
ct- tooa1l 3.2lna !i!-o;r 1 Aqi fiTi cl- roo lra ogtifiiori{d fia32 = 31a61
hah u o D la o d1 l o o e I g nlu n 1 s s u fl 3ud uo a
vFt tur 'Lnat '.0 o6.o " rt e al a .t,er's p irL o.el , . rir'riorvtrtdoelurttt
dr.t rr"i' . .tu'" JLiniLlofl l6ttti.tfi i tr.elvrst t'f, oalnn :ruulvrliu6':lu
rinMrrli.lotuer 'lit 'JLf! rfiotirirq rralq, irniuir"

170 13 cHTMEASY
nrSSunJuauoaotruRtluruuuu
LLrlur rd,rLLjl "ydllofl v f.) roil,dtlL'r.iaL1!.ttalr!t ttalhdlvlllrtt.llrdtlud
rrrtt]rr rn r5r;rd1lfiodoli:r 0.a r51i,6:],tr1L 6r6.,rL r ru
cr:rorjtod so.t urnrfirfl_t o. rdrai::uurai zso-Lq) + o \q, r+ 2sor(q)iarl'l!rrrsnura rio:r,ru

rliud"rr{riarqa5nni.: nrrrrdrdurararroh.rlavul6flumlaradr.!l:60rfr!traiuax.rqard!
ISO.t2
rruf,i(]l AlA iMdl]ndlA
. llsrJl]no K: ^-
tsorHo,l
vrot6l c. u{r{:vrr lrri{ri iirirrirlir :l-,r,rrrf;rarqa
"o-r;iru" tordr x
.rLun.i'1 "rcq15xr tu..'.0irr!e . rqr.ior ,..1-n',l.l..teirinyrl ,rrrrirlfrnr
so, 2 -
==-
lsL,,l'lo,
i' tv'r"' r ,r;rl , ou r)' . Ju ,!vu : t r:irl: . Fru
'.uvnfr.61".
nr:rliroYro-rrrirr eiltal,fi:Euri tsorl nFroj !!ay lso3l tfr u131r

., 'lu
i -n:l'oir I - r
dlulo. L'! t!01,,.I"!,LO 11 .t')31ru lo \r.Iltli,^.5i,"!11)1 FIJ
L i vi ."Fr io iiFriar..vLif'r, . eron.FL..r.r-or. r-rn, n
d,llii r flr]r.rd!
lardoliniNiTiii 1-2
16! 02
o^ :rnlr 1r artril o,
23
oitrothJd 56.2 lraua"nn r:leooliru alo8f.IacaTUron pbctrG) : pb"(aq) + zcl-(aq) frrrfiu

orrurdurlurol ct dalolalrrirdr;iurflu : wir nr.urtl{uto,r ptr?'fiaroalyrilgrtlud
trlra.iaurla!6!.1
fluficr rirnifialoauor:c!!60 K = tpb?llct ]'?
y,rrrr:L?!od uxtfie,roelvtufiq. It. . rfrr_dl. : rv

.
Fir tPb"l fia1lqalMrjisd'a.iaoa.! 4 6!! niolfidr K sinir61r
o-.i61fl p x = M1
4
12161-1 1'

!onmntct!n?lJa 9taIfl Ual:r6,Jfl lrtdad:ril!u61 a"lorl.,untulnear:n'l

ar:uTweirroonorn:vur rionr:r6olr oaauoirrrLu:rrr mir.r
d l8ro{ 2Fe"(ag) + t,(aq) :2Fe}(aq) + 2t-(aq)
ntiriu lg* rrird:ytt lciirr.rahn.r:aolSlrr{u h:vru rr,rtr: Ag' rc

rr:.d )r - .ir'.ir"r :".rr, AE'. 6rd'oro 4rc,' :.flr-,{o.lr ror urv"or.tor
alt1r'r.itifl ha'ria!n'ru rfi al,f i6rr.ran'n:rarlil;riod!
^ "" .
nr:r6rdrallu:luu "x ,,) rr"o- rir:
"riin;bi.:r
-.-*friiu urr:y'lfn: urtl{utor
toaouohrllur^;rrr6orrrar :yurlyr.lir-rddiJluyr.rdfi {aq) undu rYu6o
ir drtr-lvr.r,urr
nl eLPbl/ ad,rr:!u .r: hjr ta.a'iu t ,r ,u' lu.nr ,: pU
- b.era orjr d li
'looou t'hlaur:ordrrr5rJfi!6lEa16
nlssunluauoalus:uufr 'rdo-runf, "lUolu

lu:vllalqatorfi rt nr::raruaroa6'ranr:rli!ora 6'i.rarrlr:oriildlou rfi !
rlsrrn:yioao Brro:ro.myu! il1i6q!5!1fl lnsd.rlalfinrr:Lo-ulu:rlurfi ldtr
*avtrvrrnnln-unr:rfi rrli rri:- rgdraalfifl ra!n"!irl:s!!aoar
rrr Fuu.. a:' rrr.iLrre:zuert" rul6ror : *qafi -funffrsta.ra, :*.ril '

n
Liyirdu furafirge6crYruri- rvi,rir- lnof nlLrlut,r (.1'!6r.io.ir)

'.r,rilG!
:iuunl1 illdrlJl!fr.y !fr ,.ai'rtr 'an i .ra:li"lr'rriuiL u n.:,.ori!tol
_
,tru .q:ruaYlrfirdr"r rrrurur i'drl lr-icv rifluei rrlar, i, y,r:: r r'10fifi

Lafi rt::uorn'r z .r " rvirriu " nr:rddaru arnT runilavlrlfi ratlnr::rnrulo"1
ctf,ou]Dn 56.3 a qal0i 2NOr(g) + Np4(o a rr!n)!a!qatouar:!r1:.ro'lrro1 uurrao s!'rer:ato.i

a'rttr:srrlrrfl lodrl'l: rrarra'rlrn:rlurloo lrJilflr 6aoiff rtlurguurrr{luodrr'l:
- N r)-1r1lLlra
-- L"
llulfto n'J{ Nr) ralrl0rA a)!rn11
--i
lr-r.r Jtc! o.'.v l- nrcltn,.vL'r'lllLlvLLlJdtr'01'rdd0Ll
.:le.) rv rn .dfl
,-
utl ,,
q)n r$L: n.lu.utLgo rf" il I tdurn.' l1\t1r.vr"11
-tr.d
F.r.,:4,rlur: r-rr.,so.irdu .rt riui: ur r:out1r ir-rd)h v' riIrldfl 'rtao, )

172 13 cHEMEAsY
riudo lrlri-.tvrir nvr4't'Ifi [No-] doa! rnt [N oJ riadu r':r.r:a':Lnorfirriffltlulc!1]

oatr'lnlia.!tdfriou
-:-
[0it!oiv1]llldladuGlddnF5i d1alflr{trltsllll ruln:11!nl'rrr.laLvllll
nfufiauqa.6r o"rn:rll
or1rl&-|]!:$aimr (.or^l
25
rnrftrnulhs.n:uu
nlssuntuauoao-lufl 'rsrJiuafu6nI
!e -1t n'l rll
6'11,11'11!flniu'toqn'l'ltr:0! altua0rot?tn!!1,lai.ilu5't qnnxlAll0no! fl!1Il
iur.ir,ilr.nriouarrdrdr.ot".vfrfrnorlart ltrfrelfiri rrr.i'tto.ri.rr otaln r',d
arnarrni-u ttllrrrq:.!{r! iiiuro-runluiou afiir6qrdnlrlacira".iriu:rrl01''rni'-r
le ! 1. 4
"
6llonqtu !nl1?oiufla.r.r'r!aaf'tLrl onl]!.J ailu:aun.illlutl,lll0l.luautf)l?l0lMu.!11
d o i.;iri rlJlr-ar" n ,: .iolraxrr"n ulir6t.nf,ndr6rt 'r16c"r r.tt-iu
liorl'ti. )rlriouusdr,ir ru,'[11 ltrrdie,r.]6i )0-r rd.'ll,lrn r o-.ad^ t. tr
vrn'luu+A: B
-oon r
l iiirlroic rr A .tJL' iiir riou r r,.fiuo*v4i1/urirutr $ "d,r
nirnr:rfi rrlSurzuar:or'rdl :vuuiac S!6'rlddlvdr uagri-n.rfi auoaa glfi rdu
x: Y + t6'{{.lu
friir rtorrrr <rir-rJfrrirrcru.r uiau nrrBiuqrLr4il1i..r'irL1 lciaL

r
ntn t5.h ll:L1fll,JaoJ-tu?l !ultfl $u1u0'tud!.nau l.d:-n tp tl1dt qdnlcoan
nrrluornoirrfi drfiry.lrrnr::uaruarLqa6'ronr:rJilqruu4ilat::llril 6o
riln!fr altaoiltliul"u{ar riara n oruunfifi zunlo, sr:roio' rerf do: r i r . lal
l,o llLlrtusv-'llt-t1l61ro6o.uu1nLo1,r!l nr[t.litJclln..lyaLrt.lJau'u,.rldr)
fn6ouaur:oqa{ldrrnor:r.r

roo coRE coNcEPTS l! 173
!oiJAms1 fl1:rf,lro$xni n1:niaflxni

!AiSglenaxl,riatl
-o'or:rrr:rfrorJfrffio'r tftolltllll tflfl'tr1an
-nr:{itarqa
-n'ta,!ra na [1rlr]1t1.1
rJfrffiurnronruiol
-o"or:rnr:rfin frffiur tnntillli.J
-nlriJi!a!Ea
o'rn.iy!6!rqa tlt!1u
ri: aro.ttp'.'l ri rvrit xr rtirdre,!i!t-!i.u iu

-vr. -
fcnri nd se.t fi or:orntvarEarlaldd {auar:a'.:lriqa)

n. soJg) + oJq) 5o](g)
1. Hlg) +l,(g) :-
Hl(g)
n. socl,(g) + H.qg) : SOlg) + HC(g)

.i. co(g) + Hro(g) : co,(q) + Hlq)
a) nr:r6rfirr o, rird:gr,..n:ti.raa:rarufu:rrtlofrr otirrt:
b) nir!frlrfri{ so, lirdilur osii{tra:uau"h:gudotrr od'rih
c) nr:rfirnttrilto.r:vr.rua;ri.lrn:un':irtJiffi en'lodrl atir :
d) urnlalavcr:!dialuarrr:dunr:qotlun'rtlalo:tourd'rtr.,(l:vtl
nsa.vraf lrruf 'lr./6!ola'[od1L]adrr'lr
tonriitnd soz fiar:ruraroarar 2Fe':'(aq)+ l,(aq) : 2Ferlaq) + 2 (aq)

anranzuar'-r::unraroadrouoagi6riolr.li
il'T uruhra 611Uttll!11
ar15ttln1,l ua
r" j r"'t t2
LF. I
rfilu"r*,1.r
b) 16! Fe(NorrG)
.) ta!!'l
d) rA! Pb(Nor?
!A:.r NHoscN

• ,
.
I )n U'
oooo \
QOqllQ -,
a rr ra
L.
ooooor
h
4'

100 coRE coNcEPTS l: 175
I
I nquiosolue
nquinsoruauoDolSrsldua
vr.l!iniortalo.xor;!r!irand'riir "n5o 6o ar';fr uoao-r'hill:oou ltl )" dru
' .1Jd 6. d rlil!"or'ro_itulEr 10ntr r t0dau (Ol )'
.t'. l,."dY.!dl {i.t._r-- ,r .u :).xr;r'uOr l''.'a.io.lrn'c

rlrdr rluairrr.'a"rfru (neutrallzaton) 6r"! od ^ r f rl'ldrqr+frla ror itr tiu a rru
. H?Coj(aq) : H (aq) + Hco.-(aq)
a niril H,,co, iih.rolrrrgLrerrdr'ltl tr
. HCL(aq) + KOH(aq) =- Kct(aq) + H,O(i) atrn'rii HCI l{lun5o!1trls!!n|n"x
1n- .... o .ud.r 61,14) -..vi).i,+o- 6r r""r-i.i" - . ,:,1'1 o

,
t0{1nit0i1l0Ea! o0 arlrll!llilno'l r:aula yarsfr I I t. rkld jr.tr. nr ovi,.r
ru6 dlorh.irir nr:ri1:firtuadltiU {NH, ait1]a'l:asalu HCl n3lno(ilu
61!a:ai! NHtrC[ diar]alr NHds) + Hct(aq) ---+ NHacl(aq) t:'rogloatn'ld'jraT :
nquinsorueuootuSuatoo-arl5
.llq1Jirior1r6!orririunroo-arr3 drrrhourihtryvrdo,irflo"lurqrsfrlararit:tfioa
Iooariqurorffalrroant! r,ah16o trilaroo ati or'lrlaioiu'irar:l,ottllr:ouio

rtluu-ra*!!eiafir Iria c oorlrqfr n ; ,rt o rar:du 1'luuoiar autr', tni o-rdu ar:ilir
xi i.ir r,1L'I,j vit..r'vt ri.rr.r ailiv ',,. r-: 'iFit vi'1'
"3" a rr'l ,i r-.ir.':,.
'-,.1i' o .oe":o '..c:.1''e rfv vt-iir-
tuair "dtua" (conjuqate bases)
lurqnfld ar#rtun:n rv}i s' uri6na, :vdr

druar:dttutl:a osiu tt' orn6nar:radt
NHl(g) + H,o(l) : NH".(aq) + iu I'

oH- (aq) luvqufli'a:ragir ll,
n''rovid:01. rl-olf F m \1. fl6irr,rjld.luern-:ri r orirv{ irrlu
'lio.r.L \1,v'rvt ilflu.l? lou,r'!)1oLonqa :friu 1r,o e.tc (-01Jgaa
acid base pairs) n-u'ld6o

176 l: CHTMEASY
. 'H7o [ihrenro{o.i oH v;a "oH- rilr,re]trlalo.! Hro" !onut!10fi16'

. "t',ttt, rtludrrato.l ulo "v3a "NHa'liudnloio.r tttt," ronurulo616'
i6ar:drrnorin:n rirua a'va'n6a r,ln:olci t-1- rriinirrirraoti t 6'r raio{rua

orii I' dooairrin:oo{ t o-rlosdolridooouornai:t0or6flrdu
'taiirdo or-r1:Ss ,uhvqrirro-.ur.uo r.uiuaro o a :i ',1lidod 'ovrrri"1.1i

lLr 1:ltt11r vA '1, ttllt'110n'11tvr.r.l'5[y H 1!y)'ld 'i tJEL rl.tL
8H3 + NH3 EHrNHi

-.=
r:raslalhiniunr:iurlionirhi H' iclli.r.i NH3 f'! B r
n.luinsotuauooalSa
rq,r{r:o rrara,r6':6a orn'arrro.rarrlo.:rai:ru;ird4firr1ar;i'o.ri riu6orl.r
rrr i rF no:ouLiJuy a-n rr':'T vrli iii!iirvi rr nlo uJa uoja v ti o fir ui n r:hl'uav n r:-il
ri6 rF r o': ou: rvi rrar :_ lour'lan.:.u i r
ar:fi rfl u "n:0" a;il{616norouarnrua

drr.rar#riu "rra " ocLiri6!5no:ouurin:o
dri6iarndrotliriahu,.n rdu NH3(g) + H,oO : NH.'(aq) + oH (aq)

r:ro.rurl6r5atfiir NH, usrlhful6i6lo:au t q]uria:nor l rfi H.o)rfiooirotuov
n"uuulnoai6ruolorrraududrnarari]r: t'tttn' rrhn'rir lr, rtlu{lriri6rHno:ol
(tlurua) uov tt,o ifluar:ii!rl6!6nqr€rl (rfluf:o) ii'.!:i
'4, tl [.
l'o-
+r I
lt --N-
.N
/H n- / -n tr' l
I
H H
uiolun:iiro.r Bl. + ll,: BHTNH3 furqa lu,Frfluna uaorn-r:rl
H H H H
l
-N B 8--- H
H H-l--N
H H H t1 H

]oo coRE coNcEPrs l! 177
lunsdqar nr:riolaao!tEr6oullarorqv:tfr t"u 6unlriio:ti{616nn:ou

{rionq]616nn.-ordir dentate) fi!ouoorfl 6,tnrlorlaaourir{ol a:dijlo6oir
ovoornarrtlu "n:n6'r6a" rrrrriu{6#nn:al ua:6oirirrnuririlu "wa616a"
rflomr a rflul1riql6 rdnorr-or
ds:nnuoonsofiR:si
. t6lfif rlBet.n.)iin fr r,nrl' t vn'utf, o o r t roiotilirvri ttal'' ro lqler l1 .r"t
,l'ta!rirlalFiu
n50 t061 ,n4116'r: nlo da6lirrai!a1:
HX Hydrogenhalide H,AO,
HCLO, 0",U,t,, -n
HC( Hydroqen chloride HCtOI
HBr Hydrogen bromide HCtOT
H HydroBen lodide HCIO rlyt lLo Lr- d rd
R COOH Carboiyiic acid HNOr N rrr d, d
c6H5cooH Benzoic a(id HNO,
R 5O3H Sulfonlc acid H:5O4 SuLfur. a.ld
c6H5sorH Benzenesulfonic ac d H,SOr 5utfurous a.ld
fl lSlruDu0OUOJnSOrta:lu6
ertl_rtunl otrd: .!n en[. ! l u.xMtiv6'ruu!Lo_r r.ruddlfl un_:.tri r ttr.r lu :
::ounrrrirurrloiflrnr:tonot'rtfl ulooal u6ourillrnntrtla,trlr:q'lunr'5unnfl"r
-'
Min..L lUlr !.tv'611Lilitttu'1 l1.r 0 u.i: n le v[1]1.10' rrit:vnouarJld'dloiohd
urirnudrurrn{.:1unr:unnd':
. fltiLfl Uritr rrronop olic ac'd,, Fo r:oddr a- olvrirr.A ,unndrlir *r'it '
rdu HCt HBr H HNO]
. fftlnlthfio .d p'ori ac,osr 6atoriecart Lr".drunnfi'r1d z oir riu r'trco

o n:nluRIt]:in (polyprotc acids) 6on:qfiuondrldrrrn'ir t n*l tril g,Poo
(rrrdr:r66oi n:otohj:fr I riJln:ona6lrl:6adlu)
lurirlort6trnil rtaiqnurjl!:lmnot'tl,irlruail n't:uslno-rtdui'u tliu

NHnoH, NaOH n'oliu monoprotc bases axu Ca(oHL 560!fl! potyprotic bases

178 i3 CHEMEA5Y
utirntamru:dunr:unn6'e
. nlrufi .srro1. a.id. io 'ror"a: e ult.d r i'lrrs'c"rl,rii tr rir. rt: all. :o
urid, drdrydfrarri{fifi r 6'1 6E HCL, HBr, Ht, HNO, . H:so4 , HCro4
r niadou { 4., :", r, r"a: e'r r1rr.i,1r rg nol-rirl lo,.dr li, r r.uau,..
^-a, ",
[d- t.o .-.oot .odotf.i:!.,n nrfllo..tr..rord: " lrdru
. lldun slronq basF.) r..L dl iorao )tooL1" [ou,,] n3
_
illrLddtLl't5t [I,-o
alqal,unr:unnfrrl# ol niu saloHy
. !!6da! (weak bases) 6oruaiunno-rld'rioo fnrtlurlr6urid6lavr6oaloa
.ir0"6r,\ dL:u
'lrllldnr-r ldu NH!O[-
- \ t"' + OH i,drfrrilcifir
6!1rltr na.totriuasru6rltr ti6andrn:auri sag$aria!
i!fr s{roBii2 (tri1Jinfi rriail:rfl uin:riru)
n1i!!!i!i4arqt!;_l rru u n 1i!fi n lla!fl 4fi dloif [iielau

nr:[rjir.]:cmydr0rnflr{fi'!y*tndounro ruatfililuyalufd!dE! uao.io-iGl1i1.i
n1:ui,ill5Jrr?r !t!rud
t nqua_:6uniri arlrl:Enoulofi! (am ne) nl1r
(orqanlc compounds. fl!oa (phenot)
CHTNH, (oYilll]i!y Lr). C6H.NH,
(Evfl;u)
2. all rinada'i,ord toto: ril o.t a frLihnr=orurl 6a rE(otqla t tn f:7u I2 111J NaH.
HCt, HBr. ll [AYn]1!rr:,in:aoa.l
Catt,irarartJruf,:rio ol "lu
o'tlraruriLLasnrltarolauy rdl
ar:arar! lmrldrir{ F], rd!
HF, Hr5 ltllnrodar
NaFl+H,O+ Na'+OH +Fl,
3 arr r-:rnodEoioad ar:ll r':noltso,;oaito.lolar: rlr ai:!lrnor]tdo5oa6la.iIarcvrr
(Hydro !y .om pounds ) HC[O. H:5O.. HzPOr, HNOj.
1-2 td! Naotl, KOH, [4q(OH!
HrCOr HaSOa Gili.ic a. d). HrEOj
ca(oH),
4 arrdi:rnaliroat{d aafltsliro.inl6r! iilt Cor, No?, oe n'lriito rl a r,5e r?lu Na:o, t',4so
(olyger .ompounds) 5O,, 5or, Prolc (iri.io:'.iriUn acd
(U1in5.i ItUrr lrasic anhydrdes)
anhydriaes) d.rLioarnradrud:r:
asdlnul[a )[r df )ned]811ra
triar:arnrenio o':odr6a
* oanlstito.i.arc!rr!,inriu$t!
SOr+H:O+HrSOr
nrillailud (:mphoteric oxide)
rljiJ At,or, zno
5. nn'o (salt!) ;oilirnrn nr=oai e !niu tua [.] tdlr
!n
In6!frrio,r_ rrnlour n-L [!6oa!
NaF(rioiln N.OH + HF),
rrl!
Cacoj (rioirn CaOH): + co:)
NH1CL (rioirri HCt + \HJ

f rl s llo nolru oof rso lle: lu e'lu d1
auqauoD tr'l fiu toH I lurjr

hrrrv,.lni ri"rrS4nfr"LLorno-r'ltirlirrru [N ] ra! loH I rrlr"rir 6o to' mol/r
6!rlnnr:r!flni-rlo.! tt n-t ol lurlr o'rarr'r':
H,oO : Hlaq) +oH-(aq) l<. = lHtltoH-l - to'o vio

2H,o(1.) # H3o.(aq) +oH- (aq) K* = tH3o.lloH J = lo1a
Lrl,o I riun'i1 lslorria:r1.4.! n3doFrl]lrr!1!reloritrni! lH'l

x'r nfi n rr!6! aM16oaca1! ar:i tiha:na i'ludr av6o lflun r:rtarlarqa Iotr
H* !rnflronvt rffllsllru U'llufr rirovniror'drinirrru lol I aoa,rtdalftra

qturo.! IH'l a'lr IoH-l tviln'! to'o trjut6rL lunr:t6rar:a:a,l!(!aFnY[ign']i
:rnrutunrro:rriu
6lnnrs6orir tH-l n:u [oH ]

iEnr:oiolddllrjralririnFtuarrr:atJ6srrir tH'l n'! toH-l 1il-trltdlouhldo i
Furrarro rrnin fio 1f6'nl rilloi IH-l n't toH-ltr3 n6'rufiQnrfli (ax10" I
1 < a < 10)v5o(bxlo' I 1 < b < 10)nlnfufrn1lfl.lou
. rirurlr:1 (a) i'l (b) lfivr,irurrdqruriuudrldd, rJ:::'rr tu to
. e JrM;! (n) i'r (m) ldvt,l' urr.dt..iuld t5 lr uU 6o.a3olvu rue!
sriadi.inr{{troind uaq.idinr:'r.t
tHl [oH-]
bxlo'
3x106 3 6 3.3 9 3 3 xl}l
4x10 4 8 2.5 1 25x10

5x10 2 11 2 xla
6x 10 6 1.7 10 17x10
7x10 3 1.4 12 14x10

8 9 1.25 6 125 x10
9x 10 9 1.1 10 1.1 x10
5.5x10 5.5 1.8 11 18 xL0

180 11 CHEMEASY
;iryirnr:drlrunr:unndrto.rar:a:aron:oySorra r:1nvat,ttnfi a!q6ar5

,,0 r fi.tor.rtoy;a,ueL1-r .,ar,,.t,uorlIcr,l*'"'vr"orirnrfauon.rrusrdrrol
ntq[aBludtlJlll,lrul] t1l! r, ttdr K6 0]t'.ldt01l
. itra.!ur llFta,.1.ldt, t)y..aoinjt:-l!Lnro(ti. yiolO td!9) \
I o_ ""1fud'o:ficloer.).,!-1)fiL.1r,tr. r-r u.ua'io t-frf,rt:tr
61ty'[i]uni6aioir ncirla t1 traorar:unnfir lurrlrdlfil rirlataln:otio
J " -,
rir"i":iri't" u.doin irirarrrd.du'it lyuitn,!u)syr1l" iu tb i:iqt l,r"
dirr nrrcr:_ra"rnil6lorrir 1i.,, rdr.r
nrF CHTCOOH firir K" = 1.8x105

Firtlaro.!nrod'do cHrcoo firridr xo = s.s,ro'o
-.! --
n1sn1uf, ruS0uarn'tsIonof, clnnlnDnauoalra:n]lutdudu
n't:F'lultuni5u0n gl-!to.in:o LLa:tr.]a ordaya"nnt:ri,.f ntur1iut6uxn!flirGa.ia!'la
[6:i tirtr"rJroa!r-drlir:r"r.l1r:Intn!..,r'r.,rlr,iori-dfrldrrnn,r""oni,
:'r,r,tu r' uioO t .ir-d iq tifr.iuuaarFnu,l r d.-d roi.1LJfi
o'foth)d 58 f:oHAlillnrnaioirarufr'lfiar:acaruin.rru{liufi,4lua0iaf,nr
tluJi(r alrn1l ll/r .: H' + /\ v 6o erurdrduGldiuleln.to

t5x.l M 0 0 x 6o nrrrrdliuiurrdroonm
!!6Er! x x iX nt lolFr I<- =
60a - K,,-M
- x)
I :"
t !t 11\c1.1 6 e,): lllyl f [ri" tiu, Vr,nl
(n,lnfl x 60 fi.1!(15[$]! lNl uio [oH ] r#otooaufiuondr'halrra)
n:n]fr r fidrriasni- M !1n1 rx.. w j y5" -.:16f rlorre!6,r Y _ r

ri{# r"r ," u Ii x= Jx,u
ldraa
nttIfr x fifillrid1{n' n M xr,rflfir. ,a ,i!, rrlir",ioeot6., I ,Ot

rirlrinr:uiarnr: x = Jxyr,l g rirld'erl
o:rau a}.f[fi6 n'rur rur]r x oi.rdatrli
qlnl \nliyt l itn x = JK,M nvtfr (mfioun:oiuin)
v-
Mrnt rFtrli2 ntn x = JKr(t4 t) I uyrr'llrgSl

loo coRE coNcEPrs l? 181
_
'i-r'__1Llli!)!.1lyl
a5a iL.!L,ynLOl [1,141r. rr.r,lL, "vl
r.c0!.vl'Lr- ir_:at1]uu
a dr.rutlur r nr:16' i6uro:5rufldlunr: uanriirirarpioruiaunr:dr arr: uo nn"rl:g n otr
tl0a lnoiullxl
d -b\'(-0 ul:ltiq5 x= b1"6) 4*
r:ralurr6lfi'1u'l6lriouaun1r*ondr'16'un 96tlr:ttqnql-'l I 100

- M
nrn0r-'ro.r1.ili1.!6'u a;rui'ririrvdnldria6ou6'orn"ruriut{h6o rir x rir t't

dr K llarrl'r % rioaql-r i1.! a FlTdirrfiurtoia'ualf15 3 i [!!o-i "trlrliailqoi
r rrn",u'rsl ,av:i 'l lia{ r i11d1{tifi t 1t.tvr.1r-4ori zr
6nr I d rrrillreirfil di: 2 d1xilunld1 gr: a drrirunudr

XM$a!K %utnd?, x !!sJ M %unadr, M uac r
VTq;M !r'i!f,0r 1hr6F i 2 nit;
%ni:uqrndr 1x100
= \1 [;
i14
{
j
i nlsfilurnlristnlu tH.l tOH I pH tla! POH
nrruonllS,rrtu [H'] ua: [oH-] iu1]uo1]!flurir pH ,!o poH (iuLl pH !'rnfl'jt)
r-.d- b. p lLfri ;'r" ) ,.JvL ruf! "fllidL" ttl[l 1 vLl s)"n0 " )[6]'tl t! oq
'lfiflirrir tH'l ,64 toH I oio-radrrrjotrld
ti:odrod sg.t 6r],]6nlr r{udirtai lH'l = 10

pH = -Log 10u = 5log 10 = 5

182 l! cHTMEAsY
criodrod ssz aru6nrr:ltd!,riuto{ [H'] = 4xro:

pH = -tog 4xt03
= - (tog 4 + toc lor)

= (3 toq 10 tog 4)
= 3-tog4
= 3-0.6 - 2.4
.Li !tusrir.rL6i1 ' g: i"-o1. -1 .i[pffjrii -lo!.J,tUi1tot -ln.i:,

lLi. Etu: ii- f ,5tr-ou,i:..,,rllr,irr"ul
- ;lvioL jLyn, i r .1 i )it
u u rlfl 61i r.!
! . {
[146r.]f rrleolatll:.t'l! .1101lliyuel., rLLn Itn, .1,1Fllj6li, r."na
. t' - - a r, :-
6!xr6do.im:1i'rii pH l]a.i IH'l = axlo-' , FH = n - tog a
r'1 l09 Iqur )lL'tu. oiri rltr,u.6r :-s in,i' udo ri' ifld.f, .t.:alf r.' ru o.
Lll,lLl
log 2 = 0.30 tog 3 = 0.48 Los 4 = 0.50 tog 5 = 0.70

tog 6 = 0.78 tos 7 = 0.85 tog 8 = 0.90 tog 9 = 0.95
urad'a.:ir'rurirnlr Log to.rl'rurufifiuofi ul fllildhBrl:gurrurjr:vyirrtr.r

rrh: do.:rr:l{rh log S.6 6tv :vlrruldorn toq 5 n"u tog 6 la" r:xL,rtu O 75
nls d-rultunl s uonnb uiouJda u uUao nf, l u tiiuu*u

riaar:avaran:odouyioruadouinlrrdrrjuurldor'l {iu.rt!airtrornd'ln0.! [H']
vio [oH ] indarnlr[s]nd'r uarrh pH 6leujdar.:trldra i rv nin'hnr: n'tlrrufi
ltqtit a llnu!on_ncDautlqa l!,
o:lotjiDfr 593 6r:acafei:ndou HA firiiFr.iirtrnenfrtui.lri! q.ro. otrliatLiuu [H ] iouasnii

-o ng"l Udlfl orl ?Ol.l1.dralb"5t .,a ifi.! L,i'tJtL 0 \1il 0 ?5 M

100 coRE coNcEPTs l: 183
lluf,ho uGatrir,un'uuilunrrr.ro-ld
araenrunro HA d {! 1.0 M ar:aiar8nl0 HA r1rlrlu 0.25 M
tH-l = {f;,M lHl = Jk.M

= J4 x i0 6(10) = 2x10 4x 10-6(0.2s) = 10
pH = 3 tog2 pH 'l
= 3-0.30=2.70
ala II+t 00
M
= 10 ^
I0(l a.2% = 0.490
-x100
rrnfl-'rotlrifi 59.3 rcr! ir ri anrrr t{rtrtorn:odou16 oi'r.lal a wia av?i.lua
. Fl'r [H'] nraoai G !Yi1
. nr pH istualul1l toqva
. i0Ua3f'lltr6no2nvl tllXl ia Wl1
r.l[63arstrironsolue lla!ln6ofi rfr oEu
n:naLiu>:v,r'r.o,.ar.!r':'[+a.Fqiilvrtilu."F,r tlorrol.ria 'luf.i.ioirlr

atLrrl.rld: n:fi6a
. n:dfr r rliiSura:rfi u:cri'r.,rn:oLlaiifl o6ai! (ritv6on:ou6otla) uiuinr:

rirurru,-liirruItlara.rar:fi t{]ur:aua;Lla 6.tlirtl!iSerrodnn (n6rlrdol
' ir rua,:e'r rtr-i ...: ri u .'l'i1u . r,a" rr,'ru.i - rr .1v.vrs
o n:oifiz'fi:3r-ihr.,'r-1or,"vi, ."..nv:or1 d.. r'flr,-lvfiI e r)ct.d '
qofrrul:iarri6orlar:frtv6oo{ rtiufrnr:rirurru pH llolall6:6'rurlou
qofrru
. nroii rrliiia r'1rr.6ir" Io 0.vfi. ,ue'Lri,r.!c.dL d.l,drvir
ar:a:a rt4ofr rrl;iarrTt"rl tvl oi

I84 13 CHEMEASY
li-vJ'dl.n:r drJn{r) l l Jdl 2 iJui,lloidrlrJsltdrl rcrrvlllo" U a)1.'1)tu14 J lye

h Concept 62
ctbourod 6o.t dorarar:a;aro cH.CooH !i!{u 0.25 M l'ruru 50 cm' filat:acara NaoH !ii!{u
0.1 M ir''rurl.r 200 cmr n.!v'r pH larAr:a:araualatdl
Iu]no rrnn:n
ri,]1r:dra,uor H* = (0.25)(0 05) = o.ol25 mot
,i'.1r,)d!a OH lrnrua = (0.1X0.2) = 0.02 mot
a'lriv rca:rfiu udrry6a oH- lrnwa*i = 0.a2 0.0t25 = 0.0075 mot fflifiil
Garo::uya-raar = o.o5 + o-2 = 0.25 L
!v16'toFr t=
T:3 = 0.03."y1 yia3xlo'zmoyl
oefi pOt =z [og3 = I.52 uiafirir pl= tz+a
lnaofi lfl octnUIfr Sr,1s:r{jlDnsorua

lo,i! Hft HBr H HNOI HrSO4 UAs
!'lny1tollur1.J}r'r rtltttUuootn'rn:oun
(.o",e rrr.i H-lo, r.iu-rqficou.i.!u.rlttl d.,).iotr60Lirr)aJ.
ruav naeial ldud': n6ouiavv:ru6.rqrftolra6ooir.ll o-rrialild
o rn6oirinorna:ouri n'u rra*r1 lvfiqndrflunar.r
o rn6ofi6oulr:odar ri'l ruauri ariqrdrflrrua

o rn6oifioomn:ouri ir-u ruaeiou rvfiqudrflua:o
lneailionmUlssuls:hi tDnso-lu6
[flaa
nto !1J6
KCN HCN KOH ru6a0l,

NHaN03 rNol NH, ltqaaL
BaSOr H?5O. Ba(OHL naln
NifCOi .l,ao. NaOH t1la00!
CHTNHTBT fBr CH3NH' rlo001l
CaCt, llcl Ca(OH), nar.i

roo coRE coNcEPTs lg 185
;l', r'r-htru rd t .!r*,'j,.ii,c!q.'lr.e ra:r'tlol,r'l:u.' :

d l.cr..r'r :it' aai.vio.' aaoL, i rioxa :..FiiL"l x
c .e
'(N 1,,r,JL! nnrq,,rLe', rc,ioat o."n,rtolorFi,.t'r-f'

, \ (dq) rl.O", : r\rdqr-OH(do) r,.- '1.''
NH4Nq 1.aarliln l!a douar,]1:o ri oarqa rr:'lalo:6iarirri'r
\t 4 raq, . t.Or ) =- N .raq) ,r.O'rdq) K2 . .!-'"
d' r5utaa.y.no1 r.r_

-. , ,
)oDo!.Jf r!idatrl.Ju ullLa_L_5f 1 arqv6tr ta.len ln
F'r <" lnr'50 Jar xb ndrtla lrriq'r t:.ulur]l'li'(fi^ \ r rnni1, r ;ofl1{iii

a!!stllu!91ufl'r
ti:ourod oo.z derirrn6o xct.i !r !a!Jrn6'ui!triarnrdr0ii!rori 2;en orrnvr-'rvirrrld

1.30 B
d rc:. u pl .vi 10'i ].i!"u 01 1."61 ;r1 ' . .6

o
llulno KCN (Mw = 65) i4un 1.30 ai! Aolilu O 02lla h6'liasa10 2 Aor
6x1urdr]{!ro.! cN h6liaea'r0 = 0.01 moVL

CN + H,O =: HCN + OH
tHcNltoH-l
iSrl o.o1 - 0 0 K
lcN l
nl6ru +x +x
6!UA 0.01 x 1015
(ni:ufiauni:losa-. nfl'j'r *.< o.or riauudrriorvrnr * oratju6to:tlaalir irl'IiouoBl)

"
lua'r:asar!!si loH-l = 10" mot/L
ariacarElsi poH = 3.5 1lio pH = 10 5
rioinr:iar.r ttccerr tr 6 atrtk ti u, a'r,itra ,re, e lrirU"ur

'tn:ovio.ua
!xnrfl"ro,ru
. fia:rra6oro.inrfldo!fl'uar:avnranrouii ottioauora::ldrrn:otlaldlqjtla
1L !r'rr"Ditlr.'u .du t-a!.c rla: c' u \dE lil H(1,)v!irarqa
F +N.: l-lF
. 916!!n6asa.i[!aeia!,r-u6tia!arerttauri ncrioa!qa::u'irrtraelaurilq]n:a
tol.1 etfrcu'tr .t1.J ,rdl].il)dsc ru N 4(. iu (O- n:t:oarqa
NHa* + oH =- NH3+H,o

186 l! cHEMEAsY
olrotirod so.: 6ar6u t.taoH 0.2 mo( ailr,(1ra'ilacalu NHoc rd1lilr 015 rn.ydm3 ,i''r!M dm'
n1urfir{uro.r trtu,, ott- uac NH a ncltui movdm3 rirrir ( r.r NN4OH = 1.8 x 10 5
lLuf,io NH.* n'rn NH.cl iarrllfll]r:o o'larnr: NH,' : NHr + H-
ii'L::uua H' n1n NHd' = (0.15)(L) = 0.15 mol (nvt nvrf!fi1r oH nrn(u6r[d)
rirur raro.r oH- ornrrauri NaoH = 0.2 mol u11nltu11 ll
o".:fu a:Lia NH" r'l'luar:a:aTa 0.15 mot nttia!nt: uaclcw6a OH-=005mot
,atru6"ttl !nlu16cr fr tritrtiolrl:aroara.r NH. 1rar:agara
A!nr:60 |\ ll.O : t.lH. +OH
{ltl 0.15 0.05
+x +x
,. r = HH url6{fi 1.6,165 = r!9!1,

lvtfi r'jr ri'rroul'rirrioonjro-rdtlr:tn1 uaovjr x irir rioolrn
li{li (o.os +d " 0.0s ua, (0.1s-x) - o.1s
nvldarn":Lilu 1g,16' = {9-9!)

(0.1s)
54, 10' 6rrilr.,rirdrr-nrrl
Frl!fl"1rdulci NHr, OFr- [ay Nt].

.:.vi'\..1r,0.0\".ey..d. 0 o, :Jir
nlslnlnsoflsolua
nr:1vrvr:orrflunrninrri.rfildluar:rrertrrdrdurorar.:avaronr=oyioruan'ki
yr: rror rr uiriu 1n o1firiortfr 6ior a; rffu riu ar:i i arr"fro.:.rdr I 1o olfiar:vfiri
Gu r*erfi r,ir.6uEre' rvire 11 l:rr r-,r", ::rrr.6r r i. . L.ru; irl .r !r11r L
no11.noul.r1&^fl0r1, Lt,LnU4l!f0litr n rluduLat0!aLtr."rdiillad,hJlL,]v1u

1u 3:]itu6niaEr (2 3 ,ldo) riounr:tyry:or
lunr:o'rurruduora-alla'nnr:tornr:tfi otJfr iirrra6duroiatoIacrua 6o

mol h = mol QH- O!n)AUtletdLllu

ni:otirod so.+ 6'arnr:errrr{rdura.rar:ararsfl:ouo{6nlufiflraratifrovir Ioor4rnr:'lvrv:n

duar:ovararrr:g'ru NaoH r'rrtu 0.500 moydm3 rurrrlrfruarag 10.00 cm3
riorJ[Fsorrodril NaoH 12 50 .mr (l;iil!oiiltrvr6! .z ru6rt]u61r6 rn ro ai) loaii'r rno
!inallonal:a36'tutl!na0lrl0!olol,00it!nu!.tul!a!!r00l.r i luln )1! l?lll1ul0nn5f)
rt
--4
.,(d6-tri rcl]d r?luv!"tt oo^ i
rrulno ,'lr1l01lt_110qnU raol H 'nol OH

ifti M4ro Vi,n = *" M*" V*" (i60 i'Mun1ruoflfl"1)
(rxM",")(o.olooo dm3) = (1)(0.500 dm1
d..r91x0.012s0
ovldnrrruirdltor cl,cooH 6a M",, = 0.625 movdm3
Grrturrravart]1or CHTCOOH 1l]rrairdaul

o r,zc m6l-r.eric rodm'
r odmr 1m.l-...ti. 1000 cmj
or-otidufrdu roo .,r'r"in:oroifrn 0.0375 x 100 = 3.75 c/100 cm3
linria,na 50l tM^vr,6n,o,flLn ortrrtn orr i I m ui.llrltFltrJridr.di. t

L0trl.1l0rr,_r 10.00
NaoH rni6'r1rir{,.r{ir 0.02 moydm3 finou6'l'u'61:araru NaoH t! 10.00 cml
(log 2 = 0.3)
:
a) n.i'tFlFrivn'tlInn9]110.!n:fl!0uu
b') iaoa:nr:uonfrrrorn:odoud
c) nifi"rtl1 pH io.inoaualun-r:tvtu:oi
- I t, ,
lcnadnR 50.2 na.l BoF rol"r 'ias. 65rF)lllfl 11)ntu'lldYaltLltttatuou
l11 a1l n'lul
ar:acaru6 6'l!oi BoH diuifl: 25.00 cm3 l' vtv:srital5asarlnlfl HCL lilriu
0.100 moVdm3 nuird'o{ia'rla?41!nlo Hc[ 20.00 cmj
a) orrrt{r{uuorartarareAld'r [,4oH fi ririllari

o) eJ'xr.!,tr.toli"n]lFla-r1ui MOF fiti fi q/IOO crr

188 11 CHEMEASY
nsru/nlslnrnsolla! pH fiooauua
arsrnIrra:oUnsnilunrs]nnscr
n rlv.vrrsiuul'firqiurfio,t"rttL loo.,.rt'r .rtot)ifi. r,u.,t.6uohrrrioliu tt"
H
ar:lunr:rnao.rtn'urirs''r uacrfi ol#ai:acargff $i!rdu:lrilnlurdrdufi u uorr
. i111orbu'er(e, lt"l?a r.yo r:. or:r .fialdft. fri3 tir a'16'.or rrlutro
rr"
5 rrJ.or vi r :ior,6rrrrc":tr_..rqrlLi'ri riinr u.rr.ui rrir rm:ra rfir 0 0l cm
,jr* ||
*i*ri.',, . Oruo,o,r"n", *'UU"o',:avarororar:dradr.ifilrirr.u*,lu,trdu ria,firlri
r tJBl q,fiiok"ir r ruu,.urir.,er,foro.-l*r.ti-ri-iri,rrr
"flr"tro1ttr1
.
il_ t'ro$ltr{1dr::larracar0o"rodrrlouizuclurrlori'a{rrrl1rr.rl.r1umoirl
ru rfiolid1i.vF1i lul rol rtfri3r tiuotrrri'eirn.rar,ntrtlrjli rrr rf
r-l Ar:aeaial,uironiceonaonrr nr:#anq:oifiUilro:rrlu q s r .r1o.i!5 rr:
ar:ararurirdui}iar'lumo
. a_laJalu!1n5!nr11?lt11rhl1xrn lu.lvu01.t t.r.9). x n al' dyd'lLr tavid

.Ldf .ilLt,orLiluerfr Nlw 4u 6ra r :rt"rf vri"ti',rlir:ud,ur ro io.lil r:
ra_tard Ilu srl$ll.Jrlllr{llr 0' [1]xta1)v1r!rl_lularr,r lhtl,r ,lj0,alrtiL.! 0 dt
!LLlo
drl r.fror rn:1 LrtrlJ (.r' !.va,ur'0r!!,lrvr6ur.il a-rerltir::{r.rirr:or
6un'ir titrant
l1
AY
o,fi:ngarufida.in't:v:ruaflur,i'ldu ru.l-owrt rr,irr lqc'ld pipette utic^.
, - ! - -- -
q')a!litea!1 J'tllt,-l'tJ.'I0.LL' naL{L1ILJ5U-O:1,}10[VU1t n.aU-LilVUO;!i
Lorooifrly!.-iarn . I 3 yt o .t ..;Enc t)dvd ru1Lt.]qiitr t rJnd
. ouotalfr0l6t5llanolotn.fiatl1r]t)l pt ?dl.t ),llauLdLvl.lo.Ftlnt pI I

ooaruaro.inr:lutyr:o
?oauud nr-u ?oBd' lunrslnrnscr

1rlnr:lvrr:orYu 1nfi n:omvttlalill4i3t,ra-uatjrs,ro6riniu 6sn,jr ., roarra,,
(equivalent point)d.i;1u1r1q]tvtriaur:na-trnorfillfr6'rlorulrjr r:r6loiolordt
ir"i.arn"i.ilr-rtan lo e.:r. ;d o r.fi o' 6r.6,0.0 oilrifi r :uldlr.Flr". . r pe

v tde'rn"uloatl{n ia6"lrf oro.r "roarra', lunr:1lrry:orfu fi dinutusoii

roo coRE coNcGPTS l! 189
. knr:'lyty:oaroufifrlrlua[ri r]oauqan!firil pH 7
. llar:-lyor:on:ocioudrruaui loar4alvfirlr pH urnnir 7 nT liffnmiuriiluluduri

ri,.]l. '-.ri o ruafrrir, ir"r" riffr r rvd'o*s's iurl r on
'io
. 1u - :h.yrc r>n,.-iUm? jdL .ly rlt H.rnrf,. pn n" r- r rC, i t,r r-
(a) .
- r-,, . -- iiu' - !
rr 6o nrofrrfiedufir fr vdrot,,,i: iutjt ,ro H'
drothlnr:lvrv:n n:nuriduu.rn*ri NaoH + HNo3 + NaNol + Hro

!r !ed![n lurfrorndo NalO. #tflurnrti.ti,toat\"fr oH / r,6 r11 a)
nlriflr nlioosLolunuri
nr:lvrv:o n:arjarn"urraud cHrcoo| + KoN ---+ cH3cooK + H,oru
" " -- - r.r OH nia rlMlo
!04!{t!:r-1,000L CH,COO } rno' r':laloictcntl"^ltl
6! afi pH lrnnir 7 (r! b) (b) i
nr:tvrv:o ruaoauriun:aBfi NHnoH + Hcl ---+ NHact + Hro

)'*n "r
tLno6lu:-alr!|'000u NF. vrnf'f ttLEtf')nt6t'tL' le H n'1 rlv.{o

alXai pH doanir 7 (irl c)
n1rlulrr rudrirlrirofl r.uri
rfi odrlrfl rrnr:-l,i urn,
j-fr -trrr-rl,rloi rioirl'tu',roidfi nro
iialvioruadouluJfr fiior a:rlhrldorr trira'nlurnrjn t'rohrarrnr: )*,*
l11rlt:0n5ftun[!a[fl vu:'r1,ln3vfl uur]1nn11
lnqe .e1o poirr) 6a rof5uF.qrnoi,tlFtuF0 rrri- pr t..t

ar:aca'ru:vM'jr.!nt:lvrr:sr 6rr6on6uitetoofl dtrarraaa 1oq6ot
ladr6orn'uloar4arra lirtiar:urnrrrriuivtoraliavalu unknown
finruuriltir
udr n1nn15s_61fl r:v)1rr'l1v.v50Lir lurrniirJfr iitr'
rr pH
:rvr rrn:n6rruarirrForr6or,'h-avn^rrlr rtlti6i rrior-':ti,'lti rtoi

a11aua'utrr1r14 1eqor.to!! nlllaqeid'14:d un:,!nllu lfl?llr_114r' (d)
o"rotjrrrrju n't:tvtfl:n':cvi1.!ai:asa'r0 Bact, riu Narsoo nrtfio
0sno! Ba5o4 ii3ar6o Bact, + Na,soa ---+ BaSo4 + 2Nacl tu lFl
alua .rrflooaulla-:ae c-uriot-fi40 li deo ,rr ar

'1rifi "f'1rfird rlurirLlir
6a o-roti r'rvir tfllnr:lv tn:o:ca'i1.i a1:a !61u ca(oH), fi1r Hrco3
inffir r Fa c.rol I r H CO, ---+ ( aCO. r 2l?O 6rl:tioa:n,ru

r,CO. hrl{id .lc,rxuotorrr'lv.vre -tur I vri'lrfilrld (e)
tu " o r.va r'h.:r
idU!-1".1 .1r) r:LltilooouM lyt rrijLd.FlLrlLao el.nP! rrn00'do10!
n:rr{oq]ifroutoumr x (;rl e)

190 l! cHEMEAsY
Su6rnrooSnsorud
5l6.n.ooi ltr o., ator, arLlvo-,ilua rrfia '?riu. :oior.ifl.i'Srglnuai r . 1u
n1r_!1U!A!n'liA!oan1i!!qao')
H n(aq) : H'(ad+ tn (aq) x,"o'l{!lLl

IHlnl
ostwatd ldralrorrluii'r Ilrala H n llar'loooll n ro.riuirnrsloilgif,i

ti r'!nLarr t.iL1d'6,,1r. rioioa.ut r u.trr.ir.t e r nr rit tn 'luar,o:orr
ii'rrn-u!iiu"rau ro rvlr l:tl:rnnirolor":iirrntir.t'orrr iirorur{uriulo.r ttn
:1 , hla-:ar a.' drL-, rrir.:6r r0 ,1 ny ) .nit. ,dra..:. ,: 6:.3'.t,r
o"i1a ,i dri pH iin r.rt6.r-F.l'6rr:lrlrdrLtrLditpt ro16r-6,arp,oiLi'l .
nln iytaxt9rat0.l0llorot00iultl
cr:o[irDd 51.1 ihoarro (Fhenot red) ti]rlirimroaifiiriro rfiauno .t r, ro' uloo;h;rJ H n rci6rr,16o.:
ruo;rfiooq1u;-r1 n lefiiuo.l lrvrtjrr pH lalnlrrd6!!au.drnr ph"d rnifi1,]oatin
rirvuq1fif;lar 5!6rn rosilarJr rng.fi'o r ruui an n:o-rirr ain r u rdr{uLir rfiuo u r rJo o 5 ryi r
uuf60 .- tH*ltrn l
"'' IHtnl
io:rlrflr u*t l<hdtHlnl

IIn-l
ulo6r6rnroai*ao.lina6al tHrnl / tr, I = 5
lvllri1 IH*] = 3.1x10{ (5) pH 68
rfioi1:6irnrroiuao.ri1r:rri! tH nl / ln I = 1/16
uvttrli IHil = 31xlo3(1/5) pH 82
ri'irYlrirrnr:rdduirdlrorfluoa!io6o 68 - 8.2 (6ry6or uo.r)

rir pK,.o tro.rfluonr:orvirn"lr 8 toq 3.1 = 7.5
lrnsl-roai'r.rfi 61.1 lsjiooa'lrno.irf,odruo.r.rrrdr{i-rtar H n n'u n iu

arracall'hliiLt!6'o.tqir.rriu ro Lvlrralotrl uaolirrr:.J:rr4ifiryorouul',r.J
il'rrflr:darialo;iruddrlniulrvarru to rvirdli ostwatd raroti udiloqlrilirudav
qjEfu 6rau;.ro:rir6nir,rfi.rl6'rioilsrLrrurrnn.irodiryir uoitu:sd!riouxr!arutLu
rinFauarar:n1.Eiqun'ra.i ostwatd 16 ({ 10 r r 6!ni!rrnldotnrt)

100 coRE coNcEPTS l! t91
draairl6u6rorooirttiouavrir.r pH tornr:ttJieud molo-lnt:t l

drlnt:r tJ6
orn$$ol
bH ranqe) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I 9 10
iluarivlrr6r
(phenolphthatein)
uiar:o
8.3 - 10.0
oo
4.4 6.2
(methyl red)
Iu:luniqoatroifia
5_2 6_8
(bromocresot purple)
fu,hfluoarq
3.0 46
(bromophenot btue)
nlsh'l PH fU ?OauUaUODnlSlntnSCl
rr:tirrrruir pn ii1oarllirloinrrtr! :ortlurr:n'rlrrulirrru lH I tlra En ru
itovtnitlnf iu'lllaof lu
o:ctitofi 61.2 'iur-:'lrrvroul":_:l"irt1.!ola'..Yn'anla.rd66'Iorf,.uoe rate t]1,0;2000'-'1 tc

a.rlurtro:rltrtitttt'ro too cm3 raaofiuodrlvr6u6 {d1u 3 YUo i'rnJl]dittllvtlr:odrtl
615ara]U,]loi61U NaOH llilrd! 0.200 moudrn' rtirfi lOq6al:a:aro'lulrn;rJtr{
r;rru^l'L;tl]llnai. [id])ord u NaO'l l! 2d.00.n i11'luFl6l'l lq 1,dln)t'[0{on!41
1.8,10 ilYl 6 1 ol' [u !rar]{a
lrulno n1n6hi mot H* mol oH

STEP 1
ri!tuooD
(l)(M",,Io 020 dm ) (1Xo 2oo movdm3xo.o24 dmr)
0.240 rnoVdm3
ru 1oa 4a rio!frfiiar CH3COOH + NaOH -+ CHsCOoNa + HrO
rilullrbi NaoH ild = (0.200 movdmj)(0.024 dmi = 0.004s mol sTEP 2
rn6o cH.cooNa ilindlrncin'ru'l1rlrlaLvi'rn"! 0.0048 mol d'le li!JuiroD

ilrrola'r:asarurrtl 20.00 + 2400 = 44.00 cmr ,io 0 044 dmj rnac
o.oo43 mol
nl x t't lrl1L! Cl,aOO\d 14!,d,!t_ - 0 lI movon
-4dm

192 l! cHEMEAsy
STEP 3 urrl,l r( 1oi cHrco- = ;* = s.6 x 10 10

,flail i( {
ltcAuoa CHTCOO + H,O CH3COOH +C,H-
-
ffi:.1 011 l) 0
rtau! x +x ti(
sIIP 4 AUiA
ruyrrir'luarnr:
c lcooH loH I
loH ln lclr3coo I
5.6 x 10 10
5.6 x 10 10
x << 0.11iirl#(0.t1 x).0.11
x 7g.roo . ,i. r,r
stlP 5
fi'ru-rtu poHn'rn[oH ]= 6 Loc78 = 6-0.89 = 5.11
,6irii
pH { 9l illu fll rH Ynon,rlA a0 14 5.lL = 8.8o
!ioflrud1 pH flr noallla r:ril:aur:n6on6lr6rorraifi w:Lrvar 1fiaoq6

lndr6 arn'ua oarmkir radu
londflnd Ot.t lunr:lnry:orfioyroru riln'uuatar:agarar:qrlaifrn (HCooH) Io 0t doa,]r?rc ar ua.:o

yloiinililrn:50.00 cm3 tdrlyry:od:tar:a:aru NaoH !r'!1i1"12.000 moydm3 lou
16-rir.:od{miuritu6u6rnrnoi iloq6tfar:arara NaoH td so.oo cm3 ii,rrlorir tq ?o.l
n:olloifinrvhn"r qx1o{
a) nrr r{utur orar:a;arsr:olloifiairirryl{o luy ra moydn.,
b) !ii4t pH fi1oa!!am.!ar5'lr!11:sl
c) awrdr pH :vu.itntlytrrfldaha.t;asa.ra NaoH orrfrr:nar,l 4o.oo.rn,
nlslnlnscrU'aunaju (Back titratiorl Residuat titration)

nr:tyry:n6oundu ordaua"nni:16flrni!ar:'lyry:oro::arr rfiur[!]rfrrllilroou
rrSn.iurd,r anoirodt.rrrjrnt:lyrl:nurrliurzudru-r cHscooc6H4coor.l
(2-acetoxybenzoic acid) r-trflln:odouharriouaahiu
Iooriraur 5 ula
uoa:r6uo riodil lflrfl:or,illSarnn:oo-rnrjrr l-rliutlaa.iqr iaurfiu! 2 frt
?toa0n1.l

1oo coRE coNcEPTs l: 193
nlsnoaa\)li :1v. .i,.tt) i ",,'ll a:.' I i" n: l /-',l1r1: nfir".u1d, 3l,ru

1 (n r..
1tL 200 O0 cn rit l!!?ya'ovlrq llTtlu tttrouutl rqilas 25.00 c'n ld

iladrr rFr..ir,6u6.n.ooi ..drdrur1v"vr:ndrua irltn ru Naoh luillou6td
dfinrdiuat!.raul]l flv,v:s r q{t rlior Fit.aFLt
n'tsno on2 In')Ll'lD0 e 0L, a1 I dxclai!t'fl1vuoolte1la:Flu:l-tlS_u

,!
L.Oh 0 500 M ir'ru.u 200.00 L-n' tud6: o t vLo lvll,UtLt ln'latr_Lr lFl:av
25 o0 m) l{flLoarrc.flr-6u6r",orsi r'A:dr:.,1,vr.vrro"roa r:aYa]unlo | (l
0 500 A,1 .1!-a:nolto disa:d rurs.utiuun'tnalr !lul.Jdrra0i ([vlMl]l î4

, @i I tflor41
fra[aau)
Affi urrerli'ri6'ru1n1 NaoH fi o
CHTCOOC6HaCOOH + 2NaOH -i CHTCOONa + HOC6HaCOONa + 2N,O
,,,'t.,, n,,"n'.i,1 rffi"',n.o.r'Ltr,o0' -n r:!u'ri' ;n^.,rdt

.lryr6".ir.n .1vrvr:of 'n s.n6o"
nif giraul.!,r'r:voao.idrrfi! avuilirnr:voaoli t o-rn:o'horovtfl orJfr istrr

no6n'r ruaol lurilnouuder eirunr:noaold 2 er"rnro'hsl n,lfio iniurd!
Naol firrnfrto udr6r'lYr$1:qm NaoH fiff6odr!61iaia'r! Hct 6nfli'lt ii 6i
r:riul:eln:lcliul i rruf iohuldlunr:rnaoi!!!ui z (ar:lvln:odorlndu)
,naniluuun'riv06oli t rirhirvirdrrYuz
n"rmor6o nr:rfi or.Jfr 6Sartodn'l"ha:3lt6eruuun1:roaa ii 1 ilon'ri

nalntn6o!(.ifli1 ttrsiyrilun'ti1r4tv:on:ooo\rdl!trJaui dl pH fi106!46ncir]1
!"rnn'ii 7 tla!!r!t!lviflfliufirirmrutd'ora tr5'lcL!6154!a']Bil.dota'!11lo.la!
a{ 2 ii1 60 cH3cooNa !!as Hoc6H4cooNa 6inatioalqatYrdoufiu uridrlil
nr:rrnuod z rru nr:ki nuoH r'lnlfi1lflalws![5n udrrioovr ilrruairud
kirfr tr}]dronr:tnrv:oa'u NCt oiif,'aulilunr51v!vlotn:quin'utlauri6tlir'ki'i'ru
n'jr uavzuadlduirtirnir rta.lnlniloalr4ad pH 7 naa
tond6/nd ot.z lunr:'lnrv:ntffovrtliurru caco3 luuirtfiovfi! rirlolagarad'uui 5 ailhar:avartl

nto 0.500 N/ 100.00 cm3 doasa,orlo 6'lrrilu{v!v:6n*'!as 20'00 cm3 tilu
HCL
6llnsaiu NaoH r{,]dlr 0.500 [,1 Ioolti]uoii vr6urilu5rirnrooi d1oq61dar:arartr

NaoH 1 15.00 cmr iilr'riouavloot.t'laloi caco, luuidod {rirvuolirridlniirrl ii
allaurrlulnlulnlr HLt)

194 13 cHEMEAsy
62 dlsa:a1sfu/tw05
Ulllltol'llc l1]a ld -!
ba., bJ'-rt [Ly'!,OrLuuU
d .! I. 1in!tdta.t]ylt!
loaar.rin:n ri.r aloue iuyin.arraot'rooF.r-'iuar1c.ni.fio1ff..3rr"rd 1.r- r
ll] llllAltlliLfl Al A'l !Onrno-)unr l!.i
cDou]nn 62 iniorr.r3r13alrd 1.0 aoi !r:!'htn(aoi w lra!roiEr ariaiaruu-ir oflFUnlr,idl

HCooH (dn:q) d't HCooNa (qrua) otjrrav o.t lua rdrdirar'uudrr6rrlrul6'
6ir6ra.! 1.0 60i !::lhtnrnai a niruolidr 4 ro.ia:o HCOOH = 1.0x10a
t) dodrnauri t,laog yl-n o.q ni! ldaihjinrnoi w udrnutr.iayaruyxro a,r:acar!1u
inrnai w doefirh pH r dar.uuJarodr.rt:
2) uiodar!a[ri ,!'n o.q nr='! ldartrjfinrnoi s udraulfrayarBv!n ar:asa.tulu
NaoH
tnrnai e iivfirir pl nJ6uu$Uaiodr.!'l:
rLutr60 dnraafut riuiir3qnf pn z
dolfr NaoH Mtin 0.4 f:-r] FoLilu o ot }La agarutufi r.o 6sr:
l3ld iNaoHl = o.o1 moyL
$acrsi lot-t l= o.ot moUL dre 2 io
diiuai:agarln!fi poH = pH = 12
tuarrvarlutnrnoi w ovfi pH r 6!!raitl 7 + 12 rfi d! 5 yir.
rTarnaia riharrncaiaf riof fiirrr:alooarnrin:ouncrir!afi rii!altl

[HCOOH] = 0 1 rnoYL ||a" IHCOOI = 0 1 mol,zL riuri'u
6!atl[doiar]oa HCOoH : HCOO + H*
$u 0.1 0,1 0
tua!!.1 +x
a!0'.r
(= tHcoo llH+l
lHcooHll
(Y1Jri'r 1.0,10 " (01+x)(!)
(0.1-x)
o-rrnuiriTjotrn'jrn"rdilxrrn1 uaotir x irirrioalrn ...(0.1 + x) - 0.1 uBy {0.1 r) - 0 I
rcldaxrnr,-rtlu 1.o x 10 a x(o'1)
(0.1)
x = 1ox10a fir{oolrnaillo-riaroti
ol1]1rn.d:rt.trfl.vter.h.!. d;Br, _| .0.10 .-ph 4.a

nlr6u NaoH asl'll d1fiea1aivltylal

rior:1r6xr NaoH vdn 0.4 nir 6ortfu o.or lla darilrn.::ulrr.,alqa ,-ud
oH n!v'1Uii5flri-! CH3cooH o-16:]a'r: HcooH + oH- ---+ Hcoo + Hp
ri1fiui'r HcooH ivitvao 0.1 0.01 = 0.09 mot
lrac NCoo- nirfr']dllih 0.1 + o.o1 = 0.11 moi
[qn1 ]q $0.i6x.14nfl 0.in.ia rrllsqrurfl !!fl 'rloll

HCOO ]H
ar.rn1:
lHcooHll
(0.1I)[H+l
r.rl6i' l0 l0 ,"ril
tH.l = 8.2x105
alraJaiunvi pH = 5-tog8.2 - 5 09=4.1
flar[vd']"1L1-^!'r; B 1ti ph '!6uuil'14.0-4.1 n'r"66orfiudu o vr'i,u
orad'rotjrravuilir hn:nirolrirui4rf nr:i6l NaoH tfi !i6niouallri-n

li{i'dr pH tn:i:hifinlcalqatirohar:rJiudr;iru
rd6uu1 6.i s vrher
ar:6!a'rfl !-yli oi t:fitooouqjn:o-{ruaoqidradrrira irarqa rlorfitrnr:
rl6uuu a.i!o.iri'r pH ad1,!i!ui.t [dotir{:6qT xr anrrnrrrrihdr{trloi6i
nt:'r:rnruarqalaal td! auu6ir[t1!6!n:ourialtr]lirrrulrnlurir
6orr''riio vT
1i(oaluar:ar ar orirlrrl oivro'hhrn:su (tr, :r vanactilJ'lllluv!o) u:oil'lnrr!

Ltuti{tnaiiocv,-obttusu urlotorrllt,Ft',it' ritt!r JLdluaiuUl cailv_
rf,un:ovEa rua rshitfro rfi ara tir{oo rir lrafil vr nnr::unruri o{uad'l1nll 1o tltri
ioti flooorrvi.u r..iuh n r ruri lrill.rioifin: otldq a1 [ior. di?
u-WlWoS nso- fru
tcl
rcruruauri
1-\
\ I
l,tuon)lul0uowlwai aJ

196 13 cH€MEASY
vln!:1do!nd'ulr]06!1un:rlin1:114!yraiin:oiiouySotuaeiolotllll
a.:acara t#1inFu!6'.!rnel:in:1ri116o.lrir pH rsyi.r.!nr5bl9lfi $aJnoal.ltr6 1!
M',l1011iral.l!'r
nlrtrlrrmiiaisurlsrlJ6uri n1rli$rrlruniioufiiunliuri
-t2
12
]
{i!lrrlud
orn:
nr:'lyrl:or:oeiordruruauri (;rldro) lurlrru:nltamr:'llru:nrir
ililrolua*rli16laqlnrii}r:oogacrtun'un:odoutrrdlu riorilunirlatotn.:o
tiouriul rirLfl uar:otaruocirdrlooauqo.!dn:o Iac{wa atl6':oriu 6ovianrr
l"llrlloir6odu dr o:.ru rtlufllo,leifi"lcr'rlfrir p u rio u 1nJiiou *r.Ja.r o thr{r oi.r fi
1
nir:lln:l,lmlusiGloufirrit.:urdd6'ru airr.rfiolririln:rirird'ulrntsu (uirrru
ilndn-rroalla) 6oarrgriladvlonrrrrtuf ryioiua'r uayollrirrillrlloiag
6:uqna.rdloar4ono6
dlail:tlrrr 6aiu aluriruo,r lto ra r:1y ry:o a:o uiil riil

16tlrn'u 1ud.:r *:n
aj rocayriun'urua.iolldrrldru udroyLiorilurln:ororruadouriul 1l
ariatarofiavflr.f.rtooautroirln-_n$acriruaod{i'rua-u rioa;r tru-ylo,,lo itriulro a a
mrorrir pHlririoalr!6uuu!a.rotJxfrl rufi.rliitn,trduir'nlr aulr6.nj:ln:ryl
v-tirF.t,6i"ar:. l' r. .uirrrufl r in' r larrlle r 6c i .vy1 ivlo q r :.ri r.fr,t. i
ruagorrlrfl lr.r'r.{nloiay?"lqoarfi
loalrara6
r:rarrr:oa:rJriluao:nr:ri1u:rurierr-r'1Ju" r{ailfiou6nrnnrl y!01-!ra.l

arqa'ha,t:a:arofllrrlai d.:d
(
r',,! rylair:-o u"rloioill]a Nl, + H,O =: []H.- + OH
urd!ilt lcH3coo_llH+l tNHlltoH-l
lcH3coorrll
oi6!m: Kb
[NH4On]
KA IHA]
n9 trl IHI n"6l
Kb INHlOH]
tA-l loH-l
tNHi]
x. [t"-] xu
fiio tH.l yia toH l
ti"4
In'd tn"-1

nintnd t,r-1, )v:Jo..n: n'tnnl'14nlilv.vlqt l!fiu iut\l )1 -Tlalulflllaul"u

1 nn)rrr)r,v'rlinlo*1ld n1trU!dan.!U 1 Jlluvdn q.lolt !rll i
n:r lua ifulafiBulYioanj! nrrwir$ia !i-o rudtlti!1t60 n:ioaulxao }l10 l!6a0ulr60
riudal:rl tH'l l.rio toH l

mo1 H_ = mol OH
luar:a:aruvfrraal tHl
K. lt.l
l+*l
In!Ann1n moL !o{6Tdtneood
Kb [r,,"]
vT':d:tr
mot = iMV l0H
t,j-l
i G!rsr:::!tolar:arargva'rnatt
lor i 6od1u1! tH'l nio toHl
wrno'rriavii{lopoor orriuar:a:nrflild! ai
ttt-l = v,d taDa!lata>ou0l]xlEtuAEd!ilnnnJ1]
rnFr{ad rr:ovll ulniu-rn\r!uNtrd qd
mol OH- 1jlrto .xqiuar! rr:n!rnl pH n0l
.ralruull l1rl ar u1. ln.l

IoHl= - :Y!Ut1rnrrlq9rDtn!nrounxSal!nInLl
!i!rr r;nioua{,rarr6s6rt
'[r,_ rr * "i rpr, ,hvi ii'rl

6'tt.lr50-dt!1,n e"ulfi1 )tu1roui,.il.'r:!tlo
_
v'rOXr1')v' !Ir1' mt llra0aS6laauvl0luild , L r!.ildn ,l'i ,Lliu..tl' t"vltrloi
rtcr t't4o) v n.ilL ialLlt$dtl6u ils.tll. ttl'llJltu.luua:lvr"vi0-ltllllYltr
(do.d,!qo) mcv"r.1iif 5i!!rjriot!a[iiart!lrafi uro nvrfl lar:nilrrurir pl vd't
BAE
a! ('jolnari)
londitnd oz.t ira!ar:asa'r0n5fltol lFraoia rclo) 0.1 M 90 cm3 d! aliavalg KC M70cm
rrldar:aearaiirir pl tirt: uagioruriurirllrloiviall

(ri'r K" lo.insotyi'riu 3.5x1Oi)
tond nfr oz.z ua a.r6raronrolEol'i{f,n (HN3) ldrldu 0.2 1,1 60 .*' 'iuat:a"aro N"oH 0'1 M
20 cm3 r:'ldar:avarlfiirir ptt tvirl: uaviro:'rutiurirlrrlaivio1ri
.Fit ." !alnlo'r'li! 1.oxI0

i

ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
rD

n1s16sfltodlsld fosnrSuou
nlluouo)uoDtdtosnlsuou
n':i!6r6'rm{lslel:nriuau rurs6{ "o'onrdT uo'ruruocnou H lio,iruruavno!
c- 1,u1l.r,e1a f r.,:o a: c lr.arooulr-htai rt6olraioiudruniure.darrfluhi.io
!m n ovoou lerrlruosflor u lu&raqarlflliirrniqn iiddryl'rn-! n+2 !a!o
t) la1n:nr:'rov6ln'r rtJr"r":r_in-usc:cl.ri rr ( tiurtt ot.6trvitvt-c ,l'}ii

iiruu H ovorolarnd4o
o o'rlor.rairrrfllldrilo riun'i1 iroa!F! (alkane) {n:furala6o c.t],",,
o 6'. 0: lail rturrilo Ga nir ltTna uo a tou (cyctoatkane) \j1u tu H n: aoa.i
z n"r dorto t x lor'lriarooaora :n+2
zt lolqrrlduogbai,,r'l .itla r:r-iir. t rr ti tc riuir.. t ^vi' rir"o: a :' ar - r

rioe t rLri.r riluzualfirirurr H ovsroridr!alanoa.ih
i o fr{ n:.rairrir"uo:dr:vi'rr c a{ 1sr"'r!!u .! riiuxrl H nsioai 2a:l,roir
I ar:a{riGun'i'r uoadu (attene)

o fir1uln:.rairrfiriut:i:ru'i-N c oq 2 or'r*vir il'ruru H ns6o6i 4 ocfla!
I -Y-
dltnqlrull!n)'r t001,] rdrene)
o d'r1u1o:.rair.ririiutsarr::r'i'r.t c o{ 1diu i riirr:'lu H nsaoal4 oYno!

arrn(rd riun ir uaaloi {uLtyn.)
r rlala:e it oulriEr il .d tir, ,1ui.
rl,.lt e Lu r'rt,o, ae. !{uiur:.6u "
.fiu:-',r:oottor qiu r r o vE, s ,ivri zt .j ,r '1d .--o i "i, iFitl :.r-l
o:[su-]6n'lolosnlSuou
ai:ocI:ln6n (M!atiun'j'r arene) ttlar:ifi10:.:air.ttilur':iLouavinr:u:ltuuuli
too{usvqjiloqjaa-ra-tlr'uovtdarlur'rilot:u ar:og1:lrBno'ru:nfidrdip 6a tuu6u
(benzenei C6HJ oroo! c rit o rloiuLflr,rllranrvdurw!:1u (c ril r ocaro!oqi
'lu:surr16e':n'u) i c uslavocooudon-! H I o3ootl lguosoo!.] H lorwuiui"6
. lqr."ur-fid:oovrouvionq:..vra:-6l"Li' ls le rt.tua rrltrLirritlj-tilt
-a r:opi't5turtuuiu" tne^zere oer''ari,es) fii n't16'ua ttio ..ao 16l:r

2oo l! CHEMEA5Y :.' e; l
i,
O@ O
phenot benzoic acid
ct NO
d
nitrobenzene benzatdehyde
51fu
CI
acetophenone
d
benzene suLronic eid saricyric acid ff"1,"j:.Ufl:ti -""[:$?lf
*"
uEn!1n61!o!Ii:trAn[iJr.J!.!!6ut (monocyctic ar()matic) [6r u'ii6rr

oilr!'16llfilrjnoldlui.iilor]rnn.jl 1 1,! (potycyctc aron atic)!i"[.]
naphthatene phenanthrene anthra.ene
tiphenyt€n€ chrysene
a t !r.irfr oiifiIh i.r 6ir.:Fdr ua'r:ocl)-l rF n urltrl'r-e rt u ar':, r;i: ro yI:r r6 a rriu
.." LLF1 ilqrtc. i.iL Jrl' 8 .v;r ! ih1..: in :u.1 1'L i :a.r,. ..
r:1fi i6dqmfi od1. i 6!o!d'o,irar:1orfl uar:narocl:l,r6n?
i6a"rrnoar,:osl:rr6noth.r.i.roldroantat ht_rcket (dryi!alrau1M6niii

iirurur.:tririr : rr) fi u6'nnr:6o "nr:o;1:!rfr nrcda{riiiruu616nn:aufi
r:Iruurdld rvirri'u an+z loo n 6o o'rlruiu" {liorjul'r.:ocr]ih-k[!:ui6Ld
Io u fioi lvirn"! 2n+1)
o ruudl ovil"ru:urtlocrifirritutlu{tri a fiuly vlo 6 dr6no:ou n:.riu

4/1)+2 = 6
o urlr,lflr6u n ciii.lu:trr"ur: qii rrltuluri'lo" s riura via to o-16nn:au n:lir

4(2+2 = rc

fl 'lstsundaelstdtosnlsuou
-,!
, ! -x ltll uln vlltl l1 tAa lLn-

l: 1 Ln 5l5Ln0.d' lUlLn.rUiElo:r l!.rr.ULx1'l
laiosnriua!lLr,anaL,n
(, o-rron nd.np, ..Fv51L" lurii' vur tr u ruPAc !r]n:!;ui6i11riurdolt!u
- . :,o-" - -
llPA( A " - alMllL0lltllULLlr-UnaUaL
)Ltadlrnrr.uL!lil'l"h!I0l,JdlMil
,illrxoIdMd'n (parent chain)

ruri'i-
J "
"4 .iLldro ""
rjr@ prF', r"tti,ri rr rrrr. C lukjvn-rr,o rh.c1nlfl/riou
1 2 34567A 910 71 12 20
meth eth prop but pent hex hept oct non dec undec dode( e cos
. .J
i1LA11al' l.1lLlt. )tL1.C LrPU J'l IUU' !?_1' IaH.\ll.lt1.J':lo' Jlllvl t rl l
61!'r:06!nto lqsd1]eiudlaF'ltisni;irru c !t6?t1ofr.06'1u ane td1,]
rr ff Nf
-o o o o o o
2
6=hex +ane = hexan€
a arlnr r.ri t!.!Julrfl]t!ouMta td'lt r lvtnd'l{tl'r!olrvu,,lveol!ultMan [ev

dr:luirnrli rooi{*i'rdr rarrio o 1
3
x x 2
n an,rr.1rn:,ltliua rrrr 7a t0r1 hapldne slotu.l1.Jloa 15.lLr tdli"lll)0ll

11.!: r'lnglt[rrut)]LntgauottLMulaitsyan
fl1rr:lhii,r
- !"
n hlBtl{irn$to n ai qtn' Lxu c 10ll{ lrrt!,sl'[v1]fl ltnl.n t0lv!{M.t'
CH3 mtry l]yannll 0a
. lir.i u:L, t. rtri:rrlr-.ri.,i' 6,.ot1di^ p el^'.utrio.:ririvFn rrali":

frrafiruted.i lL niu methyl, ethyt udrtonoilrrd.ri.r6'ruo-rtatdruirBoil
cH(Glr, propan 2 yl 2
= CH, melrryl.lene, methyhne

1
dumr e-at yrt .ptu".

202 12 cHTMEAsY
. v nultr rtu r.tJ' I nl lvt)ent.rnlYr$ rnl. (:.1 c !11 -u) luF:!.riiJ t9ltl1!:
- ,! r'l!o1u'"
6 .,rl.lllvol" J.Y1 'r{ " Lrl.J.11t - ,
.ni LJU dr, 3 - r:,
4 rer'd,yiau.r:n'Lfroar:larrmud/ aru:rfia r'uhiriurs'ue'rrit .,z
(uor_rarirri e oi, :r ri,l mr
ôr o5nr.n6:"^rnrr,rfi, i r ^tr.
1
2 3 5 T
4 2,34i heEn. 4,5-di 23.6!tetn
1ofosn-]iuouluanaea tu1ltuM.u!"a rtalqlq' tu01.tlt-0,.i) 10..n l.eoril".r :trdd1611" 1ûblF..ey

*n -ra-lrvi. t'r.o'rdqJl rrlj-'r,asL:F dqrri 6'otochrhva'r ucEfr ,i dt..rr
u0ul) n.i!
o riua'rdulr.kvJ^hid-uyri:riuo:nvi"r,rlutr* lrth.6r."ri,:r1,ittJ oYt locr
arrrrir6'ryurn raro'ruvi.r frolio u 1
I l
e
9
citauLlrn Metry a.etYse 5
2-ethyT 1 psntene iis 7,8-dl.nethyt-3-$]nyne $is

7,&dimeihyrio.F ryne
o 1u'roifirtr,1,r.rair:r.trr: aticvr.i,
'lr6s cvrto i y{ fialqiyln..":, ,r.
iotrii.r6 rv;ny-lo16.rl ui: 'lqullL hirergl" r.,r1r- t.i Lr;ri a ar
cy<tobutaE rEthy'cy.lofrnta.e

. $ ,ni$'uiiFr tu1:ilolifu C ,{lJsror{luei'rur4Lri 1 !al!"!i.^L}url lUnLiut

lot Llo' !1:11)114LilO'lllO rIliL!r1 1 tUn15l5Un{a
Icnriitnd er lrriuudaar:r.l:rnoulalo:nrirourlotldorrvdn up,qc

H3C CH-CH3 H.C
Hzc
-cH3 cH2 cH3
H3C-CH CH2 CH CH2-CH3
-cH2-cH
H2C-CH3 H3C-CH CH2-CH3
b)
d) e)
c g) h) Br
1_'r
auutuoodlsld [o snrSuou
autiuora.>talr,rc'rit.rui.:'er.1,rFntrltrtg6'ufltdu'eolll.eqa.'rrl^rr':
rc. rlvf ufriia "'llia' Fr-qv4 7 LnaLogenotonr n lYro'eq Iri!fr,r 1o
raaaruuaruallot6oo
a rrlolc', c ir,or6r d'ruatla} :r ritoulri6rdl lvialihdli ê I )L1ur r trl 1
n'uodrl#ulido u6oldlnrl1i

204 l! cHEMEASy
a!!nyuIr1lutulJtIUl/
)- laIn:a, 6ua lJ,ll tale:ar{tar.rI!Ja!nl
llo6tau $oanu uonlnri
qor )-11ra r
In C"H C,H" C.H,,
"-:
wrilarnnirrirtmi a'.tmsrb[liurl!.]'r ,Jtt!1lanua! finrlr
nrr-rlonf, sr, hiir;r irlrloai'rrE vla na ^,.r 6ld r!ararr6'ld
nr:iani ar. hfiiua.r llororriua:6nlon:o r!onoft6td anlNf,loi
nirl'lon;alrasai. Kl,4no4 vlonar.rfltd
?oKaoulhallla:oor6oolooatslc [osnt6ueru
!0uaA!tyA)yl'nqlo0o1EiC t)!rJt4lytjltiu,.Sllryt IU.Fndr d1A, .i!
tLELO56t
,Ulrr.rlaol"rDu i rlLx)lfdoo:'::...irlolo,n it, ly'itt6 r16na rnitiio.6. o

u.a'nfi4a0:-tvdJcrnt l0LotG'tl oLlit I Jr lti!.la;'
61i onrdaa fc) a1l oa16oo (oc)
1615 36.1
88.6 69
-42.r heptane 98.4
0.5 125.7
ylllu"irr,ry'tua,.6oqlo:a rlolore itouii:_trlu.e..a1 irie:rjr. d.r

rriirr:rur6$n:rair.r6.rdurarlo:suvyli.i:!vi.rl1!iaaa rirlfii*:r6roo:syir.r
llr:t,ouo r si trit" ." u a r:irtr"I, h,loi.uor r"t, l: ii, 16of y;,,.riuo'rir :
"
.vr, [. 1 lra )tlilnviiordooo'-r iie:...i] d,-,r
6fc ,et
,-\-_---.r 50t
63"C 56"C
36.rhyLpe.ra.e 2-merhytpentare
"Y
.2,3-dimerhvtbura.e
!on!rnln:.iairiifii.rnyilor6ondrn.jrln:.rair.flrjor:.i(dr u-iflui {F:.!ail.i

vr'fi i.rodlnfilareldlrfi
lor6aon"rnirln:lairlfi iladeirunrrtrolllraqa nr:fi
Lranavr'ii.r ae,tndduli'o,rillrxrfia.!l.rn1nFr!r!rnvn!9o.i6iu'![a.i riollraqart.r
lafiiutdara ur^r6qofi a'rlodu6raarlouarordrJoira 6ra1 l6.jr
o 'in:.rair.:klo:r L ra qaoc odn dfl'utdd yr'{#fiu:.r:suilLraqaa.r

. lor,rai rifisrarudou Lrcqa*:dlr rodlndiuldf-r oei1nt6on6rn. r
lFEn6t',t.ll1!flnAllMn
o drvida:rairrfi il'rurufr rartlirliu i.rfi'1ndrlarlldlcai'rram!tncncld
:r', n. rilvc[t)u1a l!0lLr 1i]h,llqlrcl^lMlJf !0tll'Flla_tr[tL!orooflr ln" I
. , -. I "ttlln1.nsn)ulvul.c,ld
a LUL i"ltu Lciiiillvi:-at n1 e:'tt rJltv.r'ln.idt,n1 -l
oqll'F.nrlF:r nlJlr,r.J nr!t rti0olinr_tar.ier r.lvr.iLatuo!ltt1u_t'1.!0
riolrhvriunr:rGartfr arlot6oororar:11r.tn!lfii loi'uri uoatnl *aa6u

.lortci [,d:,r: hr ]frr lo, a_:tt1li'u,l4luaL6ouillatr.dletadmu!n! (t']Itrlvll
uilaalootrraln'u) Fr5r!r:rnaqlator:vttrdrr::virlLraqnrviriu
c6H,o (l\,,h,v 82) C6H, (Mw 84) c6H14 (Mw 86) c6H6 (Mw 78)
t heryne (71 5"C) 1-hexene (63'C) cyclohexane {80.7"c)
hexane (69'C) benzene

2-hexyne (84.5'C)
fE|2-hexene (6s"c), azl2 hexene (69"c) (Bo 1'al
I
"-,4-,t"
3 hexyne {81.5"C)
fr 3 hexene (67'c), fZ 3-hexene (66"C)
arrorrtr tfl un-:.t iuutfi t,u1or6on::ra jrrrtfi ilrallra4alni.Fo r6'u
ludr.r z8-sr mir

e arro,}r'6niqotdaoq:fiqo,iorlnpr,i rrhreqa.tlr=u^lun,vFouuuul
Elannnrnlull!r0q lnnn!16:11n
o uoala{fi 1ot6oo:ara.tur 6runrr:lil&o.rn'rlocar! ti{rildtslo:aT iuauiual
l.las!iu10,]cYtol0 a0n6nulo0
. ltloeusar..r-r,i1o,ior:arrrnuoalmi.roilln i ruoetndtn':r tdo:ll"ltito

rf, lxrirl,ribmqainrrwnriaaa.r
. uoahLlio!6oqrif 4o lrl'cLrlnctllriliL5!6nr'lMlnc!dtitri0lltl1a n
.rtl, cis Bns tronr dndillf )lurr3'lrl)e111.ldldn8l)uitl]Iroql'e1nu

205 13 cHEM EAs y
'lo [uruoS [nsoairouooarsla[osnrSuou

5
ar-'6unitiiiaorluranaryfiolflu[siiIn:.!airirir.idu L:rrcLicnln:iair.iuo]ag
In:r a iT .riT Ltulaltuoir'u luriro'r u: n o r neirr 6{olrrL o flni{a i1.i (structu ra t
lsomer) ta.!a1trhsfl aulalo:nr{uaun"uiar.r
a. : tl:r no!1sIo:n1iuoun;lluoa rnln cG!itol{$.toilo:l airll r nnir 1 ulu

uft.ltn1l!01tfi t[0 q aEoa:]tlrL1l 0r:i1l
CH CH
2fr.n,{.dpane 2n&hnboan. 2,2 dirumrF.op.n!.
r-nr. rirGuun.l.3r.yr"n rrrrol- rrrisulolsuoi"rdt fl4 u-ftud:uh.rr1[u

.n:,ilulolt.ro*60 .itu. rohlu. r6'. vio,iruu rro-rrx k ukiri'r r-rfl".ir ul,r.i
.tr::: r.u r:riruao flrgu r r :,in:Lie:r,viortr uri rrtuo-rnr rfiye-r trt a-rd
t. qqn:&,arlau{eirurnr I dv.rahlloarfiuuorn n d6pd'r .r,irfir :ru ra rrvq
rariirull H fiaorat iurlrn niusvd rt'uo,caru yio llilo

Wus:au 4rr cio r wrus: z. riatln:lairr&inrlrior rrniyr'ur=gri ySariuocaru iilri'r6ou0'ruyrlu"ur,-c
oradruyrilfi I I!ruo:r rro!,i:"ilrdgutsrrdorarra!!rer:{a,rIclva-f (rr:r:i
}iq:lacriruiu 1 'kiornur.r z !ara)
3. noi'r!r! c to{riy6'na{ 1 a;oo:r rjr,L.rqlarfluirin.r (i{ methyt) la! rixrn rn
o' r",vri rfi z h auor. uohi::, I rr{ulqlr.io rr,rall rorr., rldyir rriui r.
11',1t(u1t!n!Mn tn t,! 6t I tlt!1tuu lFl 11tliu,!i 2
4. ani'1u?x c na{ftir,ldna{6n 1 orna! rir rsiorilukiil lvsiotri: n:n:

41) rialihfii rneth/ 2 nl fir'runrll16orri-r.r r{uroun:tynlul
a 2rrolluil n elh',12:r r'nuero''tuvu r .i. u,tuntur. nt,r-t
a 3) oal Ll{it elhyt t_drlvuti 3 rtr"s"ul rirLiLot. 14 l.!r
airoslDnrs&nlo ldiiD
_r.
h.,c,!i.o:, -yr":n.',:. ." r.r-.i.
inr.:ro
5. and,runr c ro{airdna!6n 1 aE*o! rirrrlarih&ii.rarr (tyvridlrYunold
ld Lrarl,nluda rfi c otj,rs', o or qar )'lLfrCor o oU o .rnl 6o
CH(CH,. = propan-2 y . ' cid.uulr Terh-, : _r
fi C nuevdruvur."u,faulu-rr 1....u1_,
5.2)rioriu6,! methyt 3 ii. ousiafi c r6uri! z 6.i ua:6r r fi{rioiod c 6u

5l)nd.Uu'l Fll-vL ..ar 16'hvr i L ql"di.d'tr,yrjrir- f,Ut {uqrlr.r,,uj-
(ii ethyt dEio{0i1r!,n!i 3 rihtutrt Lrrlarrr.:oaqoirumi.ri z dmrrirLrdrii r nri.ur:rfr

s4teir. 1.t"':e.hrtudt -r"tt , fr L .;a.iL .itu'lf,r t'..'t

5 5) o0tlunr propyl vllllllrlllll'l 4 llllluulrJ
&iva"i
(;r p...)Lr r! r:r.'l;r'tx!i1' : r_ir' :r ;1;1,:nir:n ot! rirtrur:arl[rr,l
a-.'l(..'
ar pbpyt 6r Lcpropyl
i.o) 0' tilL' r i o prop,. "
.&,.,
lu'rtiu-ldrao o" riqr_r' 1,' lidu
iq'a.r::iia-
5(
rrt'' irr,rri riaulil *ir )

'-Li
6. drviuln:.rq ir {rltlo lri'riuur lflo !!wtaffiiarrr riol tdr6laorirulrtv6ol
f rsrioulallLLroiamdtb 1lo.1ilUo r,l rlo !fl! i r 16! a rdovdn nrr tdsr n'u
ldd.q tosm c 1ut*ah

'
{lrLODLiO1',lluL[A!q*01 [??
.,"- .,]
_Xllu1!r0tu/ .,
aDdnGtru{oounr du
_ _sF
1vin.irufln,ielo_ryn" !o, c . tqt6l'i!d rlt,rltli .. r a. 1,. ua;, -
r; -ii rLrr ! rir,odnLh.t0 " Ln['itLl1au.)tlv)au n:!

5 lsom€.s of c.H 18 lsomeB of C H
2ndhylpo{.m srMb{rftr,ru ,{.$yil.P6*}dtr,{n.!tE
/'..^'- 'f
.Y'- +
12{rfuli',lbtfuez3jlh/{hn.*
4fl6nkpbre er.dmRhrllEan. r.rddl'{i€tune
)-)-,-.
9 homels of C H
l4jhertt'rhlx.m alrd
,*rhnkx,ne 3n"6ylh.rm khnh.tr€ ,2rtrhGd.,rFEE
2*dr6al!,rr.6t4. sinrhanyF6bm
-\A --(-
2..-dturhltFnE* khnpenrm
1*rndtFe
\(
,i krryri,1*r.
2,e.a'h.ihrrp!dm 2J,kNsy]..eE
}.1|,+2-trlh,ls'e
-x' \ r3.4$r6ylF^t&
n,ilulolttloi
rn-.ii'rnLi0L1ohor.;!0.:rroa!nt,:[;x ;i1duioxrl6!lurrrfl
1arIoa6!uasIoa'lF{:!!l']ijlo5rai'r'lx!ilodrtr iilvi!iFt C,ll," ncilo:i3iri
r'rir'16 2 urr 6o uwrtoa6! fi![!L'lq1oa[oam! 6iir-rad']!
C6Hs- akene CnHs - cyctoa(kane
z-'-.' -'\-/ T A
1-.thylp,opem cv.loblr. ftrhvlcrd'qoptre

208 l! CHEM EASY .
ir,itrco.rlri?Frn li'kina ,1r,u6. corfir,iluloh!!riri: a,h.o Jcv a""l_- lx

utuuaa6u uagttlna*oarnu drfl fl ulo.iria! udr6.i:ltfi rtriu:rloiotrld
5 isomeE of CrH,o (atkene)
I
I
,\/\\ -/\--.\
H,o (cyctoakane)
o j A< n L__-.
13 isomers of C H (aLkene) 12 isomers of C6llu (cyctoatkane)
.t'
,-1 'Ef jT tl^
-{-..
-Y- X. X-
A_, lu ><
riorrrilutaltotoito.r colu 6ri H urohJ + ovoouriorfislriloou6lqr-r 6rfi

lonral'ln:,rair{drareurr ltlnauoan'l arraillo6u ar:n{ririr.:
6o uoalad
rrilr2.rrb(v.li.)rd:crlr d!- aLtele,iri1l-I.6q.'11n'1 1.r1 66y..1 :1 o p-c
i-"
unslluxrll]l t oll00rJ6n!t
I nN..
l:\ t.z

100 coRE coNcEPTS l: 209
lofi,ruoSrsurnrfro
Geometric isomer
riuloh$oii*aorn:rruinslr.tluLioriierr.tnrr-6rolu{fi tnr:rilnrilau 2
o:norfo{6onulu+oaiur,rielultlnauoarnu n"rvqtri!{t'hl 16 ar fiur r o n i r 13
vi ,.2 i vr'lu..i;nr-cr/ r.;";r '.. yi. ,.o,ofiute,,,i. "el r,

fi 6ofir c frrrraovoor rrnir6orihu4lur! o".rgrl
/'"\-'
.6 2 butene xtss Z-2-butene troru 2 bftene xi! (El2'butene
cc t."lu"t
.,s 1,2 d.hlor.ethylene 1lia ir.nr i 2.ll.h.c'o.1lr/t!.! nio
P-1,2-diclrtoroeth!Lene 19 I2-..h.. .ltlrllcne
.ir'1,2 d methylcyclopentane trdri 1,2 dlm€thyl.y.lopentaFe
Optical isomer
rflrllo1t ruoiiila:rairraHr 0du *ut.ra rn"lun:c on (mirror image) talt u oiultd
rvrfi oldiiuognouto.inri!oufi *rLudi q tnrcn'!ovnolvioa(lovoori olrlilt
yrrrulo (chirat carbon) o"lo"ro tjrfl uirl
"6.-
.,Igo
D Q,.,-,"
;e8
n:30n
ll

210 13 CHEMEA5Y
n'rnl lliin'r i tu'r urifr rn.r g riue rjl au 6 o.l dr o'r,l rnluqtl 16 n {qlr nrna
o:o,u:-,ldr Or.rq .I l'nii-1ira'r.nrid,Frdr,, r tro.nqrr firr,[.ir
,tr lc'']1 J.t?Lv.voorr^llva!lljtd' 610 Cl +O-*(lJ
o drFa.iiul!nrrL!d!!'linrocFuala:lail!rflu!!!u I ( 1nn.rnrl'lia rectus)
o firFu.rvrluyrur{rrtlrftnrocFun1n:.iailltuuu! s (r.]in1nd.i. stniste,
i6" :ror .irdorir.ou rr
'rluranaduurrflu
r i; r.6)d,lly!,utc u
yannl:11na't?1l.lu1.l
Conformational isomer
t1JlJ[0ttu-A:]t6trat_.!.yreL,L..ol:.ieIL..qrq1tfr.-6ltr..!yLuliol{u::!;u"
tt.rn 1fl:lLluthlL5:.6urr: vir. d.i -,.a1, ".,:!-.a.. . or.rr- *ao rd rr
3
a
il
tt
!!nnininileofrilrari&!ana cyctoalkan,. 6fi o:rrt I rcniormatonat
somer rriur:tofrrtalhtana cyctohexane i"Lu"J
ln:.rairrLru chair 1o:.i6i.rlu!tr boat
tonriirnd eo.t o.rr{eru6oto.rlo:.rairlar:fiian:irraqa colu our'SouttrloltJfi

a) Io:rair.ri lrifl taftLloir:mnnio (riaur 2 do)
b) Io:tair.rfiilahuoir:linoio (iuul.r 2 6a)
[cndilnd oo.z uriouda.uoria:rair.rarrfiiao:IlLala c.H,o nruriodrdalr]d

a) In:sir.rri bii lokuair:trnrio (iourr :60)
o) In:.rair.rfifitaloruair:mofin tuiour z iio)

nrirlo6tuuours5un5ti
u: fl !lduAoruocvio .4!.d: qal fiudoia, lGrio.fiotfr iitrirot'vriL r v{fi I liu

dtltorar:6uid a1 lio-.rnr:r.r
1r!1'l{nrru 6!UOlaU
RC=CR ":, 4 a' ).ri, lf '"tL ' )11.' d14lr tr luv: t ' llr!
(alkene) 1elo:rl! arlr:oLiololttroit:trrnfi m'ldi
R-C=C R riorlfriSorar:r6l 6irirn oneu{ z tri'[ufiio rrarr6r

r!u6!a1Ll
(atkyne) 1alo:raut6'
R!H riolfr iieruulfr r'ir t',ta ltirorffrt tl,

HydroxyL
(alcohol) ifrurr'lolo:rau:wir.:hta1a
t[]un!ooiru ttL!tn!ntdnn:rlnal.lnu
R-COOH rno iiSord! NaHCor lft'laifrrs co?

Carboxyl
riolliiSurttlluid! Na lvl'io inlt H,
iliuilolo:nu:ev'jr ara!a ltdrui.inirttaanaoad

o i, ir..,tr, dr .=,:.'r!{lilt .".rr0.)rlotl.'.: v.''
I
R{O R' [a ann aoiin'1] niFnlilr ol)66 n
(ester) a
" ldi
rll]l0[f1ollIlrlul[EIalld'!i]dlldl dYU0uuriltFltu '-
.tu,uroou 6 .,.Fla.F'ri:fi Ftr'viu ir-or')t i1iL:g '
R NH, tolo:rour=lvirflrtalaum"trlu{rrr:luriruaaaoaod (3' am ne
(amine) hiifiur:,tolqr,*Lr d ' iiiu tu-!, tit"ao all - arrr.on ur
donrrurlurirn:onriran66nlvld'ar:n{rro1tLii
R.CONH .tu' .' iL.. rrru.' :I ra g..ijuvir".:'[oL, rrlri-ir... rr . nr'
(arn de) oriron66a to'hoiriioarnnr:nruur.iutofi ua'!n:oorilon66n
R{HO !!oa6'lE!irlnlioau r5fl tfr otlifi5urfluar:a:arorlru6a6ldi
Calboxatdehyde
(atdehyde) or:noufl uori5to.l Cu,o (orafi 6ir rrdar ra6au6o116')
ilo L r^, J\r 16r dLi-' l1.ioa. u ..t L{, v!n 14{ ud? 6 0
RTO R
Carbonyl uaaltrrtaoron66lnu 61lr1rntfl Ftliiiula"ua'rta:a1u
(ketone)
rlrufi ndldsrznourt!t6urfrtrtlaa6tad
6rvoirihar:iitt:r:srirrlutaqautuu:'t:luir'tn-lfi douuo
RO.R
(ether) fi qo l-neonludnvtu;fi rtdoltnoiailuoaroaari

212 l! cHEMEAsY
nlsh'ra0s[ulanauaDaT s0unsti
lunr:urao:llrqaonan:ln:lair.:ar:5un!d arr.rd{rrru"u,i'.ru1!osnorro.i
ueiarorqluln:rairrld urlrarnrfluar:Lranatuqj nr:u"rn.r'liarrrrorirli1ur,rar
-t
o'LaiL
- -
irvFically rdmitu,ar.oritillo [i!Iouldr :ftaa:-. rrn' r. rru 6,;
. rir,,'-rl, . ,f,rr rl"iorrri r = n oir -dli.ri":u d aroDrt6rrq'ris - zn, -

r ril]alrur!fiuosd rt'uoca]r] ,l'rlrurlto niqri 7 (ri[MlJyJ rdu cL Br v;o D
o'tu:latoarr'rn trt rivloli"lnr rair r ua'ty"iirullr I frrfirL-eo o'rd
flo6's[fi!-a6 H as*arJ iiru,u H uj6tllu ar

(-2) ria 1 rlvi.r
1I 33111 ( 4) rlo L lrrir
( 2) iio 1 x.i
( 1) qlo 1 u!i.l
N (+1)rio 1 rjs,rot N
. !"u,i"rurloynatlio.iotqiiul rriu o, tt, CI udr ri o u ao:fu raq alo e ri arlli

ovoolifi rir rr qrotlva-l
cl:odrDri 6l.t rrL6ouao:hLaqaro.rar:6uniririchd

1) lr'leberdaTole 2) Amoxc tLtn j) Norfloxa.ii
e(lslnsDdirJals uulno
H3 C 16 ovoo!, H6!ih = 2(16) , 2 = 34
r-roeri 9.ttur, r:fl0 ] :!, N 3 o:rlorl
H=34 |a-6+3=13
c15H!N303
Mebendazote (u1dia1,r!ra6)
H2 C 16 asoo!, Haldi = 2(16)-r 2 = 34

tl -usgri
HO
! 6 rrlli,,t.iflo 3 !.i, u 3
l=34 12 6+3=19
oroal
N c16HiqsN3o5
Amoli.ittin (unJfr i1!s!!fio-nta!)

C 16 orooxl, Hd,,1 = 2(16) + 2 = 34

oo firiy(j 6 urir. )lin I )i. N I o!!ro! v+rlr1rlr I vl
N=14-12 6+3 l=18
c,6H1sN3O3F
Itorfl oxacin (ur[fivio l6u)
ft1sh1uf, a[urafl auoDalsSun6d

uanlrarrninar:raran:futnqaudr trrn{.i1t,tnr:atrurutiarn"tr.lirroar:1,ltoi
6rvidrlurvoinnr:dlrtallrarlaar:6wiril:drutrir:l'tllrallmrlatolar:oi'll1
I6rirdur.rn':u:ru:nLtaqnarrlr-'.itlaata'rtôr!161116,.11s1411lurir'fifi
v{ir ridlolr.r 1 o"ror:r.r
ar:5urid rrallrarptow:6urEtioudtnl c'hblta4a

mif,.rddurirr l cr Cz Cr C. Cs Ce C, Ca
Alcohot (R OH) 32 46 60' 88 102 116 130
Fther (R O R) 46 60. 14 88 102 t76 130
Aldehyde (R CNO) 3A 44 58" 72 86 100 114 128
Ketone (R CO R) 58. 12 86 100 t14 128
60" 88 142 116 130 144

C.rL.xylil a. d iF aOLIH)
Ester (R CaC R) 60- 14 to2 116 130 r44
129
Arnlne (Yr-i 1 ,2,3 ) 31 45 59* 73 87 101 115
101 115 129 143

Amide (vr'! 1', 2', 3') 45 59- 73
.rl{!nrrr.!rih Mw rra!ar:iui{lor{viavr"rr;arr::ri^r c
ri oirn:rrr.iri{urr:rrqrrdra clri!'oa-{rntld'ld 6a
ar:suvBdsirrl tioia'ruru c hln:.raitrfildlrr 1 avoo,r lrlalu!6n61an
arrarrffrdu lc r'la urqHaitflrreir c fi!frulr 1 sl"lnsxrrnlll H 2 dro-ii!
HHH HHH H
tlt OH H
tl -oH
H
ltl
HHH HHH
I
H
c ir Lfirl1 lr$tuld cH,

2T4 I.! CHEMEASY
. Mw ra.la1lnllylrnilrlilufdul Ao atcohot = ether , aldehyde = ketone ,
carboxyti. acid = ester rrri!(riarrifi tyirniud6oarr-drdutofu naia'u
o doa-{rno1,r.:uurohc !'ir law rarar:a'ri{ndr6orri'u riu ww fiirnioorl.ru "

n:iri'rou11]i!.t 58 60 t:1aur:oldraa-nnr:i'tiltnirld altd
at.ohoYether di c. i Mw 60
yandolnlt t\4w ro.! amine fii c, nvr,virnil to t = se
vr 'dorn ti r\r!^ ?or a.d-h,,d.r.e.ore fii { , ,lrry rit 60 2 = 58
olaarDn 672 'li'tvninarnsrr:r.r'luyrirfi oilruryrrralunnarorar:u,agoarrirluriohli

1) alilrsnouraa[ooifi!finn.]n pentanoic acid du ethanol itrFi!]rarlaryirto
2) ali A ,iha'rind!laiu irrahranadoun.i propanoc acid od 1 61,
dll A xrtFtS!dt't{l1tuuluIif tuuli
lrulno do 1) osrfroarinfrrudroarnaidi c 7 osr;rorl (pentanoi. fi c5 + ethano( fi C,)

ton,totC t[lw-60 6i:1jr.l.,l,qoi (r nrfi r/w = 60 , s,ld)_ tro
a2) propanoi. acid (Ca) i i,{w = 60+14 = t4

d'rriuaT:ai l,t* = zq L=zg
ar:aqlroiuii ttw = u: l'rrioufiuuoanoao;i c. fi NM = 60 + 14 = 74
drrYr ar: I lri r lulr':tdi.ll 4.v0er".?Ln-L 6li B,(oaer 6,r
Primary secondary Tertiary
Ylrx- I
,.NH.-
Y'"*, -\"*-
',I^*" 4tttt--\
loyti{aii riol16rLrarriau tsomer
ilUar:hri!rlaixriiurrt c rarair:trnnr:rird!LLac!rnlrao:ro!
n'rslUSuulfi BUcol6oouoDelsaunSrh{Woriducirol
nr: uliur riaulor6o n t o ra r.,6 u ni tifi l'v:^1fl.r ridr 6 ordardnnr:r6 orr,unr:
tGaurfr allor6aotorar:1a10:nrilou Ioofi nr:ruriin[:Jrv14i,r{hltana
ro11r
nf.rdu:rrryir.lLrranal;ijyarlrl:yrnvr rr,r:rriaorr{:rorvrifi.rdiuuirr
r

loo coRE coNcEPTs lI 215
.du:1la to)u LtialnId014d'r,0itl!n'li.ultt11ltu!c.orJo!0!allvLtl')dl1l'.tnI

lnALEr-.rrir"rinGrr.raoro-rt,rdaLauo.6ocrorarriirrehrrah,it6orr"ulut':l
as zg uciiu firdrnoirrn'uo-ror:r.r
dn:d1: 415 Ia:rirr u:u:v-irrfumna ln6an toc)
propanamide 73 213
NH-
C.H,NO N-m€thyl acetam de ')r 13 245
N,N-dlmeth)1 formamide 13
d>-N
CrHjaOO propa.oi. a..l -Yon hydrqei bond 14 !41
,1-ôH 74 118
2 butanot (5er Butyt atcohou OH 74 99
C4H'OH
14 a2
U 1P, 80
drpote dipole 12 80
butanal (butytatdehyde) 12 15
C4Hso 2 methylprcpa.at
12 63
( sob0tytaldehy.le) ,"*(
butan ram ie (butytamlne) 73 77
c"H1rN N methyt propanam ne *tttr- 73 63
N,Ndimethyt ethanamine 13 38
o lt. 57
crH60, t1
14 54
6A 56
a.H"
68 40
74 39
c4H1ro -o'-,'\
ethoryethane (dimethy{ether) 'vo.!,2 14 35
CrN,. n Pentane 12 36
70 37
C,H,u
,,1] 30
'dipote dlpol. ;ar:wri liii1
nlf doqalo6ooluell'l,rnvtiutdir lot6oottolar:fi irralltalalndt6alriu

u3u ll'lpiriun'utiotor tt:.r:vu'ir$l rqatfi arotirr tda l
r u:.taouo or::r.rir{ltap benzene i rir4l niru:r:vrair'l{r::vir{r raqato r
butanat ur:rrhuaqafi ltu:'l !i benzene ".1fiuraqaoqlndn'dftlrn

zto 13 cseve asy ,.., "
. -llluv'ttr{)tor butdnone u{![rrn,r]il5rlalo)r.rurdr ourdn-1-dmn€
'l ,lD
!-
,l tlylrun r5uolatJdnthl)y.ttl01.r.1.r0lItntn o tlrllt 6 r0uL EN ali'uJ'tin
oo
o.i0lano50u!'r.JIltico lo0
O
lt JE
ooc-l l nl'rualulsfiunlsa:a1ud-luo0a'rsaunStj
&-
e. ,,o !0ni1faflaI1'li3,]flast0nFr[0a010na1t01.]'t1:uua1 !.i6.i
B" . y --
o0 nt1!d'tLt't 5it luft"E
?,ra
ni d' t1.J'l0 lu LtlandL y a,l ttlnitstUntrl rU) )ro rn1 AlsaLyir fr Ltii{)
o ,
([6tF]ln'l1t0u) - -! - . - . 3
1,4)Lut"0r" r(.tl1dr Lrdôn-l 6rLuv'r:n rur-1n:6va rflrflrnt
iius:ldlosrous:xrlD J r.- .tu
a_totlvit,tllldfilllllinlOn , .dlt-o fl)o, Lfl5r ridnrrar)a. l. r:-ua,:,lta513
x,t-
rlLnl [AlqltnLfl ! uJl.la! loo) [,0 du']l[1igt v. .le îu
-.- lvus:bfoncus:riD 1] t)a,t]l 5rrtl ldtLr.laet_
luran.oludniudl t(" 1r"[!rFl rtB_L_1( lLr rr.:61'41.] tnrlqn)fl tu
lcnu nn 67 tolryar tfio fiulallranaln6'r6ojriuludr.r ao go g/mot llFjnsriflivrit:l.idrn t

+ ,
lduri url*oanon6oriuoia rariorjroaia yrirohri uac?rilso:oiij nr!d-d!
a) alriErdrn-lho16oom.i6r)-ysr;
u) ar:1o.ior1fr iiaT lalo:ta6a16'
I
- .i.
- -.-!- !rrif, oriilur ,
68 n1s l5€,nEoe1sdun56fi
nr:6andaar:6uyrirififivrlil.rrjt*udriunri!osoo!rir,r1u'u orri'afi'ugrur6erniuarr
[ttatiod'llaLrra i!o1.J tiu1..r.fi!--r. tUL;utd.a rds tr.i ]riiFr La"1d0.ri t
:. r "rrouir,r :-ii'u6u"r rrir.Iou.varr-,.c,. r.ulfi rJtr"li ird
lroanocoa
r =.r't rdo-oe aaod iyFnr rr.yiour rrrion6orufioua rlo,oiq ir-ou .,n"li
t!duu.d.,t uru o ltxro_e"r-v lv+flI't!ri'rU ytr. tl,iraa rn"...vr.r r

l!
/r
lOO CORE CONCEPTs 217
OH
HO._,-\-.-\
l pentanol
-1.---\ OH
EIE
l butene
OH o*
drnoS
nr:6sado6rvoi ioa G a nrirdaa',riq ua, uenc uttarr"rylriGunGorroia:vrJfrdo
a-u o r!!!hii{ IouGE.toltrtird'ro"ro"au: a-z udralriradre ether
H3C-O-CH3 -----O\-'-
d methyl ether diethyl ether
rirvirdo tup,qc l#qltinrirouvsr : rlrrror o iou loado'iirrfiiunirrihuql

atcoxy *avdr.tiorrairriluldvda uraln:rairrittlr't lfirirvrhdodru ora ua;
d'rrururiirrfitlolnauoaunu
.o''-" -Yo-
tuoadlcd
nrr.i. r6o-ocfitooiivinr rr,5u' lviou.rod,ru reirtdur.,So$''.tu at
o o
*x" An N
ethanal
butanaL
filcru
"11;r.toh_LnufrMd'rn1ltFu J11ro.It1r ..fl lrLloat_rr1llM{l,t i'tL tkrel1l6!u
,Fr rvirotir: (d tviutoa ,tirp,r:r.ar tlurr#u'

-one
A o
2 pentanone 2,4 dimethyl 3'pentanone

218 l! CHEMEA5Y :-.=: i
nsoaunSd
, r.rL rd.r)n.Lvnrlry.a ).)r n,y oLrrdd,6lL ua,tFtu.Ftrr',o.flu orc
o
Haon
methanoic acid
rarnfivrif,.tti,fi't: hydroxyt uio carbonyl oddro lfiGunq]rvdru'urfluFl il:.t:

uql carbory( inruairfriprntir rriu
T
OH .--,-"iri* '='r#", oHo
"\,^ ON
o 2 methyt 3 oxoheEnoic 3 hydroxybutano c acio

) (tetd hydroxa a.i.l, BH/)
rodloos
'rlt:!rt0tAFlr'0: o0l"l:rL0ln'-yuflrr'l: 6!ylt4t. dL a .o.vLa'bon,l }i!AO!
d,r. Iorrr ro:o rrd'u a., o,v ,d rL o) | ox li'dFut.li.r rtr J,. ,.i..r'rorr"d.r.fi
daa-ti.r carbonyt (dru Co)1flt aoueu.lliiutilu oare
€thyl benzoate
rouu
ar';rioa6aroiuiya'nnr:rion6orrlu16oraiuuaarou ud:r!dulrderfrrrLi.l
-amine
looloao'ruurirur[0fi!ri'rer vrnfilc]o,riuaurnr:fi N ocool 1#von
ol''rrLvrillcin,li!ol.ir N o"tdtoril
$"r, .)'---
\"-
4uu- N,N d ethy( 2'propanamin€
N,N C methytpropanam ne NI -I etil.. c[in 2.i]nr.

lolud
nr:.iu,6o.o1ldfivir. :a u6,r.vi,,r..ofiu uo'lfr telrfr t-rri rorf,r" amioe
H-.NH2
o
U
4ttH
oL >":
N,N dlethytethanam de
NH
ttH- H
N-methyLbenzamide N .lcl.pen:llforram de 3 methytbutan 2 en t am.e
criadrod oa nr:ritrntoarr6uvidrScrdrd'unrnirol al{r{sr

lnsoaEro nrsdruSo
.-'\--'\/ hexane firrvldya-nsrr 6C
2 z hexene Ln:rvfiriuorqjo"rum.hfr .: (r.:"rr,lnrlarcd'r!drs) *iidrriunir

4 hexene i:i!. rn: rsdordr a rndrui nolr-uor qlurir dr ratrioerl
1
)\ 2 pentyne ! lrcldva-nor'r 5c uarfifl-usrrrrLfi c n'rurdrd 2 ornrlaru
)-T. 1, oe, "1. ii! -"- .. alrir..v rd ' rar.tvF'6ru t '..

3-ethylhexane fiii erh/ aqjar'r*rdd : ro{riua"niro'n oc
3,41r methy(hexane 0rivdn1alar46 rv6 or )
fi-r ne r.t irurr. ir.qjid ..v rfr r o te:ItvF.v'ut:

',t
. ...4 r'm._hrlhe d,le rlar vlr-r l{un%16 L6r ' 6!" )fi40
fr1!isn'ii 4 ethyt-2,3-d methytpentane (i!;fi) iiLr'lui.ri;iei

|.r5 1:' Lnr,! a n H-ll] I l r,t do
a6rh/r 5 -ler.\ 2octele(0f),r) uii.rz,,6, er^1. or,fio'.rrr.r

ii 4 uaci.: (1c) rnethyl atiiidrur,rr.l.rfi s ro{riva"n (or! ehtyL riot/
methyL flriu!5u.1gr'rxr a z) ldvahfilriuoeqlun"r ulthd z

dirunrrnurrdre (;rJrir.r) lurih s-ethyt 4 methyl 6 octene
rle
,'i.T '- il.iu. . i , rrt5r: fdru-r rd i-fiKorit":r{iol" ,,,u r.eo o; 1
(riorornri'rr:qjfi nlrdrdrylrnrirfr 0

220 I! CHEMEASY
[nsDaslD n'rsdru8o
'v.
tt'
.l-t'
1,1,3,4 tetramethylcyclohexane
(ifu metlyt + frridrurr].i 1, 1, 3 !!av 4)

,l
5 ethyl 6 methy!l-cyclohexene ttlutar:i:r
3
lT5'
2 -Yd\ L$: ri ul ,i, Ovl 'M4l lv0l l
-1,i!:1 n tfllLllUO:"61vI ln
16na5ull,] finra{ tlluonl dtl nlatult
t.t
';'3-
4 ethyt 3 methytcyclohexene loohidoltann"r*vri.u"uovd
ri'rv:"urril oudr fiuo gd r g rfl ln'rum.hu:a

rt:rv
1 bromo 3 chtoroberzene
Y 1ri bromo oqlrauiau,r-1r rr:'r! Br xrraoioor rnnir cL

Ar
6
c1 3-bromo 5 chloro.2,3,4 trirnethylhexane
3
2 o'r.l bromo do! chloro ln:rgdolriexrrn az
4 methyl 2 hexanot
5 tllLd llll6tl-dinOA..YllllTl.v,l lntt.LLFI'l..vUi11 2 lEiltllifl

2
OH 4 e' 1vl, )/.lope,ltdror ..u'. -,'i . .trrrit inv r l,lin'tr.vurrgri i
vl- 'alr
OH
i6arrrilfi 4a6'o.rrtluo".r3'r1.i-ri .j1!i1 3-ethyt.y.lopentanot
2-ethylpentanoic acld
5
..1-]rl-
2 methyt.yctohexane'1'carborylic acid
ethylpropanoate (oarooi lriajrlioil.:uoanooodrloualfirldro 1lt

1,:-lo,-,-"
LLagorrudrgH.in:o6urid u616lfrrufi'ru oate
,)ii.j
iii - 1
o
, 1,. , i !, oprtbut.n.;n
1?.2.!..sj
'li- 3hexanone (airndu6ln!)
o
3-rnethytpentanaL {arrn{luoaEtari)
o
-/-a.^-- ethoxyethane yio d ethytether (ai:nii 6ryoi)

2

roo coRE coNcEPrs lI 221
2 etho\vbltane (1,{ ethorv tnrrir"rum]lff z la rlva'n)

oL ,o
3 hexanarnlne Mio 3-aminohexane
rvi tt.t- LnT:fior'rull rri 3 qa.friva-nl
N methytpropanamlne (fiii methyt tnltiauoax] N)
NH^
!t! secondary amine
,,N N ethyt N methyt 2 butanam ne (v{toiu tnr; ol"'r utmiri z to.tirjla"n)
--l-"*- Nmethytpropanamide(ar:n(riohd)
o
(
NH.. N ethyl"2-ethylbutanamide
tonddinii oa rliordoar:iuvritidolrldnrlvd'n IuPAC
a) t,)
c) d)
c) fl
s)
o h)

222 12 cHE$E^sy
59 I o [d u o 5 u ooa r s5 u n5 ri fi i rrirV ori ilu
1olo,r"ui"' ra rir.:vidfiivrilr'tir.r r"iorn-u F' riLr :ricu.r.rir.:La r

i " -J
lEly .r rJteJr" Lt .on_eo'1L'l0lul rl14d6tl.'1J61'V)lld )t,0iY'iL r !r"
..
. C'vrLdrt!Udolt .'',1
C l'.. Od L "n.UU!uvllL.rr.rF.al.,rsrr.lnl
crHso ff!flu alcohot c.tt,o firflu ether

HO .'-o-
----oH A
c,H*o3rtu -"r..n.t
/ô-/ Jo,
fon /o, ô1 'ov 'ol
iiti! atcohot
c'H1,o C5H,7o lil u ether
Ho,.\?-\-, ,oL -\o.---._-\ --o).---

HO HOJ
,o^Y -o \
HO
-/,_o-\-/ /-\o -(
HO HO
. drvir-rar:fifi4o; c"H,"o, artL,r:ortutd#rn:oiruidua:roarooi

caHao, fi[i]u carboxyLi. acid CaH8OT rNl] eeter
o o o
o
OHH
o
,AoA
o
-Jo-
csH,oo. dltu carboxytic acid L5Hroo, v[U1.J ( ster
o
o
^ ..ll
/Y-oH
o
,-L"-\-
,o
o
,Ao-)- 3 \.'
r,ô---\
--A,,*
-\-{o* I, )'o-''--- _t"-(

100 coRE coNcEPls l1 223
. a rvrtd'rt14l{et (.1' .o au1:( ull.loy rr0lqiacutrr tq1.
CoHsO firiltr atdehyde cdlpir{1, k"t.*

o o
o
u
-'-A
)."
c,i,oirt r C5HroO YlUU ketone
"td"lryd" o
o
r n '\-7'\ I
---.1---- ---\--r'\
--^-A* o
--r]-,
ffi o o
a o
H
o
o o
H
H
H \i?
/-\.,,'\H
o
o
\_-/
H J"
. )-
n lr:rilqr c. l/,o "."!
r"0ln'rnu11]Llavi.[aa0 L6ttleuq[0u ul01illl.]a^5nQL
u.nanariitnilSnatvn: lo Lun5tuo0 Lllll
CaH60 (atcohot+cyctic) CaH60 (aLcohot+atkene) CaH6Cl (ether+cyctic) CaH60 (ether+atkene)
D-o, >-o' C o
/ \_
CaHsO (atcohot+cycl.ic) CaHsO (a(cohot+aLkene) CaHsO (ether+cyctic) CdHsO (ether+al.kene)
Oe?
o
-A _oH o o
+--.2
-yo' _\-* ,+-
Ao,
OH
n* )'--"" 'r ["-

n"
224 13 CHEMEASY
irvir a "^qr.oir-r-o:.,L,i id,.ri r1olq. oi 6ri

c,H,N fililu amine c,H5No firflu ;mide
Arg' ? ,-
-NFL A"n B
NU...-
C3H,N firtu amine caHTNo dliu Bmide
-r_-_,.^ttH, )/ ,, v i -NH r.,-\r-

.i
,ANH/ '"1Nl i -
-.NHO
-)rn-
c.n,,l dtfu c.n,r'lo drtu
"-i* o
o
-A"", z,\-z\r,[r.
l]
I
o
NH/ \ -_]rt-
.\,2 -NH -(^
o
\4rr- -[^n- A .-... - A-\
H- -NH .
N
\-7- o o
\,,
zt\p/
t-
I
70 Ufr fr Saruoon{f, oriluluarsduniri
la'ur:n rio!fr iirr1,r:rJurrromcd'r dr'ld.;:u:u'lfluor: rr I r.r

r.l{flr ridrrhr la
rJiFioror+fior6ofirudldlrnnir t r0o lootlo'r:,r.loclao.rr1i.r.t t ri'rotirlrilo
iiJl,turryrraira:-rf nGau
U4n3aruoon{Worilu
1. rJfrffiortaruoaral
pentane + Cl, r 2-ch(oropentane + HCI
ct
!00tu'tu,]l.Jy9t'tu ,,\,\ + Cl-Cl ' ,z\,1+ HC
alLa!nu (lllvtuuai) + Br: ---+

cyctohexane bromocyclohexane + l-lBr
* BrBr + + HBr
laLa4aar':dr.r1or LLao.rLirqo:',r.:rair.miaqo:L Lanavioi oa r:a i'rrirtr,/lrl uoar ri: aa r r Lria ni: ia!i1u$d ru rur
lrn
1oo coRE coNcEPTs l: 225
2. Ai3u1n1r6ura!uoai!uacuaalni(adaition)
1,3 hexadlene + 2H, ---)
HH +
\/-\-/\ +
HH
3 hexlne + 2H, ___+ hexane

H
+H
H-H
2-pentene + HrO + 2 pentanot,3 pentanoL

OH
/\_.^_ + H2o OH
Hydration
Cy.lohexene + HrO --, Cyclohexanol
OH
+ H2O +
CH3CH,CH=CHCH(CHJ?+CI, ...+ CH3CH,CHCICHCTCH(CH,,
CI
+cr ct
HatogenaUon
([u1]uo)
3-methyt-1 pentyne + 2Bt2 "'+ 7,1,2,2 telra bromo 3-methyLpentane
,.Br
Br Br Br
+
Br-Br
2,5-dimethyL-3-hexene + HBr '--+ 3 bromo 2,5-dimethvthexane
+HBr+
(CHJ,C=CF]CH,CHr + HCI "..+ (CH,,CCICH,CH,CH]

c
+Hcl+

226 l! cHEMEAsY
1 tfi fi ioroantratl:tof uoaf, u

3(CHr,C|ICH=CHCH,CH3 + 2l..Vnoo + 4H,O +
3(CHJ{HCH(OH)CH(OH)CH,CNr + 2rVnO, + 2KOH
,9 o,
Oxidation
wlth KMnOa
+ KNi.O4 + Hro + )a^ + Mno, + KoH
3(.y.tohexene )+ 2K[4noa + 4H,o + 31r,2 cy.loheEdiot) + 24lno, rKOH
+ KMnor' + Hro + + Nrno2 + KoH
n. rf !frioroanGratfu toiuanlari
l(3 hexy.e) + 4KNlnOa + 2HrO + 3CICHrCOCOCH,CHr +4Kt,tnoo + 4KOH
o
+ KMno! + H,o + + I/nq + KoH
3 he:yne + 2K[4nOa + 2HrO 2CH3fH.COOH +4i:,\4foa + 4KOH

Oxidatlon
with KMnOa 2'^\ + KMnq + H2o + ur
3(3 meth_yt 1.penty.e) + 8Kr\lno4 + 4H,O + 3(2 methytbutanoic) + :JCO2 + 8ti,4no,+ SKOH
+ KMnO! + H2o + + co2 + Mno2 + t(OH
s. r{fiitrrta.:ar:o:I:ulin
C6H6 + Ctl C6H5C[ + HCI
ct
rlfriiur + Hct
nltuyuy
C,Hr(aH:), + Br, -i.- a.H.B(CHr)2 + HEr
+ Br Br + HB
Br
tJiiiflr C6!,. + 2 H, ? C.H

nr:16udro
lolorra!
+
LT

6. amu 1U11!?110.{[[0aflOAO affirnln0!ria

rJ!iiarnr: 2c,H5oH + 2Na --+ 2CrH5ONa H,
uyufidra Na ...---OH + Na ...r--oNa + HH

lar at.ohol
-
frffiurf r! 2 (BrLtano. d.l) . ,N; ---+ 2 licC umbltencat.) ll,
.... ... - ONa
rnufidra ua '- ^ _oH +tt"
)foo +HH
-Y
-
7. Ai3u16!!fr1J!o{nmA1ln5d
Sallcylic acid NaHCOT ---+ sodiumsa(icybte H,O + CO,
r.1!iiorarriu OH OH
NaHCO,
+ NaHCO3 + H2O + CO2
'r"!
o - o
a. lJfi fi Sura'rrn:r:draa roroi
crH?cooH + c,HloH * c,tlrcooc,l, + Hp

Esterifcation
lr**Ho :H*A *"- * ''o
oo
r. rJfr fi3arlulo:laiaro.rroauoi
HrO : benzoic acld + methanol
Hydrotysis o o
IrA
(lun:n) + H, o
on
+ ,o'
cHrcoocH,cH(cHr, + NaOH: CH3COONa + HOCH2CH(CHi,
Saponification o
0urua) o ONa + HO
10. {ii3u1!o,iuan6ladd![!tuAnd (cuso4 Aa,co, ariararo6fl r1a)
ritO'ir oo 6t,tiL a( O |\OF ...- P OO -)1.O, -p

.lrrli:ir i;.{u .C- .,Or -2e --CL.O-qo
Iri. r!, ..oo., R.C ,O 2Lr . 50 r + o- oo cu o J , o
CHTCH,CN,CHO + 2Ctr': + 5OH --., CHTCH,CHTCOO + Cu,O + 3H,O
tiFiur r o n 9
irno:rnilu '--\-'2 + (-u f oH' -.+ #o.+ cu,o + F-o
Cu,O -{ - n
";

228 l! cHEMEASY
11. Affis'rro.lloir.l
butanamine + HCI ---t butytammoniumc,lLor de
rlfriio,:riu - ." -NH2
+ HCt + -.\,^trulct
l 2. u{nfu'r6.llfr 1M,110l!h
p:ntanoic acid + butanamlne ---+ N butyl pentana.r lde + llro

Syfthes s of
o o
oH+ NH--,,\ * HzO
ta. {fr fiiurlalo:laiarlauoluo'

(CHr,CHCoNHCH,CH3 + H'O : (CH3),CHCOOH r NH,CH,CHI
HydroLysis
o IIA
(!nro) o
NH-1 + #on
t' + n,"^
Hro
Hydrotysis
NrnethyLpentan:mlde + NaOH ---+ aminomethane + socium peftanoate
(rna)
trrg- * Nuog + HrN- *
crirourori t0 a.rytirulaa-nnirudfiLiodul njiy!oq-niiiitriI ufid:a cr. rar;r.r:r]al d

a. 3-methytpentane
b. 3-ethylhexane
c. l,2dirnethylcyciopentane
Itulio loln:iairiwtlrdrruacxrlltro.tar:dl:rlou
fln laUldLrLl t:1,01l1l.dlAlLl'1.1 lryLM" Ul.'o.1/:. /
'-r T'
1l rrh(d'.-dhllF@n.
I
IY &
--'a' ,r
U !{dLd]Edd}2-ft ,ri. 1lFtue
,cl
ll 2<hr.r*rubrr!.tu.
CL U r< Drred'k d,Fft
.-Y^
lJ 3<hbr'3.6rrtp.nh.
.^r \-.!
/ \' \r,
/\,
U t<ircr']6P$r.Bo9.'th
lalsuoi 'lii ; lallu

t6' + oi

roo cone corcrprs l3 zz9
alL,Uafr5u1rn[5unSu
- - -.- 3 -
t1.t r? e !tl. t'lnt Lln )ll t.lXltL "d I' Ll )t 0n6 )',vU! lli lltUUltlv'115
L1-r!
i'..r : va' r' r. o.,ri" iFia'f,ir-.dovrd" t Le-o .,rr"fin: rr' .f ulu',r
aoruririufu 4uoirrl n-ror:rrriotrJd
ar:irdl Reagent gav 6,llnasnfl9 iiiiol/

n{lar: Ia:rair.t 6n1.rr [fi5ra:1a nallalJ vlr1grxi
!1{ 7 (x' /
nt 7 {X,)
ctt
1) H,SO.
2l uzo
lf,
t- clr
*-\.-n 1) 8H3/[HF
2) H2O/O8 "-l'-.-OH
I
KMnOy'H
H6at
\r
d
KMnOy'OH-
diol (slycol)
HgSOy'HTSO.
HsSorH,Soa
Âo
rc:cH HgSO.../HrSoi
w\
HNOr/H?SO.
\)
O
soy'H,so.
ry*
RCr /Arolr
ry
toooc
2) H'
R.OH

230 I: cHEMEAsY
Reagent uav a15fi6rntun ir-6iu1/

!n'r5 In:rai{ ar12: Ia:rair.r ndlair l,ult rrl
R.OH HClZ.Ct2
l) K?crro7
2) H'
1i KMnO.
Â R
&1.rn.r1
cH-
2J H. (llrL'r.!)
o R'Mgx *rl Gngnad
nAn (Gn9n6d)
o
At I
A9(NHrloH "-o(
Iov:ril
OH
^)'*'o
Ag(NHd,iOH'
^rY lnn:rtrr
o
cA, CUSO. +
OH
o
Au R MgX
(Gdsnad)
Gdgnad
-t
o 1) NaBH. OH
Âu
o
2)H
GtL
CHrx + oH -\'.
ctL
R- ''b H
R.O,R H.SOa + h€at R.OH + HGR
FBr R-OH + Br-R

t'onriitnd zo.t l,i::1irar:olatldriulaltuoin'ruion"uvioh drrflulri:wrrrilulolttuoiuulln
a) 2,2-dimethythexane 6'1-1 2,3,4-trimethyLpentane
b) dlmethy(benzene n'! ethylbenzene

c) 1,4 dimethylcyctohexene n-! 2,4-hexadiene
d) 2-butyne d! 1,3'butadiene
H.C
,/--1L*r.
^r
tonriitnd zoz n.i!oni'lulutolxu.rofln:.!ailtorar:ololr.ld'ouGauttfirirvro

d' c,Fso fil'rIn:r ir \"ldnarirt,ro r-r'l,r'F g,. lufiio
b) c,H,, fiarrlr:ivlond , hiiflld
c) c 5H 1oo, lxiriTlIiiEnn'! Na ar!iro t6o lalo:lnia'16*oanoaoiiuava:o5uui d
d) c5H1oo trl !re Br, iln:rairrttluidrio *acl tioo:nauiuar:avarututu6ad
linuoJnn 70 I lvltl n11lnnfli rlr[1rLLn lrLnuLa tFloLLut,s]a: ldIv.uu(dfftuElv1'vuo

a) ll]u6u aarorilu ttToaranir
r) z-irfra : 0rfrr narsiiu 1,2,31o:futll-2-tufrai'rlMll
c) nr:r 1t6u iaru!f,lr -2 naol: t,c-losrfrairrdu
d) ttiaarandu narerfl u hlnataatluaa
e) : ranttri narurt! a,q-taatelolau
tonri6lnd zo.+ a1: x rilulolo:criuoururddrintir,rvil riodrar': x il16u 6.72 clrnr trlliolinisl

r,,a6rir,n- rraonfi.ru lr o am lo'airr'rud.iui-tn' iror"loosr'ltd 52.8 r irr .l'rl
^
lli!rru16! rn'ui'arx.r'r:o onar.rd sr., liir:"r
tonriitnd zo.s rr':lalq:n it-ot- r I lln .daq'.a,1vfourral1:oilvldftaanitlu.iJ! 3 I! 'taln r)

u.rlviad rar Frite tov.t6;L l'boLdn!'.ic : v u'rhr':. :rvlonf, B,r'lufiio
r varur: ortrulo:rair.tt orar: v liv'.riri uur
tcnuwnn /u.b ar:5uniti e io.rrirJ:raottflrorq c H uat o drdrar:d z.o g rrurhornrnld' co,

4.4 g unr H.o2.4 a uornrnia r: a drarr,r:r fioUi Fia r
-1J
lav: Ha 161olFrtlolo:.1!
4o:bmqarorarr I tfluaeirrh
tcna6/nn /u./ a,':Slvrid B qf 50 n;!. .ioJiiiu,laft :ta6r'iuar:etalt rr,locl{rllurlfr 6it,

zo niu tdn:q6uvidfifilrafuranaura'jrar: B oqj t urhl uattfrrre rrieltaaaurtu
fififlriudirtl ar: e iiioriunirodri

FOSSIL FUELS
AND PRODUCTS
I
v
il
I
1

lOO CORE CONCEPIS I! 233
ffrusss udrduaiil [o srdsu
-Ulcrstdau (Petroleum)
lltflllnUL tlLatn I LlllJllloalnr4!" ,-0rnll):aaurlnndlt.rt rrlDlo)F rr1rdL14rd,r1.l,r

" _x - -
.iut,irt1.rcJ tiriui!) Ldre ufr.iuiirt (i r,:.r:-t 6) i,{p..6tr,fra, nr :iror-
rartrri:itio.tlu,,a r r"riuirult ud.rio' -r,.rJ:ar rrrtooo.4, ocuynir rrr

5AL[qn)tat (L)1t1 6 ]_L_00un1_tLltl.Jllllr:0Llf 1r1_1at'u0 )l,alol.yif a_:
io"r..' 61 t5'ylt oJ t1_5{_. _al . F 1fl4,
!-
t{_55LlJ Ifl .Ldnf !u
thf lr.v?rouÎuJcyl
.dUn i1l| lMlfl1l t- .
- d ltUl4UV- nqyt a-nl.nd 0L11,1 rLlJSl l:lnd.l.' hcylllJ.oYlil[
- - l
14lUtL
fi uii:n:l 1ooiriufi urfl'ouriliovirotl
o rdU:rror i.ulvq. o :16..1rF rv{.i6ai.tud111 1y ou1o1o.c lt oL i6'tr.r

tL.6,'.e..1nlU{u011I..1 'ctvU ,l ri-t '' Itlll:t-. LU0 1'lddn{ rr lld'eLrl u
uonoirrto.rlorfr ooto ruriarar:oiri:l:cnou
n.tr!v!r uridnu
I tiotarar: an:furana
(oc) :ernau fi tsoc
methane CH. r62 4.7 oJL
ethane C.H, ,89 r.3 g/L

C.H, -42 1.9 g/L
n-bLrtane CoH" 1 2.5 e/L
C'H" 36 0.63 g/cm
CuH,n 69 0.66 g/cm
C.H* 99 0.70 g/cnr
n-hexadecane (cetane) c,rH:o 274 0.78 g/cm
ffrdsssudrd (Natural Gas)

n_rro::utrfi rthar:'lalo:nrilolfifi c 1 4 osna! uas.'rnfifi1qrrar (c5) r]ur.r1
r6"rior r rr.,ririt5., r- .rL(o-. F-q. lorj,.r.:lor-,:ov,i.r,uqi'i,i',"r.""0,

ri'r,i'oar:16o uoarriou Liortrnto :ovagn"nniorviolarar Hrs iiuua:n"oaiau
dru lorirua: co, o r qom-rvlo 1ur:wrunr:46'uiq rul4io''ur n I douonar:t6o
r.luoonudr 6.rii{r]n6'u;ird'ld:utfi auuaordllrvnoutio'l

234 13 CHEMEASY
fr1d55sud-rctoio (CNG: Compressed Natural Gas)

ffrso::!tr6o-q 6offrtirru (citf fi rhuar:a"06'rrnrrrduqr artu:lr:16'orfi
nrrurr{r*:rrrn ltL{lrrdatra'r'luqoarvn::r uraria!r'lfluu'rrrrvuc 6o'ro
rltni'r NGV (natural 9as for vehicles)
). u? !ff rriiu' 1;da6rr, r,'h:n-rfi c. L;rl( ! f

)6 io ) 1#
"v:dltlt,d
r
vurrr nrtluff rruuagirirvrinrr n iruJ6ordululun'r:ttr;i,r '[uurr n:nidd'o.old.l

rt.r::r:v rL'. nrJ1i1ri.rllr'doatuv4iarir too' rura u.Ft^t,:.vat 6t
rl,itrt r : t:::Lt 6,va. ' \6. .rqJe'rFo ra-u'al qa,' 7. 1 i..iulun-tot .t v_
ffrdIJ[ns6auurar (LPG: liquefied Petroleum Gas)
i rt to:rEur uacr 6a ri-t11aiofl.r {( .Hs) "[Fv1_')ryu r'"t o 1{rfu'roqrci':rvioli

luu rur,rryuril," ri, rrr fiF rLo .flL{rfir'20 IJ0 iirlLi,oLiL r&fl rr1d.60!$;r
rirttrdulrd&drqFflii'ri -PG v-1tnil.orflui llulri Jr.'[rr[ ,549!1 r. ru :r i6i'Fs
i1{i:[un41t6iru!-6 6n;irt.lai{ rqo*) a6rldl'nlr rn6'u!:rfu
toG .ir"i r,r.ii hi 'Fuip)'r.rr1. u Ll1.1j'or',rn6rheoo{r.,rI U
tiorfiornri*r1ra rcavauo-rodfifi'u.i'r,! uac6a1 16'.iroiarrfiU3:.nruriu zgt 1u

El'llr nlousllltnll 1i:5Ll!- g y Xrf ')1ll14ll I
.
IIUU0' tl43'!x. our']" Ld
.: lla a
loraWud lotetinsl
loufrrtr.l:inr;lrirulorailuiilufirtor:rtr6 usirl'ld'rrrnr:uoao-rtalutrilr
Ioraihriioql z tio 6o
o l dornflud t6'ui nrafii t uiurvri:vritar5roduarohl fiolaodd'rd*ag
lr.irir aa a tru4.: !d! rofi6! (ethytene, CrHJ Inri;! (propytene, C3H6)
iriau (butylene, CaH,
o loloraflrri tduri r:nifiarirouovoaui'r6'uri'ron-uocri : urifllraiE!lI!Lana

tliu ilqsto6! (butadiene, C{HJ

U]UUOU (Crude oil)

"r-il1fu 6u' rilurorrvar6o'idur4io rl::, na!druar:lelo:nriralaqrroarnuvio
ni:rilu (paraffin) riunah u.rrrr#roroir-li!rr!Ln.i!inou (asphalt)orir.tlndi!
rtiraiuua ra'ar:n;jrorl-'l'ri n laro{di: !
J;-
nlSnaUUlUUoU (Petroleum Refinery)
x--
1l1rl!t1l irn0ln^!''l'!,,r1dritnol]l,Jo-!'l [O,.n 6 lUl:'.r1dr-llltltdni oau'l
16'r." ir:-rfi.: Llq r.or. oo'16.nL
'in r:riuri ro'-t l.u.i.r
ua:ler:r.rrtn iourd
*enarritl::nouwruti't.rotlvnilo16aoralar:talo:oriuau ar:fr na'uoonurri
14iL luu[10.ltFruar!r00u00a1Y"tll.lutnl[nt0.il
1!r.l:grfl ntr!fiI:rn6'uriifuod hl (r.n.2555) I0u

7
< 30"c
nt! dra".:arina.rqo 3 dudtu:a6o 'Ilraaauii laoriii uavraaki
c ,c
rusiG!1iuai:'li"[ur-l:g rufl rLrrnirfi zu6ntriro,lri:srrru 5 tlir
c -c
ul]i 'ltu1 -., !-
i1i ri rd'L:Lr r'r rilii[vn 10t.,v;rvdntHc{_r rv.} e
E uuri ''l ii'luaanflai.t
Io' c .c
H' lu n:e rru nr: n6'urirr-ufrur v Gl q'r u nr ,lfo r raioufi
!g fl1fr qtu i,firil3r tu 3/0'c !fi0'ii o0 zooo to rr"xrrr'uFri lrra- r
F 1._r:vonaLna]lr.lll]ladt doudndu{!llluf tl)tu11llatuvn 0'l
.9
o
F
11aO "l]aln5:"ltn,t,La.intndu0tlluLlt0lt n )t1.l0ltlll'lxltll
oit ((,
olrrlnulo16oorortalo:oriuou ar:duonldoonrri6anir
c ,[qa
.9 ,Janntu?tnd1r91lr (stralqht runJ or5u0r'r1.Jt ru
U .|..."-.,' i"
o u''l!u niru run rr nauL tuLot lL! n nuL !nnf1^glr!.
LL noar.t *irt.i!i.tu 'inptp .fre , lr.rJt"r,tr vi.itr 'i r Corote.
relinetu 5r1ntn r:n61].tttL!gtyl:JrulljltlltulM.non').luf
,,
0r r1,fl rL']"anarrLu 1,1u1r'J69rtEloi"nL rLlLn6L66L[u'lf
_f
tlr
u"uru$n !frr ir avarhLL.-r'rdL llduvl"lt aL!F11L0!'l .t. Lvla
U'TN:JI,lOU r i:-'tuzuForiun'qr.h,r1a c" -., u'ndrl ,fi0'r 'rr-1 1'r"1r
nariir"ri rluo.r oa.rrl il 6r.r:n.it':Ir.r ,on.eo i'tltt

236 l! CHEMEASY
_;-
nluhurE:Kuuluu
01!vlrlULt,v.rl.tullral!'ll!''v4ol,lrld.tlLltothlir1.r:''L14[nv!ln''1
frrorro.rrrnfi trthnauaf ardr!t il"r!hrllnoo'llttaveruiouqfl 6'fr rlan fi
4t50
5G60
o.iriis!na!ri!n'riuau!rnnir 5o% lo!u?a uii.ailoqa!rl5xrriunriuou
&-15 ldurifio inlr"d i'tivirla ivifa rcr..uvr r'ltsi " i,zu r rufr"l:-'irivri: r u
fir!{i1h 75-80
. r!ior.toiuf 30.o L.q , nvi,rtd.. ni6l.i'r i. rtuor'ti1 dLlL.-LfiL
8&90 " )l( lvll.t..l'tl- )n, lLf- Lit l- On" { r O- I 1-{t5ALf 5v ra r,!Lr4en r'{dr.lv
, !3
9G98
. i. r 1fl^-mral-o: r Lo^-n ao (rrtvlL!r anLLa uroB0r^^dlIltGr rfrLo)
rnolr-lr
miliitl 100 No? lrav so, (rvn1u!6oirio11,r$6uv,lalauacfl'r],fi6oiha:o)
ft urirriu .ih.ilro : nalrii. rrir ::nurri rdip6o re oltlll" \l eroqe,1) l,M Jnd.
p c- r. . !.- , l.-
-^ "Lirull-'(o.rrurrLorl)v
.rr Luûavu ûtl:: o r n
,,v - -
ulllfldLd r0l1d1un3Lou rlunio
. ! - - ,
m ) rflL lJdL""L1{11r ,r r)dnou llu$u^"drJ
" ."-.
.dLuu"irtddi.v!i 1 i- rL)x,
I - -
lt,i:lx!6ol1\FinA'a0 rL;u lnr .Eirfi r\,rnn r)
$.r'ltrifl ni1ri1l,lfr1.l
u'tuuldolwa0
.i.-r
usu'tfutta:uan'ruoDu'ruurdorwaD
,-t - J
tU.rlO.rlllL'ltunllltLlr]u.1J.lfl.rrl.tn 0lta!,,nrti.{d1i:tan.l\)'trt 1t.rrd.14"l1
vf,niirfli! e'u111yus 6.rir1ridrl"u1u n;1ud {cu ,6) il ari"r r8.i !q:tejnr a n i6{fl jr
-
uu1]ralJoL.l !li\llLfla1[9rL1]51]tu.tra.1talle:JL
I t- I iyr .1.J. 'I Fd
'
. nrEU?un1:!!nfl6alu (crackng process) ldrLn naa' crar:ll ra nal,raoj rtu
Y- ,;
d r:rnyiiD6u .(.0.C. ) fri', c rr u" r:h.c ..r6nn r tC.c r ioo.vri 4,'o.ooi
!it[rr!r-! rflLi;r d: ttl"- l.,Fol - )
Lor t
o i:c!Tur:3{oifi! (reforming process yEo isomfftzation) 'luy ra
i
rdt.d.ULltnlL,rtufl 11 .'..r,'lylyei
-
.o'ver. o Lr lUrl!r ---r
r.r!lu.1rd1yLtt
r) !!! tt.$tatu, ,fiL""""
,Lc.anl:_!rLn. 1u;!l!].:.1.[tn)tlr!!!19: I
i-
r-o"r^, fio"rrr,r- r,olirJ,-' I"r rai :e': r y, r 1#n. rrrrtr-,r > orom"r.
"l

100 coRE coNcEPrs l1 237
,.,,-^-a-+
,eforminr
cracHng l
+ /,'
vr.ira;irn'ryro{:rna-uu'rr\oinrildzuarie rlrnr:adu (GRM: sross refining
margin v6orarit':vvirur',",tdui.rir6riu.',o',ortrirstlilar6orio'r4)6o ulhtt
iir6'oar: urio! (treatinq unlt) !!asxilal!l.]a.iarrrfu [aqa (conversion unit)
""* Jr
-.t : -Li- frr-q )'uxu' ..Luudt f1ltdla I (l'eaw soL'crude
.r: rs{rr''til.rrFu6ad i !
o l) ttd:rarn'rnirurunruraurutjuuavdrugduq"r (l ght sweet crude oll) ld
uannlnulr 1!nl:!.llua1110n [tu

r n:ylrlnr:uoaFmriu (alkylaton process)ldalaI !aqatSnl tdu ixtru (ca)
;j
luH uLrlnnavllta lrll
. 'o
"1ru1r"11"5F.4,",6h[t$u !o-re i2aroT oro'"'' .iu' t:l]1.a,,a.]r
rdrdran'urrdrrutoa6atariu rroltr"'rfi riuov{ (c=c) rra6oaflul6rtirLrd
A.A*.tA aLkylation I
-*ll
.\\'.,/\ ,\-,\
otigomerization
.."..
waonfun0tfl lSDnauuluu
rirrirfitd'uanrrnn',:l:.lad'urirriri lvqnl{lru\iraarnuareyJutl triu'ldtfll
16'ou6r rioldufluar:ri.idxriil?i!qoa'rrnrrlilo.-tnia'ruci:'rsavtEEqsor
r t 1- !
&aortuglnlfrll'll llinnu!tl.iu
anntu?r drurr c ll&rnqa nr:lil11J

,)
r::ldrruinluaoru:to.rrvar 161tdl1uni'l ti01.l 14:0 t
fl1nM.rd! (LPG) c. Co rdawr6r.-aouriii6ofi rt:rur LPe uaru'.1'l6luqnarun::l
lliriq ntr.!'run"ouil i'ruo-ouriutv6n
uulrJ1.ls1.r
'it'riludrriur r116.ia1r:!rl rrudLruiu ua g1{rarn"r,
(Gasotine) !011',t1r06!torJain,ltltaaa
lclalrrrr rir o 11,! riilvlf,r tffiuqoavnrirtrr
oc L,l fll Lu d
C,o C, tiofidor rnrrrzu hafdor,roror.6'a.r'rFr rdu r l
i -
- "Jlxo1116^ llalanlu
n5yrialtnaou{illnd

238 ll CHEMEASY
ef,nrYJlr' dtfru c trllnrln nlrld!1!

1lrUt 0itaIa'ru5!tF 0tLr1,i!it{a ["ai [1ii]a3rn1l
ri, fudrta {urgrir) C.C,
lulo6rta rfi ar6nrd'arn6.ry'r.i6on\lo6rta
16rn 6 or: r yir r fr r a"raia r 'trnU "t) i l-rl1- lrl yl'l U LL:i ! n1l FnYla
1""rxrltlre0au C',-Cl tI1l 1rTX.r1rMA0A!UTllUU0 U',rU!VA0aUA0a',tltn:5X.1 [A7
tllt1 1lt o"ni:1uL:r rr-.qar n).r. .:r.6udLy': u6r

lt!tl1 L(,,1 r!,"!-""e., - . 14)!n.:!,xlnt.uFlir
rlt.llLtaIy!rc ",
!r1r1.[0]'t L,5 lr1Jt1l , l- ( a - t.
t,.ta'el :lL -)11rrlr.Ul y.e t0lt.! tlttyr r^rlud0i'iU
tllU{1.1 1li0fl ll0t lllllrtn
lihal riorlut!lj1 lrlto!utn o[0rroonr1!!d! fi Gx]'rtu

altdl!sflu !'lf l\dvn: t{l!qfl? xn)rtL titLs r!! qlldaon.So
(raraortd) {aflrin 0or6ar) ianrtrllr.fi'uur.r L1?i'r$rar il! onA
1.r19r',rdvr)-tu uttn lu!0LJ
nlsuonnfunlwu-tuu
nr "fl.lrrira.!lriaruud 4 ii1l r; , ,nE o rur. oi.r,r-ir-. "tslriut . rFunrroorerfo
1E.tr.MrrLL,T 1t.'r rLvri.{o.rirluliyuo.rru fr i a iryl: Fo oo 6o - rc.io
I - a X, r 51
-f_u uL "l!!lv.: 'e'L,0!y1 01a.icaut fl"0!rrrl"ltl[ - rt]4.'ltlJ ton]5
t1liulr.,t udrlrGro iritJlflF"it n n rna r:uqorn txoin"u
r -
[t0rfl aiaarn1lt41lBtl h]t{{{
I "- r{0,ffi oqra"rmr:f drlrri,iJ
ti{a.iiJa!!lniFI 'luairmso'o loi lrai,'AUa'if "rPl nlir.taMinL!
ai! rinrInodo'lu|ty!onalr'lda r if n 0 l: 110lnl o \il)t,. os ..L lrldLn)y Jlt
0r'll,.ll
6.rtrji.r 1o rr riin ro.r 1nrtitrt rclcr:,,io rilua..uqhi -.r3, :. :: u.r vio
a01.lyvttllUlt!rrJft5ctu0 knock
r[3 [aid.t'.t lh.l,-.'re
- -",
[]tanar00[r"raunnlqtu:t1]!Ltli!ritdtl I :,1]!LqL ": I rl..' ld)te I
ri rin :a!mc n z Lt 'lan'.i'l!a1r.t.r:o l1rriran160!r'.f rt, L 14 tLr 0
ra I J ll.: r..!1u,.1,.F
iJErflruL')?ftyuljo n r i l:14I ] lr la n dx| n r]dU !.tvUtt: lnt dedlllL l)i . L .tLlly,,llld_.vo
,fhar ryai,#r n no a-oldd tfr:criod:rorio1rfi r ao:cLio
Frr!u1.irfl 0Laanfttuttl,!ain0 /J0 oCrane
-i-0u'l I Ltl0!1!
9n a lotur tl,ltFt-lPi, , n heptane
ilri'raan!y! (research octane number,
CHJCH,)5CH3 ! Fir ooflr?r utvlf,r-1r 0
RON)ry.tn-11 100

roo conr corcrpls l? 239
)e) - Y-
Gasoune vSaut xltlJxtluvtf n^nf ttlJStifltuntYruatn&l]rl't00tt1lu 1ld!
+e le+
nir 75 6rfrorfinr:rfrlar:rfrrlaonryu 1,:a6orrnu1{ MTBE [flJ,rrfln1!itl'16'
.UAUL!]lt |' ts| .r111rth t stouPr lU9 odln1fl Lot l ll
ioN l@
)..-\
o o
q*q{r{+ M-IBE EIB€
. " !-
uasohor v)anrrtrE.6r ,LLL IL(d:-lEl'r.'t1 ttlta'uiu"un r-.a f r'lrii
nflrdln nnlll.full!lllLLInSn.!lltrO14On)l l^Fllil lt U0lVl''1,1f'lLl l lalUtl 11allr
tto oF Io, .ay-laafr'ldliu-,r r. r' :vi rritr-r rtio v"ifio'u1ur rr.io! -

n'irfirtlt6l uoalrni rovrroafiriroonrruqrir 109 nvliruaoilarrrvdxfl
HrC (Crrrt{ cHr
cetane
I - rr Y.-1ir.t. lD: tuf r).Lltl,rt lLalr!0na'6L11..1 111
Diesel 1,10L
e('
rni a rr Loifi rt tt Fu "rsrri rfrMa-fl,r rr u unntuRrl .1L!6u : fr" lqt o-r r!ig!.fiu'
an"nrur.irfr-6.ra 6.'6rvr." 6rfinrunrrarrrr rtvflu.nirruurid,tnar i

er
_6.vu' tvirir- IOO 1".1r 'l.erey,"urfrnuLtvr6u ' iol6.vr-tvi ,"t-r o
aiph.methyt naphthatene
cetaê methyleeter ethylcatc,

( Biodieset lflrla'rin.j [aarnoifiiln:rairlrraqaodrutr ! (crH3aftinil
6'r;rJ)riomnnr:drltflunrnirrSodoi {c,0.c,,) rrrliuln:.rair116nrioo
1o abirirrl fr i3 a r v:rudroa rnoiifl rn'i'r (transesterification) d!
uoanooa;iltLraqa6n (riu ultraaviotavruoa) rvtd'ar:toatoofl tiu'r'l
. l,
-- '. -4
hr L.rri!{rdrrrdo ltl1iul]lr rtu rhaxr lxrvM]olt.r rtrJ u'[r.olta 85,ac
ornnr:ara do6naartr,(urf flu6rtahd'orirr.r s , s5 louG!.t):
tonrlitnd lz.t irrhfitu 'tioru-:rri'!'ri"'r1.J'11rt')1.r1'ltr :oti ,triozuFat r.ti,.,.rFr11^rrE.nlirtn

ra-r.r'ruvroumud'orm6lrloa{a uorolrirntroiohld
a) rdourBtdrarjl tfl uar:ffiv{irri6u1o
YI
b) l q[vll.d0nlt! lJlrlltll]Ld 'lr :t'u110'! n:Y!]ui '1501'le I
r --- ---,l - - ji1
c, r:r.6.r1fr:iu,fildi,5r.iartFrnr.r#ori6rbraleFfioritJfrfrio iu..oa"oootilotr:r
tonri nd lz.z 'tltFi- tfia'-:r6orrtltooiiarLlMqr'tilr,1T'rt!.L,

uo,,rsoo6fi1tc.at fi ,)r4irfi1
rrrtruo n rn,r.' fr''uri n ro.a'it,ilL.dlotdu,lf"el tflu'.i"..0aôaod

240 l2 cHEMEAsY
73 uouoluosua:woatuos
a1r i: v no!lalo rn iiuarfitdlr ni:.r n ii'urirfuua v rrn',:.r *o n firto:::.rtr 6

rFeeosro.! tor Pet'o he-k at t^d r t" ldqnt' r-1,6.tuirr.611L,lord rvirixi
uarayarr r:rarrr:-nrti.rrJ:cmrro.rqoarun::rflIor-reflkiir.rd
-.. -3 "
o qoaryr'*ltller:rafi!nfiu..-'psr,ea-n oetrocle-nrca ôu,t-v, .flr".'r
r.lfir u-l6urrar:lale:nrSlrauarrI:r n6'uyial:r ron firt lfriuiorlGiufi rru ear
n'rqoaua::rtrru6urla rFonlrudraa-n : n{u (i z dr)arnqoarun::uarjrd 6a
nrjr ct tdui firru wrruoa

nrjdorailld t6'url rofrEr lrrfi6u $ac mixed Ca rdu iroglq6u
n{lovltlrin ld'uri ruuir 1u46u uackdu
. oeEraffi!flrrla6tilffl{ rilrer-nida.e peuoc'rer.ca. nd-sttr !i!, )

Lt',t60f 1 n_flnuo!"t '
rrnlrl' r. .hdu rrt'i .rufla]1]tnllri1.tnru ..t.!
"
']?,c'
orlarsir6ruirud 60
610 c1 dr!!rruoa!iir;nr,,]aia-ao'1ad n:orloiin a:oua66n uialrruniraor
6lulo$fltld ir:ri'rrofi6ur!6F rofrirltnnaotrd (EDc), l:iaaaolrd
16'ril
r al.o.r.oi ,V, M), .oiSxDortru'\-o/ u,j: .oiiut.eooe i ct r rrj rh.ri6u
!rtu6ar ooalt[oanosad (Oxo Alcohot) oyn3ktirlo:d (Acrytonitrite)

arero:I:rrhn tduri nt:rir[1]uiuutr6n rafi altltliu (EB), atoiulauoutoi
(5M),'ltInn€fl !t1r, nrl r[anq]"x.r, 6iixr rnvfl uoa nrrd"nt:rlta'urrzu6o n:n
M[r r]rAn (PTA),'lowfral trir.16o (Dl\,,lT)
. qf,61yn':rrlillor[Fitiut6lr] tdow^. Lredrr pe_161--.,o n6J51-r, 1fs" .,

r ;snruif,,fir.n {!dLuarriura ru ei- u6nri'n dao-js,e r i q raddu-
ndu?ialdet,pld)li- resr r_ve l.n:o Fa na *6^'16rrufr.hl r.e ar_n,i rair

rruinrn::! mcraraGnntua!d6fi rfl u
n{utfu'ludta:rui (synthetic flbe, rdu rddsl 6roars]ofldyou,[uly!
r{!1uogn36altre*rrulud'o'i arrr:orirt l{rru16':rr yioruarn-uriula
6ilLn tonlo !10 n tl [1r i tl.lliLlru t3 a
nd!u1{d{ra51!{ (synthetic rubber, elastomed ur,la"$e:r:r.iinrrudrn"a;rio

q:6nrruuri idriuiaovourusro::utrfit6'6 rdl uralsriu firoglo6u (seR)
ul5fi6r5l (ethytene propytene diene etastomer Rub.e,

100 coRE coNctPTs l3 241
nrj!Hendfldtfi 6otlAx$stlf 1? (synthetic coating & adhesive materlal)'l{

rn6o!Ariaq'hi[{{u5.i nivu tls!6']ui1rt ldir lll6qilvl (PU) 6vlon6!:6! dlu
rioirudnrr rdu fi uoavloirYa6lad lna'triaosiron [acnm6lani tihldu
UOUOIUOStta:woatUOS
ro6naioirrldlltiolrru T
otiaolfi Gorir "uouottloi" altda!slon'!6'r0
rJiiBarmlnioul6lrmqatfl uaraut lottousitindrn'q1uanr6'.rorr:rl
60i t0!lun nattun
CH:=CH, EthyLene {oH)cH,cH,(oH) Ethylenegty.oL
CHz=CH(CH:) CH3OCOC6H4COOCHT DimethytterephthaLate
.H.=CHCI HOOC(CH,)4COOH Adiplc acid
CH,=CHF VinyL fluoride HrN(CH2)6NH, Hexarfethy(enediamne
CH,=cH(oH)
Caprolactam
Styrene c6HuNO
cH,=cH(c6N5)
CH:=CH(CN) Acrytonit [e CH,=CHCH=CH, Butad en-.
CH,=CH(OOCCHT) Vinytn.etate cH,=c(cHrcH=cH,
Us:lnnuoowaatuos
n15[rhUi!Lnm1o.ifl oauroiinr:uri duaregrJutltlorlnn:rioirll 6o
uirnrr 63ornr:r6l
0fiiarnr:6nna6uo1:tqrlu louauoid:rro"rn'uoirorlfr
(dn-uorqj) riunir rioirrot:ttt'luuttil tdr.r to6tofr 6u o-l;tJ
cH,:cHr cHr:cH, cHr:cH: cHr: cH,
tnr-gcri 'cxj-:cHl 'cH F.*: tHr-0r;

.CH2-CH2. "CHz-CH:. .CHr-CHr. .CHr-CHf
-cH,-cH, cH2-cH2
-cHr-cH2 - -cH2-cH2-
drr.t6nuluradltfl lnr::run'rrilaouauouoirirar'Jfr iSor:vrairlv{fl l6t"u
agFua'ir rs6mo'l:tt'fi'!uuuarulitt tdu nt:et6orioa!ofi 6uMtjll.lr'l!6u tl"i!i

zq2 13 csruEesy
pudfy tercphthau< &id (PTA) ethyGft gtycot GG)
nHo OH:OH
+ nHO -
nTsl/eo PET drurirwaololc, n6n O
+ nhp
Oireth/ te.ephthahte + ethylere
gry.ol loidun_u touiwaofl:tuid)u
f".ro^.,-^-J n
potyethy'e.e terephlh.tate (Pm
du clr,oH
utilri:surwaEma{orrlo.rrid:snortaluo6rlai na6uaifi rioorn:rrLoirlos
rouorroiriultio16ol3rnir "no6rroiront'uii" via homopotymer d:u
no6uoidriomaat::.ludrto,urorauoiurnn.ir t tto riun.j.r,,no6uaii:r,,
vio copolymer
rrti.! rvrrrrr4o6uroio1!fl1rria a.rlr:n*ri.rtdz r]:yun6o lo6ruoifirioornnr:
a"{ro:rv!i tlac,}raFNoiy']rio'luor:1rtrfi
Ma".rlrnrinGsddf lhro6uoirJ:rmroir.iludr a:rtlrnr:a:tl,::ulorator

ro6ttlaiuagrauouai ri'wr:t
dftrry
flaauJot !auau.rat
nr:rfio lotdrjt:no!
PE, polyethylene Ethytene, CH,=CH?
propyiene, CHr=Cl-(CH)l
PVC,
potwinyt chtorlde ffi tiu Vinyt chtoride, CHr..CHCt
o
polrvinyl ac-tate
po$vinyl atcohot t:rt Vinyt at.ohot, CH,=aH(OH)
PS, pctystyrene Lfltl styrene, CH,=CH(C6l15)
ABS, acry(onltr [e butadiene styrene acrylonitrite + butadtene + styrene
"l)
pollmethy( metha.rytate) methyt methacrylat€r,

loo coRE coNcEprs l: 243
PTFE,
tEtraftuoroethytene, CF,=f F,
polltetEfl uoroethylene
PLA, potytactic acid

E"Yul" fnlJttl.Ll lactde, YoY"
phosgene
-t,r
L\:/ t,n\:,/-o t ofr u
PET, PETE, dlmethytterephthatate + ethylene gt)rol
+ ,o*o,,
potlethytene adlpate) ethytene gtycot + adipic acd
F-.k"
PEA,
o
-" _oH _il
HO- ^^^-
- - )r"
o
l,,lylon 6
l"
PA, polyamide, Nyton 6,6 ad pic acid + hexarnethytenediamine
t,
lLl urea + formatdehyde
t-" o^
urea forrnaidehyde
,,"A",, ,I,
Bakellte, phenol + formaldehyde
fnllulrl o
u
H-'H
cyanuramide + formatdehyde
1 o
[4etam]ne resln t*("-,r",] ,4,
BR, butadlene rubber
d. llill butadiene,
styrene +
2J
butadiene
SBR, styrene
P-l^r:r" tou.l
ct
ChLoroprene rubber 2 chtoro 1,3 bLrtadiene,
5itlcone rl .+I atkytchtorosilanes, I
'l alllylsllanols I

244 l! cHEMEAsY
nrs'ltrJ s: [auUornwoii ruoS
hi ntl]L':JUnllJU9lLOtudLtOnO lnL ! !Lll.ln )tt! LYvn rflMilU LLM)101.1
:1h(.itt, r1r tri ,' :o ': ':

'!r.ior.ro'Lflu,,"o.rin-rtr{rrD6.uoir-.iriqri'ei
0auor nlrld.i1
rl4r.lrjr vrar:rn! tlarfr:6r!a i[tu lara6nnoa'naslii
ta1r I tl]'rIr lr0drnr6nr!LnLdnr.]a! (pkstic *r.p) qww qrin;on raial1il:airrSou
LDPE rlonetfl HDPE rn.n5{! io.rdlrdn aiarvria! 6ir'rh n:rmr:fl aarrg vlau3r6
nir! pt urirLiru:inir vnrnrrliod6' irrnrafi f vuiau rlrou! s!rur,r'raralrl ynaLLraLrLai Ld.
uv oru n:vr{rGrmr nrnnaraiir vaao6nar n:rontiar

yrqoarllf]r] [a9nlflo! iotiodr.rl mru.iaarut ia
uarnurl rativuuaruoom:nrrliau rionirrtu r-n:oir.r1 uiur6o.r rdrritoriar q.rldL6ao
""r .rirrra .LiL"l':rtLrar"Lr"rn.irr',:.lr:r oi i;ar66/6:fi'lir o1]r rn5i6
]tTt lflllu)tlaiunr ua]]aLnn yrunrll]ltu r! vr.lfafr iriir rir:broarooi tLr'rriar

FE .
tlr'rri.i i!1i1,
{r:ehurnia.n"n: uir Lflo.r riui
tvlrt [a!ln fl.]Fr-r'r:rla! y1]u5r {qlnrrflYl dom^:olrirua:LLiru';r rnour16r
nrlllvn L!1!r-rr oal (.10i L.t trorlrirlr" rlraqj n:ortrllfnn .r rjr ..ri!6:6^ ara.
ITFE lll6xr'y]nmiatu,1r
Lvr.ra! vua r,n61l oanu:rliuoryru rdu n'i!anih n:vyrLei:alr
ld rnrnur!JLlrnLao L!u...a r lunrri a.i.yFiltylt],] llao.! n,lr] to1,] !,r
ln6 $ifidouaa1adD,r6!f F! Liulatiorir
vrudoiri uv m;loar:Lniuayrrr:"r
A8: ll1r y![rirryurn nnourxo,rs cr to lrlulu{lu! rlrl.!:ttr x,-) r!L'' 0rr.1u'"q!.rru|l4i r
a:ortr,l:ralri Laudrr'ir r"aoy"rnr:;rL nolunnrarii

aolrEru lrunlsllyrf lla:n1:1 01rluIoo u rdvlorirqoira aa inrx! rlL1raa0!fi:1ai
iiu{rtiid r!'lamirnEtr1]utlar!tuyri ddanr 1fl;
uirurlLrl:r: vrurnrrioruararrrni urJrrrr-lirlr nrr trlr
rtiurirn:r: ru6:r:rialLLa!ar5'ni nrr ua.rr.:r:L,ifi r yyrlo-n:ryr! uardrllq!irtultrnil
uri:aa!d urn_!n:vuyf ,r,o!rrloiitrio; ldr.alarur!ea!
r!6ianr:r"on yr0isn.ini!rraniLo#a
6ont]r nrroLL:16r lrlvrluaruaoua:

qrioorr aru-o n.rorroru"e nr;r"J. ri.riar
amt r"',u',n rr.r[rr rrfi,:rrntlxm u1r66 arEmndl'aui

frflxa:.r y!nr"!1011 [r] ullt1t(t.tot

loo coRE coNcEPTS 13 245
wa1a6n
n'rirlii!:!(rM1]oi1taraAn ul.rounr:u.l5uu*r..lar riarun'r116a1d:nnri!iou
7-.-,--,/---7-'.^ url.l16Z rl:gmy6o
. - ^.1-
lrl0tHra'tf,nn hn dnax!oLrrt0nnJ trlLunrtnun tradrrlvdl ttlYi:
- J.
*1!iitLl,r!.tdlldLaLv.tL h6 d0n!t:,.r11LtrlL1tda"L01MItni,lnl l iu!1lllL
v-_EuLLFr fin11[6011:tr,]1ldnd;rL'ri[.uurn 6'Jdt rr.rdiU1. /ir 1/['
1\r .rd14du fu dLfl)146U hnndtorlL .1lflnal" La1 fl l{
*.\-/ar - -i .- Y- -
. llllilll3to.r_11rrlF1crfl1u!1j!lrurF)rr0rL]vdrn_nlo)-1 .') rura! [t.d,rueril
uirdrotirmrr: fi nruu6lura ur.rriao':t:.:iauuavnlrrdukliioudr hiaru:o
t fi.:-rMalLo.lfl ..Gl141nlrdf].vnudr0.iifrl4u! nrtlluon"[dvtlll"na1u.\]1l1ltl
'fl c'iointlll.nvuuJLt4aFru0l,.l lltl.!..v t!td'le!tr L9 e 1.1vc u{n n lvl' lv
rjrrrvaalli'lurltrllfi ri'rodtrriu Baketite urariu ravroiqituu
tond nd zat irrrrul,raiuairlolrld PVc PTFE ABs PETE Ps Pt'!4t\.4A
roF.r.roirdoto", ry,i, r',]1lfr:1u,4.' ,.ur"

"
b) ro6uofloir$tflr: homopotymer
lontiritnri z+.2 ir r-ru roFu oiorolt f flr. .t.iiau'loa.riu

'6lod
.ra- iutoid r'aEo.ir r'{oi:,i6[ari
a) no6noio-rndrrdoi'n ,cLfvrer'r!irrtllEautriatdaldiu,,t':uiaulea'ooolun{ o
o) Lutue.t di.i iqtirvirvl6lr-, :r.For*oF.:,aio-rnd rd6' a r'lo
Icndi/nd z+.4 10r.r6i'r.i1!Glaio,r HDPI uflnt]rlt-ur LDPE aEi'r.i'l:l.loB1l'ru
linaqrnn 74 4 nrnriolr0duralLai-a !o!1,t600040if L

e!Lgl
na6 ognilaluln : ii ,r,rit,.la rra',troildr4'rmour:!!oiot6!

b) ro 6u a'fi urloir'a6'lari r. u6.ruriril:r: rzur'll1u6{frr'urirdr
c) ro6uan6n:uoio o r111 LMUU: i,]atUtn:lvnrqvru!nior

d) uo6atoiu 1 Lllnlltua!uolo0r tiallidlum!luitl0lJlounau
ro6raii6rrvorrrlurno n Lrrlr alsr L!a11] lrnudd:.nu,l llrlrlfl

246 13 CHEMEASY .
El0lta:le-u'lu
t,1D (Rubber)
!'Nlilt,lrroAuroifi i!1aUrana6.i!1n ri1.in,lnrro166f 0i!iii6!1!0orq!!'rnni1
.1.Jdln 1'lnl'!L6: OLLyU.trUEE
''! lylrol0lttter'i.)! 'ntuo ,,rJU cE viA ttaos \
nd-raG flue-old6rlfn rt!6oyuu1r,', .rnca tltt. rn. i.l, i te f ru.trrr,.. r
totfl uta6ur fi u:.lu'turooirradtioaotlooro'loar!yi1.!arulri uriuirrfl u z
:crav6o
ut.!r-1drr"*rrrmrrq'!,rrr':rfid.r: noil.rltriu i". r-

sr.it::!.rr,16 ldLri
Eovtu4t frur, rnirtn"rlarrair:.tuutu c,s rrr.u :u. ffl,hrriu6ntiovir
6o orrn"ororr rraduarrur:r'ntrSod'uor.rtnrFa lvfilo:rair.ruul tons tt.roefi
nrt6ord.ufidrair
r;
cn,
,l
*t q*;-1.
I
I
k'r !41
t'.: 1t {.?
L"i,
l,A,
"1.
t5y1n!.rnituast!an1lai,tul,ltpt!!0,!l.l
nsoLoSan66odawrsn
r.Hl
't:oultt1,iit'tn6!rfitr + llulltll0EJ'ln + toioGqrflrurll ur'],(,rr + a1rllFi!
-
ar.ro::un6inrrl6oytiud uria-nhjyrusiori':lira gara6uyiti 6.rldfi nr:6odt
rr,,ulur r:titt!:qrur_rarrltinrrl0ldr"lrtnry! tu.tli Vutcanization 61'16
rirl:dulrfi rr.Jfr i3orriiorsia:guirraroldrorro6uLoi lfi rfi onlr airlliuoc
to{'alr*i::u'ir'raroid rirl#uri6oyduuasor: !rndu uactr'{orr16!66n.r yior.r.r
riru pir'hlo'ruoyriru[i n,]tryueionr:6ny:ouacuaruooldo'

1oo coRE coNcEPTs l! 24?
!1{ftrnt1! tiq[itl 6o u'].! Butadiene'ldliru1.rr0u!d rialrl6'riorurorr6n

tfioviirEo trr )BR {)tvre1e B- adene prlooert iatr'i,nuranr:dolt ier'rl
iovqur' 6.rlirirt rrri dr ridfi yl.y r M.rc-rle'ir raFo u^.r,it.nrr:i6u1or r.l'
ii d'ryldr urr c'r.orop.rp (vioiEy r"' :r" \eoprene, iar'"Finlo, :-iou
1lUhA, )!4'ld:dlUdr"14lttr l'l rtltty ,l- tlrr ",,..
HLIllL
cl
lH..a B-lH.l r-1. aH.=(F-CH=Crt
ct
{cr-.-c" cr.-+i}"
rr r'r curi.1j, {<*-i =<*-.ud
[c.
tL)l
butadienerubber styrcne-butadienetubbs chto.op.enetubbe,
lWuua:dultr
Il! --2
.0lr. rifl1r4,,'lr.llY )u''l1,o n'{lM..vlrfl)0UIL.u0YId aFr v tvlllrlL
olrrur*agriirai.nwrrioui6un ffrtn*ldriuh nr: 16 oll,hh o6orldar: crc
(.hlorotlJo.oaa'bor I ttrl lc rutl"L0ltl] U1!' uttl?U1rI rlt propa_e v /0 bJlar-e
[1r! ra1afinfi1{i.r6flId 6o fi56 noaa'loiu uagr-.rn r> r
rd u ritulroFr:.oiv-ifu .", c' .! r .,. via rr.it rd.fi".r"{ :rilr.ir.''ar inttl

. ir r .r n{u I tlir !nv6o .;ulu.rrro,U,fir1.0_,.n: r: r.i,.av,iu'luFrir.nt'ti
!du1sE::!r1A rf'll lu 6.t tfit1314 t61.i lun{6,i tfft'tvlt
rdlluornfit rftIuornd'o'i rddaoiuniti r{ulunoitabd Ltr: \:aar e caalnaoirm rm

rdu'lana4laa rirlolrj:iu Lrir lmor o,a Luia: n.:11lrfl LnnnLFa+n:oIrnqn ttrn:]
Lxl!:, trHd:rLd!l!5rrljllrfl lu H,soa rt1rn"rlii
vr1r51[n3u]a! !nLffrn!
tr!
rairin !d!
ra 6nu k rdulono6roarrol (oro:ar)
rrrirr flro a.:Lni n:.rnrrr r!.11le! lloon116r !t! t!

r:vr:raoi L ir io! 1r!l 1r{l r:oat rtrrd onantaa
r6trlllD:nrtslunra (a:flrd r ri'o[dar iva,Uu!!Li!
lnl!.rrv1.-4r4rar! 1r! iaxtunlllrrurlr0r rdlrl!
n1rlutilil llnllvruL] lr.rt1uino xarfrln!
iarLrDlLlrlLXLr!nrnfi a!
f,-
[ondirni 75 " 1llo,tl'ril"if 1..L1 d,uql.u'Lnr..'1q]rtaovqu4lqJ&re'r,'rrir:Dn.nc'vqlv

248 l? cHEMEAsY
n'lf,tuawu
. tuf rLn.ac.lral.ildtual 14a ! LLU)rlu' u9-n. tL'.611\ r!u. l r.001_111!5 ru
hJ rl vttn '')tq0!ulsL,larr!1fi.tnl !llv'i^€q]v

dql tuv*.:.1 )rrr0 r!.1
.iodlouu16o uanrrrrirv,rr,' r y rrir lavurfu
rlrUruaWunroornrn
Ldfiba11r.r'r,fl.iqi nvn roar,uq 6rrirduo' rer u.1r"..ir6'roi.hJfl
a iluaya.tlluflTnto rllL:Janr-r'l,1 rntntfiyrLl ulln1Ml,ld! Lu11J"ll9lMfr 0ll^^rll
n.r..zscs,iufiur,r,,tr11fiotorl:rrvafinr:uar.'r,dr i nr: rloair.r:.,r ndr.,o th.r
! ", . - f
rl,ll.rl0lrol Jry ir'l l11)!uLfld'1Lr'.!uvre!0Lr",.Mut,, re ly. flLa. tL,:u
:-
"lL O.nnn, 10 L!Fll01] LAnnlnullnrUl:Jd$1.1v^n!l)ÛF!n!rnalLnOilua:ip'll
.rna rur rrir 3. r .ia !i i)'oli"1ill ldrrt ]uitLu1ua"rq" 16'r,n nr:12 nr n':
nrrrrlufiIdr uayn',:aurf, larnr':uavfi arrr:ruy 6ri]r,re.!ida.ih5!1.,tfin6.!
. o .iourrr,"r, ivf.t..uiro 11 riludu.raotro n :,i,rrrr: L.ol "l

4-:-
r"rrrina rionr"ffrriiqrLe!.t6lLn rc:,dr. r ruiou, r"uaro-iqdlir-d'.u
lnr fiirnr rGreen.ouse enecr lulvruii rtflr:r,,.t, r'nioterdruqtrc
r))6 !iLdLr'.iorn n r ritriulio nrni.rinu,riulrrr:1-L'1.,;.r0uLg{.tL
ut:'.f ! Ca-alv,rrc (orvF'1e',fislireio:tudir ru. lv,ird .rar.Xrni
. 'o. uer No. rr nl,'..i So 6rrier rr.y!.r.a'1Fl).ary
v!.tir-flryv
.frarn.nc 1]fr!frt{|,! rroafi > riuordrjrsrouo{ Lo: \o. ric' tnf it!.r
.,o -. . ,^L
l1rLllt0l1r6l!l"tol0luLultI0tuvnLan:Jtn fr'1r,!1rddn1LoL.r rtlnl)reilflt
loi,rdrdounrrunoornro6o,Urt'tr rr., unu-lfi6uif,aluniril.ruavn1rlr-iJ
l- a "
u11.111',lyl.lv u0nilnuElnt!u')lJt1401ta{nl5LltoLllln50 fliLl:r'!litioaSnud,lnnairn
J
dlvturl!)l11 rtyU r'trq!1]1lo( l!1:tll0l- l14L:!,On0r.il rii'llly]1jL
. co ltlr.:-ri!irr rnr rrl lvrlrda,rn6:ot rrl d u:,: 1 iA liin5L .iL
ir"r: ru!rrqioouJa:,r-c I rrlr arartoi'r-n-r ar:Eih lr rt'ulu.io.f, oo,.or1d
6ni, o,
o ar:'laIo:nrilol rfr oarnnr:rarrty:ifihlaul:oiuarryiiornrglvrluoonrrh
0'rnrfl 6'rx.r1rnlfio iiSatn'u o, vio t,to, iiorfluarl peroxyacety(nitrate
(PAN) 6.i!fl !a-uor'ruoioolloruac:cuurr.i16u r01n

a .1_.0)ll ..r ,{ rdrJll 111"r'tuJ,l.il,'!UYrlrlU.r),htF 0.',[Ur. l\..1i1.rf

Ltt.o J .rr0l1 r'l'ly L'".t: -
1"U01,,f'11 1\.4. 7r40'
. .i L,:p 1 r' er d ry1r.!i,;qld"l1.. i'r l" jr.1

.'.r.tir ur li F tti.:. 6r-ur ur.i r
du.raal.ulur r. runfrurl e'nrnrr! ffl ,ia lvi"drrnfrrn-harurni iir r:

lln l! ,]o.ir.l
- t_ 11r.l1lt3dy)5nt11nt5$]]l.|,!!i0 1tnl01LL0r
- A' it - - s,a ( o F-e| ilrt rLviolo.F,-r 6rt.uil',do' iurrus rtir.fi

nsrnlldoEooadurrulnrrT rda !r Pd {.ni'ra'hin,lj
oooo
uJ1[1,D]dU1lltut.]tnlu
uawunlDul
flqna ..v,iu (point sou'.e) 6r
'rasuvrrri'ir '.vo.r "itilorirri@-U!(L
61'L^)U J11..&1". r" r)J'lUilv rlf lUd'Ul1-t1lL*ydlLdtul4lLtl!9 rllrtlt[LLuL
(ronpoirt ,o!r-e) trlt!0tog^n L0nilfut !".\ J.
r! o 1- tu o:J iY!!:,.UL n'n1,]tl.
n,lnfl r:rnBq: !!aynlnooAryn::! a"u'lsiuri
a uit, Yio'1llJllvlr1 ' tl!r" 1111ill)Y.n1ltrJOde lEJlel,UlcUvl)aucUU)ttr YlYl
drua"rtlr 1d .rc r.:q!turo run"?, fi lr.i aearoJ ldio, ar frlio

. r rrr.]tuolrrt'ruon rl.urirn rr.oiq.Fulorrorfiti drliaroator
d r)r,.r.t.hg
lvut ur")r610u1rdt ltl r.10 ut'opl-i/ al o'l r!) r,r6 11{v rllrr.r'mIac.116 l1l
r.lr rirlflorn r:.6!arr.va rnro1uninuavat:acalLun!I![itir[ 6t[osr
(NHrz(Mooa) udlirhJ{uaarino;aouua6ortor usrLrisulaalr{hiutnot
(NHJ3PO4'12Moor rirfi oaModloi
r e: tri iu rrrn r:irtv. luonatvn:t,-ei !1..ara'1ri.r,rr"r-.tv',uod'aqrfir
*-f lri o n, errarh.ut,hild,.,,:rlrcviourarui.:n"a:rj^ri-lfr.rr.rh,1dli
'lddouai riraru:clrlrirra
u
a d1l tnr.t!lnnitn"rio tu.r6nlln rtfillJ {,!9] nn't.l luouu0u [a?n.!a.l6uyai!l
r 't Ltuol-q&t' 1','!rr rL' hJu-luv io!,vF l1j 9l 1' Ltrtrl". t]:, tLerrnt.nuv
c: d uoE'i!d rDor ni. n rlr:ldo rGlrruaa't.ruil'dlurr:dooaaroir.niuis r.
1u;1 (eoo u5o coo 6rr!ilxrofilfllul-nfldr!) {.rfii6nr:rrd.:d

250 I! CHTMEASY
d1 DO (Dissotved orygen) i. . rGtl'tuduî.nu r:e'.tr-rj rtuieirl:-

eiadr I 60r (mq/t) llviijUrolrlr ul6 i ii oon6 !n!o { 5-' mg/L looi'xl! tirdr
irnduarto!6 r DO L, t n r r 3 mo/L iliror.llul^lLair fl rll a D()
-l- ' i
lJlUtloLOl!
2l arsa.alo K/NaOH
1) aisa:ar MnSOa 3) 66a:ari HrSOa ri 0i (ndicator)
'lnutso lrunsodoliJ
1!ar:6!a1ur6rxaaia0!
f^**r,,i;
40smshldsuTuoonArouiurii I
8000 x [NarSr03] x vIN:rs203
!C
d1 BOD (Biochemicat oxygen Demand) 606- ir-tuoo-6rn"i

,r;ryiitf[1,ln ruou,ldlrELriL.r,lL.)6 r iL frotuvn:: 10". .nufr':'lLirfriFi'-r
B(,D urnnir 100 mq/L nr"oriludf!;rl
fi1 COD (ChemicaL Orygen Demand) Fo.'r.ir {La."iruufia ,pr1d

'tu r)r ouca r.6ur;ud r':.uri .nrirltrir,nnlya r16c.rir",r:fi nr coD r rnf irn,
tsOD.La!n nA ll.nt-lflr lLl.l l! r)nl dU;rf, llrv lrl l)piLMlll""" la'l)il1.1.14lll
UrUhluawunlD6u
r efrtlr^rar-ia rryol ri'rri'roti rrdr"
'nrr_rarrro"ru
o a,t:d,ldo6'o:itrLacnf:ldtuiyurflr6flflun1i!fi!aarriiqrr.in rr_tnufl: ir.ra'I,fi
: "- -lr'tu.111,'iiJ r' .ir"tr v rirrr:
dn'flalu.l .Ulr..1 A.!nu oUnulLlUla_L
rirdo6'orlfi tiarrr:oondrrorfl uGuriluo'uo:rreianuuava-ni (Ln:r:i nE-la
nlrfluorrirl:vrov) rdu ar:aoinrluoaoiu 66fi looaniu riuar';frvoa6'r.r
lurazu6nua:h6l airaarlo:c!!fr i':i'Lu:sgvur: yrraonto.:iruy.ri
rarso:a:rtr:vluna-rurl{ua'nrnrgo:6uyid {ra'rarril,.raiflixryt rudll:.iu
Ldt,rt 6rri Lad r1t.11 raoiui:u"nj.,.odurur :. r",.":"ri"d.,
. l,usrala6n ocda!aa'rouriruary'rl#uiorqo1r.r1lrla-Ir:ofil rla.rh6r16
lllfl ,r..tnitfr c rio.-r-ur t*6r rrl, r'e rr r':otior r rtlfllor rol'hir r
l6ryid rtil rtaalaauoirrvr uioro6uaa6n uagvrarorraoart'liuav
yll!tltLlrI( den.Flr1l!lyl. 14Uan. PeduLe qp-., [.dl Pe, /, LF

BIOMOLECULES
I ,
-
!

252 I! cHEMEAsY
arS fu'loroso tta!nlsnogou
UlolaturaQarou) (Monosaccharide)
d'rflrntr.nna.6rr.ilun'rih1oroiflfrfirL'ro#nfr,to n rr1u1..rerar.ivrifi.rdSu,t
2 rhuur116o Uivlnrifili{ CarboxaLdehyde {rio13!nirliqj Aldehyde, Forrny()
rg60f'jrJl0rrauoaloa (atdose) dxuliimydfiyq] Carbonyt (Ketone) nrGuril

H r-Lsra 6lya (tetose)
H-#ia U O_ fiU!' nrlutl lr levl C )-6 0ctldli6ltt[dr.d n).lUrt0a ,

ad )L lvryv
rn+H { 111.1 ( 0: I 0,. r'llL u1r rc (. (crFroo!).rua! t1J o'crt,tl1c0'Jautrqc httil

n-f-* Ittdd dllrlrl,1ra 1,1!ha v' , .r_lur_cl rd C" (C.Ll O") .turJ r u r0 6.s,
*T-* 6o nalna nruanlya rl:nlna Luulua c s oroolua;ivri
frrrihrl3'ro'rafiiii
[16r o.dU t1
" f_*
H o.,"nyoe lvGorit dldopc,lto.- ..arv retr ui n rii C I ax.o., u.r: ila
ketone {1fi un't r ketotriose L1fl 6 tr-Lana^6r :o-rHrn"n uao rri :o r:'r r
fror
)q-q-H-\
H. /H
lf:rairr nalna tCtucose) m!"anba (GaLa.tose) ] drnlna (t ructosd)
I .i)
*rY{16 H-,P
c
I
H
{ o
c
cH"oH
H_ c-oH H OH
I HO -C-H
Idrtlo HO- C_H HO -cI - H
H C_OH
-c-
I
H- c-oH HO H
6tr,oH I I H -C -OH
H- C_OH
ii-\
H OH
I I CH,OH
,. CH,OH CH:OH
,-fr\r.. )5
"1/ b{
f-{
HTI Llllu'tn
Glucose ring form
drcrra[umnari (Disaccharide)
r.lrnrallranaqjtitlmfl ulero:nfi rfi olrnnr::ruqr-irald'rorallrna16ot z hraqa
droi'lo:1na1n66n (gtycosidic bond) ua:lvldrlr 1 ltraaa dtalnt:
2C6HDO6 --' CuHr2Olr + HrO

100 coRE coNcEPTs l1 253
L'rnlnh.,aa'rnfr aldru .riJn aa.rd ..nntrla ualrlnra
uoa[na = nalna + nalna rnnlna = nannlna * nalna dlhsa = nalna * \,VsA[na
,xrr t"tl 'r) r Ju9 Inl!( .c1 lyqrlutr ' 'lY']fl' u.!LL 19 .clu,.'.c
JLoldluln:
1v.! (ot qosacc haride) a'.iurl 3 1o I!tala
woeudnnl]sd (Polysaccharide)
uoBurnorl:rirfl uor5Llorsiofi iarrududou idauzucrihro6r!oifi rior'rrnr:
r6arriannto.r monosaccharide rTrn_ufu raqa potysaccharide fi rioduid'nurus
nrr|tolr0rotla&i']"r51:u.i9n1l$rnfl 1nnlr [!nt!u1r61utu0 n0
ufu l:anordronqlnadofiuriluno6utanrl:ri drsriunv oipho 1,4 qlycosidic i

1o:rairr z tioraran 6a amytose ttas amytopectin rioeioou6'rrr1d'nqlna
rraqlaa .io, nnalcaooilJ.t!n1uu' r : I ridr",ar.rlcoLifi ir r.acnh.r:d

16o!aio rturilov beto 1,4 qlycosidic rirbinqlnari urann nd"rrir riu r{ut:
Lo1o>r,l.r',: r4 i ra rcfr[d r..r u-m .tlulct i dir rr,o tartir,t nifft t ,r:- e ,ari, uoic ot'r
11{66 irrnrolriaurintloartaqlaatd
amylopectin amytose
cet(utose

254 l! cHEMEAsY
lnahror-r (ufl .rlufroi) i1n:i6i1.!ndr! amytopectin (nfrfu rala1x.!ni'ruau[in

| ft rnn I I "tllrFr 15tl-lELo:o1T1(L!lflLl.ol1r-.tnd r:Jtl.o [ttf u])cr 1,n.tndlu.aao
auut[a:n1snoaoun15 [uldrosoua:drora
r.Lorafu raqardar ldurl n4lnauarllloha arrr:ar,hua:r'uruar:v!-nlofl lddad
ldrorruaa*al co, o-laun1t c6Hjro6 + 2crH5oH + co: fivurufrt
r1'. .Lr1ltljlelutrllr"r r/vL 0rv'. u.ri,, )^.0l.e1ra-d. eaee
n'rl11ola0!d1n"ra monosaccharide !tas disaccharde lirl6lnunr:q!

d cr6 ror.l e ari- arrara :,r,LA"d d rdla-rrol \ r r, r ',t" o.6rfiFri.r
rvidovnouduo.r69ro.l Cuzo !fioin'rnlBntux{ carboxaLd,-.hyde uSoxq] olph.-
otiro et, ii ri,-u' lir a s.{Ju ( -,r.r!iro,o
hy.r,oiy t erone. oluh,a.rt
.:. dr'..h,1Farat"5oiuri' ..'tr.ilJrotetl"ral:1:"Lir.ti.irLt i, i.6
x ar:avar gnrorjredoelrinareriJu monosaccharlde riol)
uflr uoaarloaldarrauargtolo6! octdar:araruex:r[ix] (rr:rcrin

lqrrai r.6d,juiaruro6.rtru rlrd" a...irll"q:or 1r *r.eI'1",iud'rrrl rior:',
Itr!r6'!ri'!ar:acarun:oruri a:oavri.rrlfri3o'rlaIo:lafian"oarflidtro.rItr1fii
iurollrd.afi!;na.!tta:6safuu*'rtd'riunir der{rins uarnrrndoEoionunaluriu
rirorat6' drrYrriodlur].ln-rr:oudrrrarrr:oynaodddrerar:-a:aiuiuru6ad
h
Black-blue (omplex
drviu'lnalnrar ufi alroaaldrsar:ayarstolo6u rgrionr:ul6oudro.r
lala6rrrnu?rr,rary6oqfl l6rirorau,r,rrdr
lndu lctritinl
crt
o:{ lnFlttluh0l!UE)o J.L't tt .111l' U14!6r1.1! l0.oi0tLr'1r1ilit]
NH tulr;r:rlurtluorri :rnor fiIo:.raito6'terraalaa [0irultl
o H
..r. ld. rLllltlrtca )! t14 Jnd.l ..t v td'lyt .l a'onrFrrofl o
NH
6lrl:cnoud!t"rn!auorroi 6o xlY.ro.ra N acetyt D
CI"L qU-cosaa rne 1l'1101 o0rLo')tl11l6t l.tdtF oo .1' a tr rF.r.t u
I
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine toslutrrltr tt' 5, trl.1.Jy1!,tu' .r tndo'.ra' Xl:liti

1oo coRE coNcEPTS lE 255
nir[iu.ioilto i6raaoA!!oitoe!iraluu!! dlrua1ffi nrrlui lu:ltol

lnit6:1{q't. t1./ ntlJ
tllru![o6th uuul_l,ll ullulln !1
lllt
nr:Lir.rri'rto.:ara1qltrLaf a
ml
inrrria.rri'rra.rarofu i
Illmr
nlritNn"lto.ialdk1ll16r:slu
id'iutuuall]?nifilr i6iu tllra!aluififlri6urir'll af aitst,lll][1.]ll0u !n'l1l]
uri.ru:.:ar ndl Lrl6onr'r lidoo*ilL,' r rlr,luLLnr udiul.!:o!n1fl uttuoavh nl
larvin hLrin :l mcfitr\o'r
1.6u1'ro:,:.t 6rir"t: oq':,uitl :iu"reetnFolrr 1t rrnxuLnu'1tu:i1t ti

doi{lllrildotneo [ioan (deminera(ization) 1nu16ar:avnrz n : o o:tduriurvior
vflnndrararain ud:6ri'i uunlirdu.on (deprotein zauon) lotrlda'r56saru
u,.1 or16ln61 v' n.iluL6 6Ltton r rt adrrllv i0!iLUddril-luaq Jq?1r11:0alia

aant66'1uroll1lloa
lnlngru r6orrnnr:d'flro'lv{] acetyt flo!;"lo1a N acetyl D gtucosamine
(6unil deacetylation lulnalooa so gt duhl ua:iarthaearddhn:orior

rfio.mrnviavfrTl GNH) aru15fli! H'nsltrlflu GNHl')
Chitin Chitosan
\rl
Deacetylation
cH.
lnlflt'rurvfiairuaa:.t1loiJ'rnr'ra N acetyt D qlucosarnlne uau glucosamine

atir-a uh6.uo5.6rr6u tL''!io, a rr"io oea-etvta ior 6!13!-tLMr. a.etv.
fi ru6ooq]lviradoart-6ra.itolotru trju lralataqa n?itmdo fl!!fuin1:dr
lnBuuartolertruutl:vqafldrl:vlltriluvarol6T l
. drrorvr: f i'tiua ttr-o1o a rri :' i, r, r Fu ra .,er a,:1rior.'!i! lt'n6a!
oiaua;aalitfi oinurntuao n'rifl uilaiuiiurl::vrlkidruiuir::1orvrr'
. drlnr:ul{nri 1{intrlt{otdou gLucosamine riluar:didulunr:filo:rsli
proteoglycan ua! matrix ta,lnls{ndau Sldrolfrr6orilnt:qntlouulrdu
$asfin1:riiu ulnlnqlu rlitoula ri, afrhitrirfluuratir uaauu'iirt-r
i:c {!'|fr fi onrrdsrlut!!rouiatriv-lutirl'!

256 I! CHEMEAsY
. q:tuff:rfllsJ'.olr,.o:rr!f .iu, rc tl::. or'lu'", Fr

"":
1.lo,r r,r: c
dq dEr.ro.,r'fu., a0'rd1irdrt.rrillulorru" ,r ,r i:lirir

Llt1J r I01n" LUtlrtnluoutsL. n clilt1E.t1i, r14L.r )tr..):tqlIt6
c r :0,fir aaaFor'1," eori'ri4L! r n1r'ldtlu,lll r' , urrl
. ! .-t
dltrnrrdniol.ilGiu 1ot ri'rh d ,it. t.ora vnr.lo rv : ia.:utrrlaarar
tflt0{lx] e_ _ioi!.1![]loLuayt.!Llro LljtfllryL0r IqLi tlllhdnoful:ao r
lC lldi lqlfl{'U.ttldlx tJpo6ltuL.rudl"tAlLnM:yr. lLr t)Lr tior .aaldtirU
n SOOt 0 [u lla !w:us ! lwu] nd
nsoo:[[u
r:aoyfilr.:rilumiroi16nfi qora{rJ:6u i zo tio 1o:lagrrya-nU:vrold.louaair
nriuol fiy ayilu yrloriranfi6n *ag'lalo:nr.: 1 a:sro,-:lurilwrjruuo 3 uru
..-:trrd6ti'h.5LL1r ,.a:iyrifus .0l t^YL ru ql .r1yiuarn.. ir,ouE t utr6
o:n:l 4 uuuno6 *aoro-r:rl
.a -1 .{o6oryri.
group)
-, tdnro
Mrl R kesidue) ijunnrjriri'!ti{fin:rrocfrlnuiiavriofi arlrl"6fi rrnnoirlniu riq

fivr R ian rr'r..:rior n: c rr ri rU ofor-urj q 1rifr,n-rvEo:lr.riar ir:!"..rn ui.
riuilerrartlun:o ruariu drlunrl n fi r,trlnrirant6n 6ovlirlfilraqarYuriJun:o
urnlului n ivrirofiulrlranariuirrriirrra uaerrayi R liiyrjlyrioriroa66n
uavrriroiu fu mqarfiiavrilunal
r:rarrr:no"ol{ra:oaciluFrrra"nunJcra iiri.r.r (mj R) leio-lif

loo coRE coNcEPls l! 257
[ua4arln Nucleophili( (uauu3?urn)

q83 \-l ,J
**X* ,,*A** 1 I"".,.,
c) Abir
{
orFD (Crr. (L
^)
Y ,-f"*. .3**
l-un IL.u l)
-.t".,.
r, irdtsll
ItoLd'd 1r1.. M) Ptu lM.r. tPo, P)
.a fr- rc
ArdrEtk
A- 7"
,,n1"* *,nl"o*,i') *l"oo, A+rn. r.d 6'p. o) cu.r&d{GLrE)
r***{
Irylbph.nlrl,
P|Iqr.!.lrrlPh r) TyErn lly,. |Yl
L
ar&,rdotdfiohsaru R lAnM Gu.nnl6h,o) rr.ed(}li, rq Lv.eGYr' Q At9'*t(^'! E
^rprt
w.us:rwLjlnd (Peptide bond)

rdo n: o ovilu z fu ta qaairrri!oc rflllreiriuoc ri o rtufu ra qalo rnrJtnr'1 r.JIi3tr r
n':rurjlrfi ordoudolrltaqadudnAraar:a'rtn:rvr.irohd Io!wld';laontrr r
luraqarionr:tion"uovtnr.ltvr,l t riuov nr:tior{utItrUlnd
arur:orioldsiorfiortih 3 furaqa 0n:rr,lflvri) c llraqa {roo:v
N r itvli) viordorloiol 60a1vara1fu tala rutfiumlan:ooriltr

sio6'lriluarEorrfi tianir fla6urtllnd dllJ ann:uanifiusctxd
1rlri uavo-rratlc!aa gr"'rul4riluoarlrnriuotr
H
"'r ri ru}. ral,, rnJlr,iirr.n [e.nUluoihllr6troFrnr lvri r-
o la-nhnr:riouloutiltiauornuqioefiIrltolnroo:iltloi: *:n
HN. -O (6onir I't term nat) udt6ldrra{oriuonS6nlrlair.rriiurc r1!1Y{i
.J{ - t- \ 'a
rir r,{oriluto tlr,,aq,rdoltj ltvd'r ^lL.lrr 1.lod[utt0uln1rr )
I |Nr
bmlaqoire a:ruiriJartnn'qoltliulqiorftoniSmro'tllmrp
/rcH
B"N l, 4oriru (iunir C term nal.)

258 13 CHEMEA5Y
n1sK1d1uf, urta:d[onsoo:0 lulu [nsDas]rowohrwrJlnd
nr:urrirururom:ooyiful,lraaaulr tnriosorpl-snr:und "uea rnrirou', rfllyah

airunr:vrtfirnro.ln:oovilufi riluai6i:va o! l c16n'r:a-r Lno iy:^l a fislaa a nlra r n
ltaafl't Fr'-ElJ€Li lt1l1to0u n0
o riud-l lfruhriuu;i'r rnoy'ryr,iayilu (aroar N) rllrrrurlarsldi odjefir

o'. r err..(d r€ iuoulroti.:yirrocslo rD: \ ilvt. ri" ri, ,r -Or.i0...
ol".rur.lyir..Jr riuo Eltor trr.i t:yt.ol!-ii.-Co \J 1L.r'0..i:,rrLl,r6ir I
arirouls.rurn[uLrraqa {orarirdqa'nuniloornardor: auli)

o iroallrnrirouarlur.r R oloo{ u-n6outyrf unrrruatari.r.iLLagijruru
3!11fr2
tiotsrn;oogfrll :rr6rnri rillrn:o-ruafiyri R i'drs

!on n rnd u-.ifireoio a.'r:n"rura.:r.: aL m narorro6 utJlmria th.r rir 6 ndr r ar n
3'd-ld u tn:rairvo"-ror.,oevfrIu rrufrrr6'i.iJr:-1l6.r,r.fi ., iluvr ,r,r-6r

":
fi.vlouf,u rirvinll.".etorn.uf - r4 d .5ruin rrarli.ir"yl n .y,riu dr
riru!:cyo_or?arhn'r:60 o"ifriad.'r.r
tricotiroii za lg,rrr:aLanarorrrr-ltyrdfi rnoro-.lrrl
" '*J
l''rI*V' 57
]H 47
llulno Llrrfly,iifli:rnor6'rsa:novfrIu r yr-i:a.r

In:taitrudnrtrn:qo:fi1ui r,,,t* ro I i
i
:rrdrfiiLion'. s bmaa orr' n,t- = orl'or 5(18)+ (59+57+91 + 75+a7 +47)
..,-.',,-,,,.,,,',,.,,''.-...'
Lowlr! n u.rnda:doo
= 444 90 + 386 = 740
lonr ni 78
.hll lrr tunu L llu t. Ltut. -- dal 1_6lnilqrtd", oooo

udnrt.?! u--. rril/l: ro ,B ;xr L 1" rlt,ii;L ll rr
t,tlC-rH-cH-c ltt
EN-CH{ r,H{H cH-c_rx ct_c.ou
tE toldsc. 1L I a.3? ir a:'l6.rriolu.aralor,,, ct[pooH cH. cHrH Q{x
rarpitcdJdlnr.,y Lr! Hrr-t. i aater:rJfriir ii:r

n ro r rrFr risxt tl.t11udx.t!0 rUu atr i!a n irl

I
sr o-u [R s oat s-rou oo [tJ s6 u tta t n r s tt U aod nrw
s :o-u [ns oaSrouoowaarwU]nd uar [rJsd u

:soiuln:iairwa.ili:6uuti{oof rtlir a :sdutiu.rlrnle:lair.rt6n1l ruhr4]
{1lt01t0.iu
o In:rairllglli (prlmary structure) orutaordrdirlto ia:oavfrluhalstlr.l'lvol

.riaua, r' t'l.ot'vdnotrrt.v'rjlvri ttju y -F'. ),. A'a.{,rdL lqt1.r'';u
nrnial!f,.! N aioa! {N'term nat)
ln:lah116a4i {seconaary structure) tioarnln:lairltl5unir:trorirutiJri

n6m (aLpha-hel x) vio 60jturui1J!ilu[i]! (beta sheet)
suuo6!lllai.d] (atpha-hetix) d'luno6tr tfl{ilgtntf,ura6orfirau:ido
.Miu J{lr):'lElv r.iLlyl, J rrtr.,.14're axi.Lli6l f itchv"fiL--q)1ot.:o
lfioaooarorahurilvd o"q {ru
trll]]utiuiotir sheet) alElroAllt 1ld':1'ln"duorturln"u litrru

(beta
oloortor c=o (da{irrluoarlrnlfuou) oti;rJir{ !analotlovna c !fll

ar:-.v6tt,.uttt tfi inuru;tilu:ru rt 6:trinntgtalo:rludotviurrniu
!roF rvrr,itvrdaradr.r16!r 6rlirtfr qniirouailriu
a In:.rai'xof,oqi {tertlary structure) [iqnlnnliqt'!6otrdtncloll'luIo:lairl

\q; uair.rriru r{rvrri'uviottidv fr':otirr nju lllalaatl
16u4fi6rqnlrirn6al.ria
t.A
Ia:rahroq:4i (quaternary structure) [innlanr::rud'tdulalla:tairl

niu4ilfi n:rairflvrifihaqidu udu dbalna0r noaartru
1n:rairr::d'r-roirrlto{rl:6!tf, fl arnu:{6ioo:tvrjr'raruto6trrllvd
ri'rrilrrnid{od:tnruu:rfilqoo"rnrirr 1rrtaqatoll rdultnnu alaatr
(denature) fl ni'gdlftlfirinulla.tanruta{i:f, u lduri

260 l! cHEMEAsY
. a?1!.riou 6€Ilra!al!:6utdiroruiou na-.rrrurair,ela:norrirllluLrana

,!-
itcfi fl a'rriuoaia.idl rionr:6odrro.rnnoy rirl,fi ol"ruurjloirllluartnoa- -
rnrllni,iztirlrlrrnL6r l![!!n,liAoryi!!ri1]tyn.jrrarukiovqntirnroa.r
fr!oEji.inriull6.ianlxutltlfi niu nrall.rolrr:r.1::mrrdodo.io-.ranruiol
o n_1inro-ruF ili,.ro.rJs5 raxLn' u)u - ..?: ot 1un rdld rL, 6lrulJtdii!
eiril (!3tr.uurl atkyl ammonium riwri carboxytate) uuaroldro6rnr[nd
lu}l:6uloan:r 6.ryilfior.!air.wo.illli6irfin!du!1 nr1ra! d'!ori,rinriu!ii.r
aatriruudniu n,t:iurcuT ralhrdoi.r (!,i.i[dd1la,
o uoanooori !ir':ruv:Jfl.!d{u!o.iuoanosoiinsa.r!1:nair.i{!oslalflri,nu16 ei.i
ncl runx!ttasuytn[rlfl1JEs'lElgitnu:ul.ti1.!6iuraarvrdyd n-rotirtrtiu m:

yi [oanoEo !i!!ix1.iflrr'aur.]a.ranrn\J:6du rratir6lol: cr
. tairsulin aitirnlufiJduvri carboxytate luaranoirrrltndld tdrnnovnou

o-'rad'rif .rr!1la.iarr,r1 !!u1li'rriu nr:lrifiyld:-uat:fr trnelrllaycvu-na6ddl,rr
rr0 tvhlstl.J Lu Lt" rt t!n'! ,'.;Lhrl itL-, luy 1.6!0.y.t ri.dl.itu.rdnx.-t
adr.rt:6oru a-r:rrtJa.ranrrto.il :6urilu!iurnlrri.ra.utl:.i6olyiuliuyir.i
arrroirr,r hrdrviriu trl6oriunr:tioslr.l:6u rn:rcnr:doaIJ:6rlLilun-r
6o1liiiufl Elfl rtafi a 6jo1flTuf.rd-rl o-0fi1r6! rrrilrld:vy j, ra:oa:frlu loainrn
vidr0lJlti.thd,.i.lUIF;or rad'xsfr16'l r- r'rr. r6a ld .y.gfi}.
lond6i nd ts.t lunr:irrn:ryr-flcr:rrr,lyriltnoga]iu lnat! rraclr6u fi.u3uno!6'ri;

i-
tiurT t o:a'fruf rrJfriie rir ,:6liiy{firi6i.r{u. -iuE. 6c
.fiud z n8un'ldorn,ird 1 n'rlifiEa1d!1i6u
rfui a r:iudldorn.urufi z r4riJfr i3arir'u1na6r
3i
{ufr 4 ritllrr-l,i!1rril/fr 3 rirlfriiortalo:66anilrirrfi rfiouonr:iuoonornllmqa
a) 1m:rn 1nrifi riodurrnnta'rrn:rvlidrsi6dr.r6! iao:Io:ratrt5uaioo'rr.l:
n) raratfl{r:fturirdlnr:dryloln:.ratr.ra6orirud uro'l{nr:laun:oociluri.! I tiorjr
d rorir.: ri oric. fr =iu ra ," ur.r r: il,r.
"ao: I ltrulrr r qalor rrtJl no"to,v odr.:fi..ut
tontifl nfi zs.z l$r:iurfl ot-osiohdirfi craoiohraf ali.l:61lodr. :

a) nr:lfiorruiarl b) taukrihnr&!flrllnvr.il
c) t6lai:acaian:oua'rdi,iei3 a) nr:rfilrirnratria{tur
lonrjiinri zg.: bianalsrru.Jlyriiriorrnn:oosil! : tin odr.!ae r furn1aildu rriqodrLru

(rafl r:v'ude!rioriu6'rsfiunyIaa, .]trityd)

!
I d0ouoDftJsdu uarnrsnodou [tJs6u
- ..:
duolta:hu'tnuoDlusou
r,lnv-riodriru!i rcd'tIn:rairurorli:6uuuunFu4fr uav*uuq:4fi orlll:m1ad
lnq] 6oamnr:ro r"r riru ritrfiu lir:lir.rcir.rflu : ifr r:16laur:nur.i.rLl:6u
aanrflu z n{rlv4]1nrrllJit 6s Ll:Euriounar n-uftJrdlra'r:10
o hl:filfiaunnr (globutar proten) fi;rlirrriluioll rlourirlnar a:arorl fi

drodr.rrrlu dhlaatu daliulurararr rodti uagaoflruuttio
. Iur6u!f,!1u .ibroLr, prote r) fia-ruru: .tllu.idor r1 e:a ol',ldi{,,u fi'r u

6rrhofln:raitrirrl tdu aaaariaututdoGo 6araFulu
iriru:.rua:6ore]u
rdurSu luloi un6rrrda tn:T 6i:lr ! ru uactS! h1:h-r:5u1urfrdur
hi6!fi tlir.!fi ttaa0i1.ifiuorrLr'rvtirfi nr:rirrrului:c!r!a]:6rtnilo l

ddiio vrnrrnti{rl:dlnuu ritoor"u frovaur:irrri dvn rurioiril ld(ii
rinto.rtl'i6lurirnunrirfr
6C6!ar: :lo.rn-r aaffm ri.:t-lf,iiior Ier-.raYr'r 1Ua.ta15
t01rtt]]srll n!nann!t l.ilr L allln8!l 1rluiqGaa

!odtJurtin In';rrailtlr u 6! vrrl!.l118;irfit11
'a:r;r".l
srqrtran
louldri
substrate !ot.rlrirfl ulir6utiriAfi3arirrnitldlfi iior riralrJirr1rltaqau3trruui t
(+ AB (a.tive site) fildarionl:[{rn-r]fl!aalgtiigil] (substrate) adr.i,ro6 udraotndlltt
.jofiruhrd (rir Ea) tr0.! iiiorar lirbiriotJfr iiortrioti'r{:rorirual'hsdu
6'rodrr rG orriar.irr 1 tdr.r r,tr a t:rrio I uuao:! m6 uro onlrn uril tv5 no''tfl
a rri ldu r..a:'l6traru uu^r uoiv r'l{ltr rriiuo"uadiuio rf rrt!6ae
ar!r,:n *s "a anldb.ur nr.at ri dra n rorllui6n 13 t u.afioi"1tar.lullt,r r
+ lunrurfl ua3rudr 1!irrto ttoultritinvi.tt=tvlrcat.t1a6,r'11 substrate

riord{ouiorrv t:r6rfi auGandatault:iotu6o substrate *dra{rf, u{viru!iu
-es
uiu 'ovhma dos o:h1aa' 'qiraa tJoe qr5u" rflroiu

262 12 cHEME^sv
dL llJ s'L '.y L",l.LLLtLti.!UL!!rLULr.rd1"Lt F0 q[Li]t4,.Ud,

- r .J
O' rllJLrto tLCtol0l.l!a rfl.yt rrdl ll"lrrlMLltr',.JrtLOtdl!0L[tr]lru"l
rflo.rttnoruyniuavnl:r(flunro !u6alriinuiaifl:rrlrJ:6ltd l'rlri:rljrr.r,or
,erLlttrtJrtlrlUl.JlU']irUllôtt..6 nLnt5-b5-rdte.tL.0it)nLnt)LarLrn.rr1l, a
.,|
[onl]o11l!llLl6t$lltuMtoclI Ia1fl uLr.]irfl n!uInl
fl1snodouftJs6u
ar:noaarltl:6r.r f,uuyoaord:uarlaaal!'hor:o (CuSO/NaOFt) 10fl crt' 11r
6i:avar0!car!r:nrioar:r6.r{a!6r.h{dn"!r(uocrn lnrl q n'utc at:rirdoui

rl': rd fiorr n nr:air triuosla ooi6 runlo rr rauffo e 5 rF n o.:o!rllo o d crl ar ovo o!
'lu.o,r.oud,Jr*ylnr-u :ur'1r oijr ,i 1u5.uu: irr,Ftt..urr r dr.t
RT R' R,
ttl'
H,N_CH_CO NH_CH CO NH-CH COOH
\-/
cri
,,,---tt-
H,N-oH co-tilil cH-co iril cH -cooH

tll
R, R: R3
orn: rflunr:rioar:16.rdoi.:3rh.troi ..1et:rr11

6, r:iun'rjral.traoirhraqa
"'lorn:-ltuq"' aslrjarrr:orio6rht (fi rfiltdd'onu) n-!a-:acarsltl!r:o r :.r;fi
fit o:rrdlydrfir.ror"rura .rrEer ufrvorn'ur'uovmr]'lyriorn,rraqadrr16orrfioriin
n.ir: il:trlli:rusnr.;rioloooS6ruorlnr:raudfirvrruor aldir
ar ; ifi.r {o!s-.i
hralorrdlrdr'aur:nroaar6'rotuar:otfrnr:iu.rod.ru,rl',fl :milrii'dut
fonrfirni 80 Lr',yure[ar,n:orsfiie.rolr-ia:,rr...,5%,,r ..d)Ld.t6r.nhr,.or..eri,c..i.t

'lfrzuaar:yrraalarirr'l:
a) haiaiir6u
b) rrlhlofiafliaocariu
c) tr6aoreriatnatu
d) nronaqlin

I
1
6Eo nsoluur-u lla!fl lsnogou
;-
cDnusrnouuoD tuuuIa:u']uu
hriuraiorjrfr fi6arrrroiir tria.ylgtycerot 1n:rairl!rvaoldton6tto:oa
t 1l.nna r.asn:oltfu i lr .a.a :rudrrutiluartuty oL,e cr.9 oi fivl Ler?t 0"6
n rirerie .atco,).a,bo^v. e,oup tir-y,.1X:id'u,.arldf :Ltnrn..rorri'rrt
a& -
.,qP
gir#ul.t!' o
trAlJualaa (gtyceroL) rilraiial]ridircurfl [oanoEod iqfl 11!iaqa c]Hsoi vio

uiruuaoru{fl rd'fi'urfl u c.Hs(oH)r fi 6-nb{wlilrllloituarladur,rioodroririir
n:oltrYr (fatty acia) rflun:o6uvirjfiivEinriuoniarfia.rvq]r6o':olon'tarrki

nardasca (c,H"oJ
lalororirou (drudrtluairuiri{ri'n:ottl-ubiavarsu*r) t-rfniql"rulunrir-ror.rtflu
!a!..drLFi 4 l8 oufl,r, firl r,.r'hs::utriin ital Io.18 ove' l
r
n:o'ltu-r'llo::rtr6 urh tilu z tio 6o
. n:nltrYu5ldr Gotuated dn) acrd).iurlollflufiitit-o::cur rrn ilouflu

rYu::.igtv'rvr o fidrtn :ltiu t.r ti!ol,i!ivnotvd'ta!t!1'u5,lm"l
(saturated fat)
o n:n1iriu1ri6l6r rur,ar.r'ated 'd.ty acio) !flu,1)o'l1ri1,v't_n-u'lt:,urrt
ari!our{luri'rltct6eruavr{utrd lnuol"rurarlliriluriisvriotfllaltuoittuufia
(cis-isomer) t{l!a{dlhenolvn-rtor'ltridri6lo"r (unsaturated fat)

254 13 cHEMrAsy
Ld.r, r rh iulr.ilurt iu}. irn'1rru"t-r r:r i' rir yi n-rir r i r b fr-v:,i

.rnns td.) .d1"1liu1r6Lr"tfi(_u.1lru)Ln r)rir1Elot,{L rt.r'orogerdrion) ..ri."
lu"trcl\.a::r-lnridi ricl"'"LriUirilrlF[iu_L. 1yi_ut" ;:DL'l)lri. ! r, riL.Lrr
a!".-,',-
.y' r tr iu!;ai,riit 1i k r1.r oi tr rt ..cr u_lilyU.1r i! [i-v.1uo!Foo-o I .iL
arLrq;irdryuo.{:nuaoo6aou":'h6u
6:fro'lryr]qr"ursqlu n:oltl"uLi 5ld'r

r ro ,turiIfLlx Fi- . rJ ' yiLr: .l:fr;"rturilagio iuo r riurioror" r,.yr. :.r: y rr
ir. : arirauororolraro i6nr:unfi z ,rulya-n 6a
. l!!!!q8fi1 !slilrnrflar adrunriuor{ Ioaldd'qd'nuni (A) roaor rriu n:o'la-
lurin ierirau 18 osool i hrsiri 2 $r',ruy .ifioiirlouosorolri 12 [a! 15
l.iirisuuru6r0 t8 : 2 a'"' hla!aa:olaltllainuaol(i-.ii
o
OH
13 16 14 12 t0 3
tt!uloufi 1 !suonlfi !.ior"rulr]ln"urvrio'uu:rlrnrlortltio'rulalo:arilal

tLavn"uor{o'runrj.ra-ohocrir.!du 3 ali!olldlo orn:=.Jfura,lan:olalurafia
n3mu1lUa6itNu 18 : 2 (r) 3
n ll UOucr-lu oDl u ulu ua: n soluUr-u
n:oh!'u5!o-T acian:luraqalilu c.Hr..1cooH r;o c"H,ô, yrnfi riruru H
aoarrrafi'uaoljlilun:ohr-ubi6ld.r Ino n h.:40:o3ana{ 2 asoro do I r-uosFi
nr:lotoraruhj6li':to.rltfir nBrfl6o!d!erali-nra.tu Ct (odine

6rtr.d rir friSo n : rir ir,,lur: n o r},:,lr.niE, nroltu-r-hi6r o' r
n o-o, h.o' oer
Iflunu16!6rlaratu tct xnnriuno lrariu rfiuarrarara t<t att rfiaul6au tct fi

ruaollinardrfl!, ri'la!mt
t lct + Kl -, KCt + l;
rJhlzu . irioduarrr:orh'lfi ouar:1ruy:odrerar:arijr! Na.sroj 1{!tr[tr

rfl!Axiirnrooi rfioriru!3a]ru , fifiodfiarur:orfiuu1l,rls!itu ct r- iUi6i0r
rivriusrdlun:ohriuld rlrfi rirurrubiusui.rronn:rrlh.i5!i-lqoihu'1rl.rio1ixrn
isrrionriuir loctne Vatue (r.Jilrrur{lunr-urolloloduiilido too ail.uo.rlui:t

too coRE coNcEPTS l! 265
rnn6Rn'rs rir ulf u y* x69n5cl'lx u'iu lta :1uu'iu
ar:rlon6orqv{ T rom:ohrilLia:{ora"tnr:n'ruriulilriuar:d'urilijriro tvnio

hnr:l"urahtnqan:oltr'u6.r tfl uivirrf, u tfi orl:sr6otra'r'lunr:rirl:ru n:o
tur-!6rld'rifi c ta oeoa! rtuhraqava-nifi ol#dr'irrdu
c$H16o, Ea cPH35cooH i Mw = 284

ja'!
.Iof1[5tLFl,rl't' lv^!]aulala?oltlolt1lL11tu' LJU ( tl li'11.1_lv'11.1)tu
1-rJlr' I i.firir"vio.oal 1 o:srouo:ietesi. v^ louli' ' ta ro

,n /84 dturu C
t o itor.: d)r-uir"":tirelh.lii tJ! H aodl2 d: u o,Jti. t tiur: 6rcti lnrr

nitnru Mw rou:o'ltl1.ura:tur-udr rtlar:ifu ra n alraq] io'ld
n:oltriu lsfu (irl:r no!rrnn:qrltriurduri'u)

l#ii1 cl?Hr5cooH fi Mw = 284 liii'rc,H,(c,rHr5coo), fi Mw = 890
r'u6Yd (c=c) bia!oa.rir[m]ias 2 fiuorqj (c = c) 'hiar aoroirunrlra: o
il'ruru C lultir:oh:il t dra; t4 i'ru'rr C luldr:o'ltiu t nirag a:

(r:rci,i'r!rua:olflr"! : I!Lala 1 l!lalnlnlr'u)
n-eotirlniu d:atiru!!
c,THlrcooH crH503(c'lHrrco)l
i 18 c, i (c=c) 1 uri.r i ra cdavdilia:ohfu

Il\'w = 284 2=282 i (c=t) 1 uli.irloliilliiirohriu lfiauaoa r
1,,1w = 890 6=884
c15H"cooH
fi 1i c, i (c:c) 2 ul,i.i c3H5(c15H2'coo)r
Mw = 284 28 4=252 i te c rovi$rin:o'lqriu lriallooi z(qz) = 8a

il (c=t) t !oi.itl. fill{nrortun tiauoor o
nctd Mw = 890 84 6 = 8oo
n-lorhDd s1l nroJ,1,.l-u cl5HzrcooH vfa 25.0 aitr 61,]1:0lidifriul6 ali:roultii cm'fi srp
uDao arada:;a1ard Mw to.r c,,H-cooH = 284 2o4) - 3\D = 250
froh!"1125.0 q aottlu 0.1 mot

n:otur-udiriuov{ I ulir l'.ritlfriiarril l,luo'o:rriru t olo:
o-rriu fio.r'(d t.,irurr.r o.: mot dr6otilr.r orzo cm' i sip

266 l! cHEMEAsy
olf,e.r'rori 81.2 ltrldiao:Iuraaa C,u,o3(Cr6Hso)r G,]iruini! 6.!ar!1:n anadrlara.roluiiurll'rdr

:oo,twlvldeocml
luf6o n'r,tdo!6fuIlyd arrarais Br, 8.0 cmrnciGllru Br. od :ovtwrv 6ortu z.+ g Br,
8r,2.4 g 6orfli.r 0.015 mot
\ - - 3--
!uafl :h:]ilrrioi irii.Jnrq]fr n:ottrluLraqaav I uri.r
! -i.
ltr"-"r-fi t ld:L,a1c
Lrana.t'rtJati e,
o-l;ll Br, 0.0!5 mot nstillimal a6n'uhri! 0.005 mo(
trriu CrH5o3(C,6H,,o)3 i Mw = 890 2(42) - 1(6) = 800
oio.rl{h!i! o.oos mot 6nrf,! +g
:-
nISIKUUKUUOJIUUUtE:UtUu (Rancidif icati,ln)
't:.yiurir"torltiu.iorr r r.Jfri3t-rrtrror '.rfrioduiull,a nltir"u.i,.ioriua ,:
J .a"- ! tr
,1v-tri
lfrion;u{L,"- t iiir,.rYrnri rr.,r'r'ld 3 r::. rlr ": 6.
o :,laftgft anirat-lr (oxidat ve racidity) nvriodt]srriurtuocriuirrflldniiuou
ro,r.islut-u Io0l !alooEnB(nuho1ataneldr1i.]iiiisrn'uo:00rrorf uoufi
n"uov{ otr-onrrriaurSo[nirt!or-:rji rfi srfl uar:n!l61nr {rihltro) r!o
ruoafllari (rltro) rir'lr.irion6lruir:iu
. !6-mg]XEl€daid (hydrot)tc rancidity) riouinuurl*aanonEoriuafiaiu
fu raaalrriu Inanrrlduyiarlrl:r" lirrJ[fr iarlalo:1aiafiol:L Lanarorn.;o
t-o . hl"uoontrnairur6rto:oa li{firion:oltu-r6a:cd!ln1,riolna-uiu
r ni:doarallilniti (microbiat rancidtty) rnonrnraultrjlo.ra6!yid1ua.nrpr
rdu lanla rfl rq"rri.rlffi onr.-eiooirrnnttulfl flfi !urn16nai rLacrion6ufi u
o
6 nod rlrrB, r"do rr i r -.r rFr ar.r. ltniufirFrbfr-hiilri:Frr-..c:b: r:
{o,iriultrir.:6uor"rv3.rrro,,rfl:.rglc}i{ririflnrrxra'Lrauluriarar:rviufiu *rifia!.r
(buv ated hFrory isde)
1i h ir-. ,nfitr :: r ot 6',otr ir"hjir.i:riuv$. .,"I ih,rjr".iud ,,Friol rr_r,r 1u
OH vi!or16tnriu h!-urrna"F.i6rl*nolriroltryu6r6'rriuvah uagflhl-utrl6uo-rr.lu
rr JrrrSnfi os utnrinriuu rirhoid n*rrirri.rluriurrn duriuactrnitilonra
ryfiuiuld#r z n:vuruar:
BHT fi fi"6uriql:r16ui.ir "rirhfrriufi r6.rrrliufi u,, l6,urnn.irtsa-!f,Fi rirmo!

;6a 1i"*u'ufiti-fiia riu
(butylated hydroxytotuenel
F fi"ouc'ooi r ifiiu-.r,,.6roduirrripri fr.t: tr,r :

loo coRE coNcEPTS l! 25?
n)ohrfu[ ;!frr-2
;-
-
uonnlncdiInllrcl,.a']5 BHA via BH- ntrLU0rllrnlrtto
o d rA[oiLld.rLiu ;-r'irit6 tr6ar r:.uiuilld'r rr r - :141o:1ata rtudrulrrqj
riruhfiu6'oriogl iar:druto.r6'unr:oontrfl fu irarar:olinrJfr 630'r
ou"irnt-u16iu1trlutri6r-r-r.6firluoqjdrrtr,a:fla rarioiJi63urlalo:[aiald
drululrhraqa drr.r,uqihir a'u 'i.l'r rutufiuld i'o'i r ratl!rio16,!r' 2
m!!1x1fl1:
cHr(x)cR
I
nlsrioau
CHOOCR + 3 N.OU
,. - 3-iue,r.>ntior
I
cH,oocR
ltrirvioi fri3r rr'tat:ar a ru.ta ld G.".pro *al!';(td!
1 ul' loll!1"11.1t I )1 l! llln5t lqlndlltlUr)' rdponrl ra' on r !!Uolu'l1'lr
r ntfriiu o: nr, j ltriu t lrralertri-rJ{Fio ,u.,i6r .ra i !-.eqo drir-1r
cStoIt nrrriS^;onrioror6t il uua :ilriu6.fi
"ri^lru,lsr.err-!rntotltriuoo
I
cLou + 3 RCOON.
Grrruar:arara NaoH filiuriau !iu!ri!!ralol6 ddornr:a6or
I
ctt oH
(rd)
tontl nd at rroarriroruriohld
d) 1
- "-: . - - Y "
riftrr. rv'l)cll),e8'lt1.'LL$1M)du'lr,ui_fAtl.1{l :-.uql0
b) tt!-utiov:-ud 6aoct: d.tlasioirlaroatir{:

c tt.iuuear.rr,'.ntottoro6a 6rs.rdar_Lio,l .okriuirrj rr_i o,' : r,l
get ))
: .,I
I T
v/oaUoir[o eroosauti ra!0c45-15'ln6
waalwawo
n oalvl Fie rtuFfradfl. r tai rrnltsltr:lu lert 6gt.n:oltriu
t i:-raqah 'tr.vr"
oaulounr r{oa!{6frotflro.drJ:vnourn-ntolt6or{lutaaifituacdo'i oirodr'irthl

re66u irrn,ll,.dorioi rrrrorqtdr"arioli d't lt..ot 6'ttvFor t'rvri d'flr"a, '

268 l! cHEMEAsY
5/raQrlrrrooi}iooraaroo:oa[ac1o:a6naI:r,i uond'rut!vEorFa.acarurt]fi!rir
t6' fr!odi.iC0rrllra.la oal{4f, o6o
o-( -H atuntuuul
IIHHHHHHHHHHHHH
-c-( -('-{ -( { -a-a-( -( -a-c-( -( +t
,,)i' HHHHIIHHHHHHH HH
alunuul HHHHHHHHIIHHH HH
H-C- ,,)i- HH HH IIII 1I'IHHHH HH
tU (wax)
It lrafu ranaa.r l'rr'rltifi
6araaroaito.rn:olrriun"uuoanoooailuranaluqj fi
ar!tuy!iu1i r-rad_r.du dir ria{_n-lrhriu C..- COCI .pd..r.ri arrd\ il

Cr0H6rOH {myrlcyt alcohoL) :,ll.]6'rii'u
ttiU:rletfhiar:ro6olfi ':rJolrirnr:argriuiroonornrraii nil ltuufr ro!r:

rlvnlrlJl!.lt ',r{Lr !!tflr] r,L,t1l 'tec0tfialr. .rL i.a rf,a ,se tliaolri1.]xtl"
drartn6oun:gnruviaotyt:rfiot ,r-iEldurirrrnarvr! rfl:.ru!srt0.i.ru rliof1!.1
rn6ouudrn:vo'ruuuddn*ri6ar rf, ldu
dloosoud
ato oro or{riluar: n{r6rio uqiilnr.:airr rirrrr n'h:Yuvion:ohriurr
Ioa1n:.rair.r
n
ra6hrfrflrlnnr:16o!ooantor':rariror 6 uador 3 r.r[av 5 rr.r5u! 1 .r{ [acii.!

alurvion"rrvqjfi oh.rniuor!{ioraiarno:o!ri gr-rotjrrar.:na'ud rriu aailli.rtvrn
ootua,"orou nrr,li6i (a:nlna-n) rtu6'r
Cho( c acid

roo coRE coNctPls 13 269
nsoulnaon
nJo, t6d0fr!L1l.rt[Lu))r)tt r0rr4]'yL'1,l,1ull6t: ! u a!?an!turl]111u'nl:u
t,rr;ifi6:q 6rir;nuEi )) -td;i).;l.ivd iot 2 tioed DNA
(deoxyrlbonucleic acid) !ta, RNA (ribonu.leic acid)
xi.Ldtrdi? c rrraifr.q;1dlyd 660 i.n6lolvrd icl reirrt orh.a ra
!:3notlo'tg 3 aluvan n0
. rrir,ladnle agLialdafir c fiotluoarwordrqraorulra
Nucteotlde r rlrnrarnrha 1rr ru rirllrora ribose druh orue rflrfrona

NH,
u l**l
- "/.--N..
\N/<N/
) H OH
o.f o cH, o tl
O \H H/
phosph.t. \-/ H
OHH dbo.. fu tu{A d.6r(yrlbo.. ltl o{A

p€nto*
runit N fufu !slB !v16oudoiullorauaulvafu ui!svtnaln66r tla
i s tio ua;rn1rt6'z n{r 6o
pyrlmidines
o
o
I" o
N
N
H
.!u*A*,
(ll
H'
r
N-- N--'NH"
(i H
o
-"A
H
",
\"Ao (A
H
ll
A (Adenine) G (Guanlne) C (Cltosine) T (Thymine) U (Uracil)
rfiofrrn6lolrdrdolrion"r.:rtluaruflrr acfifiuoslalo:tlufi.r4o::rairlr,rrlLuafr
ac .{ qir. f lia 'tr, aFiro Fldlvd' o'iLm;u J itl

0] H
oMe
,H
H _N
I
9rt
N
N-H
H
H- N T\) -H N'c')
aa)- R F,i R /FN. R
.a C.
OR ,N-H
H
o
ou.
/
63

ELECTROCHEMISTFT,Y
.,j

n 1 s l US s u l fi B u dh rilWf r u oo [a rt
uiouhrEorr]rorrlru6na.rlu6liavalsao !!of{%! ofinnjvfi.r r:a"rLroLirnr:
nl6 ouurlnrido nu6 o rioar:6rfiorra unur rnrlfi orr! r1fr frSori ri ol3rf, rf,nrr n
agoouno{ry6n (os ) dre6rSnn:aulfruritoaa! cu" har:a:ara ifrfrS0rfi
rfiodu 6o re(s) + cu'(aq) -J Fe"(aq) + Cu(s)
,]U
ff, 3
I 10 15 urfi
5 4
", t--t"!ii:u i. t1ni, i,.,6 ' I,'6d Io',6r.:ti 0'i "1
. :,-
r";lfid.}," cr.,u.i. .irui:!' '., i.o"i" o,o" 'o. ., r'o ' lu ,,
/, t[ atf;.;, . dL ..''.4 . au - dL' );d r' (.) ---t EF (do .2e
d.
. nr:iu616f]g5!! 6aiir nifilfri3ori6'ntu (rectuction reacton)11JnrlvonEr
d r1';uar5urr"u i)rr.;iir)i) Aa ct)t n n'rr6. cLr) (-!) + 2e --+ cLr(s)
@ nruarrr:n1unr:iu6t6no:autororqfr *nnrlrl
@ du (lir: ar:aca,lu) rfl !u:r2#nri'dfi tionr:rirerlol
,iLan0)aI".niL r:r0lddoL cJ .t!.'t1u0un0L F v
I
h 11 aroru LL{rv)!1l.ltLan!r .,dnr :aL)lua"1a I
TF lrno n^^d:r.!Lrl,'lln1r(u 14Lvl1lLD001.J cu 5!

aL;noial.lr. rrl 2 !ir n{ifdlur1lu0:901 (r xnn:
@
c!' Mr,n! (! m1!liri!! -nr: ar fi fi rrra :oll: a )usr;Gr,rr I e i.;Li.iinfl loLtU
Le
o
7 F: nn:re rtllJLld0nL r4ao0dt!'nmr!tlard1
o trlavaaootluar:acatfl urtl.J

ztz 12 caeueesy
nlruaru-rsr unrsiuoLinnscuuco[ar:ci'to1
laaoluo. avrLroiagtio fi nrrraur:o1r:nr:ir6rAner:a'Iuar:avaauisir.i,iu

vrnvoao.floolilaue : tio liuri zn, cu ttai Ag rt'ln]irr!!frluctrlarlr'r:o'h
nr:=iu66nor:ouflu loor]rurlulavg'luar:a:arafi itoootlrle arari'.r 3 o-rgrj
AgN03 Cu5,O ZnSO
Ag Cu Zn U
dayoaariir."l..r:Iav:,,rlud,laE.l'u .trtl.r"t l0 u rfi Hlmff n11,rn'uu..rn!
(b) (c) (d)

fl1:vloa0t la)
iu As I]u cusoa {u c,.,'tr.r egro, {r cr, li. znso, i& zn'h cusoa
all Ag(s) + cu (aq) CuG) + Ar-(aq) cu(s)+ zn' (aq) (aq)
-
irl
.J
!a't5a!lT0tatto.!!.]'
uanl:anrnir hul6,rlurla.r blul6uudar
11t,i!114:Lnt !nlc1ltthx,!4.!nva
ornHanr:roaoralildo-.rd
. o1nn1*iao.r (a) [aoqir Cu'_ 'biarl.r:oir6 6 nor:orll rn ,lq ld
. nlnnlrMraa{ (b) rfiolliiilJr CuG) + Ag'(aO ---+ cu'z.(aq) + Ag(s) !!ao.!.il
looou Ag* arlr:oiu6tSnnrorlrnlayr cu ld r:tignnr:ul6uuu aldir
ng.lJoonilnri cr.r r.ria cu lGirri ng. a:lir Aq* inrrra.r:r.r:o'[unr::-t
6#nq:ou6nir Cu'*
. ilnnlflnaai (c) ttao.:ir zn" triarlr:nil5r6asrrourn Cr-r td
. n'rflmrniaa! (d !finliiiul Zn(s) + Cu"(aq) ---) zn?'(aq) + cu(s) *aol,ii
'looou cu?' atu:nYu615nsr:ourrnlays Zn ld u:r15'rant:ul6uuu a{d,jr
cu'. l #o
aontslad zn zn lGirri cu" a:dir cu" in:rrarrr:o'Lrnr:
il6rSno:oudnir zn"

]OO CORE CONCEPTS IT 273
nrn*anr:?rnaoio-.ifi i.iri.J!1 ndlr:1t 6"j'rnlu6llllolunr:fit6t6ao:ouro r
Ag' > Cu" > zn'* ll'rrinioruir "drrjruriu zn aihariayaru A! !!

.iori:St rviaL' 6a rr,-rcoould'ir -,ro" er:6rro"-lr.trd*t.r"r-t'cfr .ter
nr'ir!.ni! aB e:1ua ,cta'u,2"'' ir:hi.flor-iiio tr a rrrnilfiouh-iot
ronor.irl.n> rtqldr r"uurlfrnr :.aurrnlr"n'riu6r6nartoutot lg' - l.r?'
luvrrra-r-iu vrn.:r.rlior rfit rar_laru r:rin6 tlvfi r 6ae?rr nrtl':n'lu

nr:riro6#nn:or.r ova{ldir zn > cu > Ag
[JndAni 83 n' vr.nn, r,a L in.Ln titi,. r F]).rl"!. ll. , DLt"rr'

K' < Na_ . l\,lq't . A(t* < Znt'<Ct]'<FeL <Co" < Nl* < Sn',_ < pttt' < ret'
a) r rntoqanrtuvirirlr nru6 n Li nr:du ru:larravar sdflloa outo{awlor.ir.r

D, !,.tox.rirlara'rrfiil. ooutorl"vrletrr fi !i * rr trHtl ,.ur,iiu.i'r rtfl6
c) 6adrn:eilain#nrn6ou6qa:.r'ldar:avaro t,li" rgiionr:u-l6ouutlaruiahi
d, ..vr vr.lolv-ir ) rlc :- :r'lu riir{ar". vr6r.'
ldaSnr-a3i0n
Lri6;n;, ia 6n L$a 6ld{ 1.ni M.r ld Eiuvla I l'l1J[frt"[1]ull 6 I 111.1ll'1111 lt lJ01.tr J'lr]
slr.r6'nri:;rairrrirtr,{d11uIsia gnS'! rta!irt!u:.iiu6'uhitio nr:tuato'rn:vua
516nq:ou r'rnnr:Moaorr]rludu zn afluar:avaru cu5o4 nsrrui'r zn niiilu
516.r,:au'lriiu Cr' ! ni.r r1'r- ri.1."Llolu61 I ri'1i
W-\uwu zn !I
U a

274 I! cHEMEAsY
v r.l) r.UFuur.il"y rhn rr0 rulal"ir;nordL1ur n rn,6Jfi ln ldir;nn)orJ(r.i

( J?' loLolr.,l r, nrr.h.tinriuluata: a a I liun r)lli;.6r n),rL:r( ru)lnlhil'l
r,1u i!B ld.{diihh{r,Fridnutur nadL,ilu).!nidrlrl
{tu zn llwu cu
,f I
L [f,adarood
ZnSO. (1.o M) CUS 0.o M)

1
rL:n0sarimarn::lraoiLr
aIr v/ irruLr.dnLo.iur:r:r
iulaoatr
Zn cu LLaoiah:n.Du:r,)
in
-+
znSOl(aq) cusoiaq)
ori:rhcniu'jr zn trlarlr:nlfi5r5no:ouurj cu" trilqln:t (lyrrrvodfiuou

aviintnoi) ttsi6#nr]:ourrn zn lyilriliarul rrjrhaoiirorti (flrrtu*w anatog
16!rcrud n'rlMrd6#nor:ol'lya) uavi.rolol,ru',r*aiu cu iln:.rdcu? iosi.ur
ir6rEnot:ouudrnarotfll cu(s) !fr:fi!tiir.tyo.irro.i tirlf!ralo.ruiluraatuq{ac
rfird! h!rusfi uiildrncio:iuraaoarGoal rfl:1s ZnG) nynaruri! zn"(aq)
a:araarrtluar:a:arl
avr,lurn6o (asfl .r!tooou) drqollidraloooutoirnio (riralnar:acara

ra6o6ro"raraul'ludro-oluvaaoo'ro) fi iud.{rriu t<ct avnrurn6ori.rrirfi rirri,rl 6o
o rioloioar:aca186rSnl :laofluusiactnrnofllio:ur{a:
o faurarqatoaor.: rirlrlloootrllnuaylaoolau'luar:asartroaytnrnoflri
arqann nrlm6a

1oo coRE coNcEPTs lg 275
fl!|1r z" ar':a"e t l.flaoout:n, ,nd" ,nr-, zn' 4eur,ior avn_u
tna0n:e0!$ [000.|la! iLt ] t14n!un[nat t{tu

.n"
6&lu a rro,o L.viita.r.rl,u.ndduet6dul tnlc CJ'7 11uur:Ll ,r r:
i.rr.uvot..ot asntlrn6oiuho8.6 ldooLu'ln (N ) rortulfrinrnoi :trr
nlsrduu[wun']wrdadnr-af,10a (Cell Diagram)

i . vl
lLri rroi.i rrin uunliu 2 d u ilnd:od r irta,in'ar rinh"y{ry-
rnyrJo.,ilradrid
il'rur,l r:lneualuunrtaiirtu z rirl tdold
. riruurflraioai.irsadaon€roi'u 6o uali.: zn { r.ra,l:acara zn'* (1.0 M) t60u
ulLv Jr zn(, I zn (1 M) .rimcdu[M0.?aol0LJn0a6l. taavLror
r.Jl.ltt'.0,/1r,' + n (do) - 7 e - -,J r
roUt,/n(\'ru1.t1,lk0tr.19l
. drd.LMirlMioiEr!{adiq-n!'! rio t iir" Cu 1u'iua rr,,t.^t Cu)O" (1.0 M)

Ituuuvr"dru Cu(s) Cr-r' tt rat nirrtn,ifr:itir6.oruuu uiJ?.itinli
cu'* 'luar:a car! d.ia:rnr: cu'z-(aq) + 2e -, cu(s) loui crc) riurieunluo
drn)rucirorinr5:hi1o
ruiiLiu lunrsncaooii
0Fir l.rc ltrad
fFC,
,l
t,
S6nosouloo c," u'u
rxnanii zn'- ou'ii'r-
1.1o 6ad n'rt!6!lur.r!rrrr[ra.incr{uuni.rrtadooaQto{!iiou [fir qrrtl dr s r]5.! tta !i

d!- l-!,)lfl'l
rr".
aon{L (alrnoTrrilaflsl1aunc "rn rnq rLl11." r) llruo.r: r lrYfli lv.l uut I lo lL
Fr
uot rl"ufl eJ6ll.{cao)Ldi,fl rn[000u leqa,luau ) n_nol0t -t- 1tr.ntt!u1]l(1]f111
(a) zn(s) zn'?.(1 M)llcu'?.(l M) cuc) nEo
(b) zn(s) I zn" (aq) ll cu'z. (aq) | Cu(s)
lrrilDuflesqir,tdar!_l1rd lruxr0l!
.: r.trllLloidltn:.d'u
l|1JU (a) nJ'
a.F ntv rLari0i . r'fu i rslo i:v\e ,ltuntulJ! dnr wu (b) tt.Llollrnr.! r{ndru 1!J 1s 0t
n!r!lilduroia1:fl !ar!6rinlv:ta6riu t.o w !roisruwirfiuvun

276 I! cHEMEA5Y
Ldadntlutu-uru (Concentration Cells)

dorir n:'l rtoritio 16 e'r,iuiin'rr! ri!i'uriririlarslo t{r d; r r-u agtionrrrrhrdati
lvli. .it JtU lnunl l.0.a rr L { ln J {: n a 0lCtelolJUnol 1 tFCvt' L!1"".
CUSO 0.O5 M CUSO 10 M
n'l:fra1.rlll/Ain11!0lnflflU.l]A.ittaAnliXtttUtU0't6Ua!f'15 Nernst Equation

lufr-.iiu r.ao rarn ri.r',
r- tl'cr. r otilr.rcd'u,.qr Frt' r " *J .'.6r r.ld..,ri u ;t
t = L --tno.02S7
n
tanodel
lcathodel
,rnfriod'xh; ei.rrta;iiir6oarrtvii'roirian:or Srioirrir-riruoho u;;

rfio.rarrr[]unirrra;itioL6r-rrlu rlr r' l'rrrrfir 0 i.:r n 6oil'rvrl616ror:or,ii
riio-r.iiortlrarar: 61660 z 6r6rn:au 6aurudrafluarar:i,rtd
o.o2s7 0.05
E= 0.0384 V
lon60nd 8a.1 n'rrunniqrafl ,rifl roiolid

."'+e r'e?' o
-orzv t te- t)e - I
= -044Y
t-'rle-r. '--oo4v lo.a -oe - 2N-a) = +1.23\r
a) !.!16!u!Aii!rdiFl.fl'nri1vlfr rrrariwiriu +0.+o v
E, nitlLx1Jnr iL '1,.n-Fnutflrir.rdd.y r.! . I 27 V
iorui0ori sa.z f'rmiqnirrra.ild{T eiahd(rir e0 uaoilu{r6v'hvrhuha6)

A. Zn" + 2e Zti ( o.7O
--+ B. co'?* + 2e ---+ co
C.l, + 2e' '-+ 2l (+0.54) D. MnOa + 8H' + 5e ---+ flr'?* + 4HzO i+1.51r
a) urtcrluzuunrnttadn-a.lrinaranrr-oioai.rrtad I riu B uavdrutrurir E0.",,
b) !{liuu$t1lr1rwn61lbflinaranr:sjanilrraii c fiu D uavdrurrurir r(..,,

loo coRC coNcEPls l! 277
dn6'lwv7 rnSordaSuros gru
rrniu'uar:r'r:orlol*ulraoirLtaiirrnrrouarsrio urlayrioiiri'r
rqa.i1tlfi
orruarrrrnlunrrir6riao:oufirir'rriu 6r fro ri n r:'iirmr o rirr ro:5r lr o'r'lirfl u
. rud'hn r,r--. t,fr r u llv r,nirr,iunn d rnn r,r n r " f,nrih'h{rnr'rrraai
lrn:g'ru " riaurrudrun'qdaual eo
#riruroiaqildrirlauorr'ri.rrtarirror15ru Iorlu'rlfriSurnrridnt'u,uo.r *-'lu
'r'..1.r
L ,/r':!ii. rovi; L"lnrl rii, i"r'J,.0.:co i:r.
2H'(1 M) + 2e -+ Hr(l dtm) Eo = 0 V
ln o. 1'':tiI t.!il,{,,'r-' u t rv' FL'iiLt. cl ,)t "lEtf."iLL

.La!n'ILIa'uJ ltv Fl6rl_lt'la'l'lflfl-o'l. l:ttddh "llo.,d ., ilo"i
"1
n uuonir.q,niLnIo .rufr r-:-,.r -,ri l. r.fi rrr r.. nlr.r"aloiti.,in,,,r,1o
i, i- . -i'ndlelfi lL L;.i L14L Jfl1 nJ u6r :, r",'h, r,r-,i.; n.-.:
iir.'. .1n.6:-r.r 6 r..nii innir- r.1 yl .E.or.,LL nruufrl{'i vir,.itq.'r
rftddLnl fld rn trr)t!n nn![Ili] trluar?u
Standard Hydrogen Etectrode
ll;
$
H
I
IH'] 1 M
- .f 1,."-,
-. Jllil'{ llUr:'0L01)lll1o.[116101L110a'!.ltu1"lltldolll]vlna0Uh)
Fi!.tndr.Uuli
drrounrorsnlarovoarulra6rjrrfi ohifi fi"ufi fi tLrn (rirunafi lf,r6oorionr:
lt -
,i5u' irl!tU..rin,,tr'1")t! irtuEj!F'lo10u1dl ! v)el !. ) t)Lnrl0ul!
-
.da
- -!
d ri.r,d a rl I M La !'1tu[y1.] d1'lq: dua : uMa 0or..1'l ltora'r?trJLlin tH nl13ro!
I !11!',r-'dtu r1"rl 00.1[0 v.it:Lll0qr_ull" \uruvni 25 f .iodo.rn:u:"ie

a1al tl11A1fl5llrae[o n1J 1l' o d nln ) i!{adr]]hli -
1.11.J

278 l!
le
cHEMEAsY
I
Ir- I t|3'1
*
r}. |}
Frcl 1 M
nrrrnns l!lirrrlr!T ittlri.f 1r.5{rrnro.rrr!1rlt-! ir{nnuL.LrrLw!r.rJl!rDn!nr !rnun3!n3d!rr:r1!
. rrrUt ruuL €i s.d Crr(s) I Cu (1 M) !d'u {11'"ilrrdd']10r-r ru

LJadln<iLd?anror oDiiu ..i- -:
a(rLdaaron:au-nciiu ao
rr rr u )4 v r.r..' F)r,rddLrfuo..ne5ol.rq 6n i1 -t' d :r.,rduhfi- O lq 1ta.;
I nlUt. rr"1r .titt.i.i Zn(s) | 21 (l M) lcnUlvll4 F j1!td,xl rl)S 1.,1/l'iU
014 - t076) = 110 Vot
o.ze hari u:ranrrrirniirta;ia'rngiiu6r6ao:add olnn.ir H' drtru:.i6'd,r!{.r
srlSunrrrrui:ironndraD U /lr L)a0l (145a1,1UalLL11,1UlnO'l rl1:lqAailnianrr 'rlano5' r-loon1'r H lf,r r! nlo)
Ldaiiir e ectromotve force
a;, iio .ir.oealoir-,jl'F.o rdu'rrcirrqa;1olor.oL"rid.d,iu'irtrn Joc
Lisudcriru emr haa E-i
qi1.ta.llo! tto.d.sl), uLyt,lFlt.tFalE Lf t.n! n3xj4taltlla ,.L n ), oot tLari
rgriilll0)F'irttA.o li,tr01.l1lt_60it nil.tcil t6:-r tL
,nUlt,l]}1' F rl,tccL
totcrt'u eutrli,r'h"n rr rl,u, rru rcir t t,tr.ra;ilnri r.nr'lni'ldioruvni zs u

Halrisction (R.du.lion Pot€r+qD en Haff-Rea.lion (Reductim PotstlaD P (V)
105 sn'(aq) r 2e + sn'Gq)
-2 93
o:(o + 2Hqr) + ae i 4oH (aq)

216 +O.52
271
Md'(aq) . 2e MqG) 233

'
Ng,"(aql + 2e + 2Hg(l)
Mi'r5q) J MnG)
+ 2e 113
2&o{r) 2e
' J H.(s) , 2oH (aq)
2Hs'i(aq),2e J fgr.(aq)
olo+4H +4€ -2l:O n23

Pbsor(, + 2e J PbG) isol,(aq) Mno,(s)+ 4N +2e + Mn'(aq) + 2H:o +1.23
025 MnO. (aq) r 3H + s€ + Mn:(aq) + rH,o +1.51
pbo,G) + 4H'+ sorr . 2. r pbsoir) r 2Hp(t)

lluoloos
ldadU!unu (Primary Cells)
rtadrJ5rqirihurorooEil{rihrvn.irirflnl flrEiliudrrrotl hlarrr:-a rur

triirlvrlld frratlr.rLriu riru'h'lorr (rtadufr.r vio rta;iraondtr) clruuoanrtari
rtadriu rqadrl:or1 Li!fru
riflL,{nlBuaE.iruaan{arj (Drv cett and Atkatine Battery)

-x.
0llrlYiarutljr..te.nn)lLnr1lurrltr.t-aluaoo uol[:]alttul.l'lu'ld'lnrlullvd
o orurnr r ci 'lrirlir n :1rlrl rt or qr.Jr:oi16ura rt 6 rq rrierLrtflur ruJoen-1ai 6 t
d"niilnrlair.tfilrIou!6ll uri01r,rnifl:.!tioto.!6ri r:lad'[lrtad nadrj:vnnfi
iuuli'lr,orJnroilifl rvilr tiu urfi r t6orufr ih-'nqoulvrad tvirlv :t't'nrlvio
rn!0.,r-tiuo'ln.n
ahult{old (Dry ce(t, 1.5 V)

ltr Ftectrotyte : M-o \r.cr, -n(, &r, dud! Lairtr.iunaali i.viu,#"
Anode: Zn(s)"+ Zn"(aq) + 2e
Cathode : 2MnOJs) + 2NHa'{aq) + 2e -+ + 2NHr(O + Hp(t)
^,4n,o3c)
Redox : Zn + 2MnO, + 2NHa. "+ Zn'z* + Mnror + 2NHj + Hp
'zn' . t'.r. ,ra: u o fi,iodijas:?!6r'-u,iu [zr( lr.).(F?ol ] iimlna
riluuoaa{sri (ALkatine cetL 1.5 V)
Electrotyte : MnO? arau KOH
Zn(s) + 2oH-(aq) -t ZnO{s) + H:o(0 + 2e
Cathode 2Mnols) + H,oo + 2e -, Mn,o3(s) + 2oH (aq)
Zn + 2MnO, --t Zno + [4nro3

" hia::LLaivlil ;iur1rlli.rlrulrar! $:1u t :o, orl ,rl!,au1rldld
rgndrl:ar ttaaitiu uagt.daai6tfr sri

(Mer.urv celt. SiLver cett and Lith;um Coin cetuButton CeLL)
.toc I l1.eUr,illr r.a'a"5L/.Lv)..vittuxlllll oln !l!lllruqu )lu

lylfrrruroL6n tio;irvirrnnr In:rair'tra.rttri5ldrr urv6n (steet) rflurirunlro
*arl{a:vroad'rn:iLtluriruaho utiar{iqislr.rd-ui615 v:1ari[urtatiL'riuir-l

280 13 cHEMEA5Y
$sd ion (Mercury ce(l, 1.{ V)
Etectrolyte I KOH y3o NaOH ,ialrfr1r HgO r,16: Zn(OH), l-
Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) -) ZnO(s) + rr,1)(0 + 2e
Cathode HSo(s) + H,o(t) + 2,- -+ Hg(t) + 2oH (aq)
Zn l HgO -, ZnO + Hg(t)

' ri orirurlao' riu',r "ddur: ,t rod rr.rr da
'r
!sad!i1r (Sitver cetu 1.5 t)
E(ectrotyte : KOH llio NaOH fialln\ AgrO Lr,ax Zn(OH),
Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) r Zno(s) + H,i)(t) + 2e
Cathode Agro(s)+ H:o(t)+ 2e J 2AS(s)+ 2oH- (aq)
Zll + AB,O -+ ZnO + 2A(t)

!{a.iAlfisr] (Lithium celt. 3.d V)
ElectroLyte : Lictoa 111111ifi6!ni;1la!&i (CiH6oi) Rng
1qfi roni6ryu (dimethoxyethaIei DME)
Anode : Li(s) -J Lir(ad + e

+ Cathode: MnOl, + e --t Mno, (aq)
Redox: Li + N1nO, -.) LiMnO/s)
ldadnflU4! (Secondary Cells)
wadI60qfilil!tra.ilrlfl1rofiiarrr:odrun:;uatrl (rialfrn)*6ra.l,r:orjtnalur
ff iilryildr{"r1 1r!1di (no!r.riinc!ilurxaii6r;nlv:taiin) frrotjrlrtadnqrd
llu mAau[[q, (lArU'],'F.l16lEl9l.O rtdAOl fi l
tslliffaltddruulrlrh (Lead Acid Batteru)
rooi:oeud fi Ior.iair.iyahlriluuiuo;a'r ijulu

rta;iosn-?M6ofi 6un'j'r$ro
ar:aca'ra615nIy:lad (nio H,so4 rriliu 30 38%wt) linrrroir.16lJrl:gurzu
z Ladsio t rtad riaul{lrln:3.1u:ndo.rfrurtrir!:glrio.r6rrirlr,l{rrlt6' u6'r
arrr:mirn6'rlrrrir.i.rl6l.r.nlrioraunr.l:erhti,l.rorqa-:hi.rui:;rrru 2 tJ
tJfr i3ormrnrl,virtruuaoiiluas16doo',!et1:.1.i

r6dasadrlfl ruuuorrir (Lead Acid cetl)
Anode : Pb(s) + 2HrCXl) -+ Pbols) + 4H-(aq) + 4e ({rrra)

ni:dlul (r.us1{.:1u)
Anode : Pb(s) + soa'z(aq) + PbSO/s) + 2e ('fiar)

aal od- pbo-(.) 4H-("q). \o;{dqr+2e -+ PoSOa(rr- 2r qr) '1".!r.r,
*d6fl Frotltvno!nnin Pb (uofu o) drur.ra:-ldrrLrudrl'Jn".! Pbo: ([nlva)
arrtrtdd rrn thJ

anode Pb.oc(.) ,rl-oll-Dbo/ ) r.oa "q rrt /aql . - (?--t1 ra\
Cathocle Pbsoa(s)+ 2e + Pb(s)+ So4'z(aq) (rirar)

-n.iintiILluni n..riarrir.io'lrr{rn rrlon.t :. rii..rq;yo
Redox : Pb + Pbo, + 4H. +25o!'z i: ,PhSO- + 2H O
-.i -
[r,191r0-urrr LLot [.tl L L, l-1t trL
01.r00c011x]fl011J'lJuurl1,!1!!uirert
. FLooded vio \\,et (e. , rrufili .icr .r_[Lsr!r uio.r,,,ri, d,t'"ts,r.l

uor,6r-ri n,iu lva r6L6 L.Lrr6;frr: 6rlv:' : ar. b-i6orl. rrir"r,oi r
o Get cetLs viafi rionfluir "rnoufi.r" 1di6alir1fa1:a!41!6lSn1ylilaiinlrrr-l

.: J
lJL,VLU.[1]L.nd 1 I lUr,0r rnlltd0L' r0 uaYl!fi € ladl.tLL 1dL
. aosorbed G.ass Mat ,Ar ttrr t't(fui-tr:u oo,t-n,.1r'.'aloLIcr:e: i

nrrluriroi ruh.Uoina ra to r,iu6r rr6r:-d run.rv v:oi. vl.rFioJii15ruvn,,,.:,
ntSBua:t11ouLoo n dlll1oLndtftuILLUIILid
ltadin!n6-uoq!6u &a!fi fl lfi a-u]e'a1uloid (
--r ndLr - r -4rddL--oo r.p11"-lnnu"fnrutr':n L'r!rL
ur ndrorirutvlarr urlaur:orrio1l,lldrfiorlrr:llro fiorqrr:'ldrrr ru:r'rtu 200 rorl

^:u"4.tunln. rrr"il1"ttrJL0: rurfl) :-afl.LtL.ill.lflM:1lllÛ {lt'r j 11}rl1"_tqld
{:L! in"i" .!ira1a1o,dir.r 6 ill,! .ei.01rnn, r.6L . r Lr t ir'ld 400 000 €ir
[n:11]1.]r.rst5qt0anmoa0!
l{adiunq (Ni-Cd cett)

Etectrotyte i KOH
Anode: cdG)+ 2oH (aq)r cd(oH),G) + 2e

NiqoD io Cathode | 2NiO(OHX5) + 2H,O(t) + 2e --, 2Ni(OH),G) + 2oH- (aq)
r]]n
Redox: (o rI\OIO-)+2 O;-.o(Or' )\ro-r
*irolwfl{ N o(oH) 166o1Jalh$, Ni'L{l#dndblil 1.2l1a!i

282 I! cHEMEAsY
!,la.iirfi 6-sri'a16liri (N'FMH cetu

EledroL}{e : KOH
Anode: 2[.4H(s)+ 2OH (aq)'r 2M(s)+ H:O(l)+ 2e
Cathode | 2NiO(OHXS) + H,c(t) + 2e -+ 2Ni(OH),(s) r 2OH- (aq)

irr'l'r
Redox: 2MH + 2NiO(OH)G) ffi2M +2Ni(oHL(t
*M 6o1ax!!a! ailiiq ($1r La, ce, Ni, co, f,ln, At) lr"nrlrdlrn"nd 1.2 - 1.3 imd
rq66ie(vr'0dooa1,]1,laaBraimsr$adAriuriloiallJdaar 4
[ithium lon Batteryj jth h U:eaD

/trll': lir
!td6lund!6r!1L!.1,!r..rdC.14LvllY{1,!''l14dtU.lel}al'fr-'ur.r
-t -
6'I rro.r, -ry66'Jc:tL.1iua :
- ?., ua')Ln]L14r.r I
ldr:'u"l!" ,IFLL
16u n1r"t,,riulir ror, rdnr'l6arr::l n r-al.,d
rdadarfr d!-laao! (Li-ion batteryl

Etectro(yte r rillila!a'rs6wirj (rdu roiaunriuourlor lnuiaoriuorusr)
fiJ rfl6o1o.!6!frsl (d1r LipF6, LiBF,

^jf,lr
Li(s)JLl'+e
Cathode Li'+ CoOr + e -+ LiCoOls)
L +CoO7- LiCoOl
_[t616l" y' r u .l,r-S].n.ll.L.r'tt 60
UtlLrllL!aoOnLt11'rr O)l a n1: l!9 le C
rvariBrfisr roiuni (L;thium potymer $attery)
Etectrot)te raa!!oi niu ro6roi6uoonltii

: ruarn"u -iCoO,
Anode : Li€6 -+ 6C + xLi* + xe
Cathode : Lil,CoO? + xLi'+ xe -+ LiCoO,

.!U
Redox: Ir..+CoO -L.(".-6( -l(oO.
"!u ro. o r.ruqlqoqnsr 1ir iauu! IF on .l?yfin J D.iaaoii'Lir']ndt.
ltadaliou1oioolry{odMe (tiFePoa. r FP batery)
Etectrol.yte: uo6uoi uiu noiroi6uoonkd aara"r icoo,
Anode: LiC6 + t i,,Cu + xLi + xe'

Catl'ode: (-: - \e + li-eDO-
Li.,TePOr r
rril,
Redo): Lij,FePO, r liq i==- LiEeoO. - i .(e
{nrrrtlaooa"uq.riqo ldl,ddUic!1or 2000 :ou (2 tllr!!r:n *!rEu 400 :ou)
t,liddr5ra'ir uacltluio:dadl*rodorlrr n.ir

loo coRE coNcEPTS 13 283
rsadlqGsr darvloi (Na s cett)

rrtaiil6a4i6ntiord.rdlrivra-srub'h{rldrrnrvlrlsd'r Ytqoalrntr:.1
rfl
lu,lvu o qr r11{{ uu' r1. rLn,'[in;q:i Jr -n urfr ,iuul" i6'. rli,taddri r i"
nro16'oovnia.r loo-tso'c rfi01fi Na [ac s adluaarugroirvar
rsad1{da!-{Bu{o{ (Na-s cetL 2.1 V)

ElectroLyte : aorttrira a c At, Mg, Na fl6:.m1r (6unilio'royqi1]1)
Anode: 2Na(t) r 2Na'(t) + 2e
cathode : Ss(t) + 2e + ns'z(t)

'l/8 i'nr
Redox: 2Na(l)+ n/8 Srt) : Na S-1t)
/ nlsoaituo1s60ofl8
nr5wo'rsrulaunrssoon6
;iro-urio:L,lra-rrrnu-nGuuiLo:rlrinr:t!6outataonitoriuro:oro$ralrr:ioand
liudr rinGauiio.rffGfr ar:rurrrrliiiorLoi'lo rfl ualtt:5oond vio,iluarnr:
rofi o::ror 6rii6q.irerf irrtiuarnr:iooariviolri ? a!ai:!oond!"iidntltuc
010011111
. luarrr:rin rt i orqi a:: oqidra hlira: Lflu olatomic motecule uSaorqlavv

. rilu!i fii or nr: uh,rtrnioir r I
. drr:r;irurarorol1r:arr_ :ino!uiatooor.rifllit ;uuI ai td! !1fl No
nalurtu NO,
obcrirod 87.1 ,, rfrnrr tu rd:J1"r6i"t!; i riJua:-r' :r'oa^4viotl
A{ + 3HNO3 ", A((NOrr + Nro + H,O rilarnr:ioanriur:rr!orq6a:r

Fe?Oj + 3CO 12Fe + CO, rfl uarar':'Soonritvr:rriar:t 6uuqo:
NarPo4 + 3AqNo3 __+ AsjPo4 + 3NaNo3 rfl uarnr:aunr:roi rirlt

2Pb(NOr), --) 2PbO + 4NO, + O, riluar nr:irao nrio, rr ritrq6ar:
2c4Hro + 13o, + gCO, + 10H,4 rfl rarar:3oon{ur:'reliunr:rrrlu:i

284 l! cHEMEAsY
ht ,tirr.etooriu i'r. h.,':oiio,o.rii-r:

rrrJ!F3uro nfi:rqrfi urtic.6t,fi
" -dli Lli rr---Jhal JdLcr o r,ro'li1a{ .: .itr rJii-_orrJ,: .r vil r aLtoredo\
. I .
/1vL1fr
0110u't.ittll
0-1
Cl: + 2KOH 'r KC{ + KCIO + H,O
,.?. r 0.u1L at .!d . (0)+(r ). r: (0)+(- l
-2 +A
2Na?5 + NarCOj + 45O? ", 3Na,s,Or + r:O,
!ct."i r.,fl 5.|;uu(71+(,r)..cr ( 4)--+(,rl
nlS0arruutaUoonEtoSu
.11..111 J)1^tocLllLldl,00r trrltJlL.tLLlrur " - u"l IdLo.rLrio
rntlil'n0'r, -i
. dgfi1 v rriru ruirFro rur"i. ,qi6 ri.i utr..rsrqoo ii'lodi! lorAoro r
0:00ll1a{n19)
!, ) "
. 1Ul1 lY - "*-.
2 t t4llidGll dll.nlflylFl tl4EtMton lLJUOIAnU)dLMn rtllaLflflOnL
!e -
. {Lt4 )rt.lerPr,).1!.r.rrr, "r'fl1,hl n_Uo.drqlOuj i., lforrrioh -a:rl.lt
o-n:rdrr.r}ildrarqald
. 1!14 4 ld.Clqelora-11 ! I r',iltjdLu.dt0a.li.otl- du (tr':.i Lr n1tuvi.', tL.l
di i I
!v r.uFru(r00ns,r.rl.Bat 1 ,11.{ L rdt '11!!lF.etqd !.,L so, o' [Latc 5{r'l
. . ,.1
il.J tta)lr.urc l(dnttuflrvr! 5()/ -.r 5oo .!!!u.lau I htldra.t\c
. t1f,5 , a.so. L;Lli.vFo Io,3r.nso ra >frfir.ror...iJyidrlrtnroru0irv
f, ralnr: 6t goa'ldn:rmno!9lout!rn.ra1r
-t
l111ln150LaA1fr ntltllOALn llOanlnm'l.1lr1:FliL! lL
Ofoalon 87.2 n{Eaalf'ri Asa + HNOr , HtuO3+ NO+ H,o

llulio .u'ui (t) ro ijru Se rrrri (O) -J (+5) las N i1] 3e ryiil, (+5) -, (+2)
,utud (z) a-rr:.rail:d
"
no6nlu 60 3 As : 5 N (no6n-ld t5e'yrorn n.:.u.)
.urufi (:) f,ldro es rflu : drLild m:rgirarflou q 6.iriol iuo-0r1a2! rfl1J 12As i 20 N
rYr:fi (q) f.iraroaorodrl6tlttmraon6mr'lriou t6'riu
3Asa+ 20 HNO3 + 20NO+ H,O --+ 12 HASO3

dlfi {s) qaocool6uiru6o 6a o ruae giooleiqfi u,o ulo}l'i H zo ri':r rn'urar.iaarir
3Asa+ 20 HNO3 ", 12HtuOj+ 20NO+ 4H,O

rrld'o rtu ro o"r rvirn-l#.raorirro6

roo coRE coNcEPTs 12 285
CllOAl\)n 87.3 nrEffaunl5 Fe(NO -' FerO3 + NO, + O,

rruf,60 t"i.fr ttt o lrt 2e lht : (-2) + (0. Jlr \ i1 te r}s_s (-\r + r.4.
?'Lli (./) dflir;irLi e aafiiL fra I O:2 \ (naEfiufi ze ulnl.r f,.r.lr.)
ii-fi rir fi r6.t t'r Lir. z 6rt"1d .r: vi,etior 3 rrati)...:fl rr r o i!.rlyou 2 (hrtl
r'rfro.rrl:"uo10:rdrulirflurar4 60 6 o : 12 N
l,-. "
{Lfr r4) 1?hlqeb qflLFttrtrnroorir,tuiou 1d.flr,
4 Fe(Norl -, Fe?o3 + 12 No, + 3 o,
f rt r,larat I r_ o !flr,: o di1o6.6rnlDur,H)ltriL o-
3 -, r"
iirL o i -
F.-o, Jat No- iurllllloiruDl6lorou .nr':,fi.etroo 6re$u z .r. r,6t-
.uiufi is) qaoro,oriludua6a fio Fe irdrovno16llwwirdutol
4 Fe(NOrr -+ 2 Fe,O3 + 12 NO, + 3 O,
om81Dn 87.4 n.!flaaunl5 KN4nOa + H,CrOa _+ K-CO. + [,,lno" + CO., + H..O
llutrno 1ru11 (1) C dru 1e rrilH (+3) 'r (+4) llas Mn iu 3e o151! (+7) -+ (+4)
r"!fr (2) 6r,:-irufi .
uaiiu 6, I c : I M'l (ro6iud 3e )
111..11,1(Jl u:*t,crll. 1liltLltl 1115 Vl]trtllvda 2 {108t!l1J09ll'ill.rlv,l1r.6' I r\,1r
dui tat lalalroa6 lmvtliaalrl.ai0 dntto1juft0u l0t1l1l
, *rnO. r , t'l.CrO. -, KrCO3 + 2 MnO, + CO, + H,O
if,rr r- ori-rfirl,eLauteri r .r1 y . nrrn-'al 2 i 60 Flcor fu ( o

s"ufr (s) qaovoar5uiru6a 6o K o uav tt
2KMnOa+ 3H,C,Oa r IKTCO3+ 2Mno,+ 5CO,+ 3Hp
-
61ld r I'ii lio 62) l:5ln lJ I li
{!) r-r
iDn0u 2 lri ' ("'') rrriu 6 o]r

rir
rioirtrllfu o
rrirn_uliodra Lnliutil)dru Lnrnuiildr
cricotj-ud 8z.s orqaaunr: R-cH=cH, + KMnoa + Hp -+ R{H(oH)cHloH) + KoH + Mno,

[u]6o !'r]fi (t) c n"rurdru r" o1r'rr ( 2) -, G1) d2! c d'1dlfliilu 1e oillv ( 1) J (o)
:aud? aLkene 1lulala rjlfl 2e (!nv Mn i! 3e tri:1r (+7) --, (+4)
"u'ld (:) do:rrirud no6fi1r 60 3 atkene : 2 Mn (vrofin'ld oe )
"
'fud (a) lriir"o.rrJiuo"o:rtirl
iud tol f,ir.tqotr4i.r,duuat o o r 0todur ou ldt u
3 R{H=CH? + 2 KMnOa + H,O -+ 3 R CH(OHtrHr(OH) + KOH + 2 MnO,
rj!fr (5) qao:fiol]olrrrvRo io K O LaY H
3 R-CH=CH, + 2 KMnoa + 4 Hp'+ 3 R-CH(oH)CHIOH) + 2 KoH + 2 Mno,

(s2) 4li o
ld ir1 L 21i l(
dodrtrLDu 12 d) d';anfu a o'r
.ri nLk ul' 'r d &,od !:
286 l! cHEMEAsY
of,cuNn 87.6 niqanrn-r: P4 + NH4C|O4 ___+ HrPOa + N, + Ct, + HrO
lluf,60 "u:r-d I j'r 3e .r:,y L , .- 10, c.L (l iu /o lfl) : (-7, -' \0)
r-r,rttiil NH.CIO" lilleri iil 4e
P rjiiJ 5e lrri! (O) -.) (+5)

;ifi.:. .r'r.a.:i-y'" r\06:L Aa . \F4C 04 a p rxaafiufi 10.,
i i,
."ufr,, rs: I ..FU
_
o. frla?fou o"ar ir-dor_*)r- l0 \-j, lo, .8D
iufi {a)'LeiLatqnorqfi r{dslrarooniroduriou t6'rilu
2Pa+ 10 NHaC(Od ---) 8H3POa+5N,+5C1, + H,O

ir-v-,5, qno:'ror5uf rvfr o 6o o..ar r Io r'le a d -,o
2Pa+ 10 NHaCtOa ---+ 8 HrPOa + 5 N, + 5 Cl, +, H,O
cr-forhDfi 87J n.!qaarn^5 crl3 r crof + toa + Hro

+ H'o' + oH
luJ60 riLv-rlr ( irU3e rr).1: { rl -,to. r.r.: i-e8e.rrrrtl)+(.45r ..d.l
cr. vi.ran: <i'rr 27e (Cr 1 osqrolm! I 3 ocoou) [aE

() tll te r$D'tv ( l) + t-2) (v H70')
dui z, lp r a.r"fi e ro6ir: Fo I C,r- : 27 o rro;irfi 27p '
d!! 2cL
rir.:i {r) an: u,o, firaario! 2 fi o dallli-lJoioi, : s4 ct
rui
I !. i
(ar ira!'es.ofrrdFal,atooni.nilriauld,il
2 Ct 1+ 27 Hp, + OH --r 2 Croq'z + 6 tO4 + l,O
'u'ud {s) rlao*oor,6rdrr6o 600 [a! H
(5.1) fi.ix1rii:c1r?lrflu 10 6i1d 10 xir oH-

2Ct3+27HzA, +lOOH -+ 2CrOa? +6 Oa 1 H,O
r,2) fild ui o 64 6'r n'iia ;: i to,fiooroti.r rriurtlrorfi r
2t.t. t 2/HA- +tOOl -'eto"2 - atoa .32t v
n-rsKllaucofi8roSu oD c lualsdundd
. riou6ud'o.rqdrq-udr ru trolorerain-ryr1ol6o f>o> at>N > Br>c > H
. lrnrtrrrarnoLraqa'lo 6or'niilo::or1 c udrfr rilmrorurd'n6o

. drornorriufi rru rrnai.r c iv1.i + ;fli a
. dra"oaniui en foarir c relai if,.r c

dttrlotror c riroii. lrido.rhorh ua'r:rurJ::1:ouovfia! c otldlan

0ontrnt! qfr ?ou'].fl !1.t
HH H, H
H3c-U8 I ,H
a= a
H
I ) ,,-'.2c. a= 2
H H
HH H H
4.2+l
,,.\,,\o H i OH =1
C=+2 I
i ,.'!,c. =+1
o o
-^-A*r" t ctlr
C=+2
o o
Jo, i ^_c OH
cr. ct cl
.,i-"
ct
t cl
c
'ct
a-4
linrqJnn 87 nroaa f :i00ntoallu

a) Pb3O + HNq ---) Pb(NOr, + PbO? + H2O
BCt3 + LiAlN" + BzHe + LlCl + Alctr
c) HrPO, + AgNO3 + HrO ) HrPOa + Ag + HNO3

H3PO, + CuSOa + HrO ___, HsPOa + Cu + HrSOa
nrslnlnsosooflf
nr,lvrvrnioor{a_dt v6rr'r[;r Jiuit 1^lla.vtqtiotvitvlo a,ud.i:-r riFa

'lunr:
n1:qa ar n1:6oond rd ol{v:rua-otirulq llu ato ia r:dl cdr!-l1rltv: o n'u
ly rvrioSoo nrif, orohfuin 15tv[ur n:vri1 i n5o -!!d 6u6 ra ro oiil{uo aloalXa i
.,...Jij,
dor.rdrJuulri,rau carlil]iii5u'lf!'l lud )Lu!Yll"tDndllni lrle dclLlvt!lu
:tduris!uiarud mrlxtrimifl ondntttlu setf indicator

288 l! cHEMEAsy
F"1ir sef indicator vlrir6.: ntloa1oq61d6':ad:ro.r 6oar:fr L,ilirrlii3lr

rL!" u.r,.!dtr,-ud t1-^ 1. u )ty.1' d r,n,'.vLLe t0.. rtr,!un ln0 etJlJF .1r0 !n a
ti:iu r;o,l _riini.l'r,.r;or.rntu,-rniro6rl. roro 6r{r.!ar loonrlari'rfl nri.1JEr L
f,iuua',ro"o',u n'rrr.rtt.lruorrnuu,iodou,iluui, drotirortir xl,tnoo uac , ria
(ull sell ndraator L'fl:t!un't5Lllaa avqoLnu
Salouf, .r,ifnrieunt:v:'rl 6a ar:0"'lorhru't.ltiolutrr_:.llr6iraroonirofu

ra'ut , .tL Fe'- te
o ,ur-r'u lu..: u.,rF r r':llr,yrou.rtir r,LtFhrrlu'd.
4"1 L-'
Y.
vl_l:(!euu e lv.1Ju le Mtur '0L ( r,DL1jL it! elr ' lioani 2 ntrn )
du--:uullulJtdr IF [,ito.td:.r )yut?it e tl,ru).hli MtE.5-nl[raj'

L re ru le 0r
"!ay.}
- J, o,-
fl 1ulda1ta^)qlttL[tt,,1,oots.o{Ls- 60yio
,11,5)
t!,ln'r.r"ir!.,rLl.vi0ir.Uu;r.;l,iluBrlyr-tilu.:tir,e"oo16.a6'l,ir,rr^:6lri'r"
lu!n-ltr1601rtoC.t6tl tiUnt'r auxilary reagent
Ionditnd sa llnr:lyry:otdoyrorrrpjldulo.rar:acarer Fesoa Iflul{a.:nyn1fllro:5ru16a1i

KMnod 6i(ilEU,.tinrjlud!!ar5aua.r u!.roliluls!uiI{rGiu oontrlttqflxtar:iavarun:o
n1:!n80 6:raidrulloi$ll El+! rialfiri.! Na,c,oa !3E f 3.35 (tavai0dr!6rlasalu
n:od'aih3nhutraa'ull.uroio!3!1q:1u1fl 250.00 cm3 auoontrmnrtl6alriuoontrin
vr'rvrn *dr6r16nirn&rfi oUi!rlSlrn:1fi6r6oifl irrrsr
nr:hry:nr,ioulrnl5ru lttr:oar-âcaro KMnoo t'iu.t1.l 10.00 cni dtiarasalun:o

oartrFn ruiri1oqfr ldar:ayaroa:ooortrinl! 50.00 cmr l|nirrrflul dl61rni: (u-.i
l qa)
[4noa + H,Cpa + H' 'r ]\,4n2* + CO: + H,O
n1:lluriordta:: uLd!:E!615a!ar0 Feso4 IF Ufli,1fl61:alar ofr: orir.r reso. Gurn:

lo.oo cmr u6rlnry:qrdraariasalu KMnoa dlol116ldartasaru KMno41 20.oo cm3
r]fl i3alfhh .rarnr: (oiltriqa)
KMnOa + HrSOa + Fe5O4 -, K,SOa + MnSOa + Fez(Soalr + H,O
a) nra!rd!,iu,to{ai:asarouro:5rur_l5uifi nrrvlrto
b) orurdlriulola,r:a:ararrn:3ru16o4l'irlrrvlrlo
c) 1oofilun thrr :nrfr aturer:Sruinr:LrJ6ouurJatrol6odrrt:-
d) 6110"i od- .i Fesoa fiaxruml!si!rvi{ohyi! liotraglo e:laglalli)r- n:

1oo coRE coNcEPls l! 289
Il lUadltolweD
.ra5[doM;rr u.te.i'r-d ririin] xrfil.ui.r d ] 'ltoii roh{1doeoolr,f,v:.o rrru

,vifi.: rlrrlor-oo16.ou.irr-i.un1vr tior 1i' rlou'dorrFrrirlr.lfri,..oluator
rqad Iosr{orflirfililvarotiqtriu talo:tru lri:ttu trLrruoa n:ovloiin Iotl
lq)ldiriv;' 1rrortt,,;!d.r,nFrrir..' .raorriu o dlr.ii,Fi16t:

. irualuo,tuv -: - , rl.taii.ratiirui#rorouo,11
- ri.6otrit.d ,
irrrlrtf, ol{tru
. rYrualnn.tur,iuv rii.5 q:aur-'rt,rr1tlulva'rdt.i rittci..,i:aleo'lfiLi
o, tfi o:'rrd'r rfl uar 6orirud
. 6rAn1n:tad riro'rfiu:cviriltohori![nfu]o uavrirvirfi o-nt6onalarnr'tio
loooutolar:trwiotvirrYu dooulfi r.lull]64fi rvi.rtd
-. --! - .r,j-
. 6i.inlliitrl !itvi^f [5lli0'51110]l1r0lhan !dLllrllu ?Lnut1"o1l0llsaa
.. ,.- r']
ttnam a[taiEl0llnxJnuqrmilirn in0 l!l.J
ou0 a ua!fl15 t'11.1 llUA!loUntlarfl 1:t1'].1'l1l
AFC Alkallne Fuet Cell5 ELectrot),te : 6lrasa'r ! KOH t{,Jfir 3o-35%wt
Anode: H,(sl+ 4oH (aq) -+ H,o(l)+ 4e

Cathode : OJq) + 2H,O(l) + 4e -, 4OH (aq)
t + Redox: 21,+ A,) 2H2O
i Catatyst.
Temp :
N tuoluq /Li NOrY[ntyo
60 90 'C
, i:;.i, r^trturddtt)s Lr;o" .t..;;
1{htrtormr
PAIC Pho5phoric Acd Fuel Celts EtectroMe : nttfl1o61,loin (H3POd)
Anode: 2H,(q) r 4H'(aq)+ 4e

Cathode: Old + 4H'(aq)+ 4e -+ 2H,qg)
t + Redox: 2N, + O,4 2HrA
catalyst : ntvorlnliuautn6alal.t Pt duoho/unlno

t Temp: 160 22a'C
I nri rr.:r:rifirfiq ri,rfirs

hiria.ri :"r:!ua
ia 1ihl:{rlfi rt!roL6n Incfilofi i'Feii,rhv'p,i"!l1'uixu

290 l! cHTMEASY
taoa narattue:nrrtn!1! tlaBStaa6ua:n1tt1a'nr

[4CFC J\ilotten Carbonate Fuet CeLt3 E(ectrotyte : ailsrnol]flrilorwrrou.qj 2 raorrrar
tirT Anode : Hl9 , (o,'z(l) + -ro(g) + CO (q) + 2e
Cathode: llolq)+COld+2e r Co.'?1o
t
i Redox: H, + t4or + Hd)
:
Catatyst Nii!€Iun / Nio fiMrMo
Temp: 600-700'C
+ rinrurlrlrn perc iarrir.rrunfi sn-!
I t -r'tirin1ytfl lur,irrruir rnn,
SOFC Sotid Oxide Fuel Cetts Etectrotyte : oonltdl,o.ilaxc fiIz; yro,-stabitized zro,
Anode: Hlg)+ O(ion) - H,r)(q)+ 2e
cathode : ,l o,(g) + 2e -, o'?(ion)
I r hAr)
I Redox H2 + H,O
t Latatyst : Y l,t1[oluo
c,
Temp : 650-1000 "C
l,ilul:wuqoarrnr.:r uaJ:rtr{fi tiluirulra{
ufr mrl11,t1ulrq0tx{r{juytlt}rfi a{n{era.fltl11
l"rrv!1cn"!nr:ld{rur:a;u-r
PEMFC pp616n gyslrsnge Membrane Etectrotyte : PEM lihuFjl,lr,toAtllafi lN"l

Fuet Cett fiaall#ro rs H' ,iru
Anode : 2Hlg) -+ 4H.(aq) + 4e'
lt Cathode i O,(q) + 4H'(aq) + ae '+ 2H,o(g)
Redox i 2H, + O, -+ 2NrO
t cataLyst : fl.t Pt ra6oldurjli[il6r6nlyr:1adlr'l z firr:
,]
Temp: 5G8O'C
.0unadiirv rnr5n ru r .raylririflr ::oni.u
ur1 et unsrrni.rrirLi'rmridi:rnr4.r
(r6ddlnnhogtrn.j! SpFc; sctid porlmer Fuer cet)
l\,1
lond0nd ag r.r.:vltioleaar:iradouflu616nln:ladlurtaiirdouri. sto:nr]rria:,!:vm,,r

nio:-r-.rier -rr.:rqFourrturlooo. dr. .,.d,0

.rei16o,fl ;rfl6.6a"tF !;uiudi I i-r,Elo)t. Lid ddd!.'j

t0 rfilua:nr:1dlru ilqAgtAUhUA5n1tM1.l11]
Propane Fue[ Ce(ls ELectroMe : n:nt'afl xin (H,soa)

(CjHs o, Fuel.ell) Anode I C3Hlg)+ 6H,o(U J 3co,(q) + 2OH'(aq)+ 20e
Cathode: 5or(g) + 20H'(ad + 2oe + lOH,O(S)
Redox: CrHs + 5Or -+ 3CO, + 4HrO
catatyst : Nl fiuoho, Ni/ruio dunlno

rtaddoiiiliuSrirlliinir 2 rirriorfi mrirtnio.rurrii'ror mulu
Dlrect l,4ethanot Fuet Cetis Etectrotyre: naflon mernrrane (dtirorv H')

(DMFC) Anode i 2C1DH + 2H,a '+ 2aO? + 721' + l2e
Cathode: 30, + 12fi' + \2e - 6N,A
Redox: 2CHroH + 30, -) 2Co,+ 4N,O
Catalyst : Pt Yll1lrl6Ei
if rrrilrr!6a-11 PE[4Fc rfi arur]1n6fl !rdartirLilu methanot
Formic Acld Fuet Cett (FAFC) Etectroty'te : nafion membrane (drirotr H')
Anode: 2HCOOH -r CO, + 2H'+ 2e
Cathode: %Or+2H*+2e J HrO

Redox : 2HCOOH + t, O, + CO, + HrO
catalyst : Pd l']1'lMiaoi
in,rfi I rr66tt o-vl a LliU!I.s.!lFUu,t0.h.l rlllrlto 0trln
tnn[u[a81un1swacfl d[ostou (Hydrogen Technology)

!-
1alor.ou.tjuv,,Ylr_uagorcf,b-d; !ud|r:tiilluula'r ufi!L0Mrn t[alqt.nLl1lru
hllorq6aivluu::ornro irirrlida'l'rurulrn6odirtfiurriunr:ri6olalo:ttuti'16
,,nt,qrrn6,fr6uJrurtstr"n'>1t'1010:r,:r..iurFlItr.r'e-r.,urr.i'ornFtr{uffi
nrirou uoiotjr :6oran:clrtrn'r'5a6olsIo:tlu?irulvr!6inr:rJaiooirt co, vio
co o{6 fl rri6nr:rririuiavoro uoifi d.rlriaur:orir!irlfiidld'lu:cdllvnrn
um6ova' unr:r6qdrtlalotto! 6o nt:uEnacoa loitoloslnrloonnln6'rt

o3.rsi!fiiIalo:rauri]lrorri ::nor orGanl'fii6raion:rr,:unr:1oiqd'jr ar:rilfiui
ril+vrirtortalq:truiln:rairlodr'rt: nr:rl0iohdtraourn:rlnr:al6o'lalo:tau

292 l3 cHEMEAsy
n:Ju,}1]fl1: t6m: d15 ,ll.l !t6t{111 lt Itl
Steam reforminq " nrtdSSulltil 1a 1t'rafl.l 1m!ai
1J_
water spLitting '16n:oiirrn6ui
kialaiou a:aoninu nrrrfiu
:aslf'aton* ilrr:.ii.:iaqir'rlrrlr.ll
[430tu14r!a.l
loiroorynifiunar.t
Pyrolysls ' iaq6rnTroirrl
2oo 400'c
lra"r trr'ln ritu nau

Ete.trotvs s rriuoo yionluiou
ldrt6odan
Photobio(o!ical
llrr iiuayaryirurrtio LLa,iIr]a
systems
t' n':or, ,un',:iinr.,l,;uu co, l. co, oofeaiuroio!)
rua55r5n[ns'la6n
tta di r6 nlvr:ta fr a nti o rari.rfii nr:li.r.r.ruo: rdu n'r rra;in-a rri n

rflu rta a1r,tflr 6
nrjrr6o rsarii'dorl{n:yualviflrhn,r:n:v{'ulr.trfrorJiiiurtlhlrroihrtari
arrr:orirtrlhir.l:yIotrlunr.,-rroaaaruol6 :vnaruo.rar: nr:ri{ayybiuiayd
nr:rplau: rf,ldu
nlsuunals [ourda60t5n [nslafr n

nr:uanar:arordna'l{rradirSnh:ta6n r:riaf,lrrati#r;u n-r-luyrlrrirrinblir
n:c!!ao:{ rdorrflurri{li(ionrr:-rirSno:ouiri:au (uolvq. iolrrn-un..nrion-r
iro6rino:oufi r':l.ra (uoiun) rlfr i3ornra1urrad .,-crnyilondnfi udrrilu
rlfrffiurdliarrrrnrfiodurar!i' {nir r0.",, tflua!) r'.r6o.iardr,ttji.ri,Lli{rnrurlan
riljrs r:raru.r:olirnnroao.rna;i615lllr:tnfrn.iro.1'kilourirrb,{frrr:-:uaorra.r
hdnrneiiina-u (16!6r:6sarsflio H,soo a{r.l t z mL rfio.lf.rinaarnnr:rir
1r'lttrrfi6) oca".!ra0rliuylarffrtisrryrs.r z
loofir3rarorrfiofifr H, !il.rtulihr 2 rvir
ra.rff'w o, d.rriofiri.:unto.rnati ol:rl

--lt*
o2
H
J?U?N
t
rfirrr{arfi'rt
ll
.ti i, ?rt?il{aa.'l
gI
n _?r ;.n r)uL+lvn. r u..ru,i'ri .iolrlli U:rY..u u;ltir,ilA:iu
idndu r:16rFunfi diruelvo arrluilrrnoifi ilorrat{rrriu6tFno:or:fi r'rd
t6'ur1
2H'(aq) + 2e -, HIS) E'= O V (n)

- ' .O- taqr .'- 0.83V ."r
ll -O{l , 2e
__+ F",Br
!lnaxrn'tflfu 2 isrlrl'1fl'll5udIanol0ut0:] H lnolflofl1'ln'l:l1la!6nit01.l

1d1 r,O riari f Ll t e, r Lfl11 lrdlU4 .t vl{lr)
1r.eu",irr:ua rur'rit"t, 1d,1x:'!rr';.;^t5ot.fr''r',r,.60rfliir
o oairq{! 6.r ri s alirdir uoltlo) udri # n o r'a uar'lva rir!a ru6 uo laa"r'hlu'!6'iti ru
- -.' il '
--- _v?l')uloLL
"1JrrlL.
r.r
" c rls rnur.Ll0l r.1" e lllr it
u_.!ailft ilwvirnroisrDnir 2Hp(t) -+ Olg) + 4H'(aq) + 4e E0 = V

1.23 (6)
nonaiLrriiairuTxo!i1 t' 2soa'z' + S.pa'1 + 2e r' = -z.ot v (l)
rliFi' ti"'.,r,lr.ai t.o .vltt6.6rq:ou1d6r. ,o": 'r.,: 'o ir'

a'ndblfr rror:Jfr iiarq.rair
driuarnr:Sooari:uurlavnirttadtdrdrtLrn 6o
h0.'-+t f +,?O,S, E". 0.1-lri) -123Y
l,ta6'rarirrnr:Ltandrd'rotvlrhltl6toairasflunrr-1ior:curiro;tiotlfriitlr
I, . r ,j
lo! l] !v[s]a:r1])?ra lt{da o{oatuu

294 13 cHEMEAsY
l!1"--"
. I tC ltl0LIrl.!lL.t'L rlLlJ'u d'i)1,1 tJlvrtL 1!v.!r"l000LvJ0
1,lJYl
i-,.J-
h.aqa 1r"6.oJr:i6o l"o Ldr I .iu 5O.' .r r-,,'frlre:}-t
. E"
1r1l1l 2 i110lcuynflt La.l ti tnnu0ntulSualanqta! yi0 [ntu4niu101tl
olanqlotl nto lvon no 15 tonuLll,l'tMul 278 vitnrrviLnvrfldlMuoL iLvriLfl
fi taan,l{n-lu .r. rlad6 u r.r,,-r,dr rL.irilr-, r,j uSrd ro: or. i.rrit
!- r 0r
"fl;orvr'r'.-r drB lr,ir.rd ri.r:fi q alnrr6o H o ir6.Freroulut[;rc

orriG.q:rr rn. l' i!6.dr ololt ,.r, uac SO.r l_16..'nn:ou .ir
&i J U0_tU']tOn!!" Il!e,n1n10u) y rr
. ll!j[ tatdt'rr.rOtitlllnlMq *tt
ulrlur0orttolu {n'u0rd.lqt0Lr yLrlr . - .& ta.iaon:,rolilxqa lun,".tLila
E l0tunlu'15@ ltJld:001ntf tL r5tlt.Li:lcq. t t![1]xf t.!rituld{.
nrouoar'r.:ol'rfi lvn:c{u1rirran1 fi tfi orlfr iioi6'
drotlrrsiolrla:r{hnr:uon6isararu cuso, 6.r!(sa66 rinlvr:tnfr n iorlao.r
-!
vin'It!'tstlLr{l]oaw t.in!
cDcuron 90.1 dournar)-aEalu Cusoo 6'rotr,{iir ogrio,,rin)irur{lni!!!lavil

..n: fin emt to:.q,n;i^yr-o
lluf,io !!I l qF rlrrltl.ly,"lL): !1 ttiL. O,C- 5O4'
lJ ,--- --;
tr]rl !fl,5u i:6.6 o:ouv-0..iol.:ifi o ltir,i r:.- , cr i"5.Fr,r.r-
2HrO(l) + 2e + HIC)+ 2OH-(aq) E0 V
= -0.83 (i)
I cu"(aq) + 2e -, Cu(5) Eo = +0.34 \, (a)
rJfriSardra616no:or:drio1d6fi H.oiro6rFnn:our'rr soo'? iira6rdnor:o:.r
fii 2H,O(0 r 2Ol9 + 4H-(aq)+ 4e Et =-1.23,1 (q)

25o0'z -+ 5p.'? * 2" Eo = -2.01 V ([)
dufi : , pfir ,iti.Frrror.iriolriia Lu r"e: r frFir , "i.Fro ,or-firioldio Lt
rrldrlfriior:rrrilu cr,'.{aq) + HrCXO r Cu(s) + q(O + 2H'(aq)
rlr ro..u = +o3c+(1.23) = O.Bgv
ttr,rJ'r,fi r.'jr or.'r / t,O-r idrl l..r'"1'u,.., ir.,1,.,t olor.ld

ruxoinhiihareuonodrrpr'r o.eq haoirfion::dlli'riorliiiar uo'lurrlrJ!t6u6r
:Ynl.iiu:.rri'uldira.rni,niurfiorirhiriorJfriior!i'L5r (6unir cvervottage)

o-rodrrsiol rv.ilunrruunarrars1u Nac. diurtad6rFnlvr:1ad s'rfi,[ourriu

fldrnq fl.insnd r )010l1Ju
ollorirDii 90 2 lio.r n61rro1d ,u \or d:'1r,fi , ,ry.'oarFnriu{loir.oievirurriq- emr ralrrnil.ri'i0
llulaq llltyr 1 t6r r)e'rxruMr-L!):r! r.orl t.o. \a . al

E)
ri!fr 2 l fiiir rir 5l;noi.xfii1nrnokidi ".o itr.i.5nor,ririt tra it 5r5no:,ri.
/ .ai /e' - .tE t lO l'tda) o O.a, v (j,

Na'(aq)+ e -+ Na(s) Ea = 2.11Y (fi])
tfliir ,r t i'i"n:or.r-.Fn1dii t o u 'uE.inqrouru (. i,.u6.5r'1oL

2HrO(t)-t olg) + 4H (aq) + 4e Ea = 1.23 Y ()
2cl (aq) -, cL?(g) + 2e Eo - 1.36 V (o)
nJM 3 1ll.r, _ruoln^r:ol.y[notFr.d j taru0"r n.lud.dr0l)ouv..,tor0 (!L'

iv161lifi3ur? lih 2H,O(U -+ 2NJd + Olc)
.,10" - 0.8.1 .112, = 2ar) v ri'orlt*:lriu1tfi'rtut.a, od,rq:
..oo1."01u ,'r;d3ldrio iG iui.tlr.l N rt,i
ufl'hv riundhiS{ .r 16, r1t" . :.s, :r"r dt te1l n" I 0 I'r.6', o.p-.,oltdgFJ
_5L
,1trrtt1r tLt' LvUlnl' U ! loat !lvil caU rl ne.i.rqvll]n ln rUAter0 laU*d )
rrlj linrl{tu Lar ro) id'rr'y11i[FL rr 1" fi'r rrsirrA.d o,e.voltagei'ntjrr.-

irirrr i"hno:,rLLv".n?:)...)"Lolodni'r H ov
'hialn
,.r JLnn ,ultl" (r) fr (o) (yru
Cl- (aq) +Hlg) + Cl,(g) + 2OH-(aq)

2H,O(l) + 2
c-. - .08, . ( l36r .2.14V dr..clcJcnrye:1]oJur,51el]lflyl'1.0V
i1fl fi n;r*rincrlri'rn'ril{rsaiiirialu:'lafr a[!naa]u6i!avaau 6n-nnvi
t o r r.r,:,tiiir'fiir1rrl-r\r" J:ir-- rv 'ni r' ,t-'nd .riiarrb{d r.r

rliiiarfiootir H,o 66'0.!tU6!!nT i1d6#nlvr:'laduurarravararn6orrtthnr:ld
5.5-.vi1adv-.'u"ri. v-. r-.vF ..vL .r1,-ii 1L,:rt,6r'orv r-qn u,.i1'
n,liuu.an,l ! Nacl r1iolfiLilali3 Na 1rrufr o.rtd6tF vr'ladrtlrrn6o t tacL
yralrvr- fi oruvr fr r:: : ru eso', lt'idu,.u-,r.'[rro r .fi ob4dr fr

ii''..r
tllu
Nacl(f) + Na(l) + Ct?(q) L'-'t - 2.1t + I136) = 4.47 \t

295 l! .HEMFAsY
fl1Sn1ta6r lhUSanS
rtad6r6nlv:1a6 narur, old*onIavvhir34udld Inoorn-r na-nnrr-r6arn-ufittr:
LU'ca,td')d:i ru 6rert rfi tl l'rlirir ri aurtil l Ltu du:
r notrrott3*n{
':L.o
.rdr I rldvr (il ro rr.irlo rLo !fi.!ilaur Ag/FFl J/. r '{ . ' uir"oqj 'iunrrifl
- , :.,.r.,
{ ll r{ i: Ia.!t ir Lun').rio!0diu1touol.i (Fldt 1 rll.l,. ? 0! ua. 1. |lifl lr Lo r
rfi urdo.rirrl!iiur r:1!ioni1 tneri electrode)
+ LIL riroluaraar:ldar:avar!fi fi taaoulo.rlaragfi t:rac!runlfr

rJnrrur
tiq# ri4ri(ufril'ficuso.tuau.11nrdolavv r:.fr'tlLrnrsdfuo,.rde
tllllu0ll.oit)d11 ,111.1t tOUttflnt I111t'-11. r:- l:6I n:14t.ICL
1ro'ra"",r.,1r;r;G-ft .uf.rv:nor.,orrtav5,.r,4.,o) rldy.n :
1"
r'r.uUYl-viLL d.L Lr tuI14!t6vYtJ.lLaYl,lL!oLan! t!11 LL L1r
alraYalu{orrd1fi rioa rlalaao!n'1]
l'" rt -..i Lo.r{rnnr

iii .fl11er rufl lir--drii1 99.5% r;. rirldl. rs
ti!uagno.rn',l (oif ncnauifiuinrnoi) 6afira
nls ulah:
nr:ttllavv6oia-ufidna'rrto.i[{aii6[5,rh:tafrn[6arn'u rr]u yrad'ornr:rr-rorrl
tlrd,ro')udrnEa lvtnur J',l!J',.)',00t} tty11 tlltlord rrt -lytou.lDvlltl,4aallt?
,)^ a 4-
tnlyotlfr fr ?tiu !Ioinrrlroonudr rtrosiir6o.mioorJn:niodr{:
+DC r a rre: a'r r-ltde i1c oeLrd rldyvf{r i^ r- r.ei" t i r iuid.r.

Z1SO"
. IaraEid'ulq! (Fe) do.rdon-rt'rar rfialiiiirS'rorrouuri zn':- Lu
ar:acar 0fflsiru'ri-lr 615asr.'aufiii'li ( rLr,lv,,l ) *arLar:ri'rLniar rir
'"t
. 6nrirr.rir6o .rirrra (uoluo) frorrilularaziL.irl6rn6olir lufi i6o
o iarldar:rl:vnodrrrtwi fu?lu NacN) arl luar:aeare rr:.r"

ctrl- radreinxrafid fl rnrefii'ulru

-iixrl2n-rY?a! riv -tsruahn-uofu n luttaH

lrddo{rs?-{6a n1r,i'1
.""., c "
nn?1tnu6crv66ti16n l11 5[66n {{nl{t1!ln! uitYlJl liln111 1'][16[l160v
,, J .
[nnUAn-r116ntu (iu,[atqtau) iutilx0 ua!!'ls0lun!:rnnunnlql
' '" '{eunlvrc-uolua itir-r
aanglnrju (nlu0larq:0!) t' uta!a osln
"n1u1fl -nu " tlr:1!nrn1 lvf lral'u
- r.q I i-
arrnfi il r{adnalliinnva6tal![6tll1{1 l,?llrn']lo'ltl0!6nnl0!
--!,
(uaLui) danl!uva{ri'trlrn0tEnnto1r n{tUllt1nu d'l!rnn6018n lnl lnnnoo.!
- t t fr--fi nn1iiuit6np:otJ (ualnn) dalria6'urirar-r
'liblfl lninnlsuon 6{iuiT
rfi
): )z u
otii6rEnq:alilrlrfi ir looo!fr i{urifriiocldiu6rSnn:auld
nrswa0[ah:o:aIrduu
iorq6ulunrr'r6ooaqfi ria ouv'rl 1616oriuafltti (Ai,or'2H,o) Grrei'ulounlr
rirrrirtiirorrra:oro udrlin':rrioufi 120'c n!f{u anrs$uoonlJmoa:Id
orefrll,l (Alror) xlndu rliavarallruiln:Ialad (NarAtF6)vaaulvar (q r{fr
rjrclrru tooo"c) u6!dr!n.'vualrlfi rrdr(rtari6rSnh:ta6n (oo tlatL process)
uri{un:1ili anode CO, CO
Lirh I
rrnrrl taaou iaqlurartva-:taua:hlil6riro:aufi drrrnluo 6'rlir

At'*
lrnurr'lliri6.rLoioroq]fii'uclaidrrr'lu [firna]truihlav:;,ll tuara{firlumlu:ili

via;irr,ii!ridavc ll tlaardi6r!;l1iro.r:ctr1r ii:'.lfiurlrul:lrlduollo lsufinfirt
oorirrl6.ratrirrlfr iiirrn.a-ritoufin'rfioLfllflrt co vio to, iliiini:rxr6o
2AlroJl) + 3cG) 'r 4AI(t)+ 3cols) vio 2Al,or(l) + 6c(s) + 4AI(t) + 6co(g)

298 l: cHEMEAsY
tonrfind so druuon':"r rrarilylfl rsiab.ld
Olg) + 2H,o - 4OH-

+ 4e Eo = +0.40 V
olg) t 4H' + 4e r 2H,o Ea = +1.23 Y
l,(s) + 2e --+ 2l (aq) Eo = +0.54 V
sao6'?(aq) + 2e- r 2s,or'z(aq) Eo = +0.08 V
2so.'i(dq) , 3h,O + 4e + 5.O. (aq) roOH- 'dq, F0 - -0 57 v
2H2a + 2e ) Hlg) + 2OH (aq) Eo = 0.83 V
K*(aq)+ 4e- - KG) Ea = -233 t]

Fe"(aq) + 2e- -+ Fe(s) Eo = -0.44 V
- - ,,,J-.J dJ r
iltyuIaontu'lMrTt!ull!2tlo[!quavllFLM0n_nn]:flnr4t3LaLilf{-rq)'ttr9illdnd
tYtica!afl ua'r'!n;nrUriol i
a) alra:al! KOH
b) arlaralu Krsroj luaa:aya1ur!a

c) a1ffca1fl Kl
d) 61:a3a1u Fet,
e) a]5araiunto HrSrO3
91I nlsnr-oniouuoD[aht
a1i6'0niolro{arr 6o nr:=ilavvdrrJi6iurriuar:oir{rdturoiorroullnnv
udlir'lfi avvrfurilduuantrhl rfl uloaou lSonarorfl ua-.,Ur,cno!oonli,duio
arnl:vnauloo:onltd drrtluarryoun'mrornrrrrdavrohdrrioair qrla:nira!o
tnio.riarir.rld rnoudroradurirufi rfl t,llarac
Io! n6udrn'r:donia!rio:utrldornr.Jfr ff 30rblfl rroi:vrair.rlar+:durir

(nri!{u) uacornrfl !!rjnzrioli'ri:durnfi nr:drflariu:rL :rlhl6lrn6o6ta Iou
va'ntirri'qudrr:rr;nrirrfi lnt:rfr nairuolryf arfl lduo-rr
n'tni tld'rurir.r airtrSnriryiririlurirunlro d.ruuah oi P0i!atltanliiu'ia
. | " " -- uirnnL - -.. 5,'^..
fluruoll'l (x4uoi1-tytr,nrtyr: tdor Il|niuD .I|ir rud.tt.]xdir1.4dn [a( I
0.ia,Jn1i
Fe'(aq)+ 2oH (aq) -+ Fe(oH)?G)
aFe(OH),6)+ o2(g) +2HrO -, 4Fe(Otll3is)

oonA!n1]1uo'lo'rlr
6 Fe2'- Fet' 'IrBiIl

e-
cathode Fe anode
O + 2HO +4e'+4OH- Fe ---+ Fez" + 2e
Fe ----- Fe!* + 3e"
nrsJoo iu n1 s nr'on s o ur o o [a r :
,'>rl. r'lr r',. r.r.'t' k1o.' rr,lo r:r-fil! av -ld 5:-iei,' Fr",ro iorf i
nrrraur:al,unrroaritoriqr fivarriS r6o {ounrT uvuvaa ldril
1. roSoufrrto{au! arrr:nrn6ortddrotr:-uri wrlrr'u riorn6ouara6n
t. r1v.iu- .piriavrri .,l. v: i"ti, vi' fii fr"rd r ,}'r1r .ri a.r a' fi:
I. v: F
l--.t u,nv: fi r rr-or.l. u16, .tr- rir" v o :..a r iidf lr'lo, 1irreeirF'lv:1e6
3-dlddax!a6! iridiauv z riodd rrvaarr-rrn-urirlv'uudonririoaior
.4. i6o{ulod rfl unr:ui6uufi !virlo auclflna'rsrflrlIaMsoonltei 1nBldar:tni
, .--,1otl.Ll.i0lvl.rl
.16un)rL"atflr,t'r:SLlljlltldMiMLdx. l^.fTjrnLlav:irJ0'1lter.r
I - l
n'oniounirtavvinF riu ovqirier Ia:riar 6qn flnri aafulfuoliarerirrv
rn6a!irrofl avclflrllfi rionr:n-oaiaurial
,, s. iSueII6n . ni,niouldrldvr;o' rii.ur.6uirF, orrol i:trjitul,r'rt
- I )!t.trol
ri*roluo urnrrrlarliunr.iron.or. frd.Di fii"lav:'i-r"lilr.vio1.r
r ".r
" irrr.q
1o tn r:v levtr_fidnt'ltrd ro'r". t- d:"iavior.nFct'r tdr" ' ri'unto ulrir6'lti
t--
a.!10!ran Y0lllannvnnnonl0u!lngulllre LL!nulqarnsalaatanfl
'a!url.llraf
o. iinr::uor"r,iun'rl 6ii"turlcv=r, d,urtuoa-ltd iruld{'.v5" rdu riflr:
.r.LLtllv0l f1! Ltua-lLr,v;rv llX'!L'i1-rl.J t rvtdd ltlFu.rvl' : tl)0'lntt!
- -:u
fiuuirlair.vdrl#r .-Lrtu . eOOF' viofi Gr. rr ..p doc o" Le d.r[:.ao
rror.uar'lii"t-rfiu,"r1i" rdrtr",.t,e:a 'fifi;irua.l!"0! \ao-'j/.'.%d. \dNoJ
t z.sgtw) i6nr:i'tiraur:01{dr:Iavr du 116' tdu ral!!o.i 11oilr6oi oairfiu! !i1l
uF: cLnrr.Fc ri rri viod i.r,''.tlcor.nll'vsttiolalavJ"vtfi 6o r' :.
L nr:nrfirvri'r,tro{\nvctiruaru:rlutYrn^rieniou riavl. Falr5u 0iirloi,vin

"r.iot"4-i,r , ,u.iu ., ro .qFo ir,vFrll

INDUSTRIAL
INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
I
i
tI t
I
I
II
) fiI
il,l

I
Suui ua:nrs'l&Js: [truI
Jt Lctrl,r JII[e Jr:J ru0

- - ii aoli-t::lorfr inouluanû:
!?^)u)].0u0!.u1I:lil
toru6r arrr:ourjuiln{rra6'n1o'rroltitJ::nourrtnfild'ii!d
fla!ut m0d1{
1a u'l 110.il!oi (CL]) !i\r (Ag) 114{iir (Au) ltfla[atau] (Pd)
Cuprte (Cu,O) , Hematite (Fe,OJ , Magnetite (FerOJ
Zincite (Zno), Cas5iterite (SnOr), Bauxite Glpr'2Hro)

Calciie (CaCo, , Srnithsonlte (ZnCOr) , Irlagnes te (MgCoJ
Siderlte (Fecor) , Dolom te (Car'{q(Cor),) , Cerusslte (PbCOJ
Alum nositicate (ALTSiOJ , Zircon er5io,

IaLc (3MgO 4sio, H,O), Beryl (BerAl,(Sior6)
Lataii Fluorlte (CaF, , Hallte (NaCt) , Sylvte (KCt) , Cryolite (NarAlF,,)

,fi'6ti,i Chalcocite (CL],S) , Pyrite (FeS) , Sphaterite ens), Galena (PbS)
{aMo BaMe (BaSOq) , Anhydrile (CasoJ , Anste'ite (PbSOJ
o6!1'lFr Hydroxylapatlte (Ca5(PoJrOH), Phosphorlte (caJPOJ,
uorarnnr:url.tnqmrro.rritl:vnoltoruiudr trra'l6ol{dnn'rfr iult'i'rion

nd [r 11aan)tx.]v!ru9r rr"lnu t] J nraTnQ fl0
. u:Ul:noufiL ro, oI 1q 1;p.6,,6.61r-'::"otdL!'.iL7L0 r'in Fr
.. [ .. Ca, A,. l e. Sr Ldt o 6')'L 1111 ,11..or.lndLlu

i rn'o.Fo 1,".
?irr rsno!vdntoifi u!l tr!'harttag*iorou{tfl ldrurl::nol;irn'rytor
filun:io *irvai'llil itrutttlnoontrnfiltn:rct{fiuvuql u,;1llu"rfilLr;irdur
'idr lru ."ur. rj...r.r-ir... .ior. 1dr, ri iur,ur--trli qr.ri.lud
r "rireruli.r {F o'ro^. ar-Frd 6o^. rvr-
roi:..r'iuor:1 t_ir lu n rt'
rri.Ea r:-tlre:r vriliruqoa v :ru1fl6r"erJ::lutriidr' 16
. tr.r.i tit"tt"f i r:r . , / J' *, r .ur ':v:" trir ir" vi' uirj.r ' tir- r-i":
rn:u5iarluoqluGu ruirT nnofiovr4r tfluLvi o tkiodrrdlehnr:a t1u
iuLLi tirnnuti.roontiluvaru!ifi 01!n1tt{'r1u loiuii uilarv (uetatic
m.np,il) lJidldvr' {Non 1e."t;c l.li'lerdl\ Li!da.r;i rMinera. tuels) urioutlA

(Gemstones) uah:1olfr11/61./vrl.a (GraveyRock/Soiysand) lu concept dav
n;irrd!aodivnt:l]1IotBlul{tuoM n l 1116lfri!

302 13 cHEMEAsy
ruddua
o'rlnrilu1auv6tm+vr Ldatiouuoirviur ilovao:limrir'l (232'C) uidlndrrlu

lv0rflir[i cassiterite (Sno) fir:inrrluriuui6ul rdu ui6irmlud rmioou hur-
ltd iorfl:.1td ,.nv1e*i,lld 6tuirv.riaru':nfrl:aForir-uineorlidre.rir"rir
nrr'oal+i6uniJ,drrnryfi or 6.rui61nd'o.uirun,r:a'r.r 6u ylro ttev
6!16oriu ci'r!n:vur!nr:r,!okuil dGlrruuiqr 6oi61n zs eoxw udr6.r
,
rl r:- a.a:.c rr-l.6-Ieriur.! r20 : 4 5 10u!ra),fioni.lurr'.r(! rbtas-
-,rna.sr yis.q 1c1y11 rreverbe.ato"y ,-rr a, iiFniguyni r ,or n4r
"t
ya{llf l loutt L .1]L9lt10l)tun )u.vl[1f.tu.o. o0
135{fC
C(s) + O,(g) ---+ COlg) uac CO,(f) + CG) --+ 2CO(g)
sno,G)+ 2co(g) --+ sn(r) + 2co,(g)

snols) + C(s) ---+ sn(0 + Colq)
tlruufltad!llnvn1d'?iLa iria L'rO,vio co'd u.tiuo; IiL ,stdg'
CaCO3(s) ---) CaOG) + CO,(r)
CaOG) + siol, r CaSiOr(t)
CaO(s) + FeO ---) CaFeO,o
ldu: ;rnflo :ui, :r"rlrir iev il ru_r q",l rf .lLri u. :t! ti-r. r,lr. r
nrrn:1 L
rnrriauvioyr.rlrtir6ntir.rorouril6liuLruddo:.rliouriolorniduyunr:26o
ol"rriru!unr:l{tvhh uacld6tlntliand qg.qe6 n'.!ria.rnaslea!r!6arn1:1{.iru!!dr
6lnriulnlvfi vruoionr:rioniol arlr:nrj{dtlruldr,rainral!o-{d.orlr.i11ro.rir.!
ttlu!! n1{d!11l
larv6un ro6o!1116nyrinivilo.la'rx-r: riruriurtHaiora
Sn-Pb Alloy lavl!on )arvlutiA!n0 ln: lyid J
Sn-Cu attoy rirlaurarar (ahqrdrio bronze) ri nriunrtrrrlr r l

Sn-lb Cu (9216:2) ri' au:rarfirLooi (pev"ter) 1{rirr I rug rril dl
Ai Sn-Ti atloy rirdr.eirrroio,riuuayaruornrn
Sn Zr nrt![url-n[y rHr,rr"td )h.]t6lllanltuLlt!Itu
6r;ltsnauloi6!n ufrrtdofil rnloririurlr roia.rro6ou frrro rara6n 6

ISdDn:d arunolIt u
uia-.rneidruluo::rtr6ldrrri spnaierte (znS) drfir'rnfiqfl1,u16n hemimorphite
(ZnISi,O?XOH),H,O), smithsonite (ZnCO3) uac Z ncite (Zno) fiu1fl:a'!a'ir]1 nll
aqr uunlauva-.rnvirrliltliufio { z i6nr:nrmin:rol ui fi:roa: t6l odlor:r't
'tooa.rn1ufr11ll5au iEnr:a6'o uag'tdr6'nt'tfl lai

!ri?h!16! : sphal.erite (zn5) uiieril6! hemirnorphite (Zn4(Si,o,XoHLH,o),
:
smithsonite(ZnCO) tl6r Zincite (zno)
. rr.r{uo1n16 : 2ZnS + 3a, + 2zno + 2so, . diitt:'lfracoro uacuo'l#a:u6uo!tuctilua

. acare6!un;o H,soa nu'ld znso.fua'r:asa1!
. nalLulirri ll00 c lt c $8i co !!utr:l0l{ . lirlfrrturaNdra caco, vio cuo udrn:olnrn
znotrl* cCl + Zn(l) + Co(r) aon nrnfin:ortfid.it aqrrrunlavvSudluoq]
Zn(t) + COJd
. 6rrasa'r!n1nnllflio.ii znso, !d! cu",
ZnOG) + Co(C)
.-, Cd_ , Sb Uuop lrlnllu! ln(5)!h0t1l50lq
cold + c(s) -+ 2co(q)
cu'?-(aq) + "r
zn(s) 7n'?*i3q) + Cu(s)
ca"(aq)+ znG) -) zn"(aq) + cdG)

.i znu fitd ir..i'6ti.Luu -o. Db fiuloli
aaa viaarnl{nr:uandrutyl{rfild
2sb3'(aq) + 3zn(s) "', 3zn"(aq) + 25b(s)
!td1niojio.!ui.l cu, cd, sb 6'rulnioi.lo'l
ll: nar:6sa]u ZnSO. YILOo')Ulllfll
Za'1* + 2e -) zn
Cathode ArA '+ 2N' + '/, O, + 2e
Redoxl Zn'* + Hra -+ Zn + 2H' + % A2
a-rneiildrjrl{i,.h*irtiildva,lnva,l! o-10-rotl,l{sio'li.li
Iavrf,inc6 1dr'r rtalitaiitlWrtni rxlmio.ruud !"tu,litl

Al Zn hlq alloy5
rvFndrrtn6olzn l!r]!rllya-!n1u'jlJir ioduurutJ:tq
ZnlCu allo)s v0.r!1la4! ofl ail,inl::.rA lnlalal0lln

ar:11:;nau Zn
Zn At alloys (ZA) Iavstirrdrrl1uvdo ll nfltrJfl [arolviian'l
uon! rf d ns lri!'ilnliuundrnrf, *uu'lira-rvrltrlilitFfi nut6'lav! [ne 6dr]

1\a!.tua!ro.$!oi!{hft a1\ao!toi6n6x!

304 l! cHEM EAsy
I - -r
t).. airraru
a-rl1ru60[l!Lvt,I n!1r60Ln L '}] -:c IlLatorr\o.n:
1d-o' pr lrt.rlurn.rdir, ,", o, ")ur0r .u,urrdrirarro:arufii
uA.r.liu
cd" u16rzuta".rn:iovldunotig:.l rl.rsrnasnauaanur dtnrnll
(o .dq. +,/1s) + (o(s) I Z.l ra t,
l" , - a f -
n_a!.JLI lr tanoLnoJUxlftlltolUnto H-SO4 danil lr-t Cd(O, riolirhi
ar:ar aru,i]una r ru6 rri-1,{.rurriodru1rfl ,rfi o1r4{i1avt,.nidL!iiJiqMd
nr:hitrularayuao ri!! 1fl.unr:HFnrradf, uoo ooa.lrlnii!rara6r.t
c0 elyr stLA 1,8.r ;01 Iav: raS orallavr ir:1 fitoF tn rr"e " laL In:,E"1't6
airi:yno![nn!fi ur]r"atirilunr:rirar:ria.ru,a{uuaoonrnly:n"o{
ItsnooltoD
uinoruorfitfiuaqarun::lritllvqjudrlvrfllui chatcocrre (Curs) trajui
Chatcopyrite (CuFeSr) {.incdlrtr0E.iuunlodayrro.i![ot:.]fldll5:lutdtdyars
ri a rtln rrio flfltri r ,ro"r r r6r.llroio.rtiuu rlnuio{"dl n rtu:
or r r rriu
rvirrpnurlai rihdu luharrrfr iuudruiro.luour.rflhrln6aru nf nryio uae
nlFfai{q0u!u
riuoounr:oqruilo.ruo.r 61fr ulo!ni:!fl ufl riac16!o 6.ruund{liolu urir
rir'"tlurluarrrn (th.lrj) ua'rdrl,lluri,lrorla.t o-.t:rJdrueirl rJiiiariiriollrorr
norFa 2Cu e\/5 rJo.,gl - / -) 2t-eo,s, l)))(!)
J L'o'-r'o. -resio..)
2tLrj(s) + OIS) + cu,S(t)+ SOIC)
3o:(!) + 2i rl oiD
t
CLr,S(l) + + 25OJc)
C!:O(t)+ 2Cu,S(t) + 6cu(t) + SolC)
nauur
ui1
Urnr16si
a1{ 'lrrJdi1!rnlrli1{+rnt
lnt{rlryui
3 nq{ 4
J!A.a:-c
rrtr*rrritrl*
mrdofrr - a'rluC
2 a'lt
loo coRE coNcEPTS lx 305
floiLorfilf"n-n" rt04ii1ic11ur iqyi0r"- 6!do'!f1h uu 6'1uhfl ;^dlrfl0L

vu ro rv L9lna1 ) 11ltt6t llrlJYllluul111!-lln!
Lo ,r r.d d!i.,irLrno!5'tiovir Fo \,4ald(rle ((u'o,(ol r,) 6rfitriur

ar!.iu iortdatlrli"rrn!ar :vdu
rud lnduluci- unu n'r]ad

ruiloairtud-unuurlad:irtiun:rlfi!irx]l:tilulavsnua:o-rrilr tflolarnilavv
tulaLiur (6oriroouduru 6o loailrfiou) n'rurtllrr6'aLtha tdtlrg nourla-n firfi
rlir n1.r:-tirlnl, .,. 'i.qvir'u t,i', .64:1i[0" .' rl r,'lt 1n, 3'i
"
'h*iriuiuruvrdirunairhlotirr
uirtiodrthuinrlroanltri16.rdaufiiorqru6n (re) iua:urrnrfla (tr'tn) rhoql
fr1ufiqo5(Fe,[4nXNb,Ta),o, rrreir6orrfiorq6rla(sn) ruaqdro6ldh:rrr

qorarv n::rtiuo; urJ::tJ uidrrd'rar6noa aurll;r.loonltdil i Nbzoi (a ri Ta,o5 ler ui
riuoo!nr:aa-odru6'rr'iacar!oid
. dldl toovniulranrl=rqr6r1d,fra;L6ao u6'ra:aruttlallatnrtrnlo HF (ira!
Hzso. dru) fiqtLrv{iJr:!1 90 100'C n!lno Ii;u r
Ta,O5(t + 14HF(aq) + 2HJTaFr(aq) + sHuo(l)
Nb,oJs)+ loHF(aq) -+ 2HlNboFJ(aq) + 3Hio(l)
o . fuf,2 ,6ra',roro',0 [,18K (methyl isobutyl ketone) ai'l 3llava1u MBK

6riri:rirlrmrl trrrlntu,ilar:araron:n d.dnirl6fioal5 ref o! HrlraFJ
.,6yI lt\oo-l1ilrd:c.udqlLJ\'1lBl";J.':'ri..u c .v" 6r" l"rg '':rl
. {!fi1 lilun15llun H,tTaFT] ua! H?[NboF, ooirnrfn'u li'rloflt6!ar:a:aru
nro HrSoa !6oa,l.ia.!lt[!a15a!a']! [rllBK (a;uBnt]u'l'u6atvioltia) rrrin:rrd
ntrLonroora:6runimru
rarru HJNboF5l [v]iJufilearartilt'u Hrso, *drt:riulnar:a:aro : du
oanrrna'r'l6ar:avaron;o Hr5o4 n'u6, laca'ra MIBK oqln!a3dl
. igd4 16ruodrria (t'll 4oH) a !'lua lla Yaltr fso H?soa 6nsldqcnou Nb,o5
2H:lNbOFr(aq) + 10NH4oH(aq) + Nb,O'(s) + LONHiF(aq) + 7H,o
. dufll arra"arr6rnivii (NlBt<) 6!i HrtraF,l asarsoqlhiti,lutad, tdltl

s,trar'l drura"arltldur-Luvu (rianirnlo heptafluorotantallc)
afio rir'Lri
}i*ua uarr, s!su!'i oo n! r 6u:1fludrfia,,v6ot'umol4oflro d'ri z *ul
;iuoq]
riri]l:uon ta ooMlu;rlult'lvu :vuir't "t'll Ta.ot" ria "ft6fl K,[TaFJ"

306 13 cHEMEAsy
. ilufi o yrn6'o.rnr:uanoonrLr'lu;r.Jat ta.o, ri.foa16uu,a!1!riaailrarraca.ru

a:o H?fraF,l!cifio!Afrsur6o
H,[aFJ(aq) + l4NHaoH(aq) -, Ta,O,(s) + 1ANHaF(aq) + 9H,O
urldr6'o.inr:uonoonurlu: irAn K?faF, lhlnu16!a1:aca.u Kct d.ia nrt

H,flaFJ(aq) + 2KC(aq) -+ KJTaFT{S) r 2HC((aq)
,.irdu-,a:r ruyle"hlonr6- bit6'rFn <,1 ar ,t1ut]ir. rufir ,nrro
Nbro5 rfi'u Ta,o5 6r:tf tnrjrhflt"luqoamr::lt6'rau [sirari]fr0!nr:'ld{iulu

'[avc Nb rlia Ta do.ii6.:ddrulavv
l ca lour'cact, rtrrilri,ro-rarnrr
Nb,Os(s)+ 5 Ca(s) + 2Nb(s)+ scao:s)
Ta,Os(s) + 5 Ca(s) -+ 2Ta(s) + 5CaCXs)
Iar! Nb ["ai Ta iiay.ior]lveJct 24B7'c ,,ar 2996'L , trd rnn fi

o.n eru'fifilonrol i.lrJ^l.lin ::Iuti.orr ;y-i'ldye
rt d u r: trsiali]d
",.ror
6 AUto n1r1.r1l:Yutli
Nb !tdar!!'n'n!ui.ru6:
rir rat!v:rlavrrarvarotio rdrL Lvinnr"nnrjrauerrrr
runi.r6r Lu6nna"'iiair larrra!fi lmy slperauoys
rxrlu') ulfi rr,r:arrLlacullt{tl I
lfiir;h.ril::aarLeio.riir qr-nr.:i:la;ri i rlrri ra:l
tri6 Ltacrirrn::!iiul::r,td
.ir:;ir r,aar ra'rl:tarr n ariliv r r rn,iurir,vn.:hrnEa r
!iirojrl:!rrt
;irulurXlt'riro"r rirn r!1 (capa.tn) ua: r.rn:Liarnrrua
(re.tife, 1!ry!!izurtJ1t!t6or:ioua:rraoqqryrnralr
ra rtdiurlr"Jnirlio! wli qoarrm'=:r616nl:oind
LLdrurrrvnarnri,rryAarrir '.i,'
".y,,,,.r,v.o, r-ior.4r f ir . .-. 1.,, '.,i,
."1
rlafi rt rrtrrt:-:{alvrva:
fr
1i r+or rai arLariLf,r,noarr.rGn r:ayr,r'ouar
osriddir hlortsuinrrldi6'qJl.rfl riuooa.rrntrtLlrFnnd.l rimuyrurr#ri

m1!d'ln"au!1nf'uon61rn:fll6t5nmofi nd
tlS'/VafD
Ii 6t.iii']r.tr].rnfl!lu:l uilra.t.iyo.! Gtibicontte; Sbroa.nHrO) [asq;ra?.!Gr
(stibntej sb,SJ uinatlriud6'a.idrlrrzurhoinra!fia!ia.,Jd1irflt6.r11licno!
aonhddoud.l rfl E.! n.:rq.iiorfl-uua'nn1tnd10n'u nlrnq{[i6!n ri.]lff oad.t

ar: ivna1looiileilo.lYia?.i1r11lo nard'rutiluldnllBd Na?Co3hdo;ru 20 : 4 1
Inorna ud':oq{lroriquv4ilh!!r.u 800 900t nvriorlfr iior6o

2c(s) + or(g) -+ 2ccxs)
SbpJs) + 3Co -+ 2Sb(D + 3COlg)
larasne lrrvaru lynur roar ln.rd_le rr ar,o roar dlt,t Ndrco. 1vf vi' fi
o'uar:rafr u nrn nvnouur lfiaoaad6ruru
uaruiuorqn'{nravt-rfi qiuau!i6runl!ioutd6 uqiinll til:rv 6l'ldat all"u

levrtio6u1 .rru raro."-.v'r..i.iun: r-r1r".ruoteoC raunlir'.arFuntirri'lfili
uarlavvt-onSrrrrio ldri"Sao rarulv:{tf lara ttlttl,olv{,tr.
j .r"r:t nouto rrt ucuf,u *c:l{luqnarun:::.r,a"udr! rriu hjifllti
'nlo r.",60!
rfiafiurfl:riur rtudr
usniDar0u
rirarouriluuidrui'ilnnfiqnrtrd'rdrar! iiuuio{ z tioinullrlra 1d*ri
wotframite (Fewoa/Mnwo, !!sv scheetite (cawoo ooaG!.i j1 t-1ad) n:i!i6
..unlcv!,14-rc rrLoo.n'n,[irir.fie lr dld'au rvh. nd I rh:t eYtu-r trr,c' uf lool:- 16
naruainE0vl1!1lur lUlt.i'ttr tulutti11.l6l0ll.J
n"rarnl.tJdavvfrfr1cv,rot-lvd .eI 3422-t 6llr.Ml"'l '.uLc : (1o.25 q/cn )

!ir o llx inLua vi ih'Ifl'rlod vuarlr.id!!.d!ia,.U53cr1i1111ru rlr0 Jr e1!al.uo
LVi!U
-2
n{ultllllrjl!lllxulollalnvald oil.l
. rirldira:'urryaonb'1ft rlacra'.Arfilir-ato.lEln!lilvlfl l
. rirorntoriuoruiaruasir?'htn6oior0i{6tond raialorrqov4fi 4l vio
rn6aqdo Urca'rularr
. "L6lLilLI6V:tJ6tl IOti'rallil [va nr] 0 [v.1Jl].vd'll-c 1r[1 l1416ud1v 51]M I tn:',]311.1
uli:vr'rvwuaco'lloa.iei'r! rratltliriolnu nvt! uaclurdog

_lir,
. a,- a'1 o liuo! lilu4r a lrLF 1a luti i_.llLtnl0:lJ0c r1.ll1]0 o.vcr arl a!q!
t6urc'lu uasv'roona'j'ru
. ar:rl:cno!tio.i*awagirarn ftiuiriurunvitr6arhnr:tla rar nnuoil
rfrruartnioriuhunr

308 l: cHEM EASY
ruSrdoSnou
d, .toioot-,2',o .l-r'y'ri 1ogor6:.. -.i'",rrt'r:dr,",. ,F.rr.l
".
Mr$acahufllvlaifldniAa-rgrrtr: nr: rrtaieaulUldtl:vl.otrifiraart;rlrrul 6a
rir uirtainou (zrsio) rrldiororr-.r61d r,riohihl ar':rJ: vrou Zro, rayu tn
o'ot rr:ltla uy zr firiayd6'a.roar uar ooarrioudur'iEnr : dld

o Gro"udronr: rvrui6!| nlyfioi![i6!n) i.!iuiutainauat]rrrLaln-rrlu
(nT
ldnudraq.rlurorr'qrur4! aoo 1ooo"c louii.uff ,rroao5ultrt sraoorx6.r n!

li'7 r.. uorl-r'h:rr, rt. ui.. n triu1o. !r" 1. ,rr.- "flLr.,;,
. .r, ui. zar" En,r3:hinn urtr-1oiqn"v{i 800 s 0? *r.r':riri'n u.,i'

':':'-n_eto.rFrr.ior r,a: fi1"vr..:r. ir6Ilt.runrlr"ro n' vrl rfr.iudri6 rd
zrct,(g)+ 2lrrc(o --, z(s) + 2Mgcr,{L)
. -r,loy..,Zr 1_r LrOi..i:oa \)-r M8.,. ud: ttr. vc6l,r.nrir" ri " ftivr.n
tr' tlvdox. lLre -^4!
'lcr| rl I r,11dlyLarvu, J rul saylaali1.
nrrl{rJ:vlutdorarLinoinart1u i.iqo6ilantluiuiMnr!dr! [aq.io-,]o.r:rr
fllu!! nrfli{'r1.1
[l,l]0lF0U llv laolll-lrl ttl't,r'a 0 r I Jvl.t JU!V3. _.i
LL"L L@1'!tu! 1,.1i(;, 1'11 ii1-"iii il tir
!6io{!:so-! (rrM1u)
dtr1l5 t01J lr(r- "!r"4..).laaiL LL .i' 'l- . ir- j ':rr .ir:a :s"
,"r"J vir Fr.c rlr ,>. r: ",ui
"ni " r,r.:"1, .iur
alirl53n0U ZrO, l.Dvr r,rldo raor uld ['_y'ri[n: ," I.ff] 6 . rl]-r i rvt"r
0t a nn trJ?r !illunA
Ia"r:: zr t Lav: r,dt c ryir i!.lyij"ri..,ri rr ";"rlr r "La:î:
tnl rdll l0!tl,rlllrnrtu1l:r riu
elSwUOTtO0alKflSSUIS
niiri60a.iuirdo[0n1nygfi 6'orar:u.r'idrru o:inrnuiuavrolrFrdrrioarn
6r16o!uli*i o-r otlrr rriu
flrq5o. ararr:drrui rfiaLr-l6ouar:r.l:eaaudalrld}iaarertrar:rJ:tnouoonlrd
riou;iltrrornar fi rriifl udrruora.!?t!nro 6r!rinri1dolfild ca(ou). oilarnr:

roo conr coNcrprs l1 309
ca(oHLG)+ solg) ', caso], + Nro(t)
caso3(, + %ols)+ 2HrC{l) -+ CaSOi2H:oG)
ntn.rnorfiur,.iv ! -, 'i!.!.'iii'riir iui'r.r: ri,lt d r"'r:tttt-'t,..',1

LrlrirLrdlvLoL6ry cd u0natn!val.rn00tluatlain tLdnrru tl0a1h rLvL,I
iirdoar:irnourl;iaoaoarnl:.xru
r.lulavv Lfiofrlrtvi ,rn:vrrlar,n,rriiirn:rt:.rn

r " -"-.- "'rdorirlurih16otJi"laur
- - - J -i
.lte u r rc1 Ltjlt.llL ro tlolljlr',) ! J0 {l lL, .l .cilL.l 011
1.J
lcnrlitnd sz 'lunr:aaruilrarrr'iu (ii sbrs. is!av 851 va'.!ninn:ll'lrnr--ur.l*iudr evrj, r;rl::narr

.i
rrl" :1r,r.rn,.uo rar'L,ir"ear.imklnrL.d,,.ir"fl.--6,dirdrrnrront.rr
,,,n1q!,ir,"
flarlr:i! qoo ilanil rl.iiiErr6o

C+ --+ CO
O'z
Sb,Or + CO -.) Sb + COz

!i
IvrrnL:r r.r0rtr: Frrnlr0illlll
" l\
= 1/ \,1) - I/l)
a) acda{{drul6a (rirvrrotifi c 100",6) odr.itosiilaai!
b) !wulo!ir'rnrflii'r14ilrrnraq.rfro.douornrrt{rltflutorradrldooi4rurotituor:6{u
airrflioani!,ir!odiotra: 20leu i!r05 (rilMlrorli RT {u qtuvqini tuto:oliol,
ornrfliri125)
Be
ruisloudr6
iou.rr6 v:r^r6.t fiu ui vioiuritiioqluo:;rtr6 fiintulFr.tvu al8l'r!l [asrlld

ora arrr:fi.irrrrirtniorrl:roitt'lfr rtju tl,t: naoorirll iolu'ur6lr.ttiiofrldorn
iriiio unr trlqn vnrir ;jrvr-u Liludl vr nrir ioutr i! rr,tir,t lloiivis ri ! r:ttlrtdr l !
rirnir "drpd" o.rriil:raau*a:arri6torinutrirrjrrhl1 ioild

3IO 13 cHEMEAsY
illrJrtrl ulJu a,ll!U13

,,.
orftllrnotll-le'n
(s/cm3) fi!d)
o LMti
n{loonl#
C 352 2 4t7 100
3
11!l/ll
4 00 t16 1.11 9C
trFl
hv:d BeAl,oa 313 1_t5 85
O lorlo
nqudn[nn
!lnGr
SiornH.O
Be4(r(5i016
215
2.12
r.45
1.57 1.58 7.5

5.0 6.5
8.0
,*r lnuu MqrAl,S.O , 3.84 1875 6.5 1A

\<a L1l1nu ZrS04 4.74 1.17 1.99 65 15
l no'114'15 KA|S rO3 2.56 1_\2 6.0-65
NaAlsirq 325-335 1.64 1.61 6.5 1A
o Inunr
n+Jr,{od$ln
llroioolii
,r rq
At?sio4(F,oH), 3.q9
cueq(r'oJlor),
rr rlrirrrslgi i
3.51 t.6t
qr,o 50 6.0 t.6t t.65 50-60

iorr-t
r.64
t6uoralriol: fia:.i6 on rq't1r"iio rn.ru

8.0
vu d'tifn.v .r, r"r

..utr :-..{t irliaur"fi.ya dlun ,iii-uu,r,iqta:r"Fl"t 16 1u
ao
a_O' ri 0lUiY . r.r.incl'lt t! lul J. !)0lLg t0yt0oaUItur! .J'Ui'lly5 tlutJdl.t
U.
{n.1r,1t (Mooottone)
rwdssssudlfr rwusdolnsl!ri ua:twdsr6uU
rrt:s::r:rr6 rfl uIe:ra6nir.intrirotororqnrirou rirldrrr:inllu{rrra
\
r!!no!6)1ui.l{xrlu un !'r@.'lJt0uLo6tyi4f us lrJ| th{14 ald^! rrt i. ul.iltl u
n )'I aL tu111ra )L0lcny r 0u.l dtL't6tlii n [0 u0l io t iilu tMoi.t4,ar i5!r.]6fri tun rr
1 fi F
&{&
o nvu'tt1lnitllnrll,lltFl0 lrlr!o1l
gr:.ftu:tri f,ln:rairrwa'n nyu16r nrrryu.l, u uayirifinLu rriournt:-
CQ
rnaiia!; (r!nruo se)
r'::r.urfr a\rn:rvriduotnun.,-lrldnra'16'n;rrnoq-uar
qruvni zooo'c lnoi re, cr v5o pt
50,000
rihdri.liJii301 rirlfrnrt:-airn:rniifruqu
lunrr'a6oalrnn auurunirr.at:r::ltrFifi qanu::o-l16o.rfil
100,000 r:ia1fr6

flrqiuirr "lulaid-vYtFl[ri]!ii!$rln nfi rr Cr-," vio c,t, tirilfl,il

i"
tl- l"lt clJlllul.{c6d.|l MatlntlulJlfi]_I50L l0on t']lvrtl0t:lrt' ill!
'l1]11
draurerrrioulurrn:6#nr:0fi ndlfi6
rlltr[fil:] .'L(._.r. ld l{t: rrt' 6x. 1'r n.r

^; r.rr: iy" u!i .lL
rtvjtr..":l,tor 610r)err..6u 11r^.LqrSriO.)
6srivrit]r.]ocairfluririruo (yrAtro1, !ti610!flu![farFur]|'riufl (GdrGa50rJ
6rinla!;irrsuhr4(sic) firiarroilntiolrxt:inrirec,n,o1)
.14{i.r'r *.i.lt14t}lCLUI,1e l{ ' "14'b)' .)l-t 0lI I ..'L I' 1.llY. ti,.divi6r)
ni-r nrrrvurrriur"rrr'ir iarl{;irviuyirrnio.lrl:toilldaro.rlndrtrlrt:ti.rh:
5ln',trnna':11r'-ra
duoowaou
naiuo'u ,iu, qr r-nut ir'iord!rr, elvdnrtL At/o. 16u. r'rrir" tlt..otr
, - " , - -- - I
U!3t'6111 ltvd0i) t..l: lflAU {fl 1.1'r1L) drtla1t-.llULu.1.J0lr]'!lrD qLnvlLlU.l,e
uaoa iuorriurrlra cr 6'fi1!'rn'rn Fe ua3 Ti ri'nJery6ournarr Fe
n1tl,llunlun1flfl aau ntu.'l 1^laitn0L0arMduarnlltntt:tL,Jva]an1'r-,tbtuntl

vTMalrfl a]nanfl a}rl11M
: r?f -r
. r _1MlrldoE ..r,rrrrerr) d n'ucrr iolednn"ltirFen r:. iur.nr,oonirq6!r. !
rrorlefiL ua:o' r.ior':rio.rf rlv:,rrora.Fn u' hirdaraoufir,r :.lair viofi F

}1601uaE1.in115
. f'tldo rn6o!e riluni:ulnaao:urirar:reififi;iluaa ra.ir'rotl6iuirtlu6'u

rirrioi ar:rn:r'rvrdtinjfriSuruirr6!fi'rraou iirlu'irlfraruruiluollior'::
. ^r:oruirE itrltir6-rurr{ rl. Co-60 lrioi.iFr:rorouo rrrFirrui.rrL
lru llu tltltlvD 9]l611Lr!oul].atuont,n!!
dfUnllrrll-:3LU "1lUfl'llOOLOltUn Aal.[V11]Ut,l,lArlIj t']1an lUn.V".diUdllflO

nr:aeviarnaiu'llh'rhuioraoaudrlflavviot,rrlrv'r.rdtrvdr rirtiqfi rl:rma ua:
661111tflul1.J
6!ad eruvrnr doertrfri.rv6otr uiortuuonlndroo'r riom-flvid.ir"r nfrlu

!
tu01a0!

312 I: cHEMEASY
ooelhnssuluslun6l
rir'.iin; ,L La r i-aorLtl:nt:rn rLA r iontit h.ooi1M1til"t'i' u' cLvc'ut1.Jr 611
;ir6'nr'lln:grrrr-Lnr:a6or6. nTi6!1ror1ru'ro r ir.r uavntrlliavdtorr-ooFtt

,r- :'ilr6u,vdtifiaari,r nrrtl.rtr.ir':"rur tiiit rriv) ':er,A'r r!1 ltutfr.('l
i'r06v160oo.i6 i:f o1li0n6uluoeli'rvnr:uut:1fr nd !!ao.!oiio'r:r.l
lnn6t_l
61r (c(ay) 0l lt1.JUtn:x[1]oo1tacr0!0nt'r xl riorlurranir lfr

SiO,, Atlor !fllt4fra lrasi
61]t11 (kaolin) nruu{ru: 6irnnir6rnm 6rr:narrrflurdoror
Fe,Oj, TiO,, CaO, MqO,
- 6uruiur r6oriru{ itarrda6uradrn't:Lrrfiia'rtlBuru r.ro,,
KrO, NarO 50ial 1
(batl ctays) rar Tio- fi,]ix1rrn'jT 2%w a:1riiaanrhora-a'r
rr,! a riarj'r rr L1 i rn!dinrrlrqrdr !r drolfrairuaalvaor r ri-:11frr.r6oa'rurfi

i -o, o v
(feldspad ta rr'rnurl 1 uav 2 rriu F r rr[1]: r"La :r]nfl L udar-r[taaxLuLlLltaa.u140
vianuiirir (Na,iAtsl.o", CaAt,S :o, tltufl1'lu[.1]{'tu
nxon,i (quanz) Liluln :rairrto.u6onin:d drr,iirnrrrunLt[l.i tlax]

A6n1(SiO,)
vt't Lvuaonaufl vo9ttu0uanv.inal/ltaYua,i!,,r1
ru:lalahri Cal,lq(Cor, 1{rfi !.iLifto!r ao0tuMnul4air!tva11aitfi001l

(dotonrite) rillnah uav'l{narirorrn6or
6ttlllcflau Beo, Al:o. riiufl ul .rIil
oorrltri (ar:16r sio,, B,ol d;fr r.l"1"r1L1i,,,6.r ltii"rrr,fl *,fr.*;il
rusii ilRtun1r) - sno,, Zno 1ojrn 6 ar zuFor'ruE4rfiolv'ifu uer
u- H.o d:a1unr:aal violuar:rortbi
wacrn'rufirdsrIndrn6oDuudurwi (Pottery Products)

t dtrJ 01jl!{t lU_ar6iLy1.llytrlLir.tlfL' a10m1. " 111.t) rln61 ru
rniarfl u6urrrr fi {lorounr:a6oruoa'lrt o-lsiabi
. nrtilS! fit dluii ldL n,,,1u1 ' v;dr :ld.u1uvqr- .r i.:ri'u
. mflidtltri{ 01, ili,rl+uvtet tir.rii:. r rrfu.r'rr"o.ror*ru.ir. ri-fiflri'.iru
ua: a!(, :vroiu1,lrr.ttit (40-60 c)

100 coRE coNctPTS l! 313
. n1r!i1n;{urn ,tlun,:,r lourfir qru4idi-d-.1 ur:r-tu /50 - 8'o'.'lLnd'

a-to t"r!.:{r"lr.J iui.itni ".4 6'" irlur.r6" 6r".tl,..' nd. oor r ror.l/reir
LFnr tLfl n a.' 5,0.r' or u 01L\Jtlr!' u.. unLoLtu')r 0' I u5
r nr:urlaiat rrur rl.qiorti"fidora ituFor-firr .fi0.r rur,rr :.lrt'ltri r .
.I.luu .5ur Jr t lnacu vxcrutrdtu0r_r'l Int, r ?'r. ucl l]rL[I] .l llvc a )

rirtrtdfirLLar Lravar:aololraotl!ua'm!.!1.iato6o!
- .
o rar,r rr.asrntu{lq11lJf dndtm5dllJuoL.zu'l LflLn
- Y - i- ,
hira6ou li6otj6?1lliauil (1 1oGl2oo"c) ra6ouarrrl5aral (rrzsooc)

Ll.r n::or.ldullruio6r la 65
nruvrr a!!11I nr!rtr0tynrnr i.!

i"n:ifirarn1 Lrrlrnu rr..r!r:flrl lLrrll! te^ture
!nr:0fr{!ll16.t fl lFl xrfi 1lqoq!!1lnfl lrotr t1r1l-r!10TrT lt I
wdolirudufi: (Glass Products)
.rr"r ri,o", vrr ,tuir (65'_r [t!va-r ua:a]L,Ja!6L1t >::. ir. -r0oo kiu; lto r.rat
.\d1coj) ilr.u tolchoi lar.au..rir lo".6ufrrarir.uit.:v",:!"v.1iqtLv4i
15oo - 1600'Cluinrth'r
a6o:iruv.t: inirqt toiorr."'lilrd1L )v.rv .tr,n: qlilcfiotd :lrutf

oi'rfru qr usiarthltasnrrrda.rnr:1ill orvitl:;norvdnl 6o 36nrltoruot
iurlu lnlahri rruurir r:rar!rtfliiru!n ud!oon !flrt{:v mrair't1 orl ordtJr v nou
Mii!6i ldu.i
""rJrun:o Lra qon6r uv inr:tarao':uo6i6.ri.rhvutri
LLn':lqn r'la J i Naro 12 16% 16rar:Liritr,i L'ru l,rno: lfirirnra ooaltrita.r cu, c, hi3
i cao 10 15% rlrrr: arli ttOlral Co [1,!dr-rt1L
i 8p, ua:ao o,t tar ttaro iar:r aran': rofi :oir n_.rurnruiar i.r'l{rirroiorLLi:
udrlul:iinn
un: cao a.r t o:rrr1 urureiorLLr"rirararaori
iaanlnd?n.ifl v."1 >240,t

irho"tirin rvqru n a'rtdLih "nio ll ::ir.r
LLarioonlgliral r
rir sio, roovt runro tra l'.r1{rirqrln:oiivlraranilrstio la li uv
I
(ufl,ilrrn) irtlrlo n i Lb rll4-0o uv lulnlorfllolul
i caF. via u"r Lioar:oa
inrr!rlu lrlir uar rillnoaaou,i
uirlarloa
rn'n uo niulrLda LLfir

314 l3 cHEMEAsy
rJu-druun (Cement)
t tu r f!9 t{) rllndo,q, vL 11 c rr r} " e,
vLn.L!0 r !.r tr L.Du.. 1 J&co lxtt.:t'tn
rutroonrilu o a{dvoj1 drd
. inqftJria{l ld 80 % ' 16'..ri rr,lrr . L -re , on pone'
'
i. rj ',r ,otv' :
rfliliirunar60 nrirErugl Mrldninnt:!rrA rliu ir.trlu (Limestone) raiin

(Chatk) !!6r61r1'rt (t4ao
- ^ u-
. isqiulo6! ^- l5 rs%^.l;udaue:
/ld .c.a/:iariL.r ,tv r.qfiriu66 r
,So) cuifrLr{Al o,, ,,atrdoi3naunltsi r,e-o,) d)rtri rr'r,qrua rr,
'do
orrlI1fr rdlr 6!o'rlJ (shate)
. ir46d5!4e.ffrr l{ii'r$irr6rar: :;aouurr6'tijir
(Correcuve tvtateriats)
6rfihitfiarnolr.iorqit z ,a:-uln rdL ur'r 1r-r:rifidarli.fifi6. ' .rj,yir

6uanir vioroury6n (un:-rifi 6orar:rfi lo,lo53noonl.yri) uavuirantqsi ftu
fl :fl1fi d'0.!n1rrfr r At,or)
r ar:16r.rdr .et 16,ir r .h.rlr.rioyFrr rr,t, ui.rlit,.uari6u :ori
.oo r
--i
.nu .Frfru!ute.fiorfir ri tu r6uir dr.fial#Ur"rfr6..,r
nrr-16orrludrruri*irrflu "!l!!ltJun" tta! " uu!uri'.r', driv;i'inr:ndr.,riu
. ;&
b' .,"lrqtii fugou-' l oio cit iu re-r.rruflflu, :u. 1,,fi r r .rFo1u6u.ud
Lruuur-i.rhid'o.fliriflrnr','r.ra!.l'grq6u rr51!ldn.rtloufi,r ua:rarrurrrlu*rir y.rlli
' :: vtir or'l{t dr-i ru.{o.r i rbi* . rr ior.:d. yir"suo olrr i6dl'.rrtr.vr'iu-1tn'r-
rl::rnrtarrJuiuuri
tludmui.ifi aa'olurJ:yrrntlu drdvq]rvr6oorurn:nr!io.l ouriar (ASTM
C. 150) l!as1o.iri'llrllu (Br tish Standard j B.S.) d.!flrt]!.r.to:s ll.l !lon tS ta,r1yat6'
u rlirdlrtusiaonriJ! 5 ivrrr 60
. rrrnM 1 (Normat. porttand cement) rfl!!!6r
uoiloiouaurir::uor
.vr ,l"rrrrur'uai ineu --ri! 1 1uy1ti0 .l rl :r.n rlt'firircurfiurFr ,tr: e u
rrr dl our"cauriorL,,iruaEn ..oh.ra:-rrfiur rurTdad: ia:u,r6ot'rr.no
i.;qr:rurilu{o udLl: ri rififirj y rr lriur nrri' r ,},".i rirr;t.r rru ,L. .
rdar tPt furo.rl4iu uavolLfirr
. il:lt,lfl 2 (Modified porttand cement) rflurllfiwur,{rioisrllauri d'ou a.i
tfiotiau'r:ori''rr.:yru6 od'a u4n'ldrluna rl tta:lcr6nnzutiourhunar.rl.uti:.r
yeio mrrgnilruln:rair.rrurnluqj riu norio avrru vi.rrfiw6o tdou

. Urs!8n 3 (High-earLy Strength Porttand Cement) rilu]1]auudrloi,l-
LAUO va'l11inlVa1AlLO11O"1)tLtldl.lLilu lrdinirltMrdlal:J15nlfi 1'lulo

1l talL 3 7 JL 11,3r rvn!! r1.J .liotl. -!
nrl, 6aLn;oao."l: l.a]"?r rir"nxurns'rn5
nlnr lli"Flr. 9rdnniufll]u!"uu9)11rs.,1M1t{'t141rlLl0""n st:1[011] all.$t:
f et (o"r) rtnvnqrurnuo.r
. lltll,lll (Low-heat Porttand Cement)'i,L!L6"a,rdtoi,*ruri ti,ri''r,
vLdfl
-
) ln'l' :l)ougl' 1_.llttr lq0Ln)0 -i
!v.}U1JUe Elrt l'l t ld JJd0lv ltvr 11
rv1, r: rrt. ll.lt'!rldLtUlOlyqr tlr"tt,"u0l

.L
utymv! ll.lill3tlt6 ltluu ! u.t!n lt''afl n1Mu'tU
. trun 5 (Sutfate-resistant Portland cement) ,i,lrl uiu.Lsi Din..al.lt i

nlsiarn6at-ar{old'airrrrg6'r.rrurioair.ruirrru6u16r violndrirvsta
iir,irurrufi.lt sittr.rvi:fii,i v rt.dui oli_1 n nF,L -P ( )
- .l .- - i " t- t L!.'"1r1lu
Lonr ,'!r"tl!.u,Yrl !fi4t,f ) UlLlutlU9lY,.ldtl?
5 U Jl r.l'tclt
.ur.r'l ir i i- ualr-re rn _ e r fiiii vr, ,luy'oree of ir[o-u.i r.r"6.rr.da.rar , rr,4''eo
Cerre.lr).i.l1"I11L]lll.Jtlt.Jr!ur0r-.LuUJi.nMlhcL'lMrluvrLvluod:l0trtl
ivsrriu 25 30% d{ri{fr.i'ruoionrildirti aonlrllnniI rvrrndr$riio6g arrlu
fllSWaOlAaO
.r iorc.i,r-r.o'hrli.iua,.r-,:-E:-r7rtkii.1 r'ru i)t n ,6i r LLi,r;LLr. lL

lrvLa nr:a6oLnia t.tact 6rtL 116:rl-srnv6a
o i.r6norndryvra6t_)' _.';dax.1l"r it 0.1,100r{i 8.5pq 10.\a(,

tlt]l3A',tyl!n'li1ll l/16
-
. nanilnmnoluru..u'.' "'rh. ilu, r, ,rir n-tolo6u. , ' " i'rt.r'.1,
frr r ruiar ito: \a( . ..!r. r i6. rduo" Ln',, i vq. . {o' iir.ur :id." r
toqu!fl 'r1,l:!!0a1tlnil!
-t
i6nr:erirraialrnv'j 2 ttra.! il14.i6rrua6ru[avol'rt]uoln0if .i ai!1ln
r 3wriutii 6d.ror:r.rslal f,

316 11 cHEMEAsY
mf,oclu(or/
1) rriorai6"ru[i loEr 16.!til6 Y a 1u
N:OH
rn6at!6"1qldlrxr + ernlur/dxr
&at, ; , 4oquu
I
N.,{O-
Nac
't5M 2l aoatnrfldiluo - :rtfld0tuluuu
-. r -
tLr
,l .l I i'' 6r.ur rdlirtrl nr rluur Ln io
,t6vr 3) $lutl.r!a ]t0u1r lou1loa!! !aI14n rtrl
.r1!.i1.i1rilr 10a ft uli.ri1ure r.20
rn6o )'3!ior5olnlc rr6aduur r6u Naol
oiduya"nirr:crys[#l nrra!arfl fr ttorf filt n'])^ rirdo vg" rfir Narcor rir{'o Ca" !6! cacl,
onoEna! $a3n1tflnuafl9nuh!11r0!.!iMr'rs n'li9 co. uds 5(," In]lAl|lri.rna!t1]I

'.,!
qturd
oo d1 6n ssu ii lfi a,rur-oDn-u [d l6 s u fl €t ol s 6
.n;' lt,6u3r.r.ol){i,tld(. .i Lioi ;1l j1;q ILa, d vn),t't'r'ya'' JrB[r 11 .1JL
..rlc val':: o v]) o0 c' v.t.!. 5yo tb rra: oo a,vnr,r r(u5u15. va rryattd'u
lta,r lo i!ra.|ru t1rFr0 !uu
F;!
rianr:rilon

1oo coRr coNcEPTs l! 317
nls0ia0ldo !y' (Caustic Soda Production)

nttFo\to'lr{luqomv'r1l.fn ,rrr., ,1Ji J ,rrr1 6" n'r'ldrt.rilo, :-'.tir ttcirs.
lraf ri5u!'looo! uasrraiirJ:ov uoia:i6irreav16oodrri'ry0-rd
fll![u!fl]:ir6n n't5Yl1.t11l
,l !!oho )rl+ a-+)e

ri:unlvo 2l-l"O + 2e --.) 2OH + f.
ur.iuloovui:rfili6orLaluuaarraoaa 6rao filoaou

tJ rLLFr -0tLtl.LLua tturL nrt H ...t Ll fl.no.l]l"!lllvt
:.J!frSerriuror dru cL irr6oorafi.rd'ru fuloluo) n3
Lni,rr.fia. rr.r- rdrfirr. Nood fr1di trtar-L tjuoe
'l.rliiL,
n"{ft6n NaoH ldldlri![fie.i 1o%
,I
uaI!o 2Cl "'+ Cl, + 2e
t 1 {ruelvo ZH,O + 2e ---+ 2at + fi
i6a1:fi'ndi0aiuutlrlrqaii'loavu :r rirrurlLr-16urorn
uauuoaruanoarilrrEouanri6ou'looou {roo frlooou
lrnrrirdr:fi ilrtd ai:a:raro NaoH fitfr6ihlfi Nact !u
61&rroriao NaoH t6!{uri! 30-40%
ualuo 2Cl ---+ C! 12e

H!
,iruaho Na'+ e + H! -) Na/Hg (amatgam)
iinr:i lir:avLrlurlr..o.no loa N" llt-rit e 1t"
!:or nalur{lu Na rarn"u'lutl:ov Grrir osriafii log

' "... -:
115'lL1nYLlluoll'l Na atno:-trly1rlnfllU lnUU I d rldLdlr
NaoH d16'iitrlfi Nact r6a,h unr}rr:0ru6u tt"on ld

rirlrlufi.r sos6
NaoH fi ir6016lutvunc,i'rur.irolul ar:avarat{rdurJ:rrrru soqt 1{1u

q061fln5r,]n't:i66u.{ia ati a:so1u ar:ionlrr ri1rtudlm:1cti lta:il6na'r:tnfi
olrrl uanrrndn,:n6n NaoH tiltdfr1t ct, uav H. rtua6on'rur4irrdra 616
aru:nd-rtrfl {luqorarvr:::Lrirrltd'rdufri

318 l! cHEMtasY
' -, ,
nrst^Jaoalswonull (Bleach Production)

a15 anrr1finrua!.r!'filuni: on6n:coru rdulo il'lt'iuqetarva::ln:vnru duo
[!6ca-ll{ira!irl{nion6f drfl ar:rlonl']iin::r.liBnr'rzuio 6a
Cl,{s) + 2NaoH(aq) + Nacl(aq) + NaoC.1 i:tr + Hzo
--) Nact(aq) + NaoCLl. )+ Co.,(g)

Ct,(r) + Na:Co3(aq)
2cl:(q) + 2Ca(oH)Jaq) ---' aatt,(aq) + Ca(oll );1. + 2H?O
a'sweoldollrorJ (Soda Ash Production)

nr:zu6n1qo.u,orierl{n:e!rultariti ar:dln'ul{ Nact tl6rn6oiurs'rirn:r gi
n11rr!iqrdi!) tfurlirn !i3orro.r tt, f,u u, 0d t'tr lrrnr:uu|ornrq) ;'r!
NHj
co, ldnlnnltn1fi!!! rarrir cao n'16tl6ru:rlrinaroritr. catoH), d-rT]
+ (.O,2+HO
NaCt + HO '
3H+N '2Nl-
CaCO t +r NH CI + CaCl + NH +HO
2
CaO + HO- rCa(OH)
r.ntilart :virrortrrJu1't ;p'lr"n)uL;.y6d1 I :iFod.tcl I\aHfO i

tdrirhlrarrrtr: tra,co, (roru!r) $as co, drldrisdfhixi dxi.J NH"ct irdit!
r.rr.ri ao-' 1dcac. .iureraoa1d..": Nr d,iri"u.5,u1.61ylr$ui!
n!;ot'laWf,Sn a:loleuU (Sulfuric and OleUrn)

nrffi"aihEn (HrsoJ 1i1uao61un:l,.ty6rurh3!fl11 Arur:oH6ql6aradrlyri'r.: 1oU
ostrizu6orrilun:ot'aflrinlorm:,r rr,r:r:rfioarrliauar usil:ara-srrf,ulariu!
(pyrosutfuric acid; HrSrOT) 6'1u,1:rux1ln'r:fratuyln (contact process) iiuoo!60

o ariuriiqoalBraulfrflilfr iirrr'rn'uva'uuaarrua, ieldfrit 50, diauarr

-, Solq) S(l) + oJq)
."::r o urtr"i:i.-ro.ro ia-g , ."r 1J rO violev: p "rr-
or Jr:rnsLon q SO
. il'rufiir sor 6.{uai)'6s6'rdnio Hrso" rdtrdi.r nsldar:avara H.s.o, 0a16ar)

so,(g)+ H,soll) -J H,s,oit)
.iolrri r,crifl.l :.ll 'liri Io.FL,r "t" tri
H,S,o?(l)+ H,o(0 -, 2H,SO"(aq)
nlSweowDUsa (Monosodium Glutamate Production)

arrirl:gnarrvdnto.r.r.rr:a 6anionaorir dlrir:.Lrrrl6ou:t-ltiltrtn6a nanrtrr'
firra:rr':unr:ua"nrdu16rrr'rriri rirfirarrl viol!riitr niur::!nliir60rnstixl
{ n,rr.vinir nf r n' nio vl.,.rlrfr"i,t-r,lr,,"r10"(Fo. tr.ieqfr'"iur.ri
1|l drd'tuxltloru r-ll nt a]lr,r'r l 1r1uFr 01.10 r1l
r
r,rlrfui :vi: . r,o, - rj1'o r. tl.a 'i LJo ci

.."
trF .nFle<l r Ll)L + UoLlU.ltllUundqlltr.lo
uo uriorn4oruro + ucl -+ flonqoiin + NH4CI

nr-qneflrin + NaoH + Iullltt6alaqrrrmn + l.O
rl3rrn:nr:'l{n.rq:aodr.r ru!r isaxr6'0.iod'1,!r3o"! t6!rn'riBrriur qor tro'lu

a1flr oln:r1rtr6 6o 0.1 0 8yo r,oloru't: (irlt:a 1 daulrtvlrcilc'hiluir:
J
J1."y'.fr"U1..id5o: I 5 v5Lr]'r.6: r1l r000 .r .[tr'L'' r.llo.'tv
)_a{ifl 1Al0'114'llFllrU

.
320 13 CHEMEASY
UE5nErRrao5
ilairEieiaoi i,rsailaLnirYuimoarvr:vd'n (N P K :tdo:tnr,l v{oa{aia [ag

.,: , .,
In."va.6u)i.r.:t3u'n"4r 1rf,i.o r': riiurj utu ,z r:v.nv 6. i.u.6" ,...riqur.r.t
!fltu6! ( i1]u16uxulirax.rduoraqa:ido.rar:)
n'suonSosa:uoDSloo'rh'rshahlurlu
rr:uoa Brrruorno1|r:r,ra-n1ut]olruondruri'rral 6rxrirn-lmn I p Klotii'rrar
r. r'riornllotrr,to:r el- v rr..Fiorrfru 0'r,r.
'tldL i!,(€r
'. .0 l0 vr Liir
qutfrai 100 .,
'ri q H oo t\ .q J r0l i. qp d' )0 lq ..drfii rc I uU l0 lg
Qululcrsrou
r-"r-.o:..rui':.aFr, r'nr riE vi L r.;uuruL,i, :J 6todr. rj :c frlir,;ql.t dL
rluuor&rflqldanln 2NHr + H,SOa-, (NH,?SO4
i]ugriu 2NHr + co, + NH,coNH, + Hfo

co. arun firvr+ooairau + lot.l-r
0aWoarWcr
rJarloaLviofidrrtalriua.r:r-h=rnolrlaar artlur,iah loail:orFllrriiur,!oaLr,ir
C"- l d(DO, );)0' r t-i. \ l1i"q;.,i]rtler.elr
tlur,lodr!,ln
2(CaF,.3Ca3(POJ, + 5SiO, + 6Na,Cor -)

l2caNaPOa + 4CarSiOr + SiFa + 6CO.
!u.lil! ai o6(do
CaF,.3CalPqL + 10H,sO4 r 6H3PO4 + locasoa+2HF

CaF,.3Car(POr, - 14H3PO4 -+ loCa(HrPOJ, r 2HF

loo coRE coNcEPTS l1 321
a1)'HF riLions!'iY{fl!l!iuta'lnira lal:it'nlrrriutiu dairlr rrdli''olatirli

Na,ao. rio Cacor ar1r Hr iLtuar:arariicrirtrhi'iAi3!rfr! 5lO, uav Mlo
rfi otuAl,rltu Mq5ir-" (magnes um s tlcofl uorlde) il'ldtfl uarrririoularo-ral l:
6HF + SiO, -+ HrSiF6 + H,O
Hr5iF6 + lVgO -'+ A,1gSlF6 + H,O
Qolwuna
r]oIu*uaar6oramar: :vnoutortrqlnwatier hodo[rari.ri]cl uvalut::!t'tB
Fa f,n"r r .,r-:.sr ,[1i :r1fi uervril r]tln"rvallrrn
lfLfivlutio rtL l c.
K?so4 KNor !!a! K,So4 2['lqSoa nrti.r6n!tr ([t]a rtiorvri, davfii6 n'nohlri!
nliqf,rilu kct Io rrldu ,6n ,rir.i.i rR(tNd( , !]ljolfiey.5u6,"i)rta ull"i'fifi

qruli{ilrv!r.u 9o"c r6lar:a;are tlacL fi6r6Ta rl :grvuriroon aun:gril
Kct onflanogn!1
!!iial' 1rii Ktl Nacl nflna'n Nact ------roair6n KCI
ii!at! NaCl 0}]ft!
,"nrrndo',r,rit t,rrnn',';;cw0lilvvra 100!tioc'l1i Nact n'rcra'nrlau [iixit

rloenara'n KCL
n15erf,n Krsoa ldornnr:riruiua.rLllud (K?so4 2Mqso4) !1!otfraY!6u6[61

ntd rull.u!1fii,rtuvniul ur '0. (o"C !1r.i Ld' )cl a tt-r5lo" r uFtrile :ala'u
÷ KCt fi!,fixrdua.ihj oJldren r,son uunul"'oorn',,
h uiua{rhd K,sor 2tlgsoa + 4KCl -, 2Mgcl, + 3K,so.
(
n1:,{6o KNo, tu6ot61qdi KCL riluiisrn'! NaNos o"ia,rn15
KCl + NaNO3 ---+ KNoj + NaC[
'Lu--uaLfitrtLilt i'
r
tli )x6iltiilt[lLrdIt'DJttll,]L1!tcnt0ll1!fir'9L45-l
oto
: "" ."l:1'ull,9r!11
" ).11[v"td6rl4
nro nrM r1.)ll Jol,.u1&
,.-r v'nittr ro .tt uv at6 Uu lsfitBlrru
uu]lfi orrnirrlni roultl6o aifrueiou ttn::ua5l ua
gu6o6u

322 13 cHrMEAsy
0i:twau
llr,.dtrfo" I r rtL_r]r.tltolit)!. t nrtLll"lcdrul.1lr :cl ur.lsdrluul4t,llu tu
'r.o'v.vino udor rr rrjl o"'rr ilunaxrtoi20so. 6or,l,oilr"U. rr,
rjr..ri.ur.iufii N q0oo ae!rrr,ri:lul1oa.d0yii p 1590,|1,;odrL50. J3 ^p
ourirfii rfiolilda'n;irurroarvrrouao: rdrr6rar:r6!rii rin:u too kg
tondiind sz.t o.rrraor:r o.:!ort.rrdrrdolid

a) I{rdu!'lutlt:yt 85 .ill zualrilarrLiudu l5 ;iru lodu)a lyldr r.hjoifiaq:o.irrt)
b) I11$rarttr ,fi'arylo 80 riru tarriuar:filrdu zo ;it: Iosu:a a:rt6'i*litlifiao:adril:
tontlilnd gl.z ri or:rur n t:-zual ar: rofioiohld actdll aira,ry'iao:a dril:

a) hurrar6ou'hro:yaarailar:r6rr6 udodl: z oia z qrtlii,rdlr
b) !ra:]hrdaldaalio iralr'la1:r6ldltuf,od:u 3 sio t sr.r,liiro'1r
tondiind sz.: dryloan;urliJaoiolid

n. 45 a 0 o.i,id:snaura'nrflu lu.cot'tH,
11. 0 - 20 O a.i,fiJ:snolva"arflu Ca{H,eO/,
n. 15 0 - 45 o.i,illivnoula"nriu rto.
nr:a6o!ar arrrnurir]w3.rarrLlfildil!flrrtao: Io !riar:16rr6drin:-.rrJirriu
a) drdaur:tlolaro: s - 10 - 15 ni1r.t! 100 kg da,il{i]u I r my n otjrjacryiio
a;.r 'ndr{J,I ,- -'1".L 00.q.", t uag n adr.ia:ryl'{n
oooo. I

BASIC SEPARATION
PROCESS
r ooo
{ I t
ar
lf
L I

324 13 cHTMEAsY
fl lSOlltUnelS
nili'1rt!nalraont{hlsvtnrtl'r.i"ltLti.i[!afJuvalul:0"! ttr]acr:o'r6oia-!inoriii
o !ir loL.ir.rrirJi'u v.tL et lvrl "l ,rL;.ir,.L '"us..rf i ,:r
arsruor,:rutr
arsuaanS
srq
tar: iiolar. ohx: ioooan tmrLaLd
rnfu?idlsdluunrJsrnnaals
n'tnuHuni1!dru!!a'rd0ln gufl lnr:rirur.rnarid.lsiolr.ld
. mrudnr:ral#l iorrldilurolyainir 1 lrm (104 cm) nsar!ril]avflolua.t
, 4- i
:tttll'ton,-1.uuto o' Jt ,rrruo 0.!iJdtvlllyttlLo.a d rtyri" ! f.dtrr tnlrqnJ.
1 pm r:a arrlr olo.! tfixrld'ra sir rila,r : "rdoaau" uqy.talo.llallfuilu.ro
aqnro#nn'irJu r:'nr:rotfurr:riu "rfi'a16tn" ril
r mrudolirl::nautarar: ar:ri"o16arid.rar:ri4rduasar:acar! Insa.l:
t -i<.
iayilr.iir"a ruir rtf, o.6cl 1 fi a : iL"6aru iilo.6oovi,rly uaourvar
nr? *:i"a :cra_ario.', r r':L' nr r' l iioayarr: ruf u.tlr"rio.6r . ri r}ii
lo16oovSoonuaarttaa:lrinrd
. rntud6lqari :sflau ar:rSanforrrtutdriroifl,rava.r: ::aou lou

allUi!f o!rien'rnnlrt!uo"rriltalornurnn.ir t tin tirLa'ar:rl:caou
6',r!1) n.1.t' u lotu0lolu. J l t oltrS a 0L llt,l )yr.t4I lsaL
. mtut{6!rh!a{61? 61q,1,nrlld6, : ..ir rluulu-Fior. rfii" 1du- s-erlau:

oroa1ayv ttavoT0fiilaw
. !ntudlrltrllUri!6,t6fi ra!6,tlrlrrnou ar:d:snouorlrioornart:-tror"rflu

raroiedrafi!rrl,oooin iarilrovlot:musi

too coRE coNcEPrs l! 325
alSIUOWaU nOaaOUO Ia:alSlUOtOUl

noaaouo -r.16Ufl'Lltt.t,JA1.,iLd1.J/'.oAlAlr!1,'lU41lltl.F-l.llpnlylltr.i!..O
,, i i -
01.J' 1r v t. L' , O 1..f U001 Un I ft-ivlulu l0 .-)L]"xl"1l otn6r.a".t
hFI o'la
(tvnda
xr tr't l
I
o 6
ef
!10.i
ed) rr'
!!a it"r'l
i't
fi- ) u
:
lliFrio un i ndl?nsalr]'ttflnlg ti.! [6.i16'
n1l,J't fl o-,!
Jiryr"cf i.r6.tlt!dn!tu: l,L 1 .]1/lne'.L t c l. r). cd1l

tu't00urtn lfrnil!lot1l
erslrol6sl . r)ifilu flerL, FIy.J i t0"c-.rr,ir,.r-,. .i,rzua*"

Gr
o a .r_irr" i0L,1.1:v.-r l0 0 ,r i',. -n.aa,,d lr-tnii

l
I aut 1n
n"r'lua 1n'rfl
naaa au onc nlSni uo t lraft tua Lofl'ta flll1toltu.i L1,u tluaSaainrgnau
. 3 rll]lr?tu OptLrrn(rlnn. l0 ,mt') ": rn"r'a]1 i,t^;'t
ib
fls:u3un1sllt fl:l1s
n1:uunlonirauo'ld'uniruu0nilrfl!6!tfr loialsusiavar:fi zua!nnori fli,]odrl

alLOv6'l'1Lldld,'rUCdttl"c ttl" do'Us 1rl"10? d1oUn_a qlM,iu tluu
fl 'r,11161r.11r011]nr:a!61u 1o16oo n11u!iu61:iuitvSn n1:5ytio
EiOLA.',rnnulor tvL'tl]'tL1t.ufl[ona J J0fll)llunnifl-n 1r' rllLluo ru6l urrl

rFo"ltrlu lu cor.epr i'ri"; !c'iiin rLEra lfif-n'q' ,ri6'r> r'-ro:rarrral
nlsnsoD (Filtration)
a1tnlo.fld[unto.tuii!onqTntoltva'] fi't! n'l'-tll(o neil ttl o,ltlul o aul re dtn':ol
L .te- r_iorldt r: oYti lr t 6e "r ll,l lt _
io 1" 10r t, r..' r i1r,n'r'fl !.r'Lfl ,ra r!
nS0rLqerd rllqlu r0l01..nln[ut!1111 ]u (m
n1rfr!nrvoiunio.rith inadr.irilun:radrvirrrrun:rtrtdrdufi : ttul6a
rirrttlo::lor [ag {'uNr!6!

326 12 CHEME
1 2
I
\'t
J
2
1
B 6
lnrssJarsarJ!isr!ns.0 nrsliuns:orun!.oruLrs55ror (!Lr) LrLruiu (aril
fl tln:a.it0.!wj iaocn0u00nnanl0ntyal nc!!ul,!Lrfl IEo1vnl0.i(1.tu

-, Ye ,
5l:ll0_Uolyl'lu10nl-61[111]?ld!tAly9d1'llfld:LLF|dll).11L1tuy)dLyt0ttL
vlo;_'ratitytx.ttulltrl 11'"riuo i:ttn!re'u.rldtlûnt.y,0,l\L,lll.tltflttn10lt!.
rtlu z ryh tirohiidrr ar n rolio onl
" r:iuroraauararr:r-:.r: iur ir"s. ru.,1.r,.ir"fi,lia r ror' vuofrn
vrrnr:Iva'ldorlttlilurirrra gaonr:n:g16urarrva:oonuanfl :!fl fl lon
nlSnaU (Distillation)
ar:nduf, ar16*aarorrraarrLrnnir L tfi ofi ava.rufiurihrilo16!rlouo.rdaa:.ru
[qns]'r.r1ro.iro16ao aa:fifi1o16ooor'rnirov16onnaroriJu'laaorrrrlolu6'rn.:luriu
luoourot"noi 6rfrf ,yeadulyariluat.fiod ru6.ro t r,ior., on.r-lo,riohilonii

dlriluyuororrvarnfl ul'ttug:or:"r6nfu vl'.1 o-.r:iJ
[aiiiunlsnajudoolxa,
r uss?uoorrad.rr rrjul s,urn r/l-i/2 uanur.l rnos[-]l]looi
niu i.doiiiunrs L6ooa uuo, raDL6a:rLi,r'[]1Lr
L
I
. nsrLlr:noifulrLo.(nrsog,ns,)drurLUnwa6urali a
o o'rcldLnuns,rijaoao'lul:onalr 2-3 -J! l!io
0aoriunT sr6c<riruLrso )F;icLEu 3
lrair
'i
. lln5unuloofiaxuouro nlshffili,Drioldo
Lh6auo haiur]ona'uusurtudorl

ni:na'ua1:o-.u11!ulirdi irnr:rronlorryariiro16oorihrdu!ri ri,aclrl6o.in.r.i

o: ruriqvdrararriltdrrrnrrrdurrrrh LLriurndo.rar:hilro.iLyar dndul6'!
nrrrriauf ar 6orrfi r qln:airirhJ6niiuyi.r6o,, noa'rindu;iro'ueirr,'
.''"clora ro o,,,-.ir,d Lt u10lu0r,r..ixi{ll.yie!.'r;Lriou,fi.i
n"o 16 o nloso.la r: ri ol r.u'raFt or.t ro!rroi nrrrlaqi nrfliuwd6onir , nr: na-udro-u
iil!" (fract onal distttationl nirldnaa" idEr'rdruhiar!i:ouEnro.!r11arfiilo
16aoh6'rFrriiut66nfiro
nlsnauolUtoul (Steam Distillation)

to.irauii6'l:Ul,iriobiaru:ana'lusndrrS6na'rfi airl:l'ld riarrrniro16oo
dl iln0ltla)lutallars _Ltuol)u tttx,J]sMisrj thric !1 raofl or1ln.-Lu 1un5fi
{ r" g y I I . qa X
u$lncrnn_5aalr1ut0! iln:lttuu I (]00 a),!1]m2fl.lnx1r.aou.,r\ona=1r
ru1r1.t
[L]nA]i!- lll]ovll] lntt dtla j 00 -! nt0:irfl,.Lo 0itor 1.iltu
ri ruiuuottv.vu,r,rr'uqrn'Frldri,ro.6ooar t ro'( y rnfru^naiudlgloti-

- " ! .tdc F-. t't!0!lon]nu.3-lll]tf ]Flo-f, ,r -
ru aorMnlJ r) c q1q'l tl01tt0itoul
5',)Xinuxl' nfit /6Ll nmHq rT' ly!'tl"y0!1ttrr naurtaan!]tliotliuldi-td

c ."- - & f,
tqutlt0c}lu1.JLloirlyutl.n_t1,]ut0i)u rsdnllr.yLL :_L lalailoatu nfiriu{]
a.!'rin!ruariol6',i1u1i'2unilsuunlududoti
notclulll
r riadolari r
r urhaalSu
kaa:n
a t &
I nourouldo5
laLi:r
nua.r1eno
ulhaalau l.,
lrari.r
nrlnuD
UUIdU
t_
\ n-'t du:saDsu
-Chemeasy
- ค"#ก 340 of 352
328 13 cHEMEAS 5
lnsurlnnsrW (chromatography)
1- le:ulvn:rflrtui6nr:uorar:fi1{ " drlira vara " uar " o"rqo'fi'l " lunt: ta nta l
r.raduar:araraoonilnti'tr louarduolu[ongirih z 6ru 6o
. n!rraur:olilnr:asar! (ufrrrira:ars)
. or,]rarrr:oll,tar:Qnqq{u (!un1qot"!)
'h.:esirrit,liruli'":vertn',otttudrqnTtl-r.ratldd':riteta^tvr'1rio-!nl^t
rtiu ronuoa uoilou i6nr:u rri]rr"fir1 drd

. ril6urirsnr:iorildairllrlu[a:ahuriitiola:corur:ol (aruFir z tdld
M'riniu lo cm) Jd)lF .(oorr nl:6'xad^lfdoln rlutnolJrjte totr'lovaoo
nliJnaria.i!ualco'ru 10!1olfi 6n tdr m:ot:luurr'rrdufilldrl

. d'ntrortn:o:rilor.i:1 r'tlur rtr"tr.rtitlrlo'ti acaluli i'iotr 0'r
frava'rrv.nFoufi{ddo, r:rnrso-ltla.ilLuLlA: tlial16'rn-a ruirtlv'
aauir,toQ1rl1od., ror'li orr!.,nnoi'!'t!rr:aid u*itr liln4tt"u{rr'{ii
n rrsi 11.n;olfr Lt[ Lt-rev d! (rltol!']la:) loLulurrllllxlll l'l1l
. 6odrf ro:a erqFoui.1 iiioutJlo{n5iert,iltd qotlu.orl nnrtlt

iiorqd':auar uv ua:io:varfi lotolar:oir.r1rn6oudtr,il6'
nrroiurorrir q toruia;ar:lnurir'tcurdgtrndauvrtti" ur:dett

"fts!frifl:1Fr8lu!ffEotdi ' l1,01flt6aa tfl6a Io.n,
r rla{L tqu'i' | '"r la, .'

,1":rl^'lvn: ,fioirr.>:q u'rotvio.,rir"6in
-a on-"roq,ap y)1"iiTirir^:r:ri.i rT alrd)oti ttit ::rour-lte ritic
*rlastLtlL0 J'lld']tl'lnlU' Satn'lUUl-110UlllUilo
duiunr:uoaar:luiSuorrn orlfi 61n:r'r1vn:rilLtuunoairri *aviar'ld

a$6ntrartudrgodr looidua-nnrrt6urriun"rln:rrIMn:iiiJuw(rlu [sit]r.ii"u
otnroonl,lntll'ta!a'tdi.ta3.ta't5010utna,tr.t'ri'tno'll.Jllxr lla']il:01jlnstfl6olt6.ilJ1
o'r1.n r:1,,,:oirdlua. u01 :oort l0rll1r)0 nL qi)ufl llJiltJ
•
: frlsafio (Extraction)
all6doa'Do1pt-unrr uorolrrlurr:ararata.tar:fioir.tn'rr drotlrrtdu nrrario
'
lli uanrorar:6rdr:oonrrahfirdrErovr;oa airr:0rirldtrrlcai'iitiurlu'luiit
' ' :iua:, arr'16'611rLarl, una

100 coRE coNcEPTs ll 329
arriidr: R 6uq!) asararJtloijftral: y (e1160.r) 6r

6ari'rothuu'r rril
t:rdornr:usnar: F f"!a'r5 y oonnanfiu r:rFdorrrar:fi ovrirvtrllan-n rfi a
rttlnar:'loar:yiruunoonur
rtotiM'r1io!d01"J1i1.:attiu ;rr,rL. rrrtn u!oidll q ..ata]t y ..;,

nrir ar: R ayarolddhal: p 6r!rdo!) d?!61r y lr3u'lrjacaruluar: p uac!'.r
uon{un'r6ndru r:r6r6on6r p t.rian-oa1i R oonolnari y d'.i:
0oqn
KOlUNSf,U
IUUl
P
I
R+Y
I
r0ofion
nau dslun:ruolu KAD
.".1' lrdta'5 Dr-rarfd'l'i B er.r!', d 1 / itr"i!qr!U.uilnu,ida'r

R iir ;rD r LU or {'.ll'" ..e.lrrriuFryFoit,.r: r t"n.ul .rlir"6rt,ufr-n
did
Lrl0ua081d!tvdt[0]dynua tant?r1.r:rFruar lr
fl lsonwafl (Crystallization)
oG
Jdr'lv 'avF l. rd'11' 'luo6rdluEtL tnlL0ln r110!9il r,rlnrr n"1l;fluLrla I
oiuvn nrLl.nruauf nrlno. -:,-

^ Er1rrF.l11r,o rlt)9,1,'o'.ro 16ont t:-arl r:nlun tr
lca'0yrUAUU..lld!LUrlrrJatLMniJtdlAlla:a d .r r5d luLlrn !nar61rrlo0ir.!Fr

:c. 40'c qar]y4l{i UeYCcd L [,1]!rU110tLvnilo l (L1l'iAr!.Y1l.Jl.l1lJt1!qr 11!91!aUll'rl)
-t o-
r) !iri rM;r. :f,r: r.fi0,., ,ra-rtrrsio.o-r-1":r-aFnrottdrlr-i
tdtur
'is1,,;
,rfr11!!:6110 !!Atn inl0.ltkln00f u't
Ft.
- ;.,x !
- a.!Lnn1lullat
rllulaMlt0 tr,dnvLfluut.Lfl1 - - LLa'tl a: a tf niLn tlnnLan
0E lll.flq tut) rl ru t'io.1lln. rlttdy6t0:tuaalo loLlr'tirdnyloLur.L"":nlrld:"a rr
lrror-rr".,:. r'uirc, a6rtlr6nq*r rn,

' r0,, zu;r..qrdroirly
l .116o u
3Ot ZocC uiaar:rafidfiriaaardaala':rlriqr6o:atiurndr
Chemeasy ค"#ก
BT 342 of 352
CHEMICAL
CALCULATION
••
I-!
TECHNIQUES
,/,\
.':- u,-

lnRuRfl lsnluJrululRUusauualg
n'r:,i'rirttu1l]:rrlnfitiu ihuto.! 3']irua1:a-1l11-1.tii a!nr:n010!n_.tt y;a[io.!a,n:,]

a1rfroUi6iu1rn! fnrihnilfrwrira"odluiordrln.iaruuiirihua'n ;i.rvilJlCo.!fi
i r .r'uu err.lvrlr-"rF n{olu'r r:6oirl riorauq" . :o
6ldaflter" ,r-rao.l
rru6o
^;E
rir:rnfiaar uarrir toq 1.un:nidufiauriaroogri.rvuodlratrir tog tlr'biio.t! uri
hildr.rlraorru'jrnril{rirrrlrnrjrityuorcriui6do'fi ao urrnirvrnr:ririr
uoaryialrniloydiiruuo lvatr:an"rlrrruld:ror5.ruaciruair
lnnunnlsh'tRlnlaDdoD
nlflHnhnltdta"laola lrni allGirdo.lnr:rrrir 45'
-- t"
'llyuol14 n = 4 (trl"atva'ltltlLlUJYlLOlU n)
45 - rr o)+5)/ (l0r)/-2(1OlN5) r 5'7

= 1oon'?+ lOOn + 25
IOOn(n I) I 25
• . ui4!rhn-4 rc16' = roqq)(q+t) +zs =

na'niasAo4x5=20
zozs
fllSn1tDrunlfl"taDaoo
( 7 9 1-.5:
100(.)(6+1)+ 25 +1 )+25 100(dX9) + 25 100(9X10) + 25 100(10X11) + 25
= 4204 + 25 = 5600 + 25 = 1240 + 25 = 9000 + 25 = 11000 + 25

= 5625 = 1225 = 9O25 = 11025
;i"rvil nril1r€ lir r-.r ao ito.ril'r uruiitltda t{r a 6: r s yia o iiuroiiniia trili
\r'r-lL/l_at6.l!.l.lr Uyrr 11L,1r,.r..1,0yi. )t a itt.lL
/rL00rl ly rl,..t 46 ...atyd r.. L 1l
40 (a- ll 45 7(4EX ) .
rrnLrninrh.rfrl6onrrh 45'lulitri ?025
= 2425+45+45+1
= 2425 + 45 + 46 = 2\16
.,,ucA (r^-1) n +n+(r-t)

(n-t) - n n (1 -t)

332 11 CHEMEA5Y
iond,irnf 1oo.1 n. "r.in ,, nlv'n ru' rdulut.lh d

a) 7t' d 2s1 d 691 d) 54:
a:-r6dio.lr,r:v rdta.r 4/t itreinnr:Fotriun"u aarqirrfriadrri

4j) - t46+12 = 46'}+2(46)i)+t'z
= qe'+M+qt
= (a5+1)r+46+47
= 45'?+45+40+46+41
= 45':+ (46 1) + 46 + 46 + (46 1)
= 45: + (4)(46)
tvn06 B (n+2)'1 = n'z+ 4(n+1)

(n 2)' - n' 4(n 1)
[cndiJni oo.2 ornrvnfin B njrlr]'rta.fi'rurutiol d

a) 72'z b) 28'z d 68'z d) 53
rrn,rnioFo'hr ,r6u n i iraorlo'ql'-t tlr6r o-tdre- tu- lta! 6roituirt-

ii'rodrrnr:n'tnurirnid'lasrrcirirlruov.!uii 3t 6.1 4o iiounid.rvnianr:rl:vurru
01t1a{aa !t0n!r!lullullPlllaltl
dornr:rrdrto,r ir aat{s Lefr Inrv 6u6ao
31 +30-31 = 900+61 = 961

-?0
3t = 3a' + 431) = 9A0 + 124 . 1024

337 = 35' 4134) = 1.225 135 = 1489
34'1 = 3s' 35 34 = 7225 69 - 115€
35' = 1225
36) - 35'z +35+36 = L225 +71 = 1296

-\36)
311' - + 4(36)
35' = 1225 + 14tl =
m.nn!'Li ilLJidlo:.lunrs
38' = 40'1 4e9) = 1600 156 = 1444
39) = 4a' 4a-39 = 1600 79 = 1521
Ljnau.taeunrs!n!uErsi
402 = 1600

too coRE coNcEprs lg 333
rynllaqot!"o!n1, n llMlnln,lA1610i Fa n-tu:rll1&n.ti.tdlaotlo!\i]L.t!iI

11f,UU! lrrlunt:uxtdoifln8l n lnq't 0u t !od L!lt
crbotirod rco.t ol}errurirrar 17.2'z
uac6nrouul] !8'? = 2o'' 4(tg) = 4oa % =324

ri'rra{ 17.2'z iclnd!6u.ia-u 289 rirnn,it 324 o?:n',trrlird.lo0dri6rtariir,r 6o tz
,icror* do r,r,,!rcs,x,iro ,irid'rn 15!i ri! yDrdr6J
' ta-1? ' = 28a

rl.'
'='- - 80- 7= 296 ,.-!i!60 295.84)
n){.u io s.!.E,r\,xi jr rouuL n^j io!;D
cicotirofi too.z rql:grrrurirto.r 54.6'
uuf,Ao lfiriu6oll]h mroudr.r 542 = 55' - s5 54 = 3025 + to9 = 2916-l ;",.r',

unc6nrou! 55" = lozsJ ng
nirto! 54.6' ly1ndr6fltd1r :ozs !.tnn.irzgt6 or:niurrurirloodrl6ltoutu 6o t
;c,ap 6o s,t,nos,ui.t i1i;oJ.n*? du i,u5r6r
3625 - 110e 1I:!151 = 3025 t10e

E)l = 3a25 44 = 2e81 (ri1n3.!60 2e81.16)
r,r:nrJs:k,ir you! h, y6d;r
'i.d.!;D
nl5Us!ulruFilsrndacD
troindoro'odrgruarnrraiofiillvlttuFiirila-.iaol MrafarS!ua,rui:or.l:cxtrrLr
rirrira'raanrorrirurlrir.ll n'r*ri I so lfrud.r ao.r6rvrrrndrothrslolii
d:oeirod too.s nruldlroi !/56

-&
lluloo ?LLlrLvurorc rrarai: 1li ri_u)l.Jldiu ) rttoau La:InthF 56 i.le
MDr2.' . l.riurr.lt' 50inFitniridrnir50
lluun 1 1aua1.i 1-=49 t_
lOU1Ji,J 8-=64
nl v55 0ai:ratafr'lu1117 nlJ 8
lor 56 1,i'{nr.r ao 0,. / vrj:r r"al yirl o4 oq 8 ral.o 6o'i^ rrvrr z drvrolir-
r 1,oi /5; n'.ii' ,).-Urrr rrx 7.5 1r".ar M3ouril!)tu ti16"i da:-riuatr" ri'li'
7+ r:::ll) _ 7 _! _7 *047 _747 rF ni.l6!l /.48)

64 49 15
rirdru 6o s.r,nros'r.irc rauuu rn, rouirc

334 I3 CHEMEASY
luud 2 rl:surau'ht1lduolar 7'z= 49
1 .52 = 56.25
nr$u. r e11r0i i56- '[r,i.Et r rlur Dril{c- i516-Ia'
ricoiiroi too.+ n.iurFllroi \,u5

Iurho n\()-nltir litrurDi 2 75 Llitrlu 275 rfialii'ru0ioflllao ..::L i. ! 1r; r' : rr'r.:'
v'rri'rralai1.l 16'l = 256
!|aElrolrulr |l'? = 256 + 16 +17 = 289

rir /2zs /rorfirhoalnd 17:J1afi'l 16
(!rr1y 275 vi1.!n'rn 289 od 14 xtl?g urilil.i 256 oli 19 vir! lloidriiaila{na, il)
iirarnovrut6'tau iriilci:vlrfll to.6
iflnniolLlrun
, .-,, ! . i
tfl1tlrt1,i'11 .M[on 1ld.".dto1]u rfiutt
,
u)tun]n '
_ '; I 60 789
n. de no r,!,1'-r { i ) a,;iarr(!1;u ro,6 161 2r,
1t t-::-:-::::a " 17-042-
2A9-256-1t 33
10.58
s,r,nu,x,iro rouuu,6, iardtu

ncdou 6a
nrFr1lar J775 Uinylflll153Llttu L6 58
6ri1,fi'r'ror n[JE L r\yiFi]tllir1tu I 658 (elii'!Ao I o58r
lcnai/rd too: or rrr'ru. : rfe.,ratirururol'f
rifildoln
,itSD
i34
,?d.3
\t42-1
,h2_2
i6n1ri}!!1turilro.!rriiavnuorrsiT rn'ud'x16niar [rri31 iv6'nnlifi

nrud"r !i1ri!fin'r5v1la6\ij1d1n6'rha3r rfiarJ:rva"or!nrlrnrrnilrr.urfllaidrll
nsoua iiuinaldailsne

too coRE coNcEPrs l3 335
t,t'nGuuar!r:ofl loralr6n-rnldurro.i uavi:iulrurilnl!

n0iorfr ur6urortd
ua-"0 r: ltrfuiuilr rite, ,ril,r rrrior6a.et rr'aflnludru rr1 u-.rBuuotatrtro
y F'trr, rilthFl.L rft ei rii I n"1di viul"ii-L)L
:S1- :d,-r'ri! . iio.io"rf, r-a rnc

uu-"r0,,
d.fl
"fi
.,nan6',ri-
"i ,.erooldrior " yio ntti.lr:l"rue.t:,y r"ttrr
ilrfu tiuluurr.:ti6tnrrlrafr
erpryLrturi,Faolao.c1ml_r l;nirrr]1derfl r^ irtr,:ilirJ ldr r:trcu^tuuru
6o1L1i ..si,fio.a3o 16orar q nrin"u nr-fitr" rorFnn.r ldn*o ,r rv.fin.varddi
rloul mottJornu':or.rnr:13aunr:aoulufl aluil
nlsUs:ulrurilwDfilu log
a lD lr_l,xt tue i!r dlr to! L1a_n'uy,".. i ltL rtuF :lvt.rt.r.riu.6,:,it
l',tLlyr tua rl), l_.lct y .ti,(:!! .
",tl 1yrl a!, t) lfidol.ut' L rl.L;. rnr
arrr:nr/:yrrrudr tog ldotlrriroora aoorrqva'anrra'u
1l!LL uirLM]oaln'r01 Loq 2 !r.ly loq 3 LrinD!
loe2=0.J010 (nlun Irrto)
loq 3 = 0.4771 (,irr!fi ',..8 fi1(i')
11rY 2 1lnyr., og.0l{tL.LrOL0ltlrnA0l o'..!11 1!L.tur
tog4 = Log 2'? =2tog2 = 0a
tog5 = log! = log10-loq2 = 1 0.3=i7
loq6 = log(2x3) = tog2+tog3 = 03+0.48 = r.78
Loq 7 = 0 t5 fio.iiirrfixrrfllnln:itFru
Lnfr!Anjiiuli lo:61un-rs roqil = los2 = 3tog 2 = A..
lo39 = LoqS = 2loqj =.r!l
[ondilnti tOO + orr]:strrurir tog toviururiotrJi'
dridorar:y'r rau?ir.i 10uull rlrfir.l:cxltruld

tog 4.5
to!32
tq 7.4
]_
log 6.8
-
Log 8.7

roau[on5'Cn'lutiu
AX'g lindi,na 5r dr-!3 trndand 2e
a) 35..18
Fc uoD s ( 1), c (o) N (o) lljLa6us
b) 3913 Fc uao s (o). c (o), N tl rad{rsnjl
[]tle Inndanii 52 6u1 8, lnnr;lnii lol

a) ,o2 sa:<H,se<r-r,s<Pcr
b) 28.11 H:se<H,S<5C,<PClr
I!} lq fnftj,rnn s3 ht1 88
a) Rb-87 = 235%
b) Br81 = 4t2% No, (4s6 r. mo) < No (607 liJlmd) <
co, (804 u/moD < ao 0071 kllmoD

dt t! linrjAnn 7r
:) 68x1or H2, 440 nm hir 99 lnndAni lll
b) 4si1o" Ha 660 nm 2l2O k mol-Cao: b) 330 kr/m.l c-
39 30C
[ii_!, r-rndAnii 72
a) r2x1o E 117xro{ m EI-IQ! tnnianii ]]2
b) 23x1of l, m nm alsdlua,a1rldlic a) cus d) FetrHPo+ r) r,ro3
g)Ag& h) Mnq 6Tfia'at166flto€r6o , Kclo.
Illlq tindan.l 73
:) 393x1o! 1596x10" Hz IlI lQ? lnnri,nn }3
b) 3roaotr l, 467x0r Hz n,nau/nnoJuno al ugco, bl Hso, d) tu,(HPor,
e) cus r) Fe{oH} d)u c) lLjdtro:nou
6llj9 linrlanii 131
a) iirurs:o_(JwaorlLr GhelD rhrfl_u Ili]la lind nii ]e l

b) druJJ[Js0cLilu!]Lnauartu r a) or mo/dm' b) I :2
Ehjg londi/nii 13.2 4h t?! Innnifd 3e.2
a) Be.<Nt<M <O_<Sr a) s mol/dm' b) 05

b) D<B<C<F<A<E
[h-!33 tnnianii ar
[!hlz tnnni]fli ra rru a <d < e < b <c < f a) o = s6 (Fe), E = 64 (cu), G = 48 0)
[!h-.]8 lonrihii 251 cEU us:u']tu 1o,mo d

blbl38 tcndturi a5
!!I6i ionnAnn 252
a) Hcl b) so%
a) ?07 Ju
O 45o 9 d) 0.s
b) aJnmicn ( -le )
hJr 147 tnnr(nii a81 5316 5os
nllz lonrihri us.l
tindanfi as2 2s4 %v/
a) nrwaloDru 1Zl2 k/mol crH?
findi/nii as I 02
bl n1t,winD1u 651 kJ/ml-cHroH
Ionnihii 4€4 s25 %,,
4h Z tond nd 2s2 lnnrilai 4!5 66/ %vr
a) rr[Jwa]on]U 117 k' b) n1tl\€lDn,U 44l,J

sI-!52 hnddrnn so
r!h-]z tnnri,nii 2s3 a) w-X=O1t Y=010, Z=OO9
al 5o,: > so, > soc, b) o.os md/dh1s .) !i ri-r
b) cH)oH > coi'> co, > co d) A+Bi2C+D

bi 15 trnri"nira t hrri 210 Innrlini 661
.r u bt n. 350 kl I 29o kr a) 1-buhne ra 2-nEthytPropene
a) rZmW ! 29t)U b) h&5-2-butFE IEE .te2-t rt6e
bllt t6! li-ta.Jnn irt rlau 76.9 rmd hLh Io lnnrir,n6 662
-n.rnri al 1 ps'tene | 2-nEtty'-1-hrt€ne
{qt 16Z 542 oou 224 nSu
fta: 3 methyr-bulm
Ill 1]3 r'rnii./nn 56 r b) fs-2-p€ntere nr_u .rr-2-pentsE
hao treir2-drnElr/cydopropare ir
f,) n n.: .ls-12iirElt'yb/.hp@pdE
.) t. --' 6ul1 a6 lnftianii 67
a) olL(l > flsotun_stj > (mrEloii > loacni

hil 173 lirnrr-1# 562 b) oLd loenas
drrutua rt1 221 Llrl;r ri ,,3
I 4 methlhexanoE acid
:r 2 ruthory I m€thylFqt ne
r .yc ohexhytEnz@te
i 4-ethylN m€thyl I hexsarine
r r N ethyl-2-nFthylpropananrde
6ir 187 Innr(nn 60.r
i l,4 dinEihylp€ntanat
a) 1zx1oi b,) 1s./.
c) pH 445
hn)?r r.il_irr' L (
.r lotduaitnsoaaD b Ll La;In$)aEa)
rft 187 lindanii 60 2
.r+Efuanachofi.r .]lofduajlnsoaa)
a) o08 M b) os2 gfioo (,nr .rlalsuoirsuln.io
[h_]92 tnndilni 611 hu'] 231 lrirli r rO..
4 Z0O M b) dl87 ar du aricy< c akohd , 4 [nsDaaN
!l riu a phatc alriie i B lnsDai-ro
612 : []u ester J e Ls lir
6!:l_193 lnndr/nii cEU t2s%w
.t 0u ketone i r lnsodiro
dt_IZ Inn:j(r.ii 62i hrftu pH 7js 6i-r 231 ]irli;in rca
Innrj(hii 622 brtrs pH a.oz
6u'1 203 [inJihii 63 ,rr nlsrnuiila:nrxoutuus\HJ 7
a) 3-ethyFasnirehytEptae , I nl5nnuiidrrrsr..) cl {n F€< r roudso)

bl aaiieny-ttrEthf1 heptene Kaa
+e8lyl-'rEf'y ctrEf'ylidsEod"m : nraan8roSud} KMnol
O 3,4,46teba.rElhyl4tare rh 23i iinla.r.i ior 144 9
d) 24,45,6?dram{hy-2+EPt@ rl]l 231 L ir ' 701

e)'etrr-+rPtryr.dor'eFe 6 [nsDaaTD (c.H,, 5 [nsoa;r, c& r [nsr6ar)
r) Zaird'l@23-dmehYpeotare ri'r 231 ar_i.;lii 116 GHplr
ql 45{itrFthyl 2 h€ryne :irilni 7.. r methanarrde
h) {2-fi twca-rEthY.ydopar*

I!!t_?39 tnnannd r2r hh 275 IinJAnn 34r
a) xrjuaaAantntuara (o.ulo6l a) 4Fe':' + o: ' 4.Ll r 'lIe!+ 2}l[O

b) 6[asD3a]D FnaG:ntrlrrlcldra'nne-8?nu b) ,lfe + 3O: r 12H' , 4re' + 6H2O
.) dlns8Tsru8oarmswo8u 6Ur 275 l_inridnri s42
hull B! InnaAnii 72 2 a) zn I zn' ll co' l co d., = 0.48 v
GNlo6 _r 2C,H5OH + 2CO, b) ftlr,,rllMno. lpt Ed=097v
I!L?l! finni,nn r41 xljl 287 Inn6dfi 87
A) PET b) PVC. PIFT, PS, PMMA al PbrO. + 1+lNo, + zPb(NO:l + pbo: + Z'lp
b) 4Bclr + 3LAlli r 2B:H5 + 3LC + 3AICI
[L245 tnnrinnri 74 2
c) HfO i 4A9Na, r zH:o + r_for + 4Ag r 4HNOI
a) Iremoset b) fomaldehYde
' 2c!so. ' 2HO + H,POI 2Cu 2H)sol
d) Fr,PO, + r
IlI 245 lnnrjinii 7a.3

rr)1 286 Innri,nii eE
HDPE riluwoauairuuLdu d)u LDPE Euruuiin
a) orco M b) o.2oo M
6lit-4! tnnn nn 7aa .) rlD r U,e d) 3aayowlr
a)n b)i dD d)u e)n
I!I-@ Innlli,nn 8e
r!It-?47 lnnrann 75 AFc oH l'rdouo1n cat + ar

'lcldlLroilsmnnxiuhLiroil LLUU .ir oirinrludohqu PArc H' micuo]n An + ca:
Mcrc cq' niouom cat a An.
soFc o: lndaucln cat. + An
IlIl59 Inn#,nii 7s oau s nsiu
+
PEMFC H- ln,ou?m an. c.'t
rll!@ finiAnii 7e 1
hu'1 298 bnlliJnri 90

a) Cat Br An O, b) Cat H, OH An sor':
b) 3x3x3 =, rwsrelrnsoftli,duoltidu
.) Cet H. OH an I, d) C.t Fe(, An. li
e) Cat Hr An. 5.06:

I!L&q lsnrnnii 79 ,
309 lonrinii e2
ruaDan]w
a) t) hydolysis
hu-r
r) 36 k9 b) 187s mr
0 hydrclysis d) Luenamw
6lh 260 tindilnii 7e l ld 3l - 6 ruu dtl?? l-rftji,nii er r
a) 14-O O t) 0_0 36
Ilhl!? tnn'ii,i'i 8o
hul 322 l)nlhlnn 972
a, bl no;ouufiGdro MsrriuloMulnd
r) n(Eaulf,GurD N$r:r0uLsN!1nd
,, o a b)21 16 o
t -u;
:r4: nsar'lufiulli5i s{tlirisoa.0tu r(Lr] 322 lJnlhJnn 972
xu'1 267 l;d:e/nrl dr I .'

a) u. 5oo kg + n 333 kg + .rsloulru 167 kq
a nlsr!troldnrrusau4nertl&j niuard) rdcaonE b) n. 222 k9 * u 250 kg . n 33.3 kg

r
oonAn8uniroorirnriJom'Mhaon uAlfl ncfi 1s

+ 61sdl,6u 19.5 kS
t )lduirnds-sdo1rrliaiuotr [a,_uoslsdod.on1€l ri! LDL

(naFeoasoadloEc) [a:ao HDL ('treh.s.adr]M)
dl noaouluiiLEdrD
!!1 223 fi.ilUnii Br

a) co'z'. Ni, sn:', pb':'
c) llrionrsLlituNao

6u_r 332 linriihn 'oo' htr 332 lnnritni roo2
a1 Jl =JO +70+11 = \A41 z') 11- 11'| + 4111) = 4q)a + 284 = 5184
br 24 = lo' lo zq - Aai bt 28: = 30' ,{29) = 900 - T16
tt a4=la: 7a 69 = 4161 .r 68: = 7Or 4i69) = 4yn - 216 = 4624

lJl 54: = 55: 55 54 = 2916 .r) 5t = 55: 4(54) = aoE - 216 - 2A@
xii 33,4 lind nai roor
s:a!h-tDs:m'D s:a:&os:hirD
fr]nooonlshl dauuu .u ,h6ldor
fii_u uouarr1oao uoui{D
\GJ 5r=?5 1i 14=2 16 25 -'l 6 - =6 0ra=5a2 5.43
3r 5'=25 135 16 = 2.5 2a 16=9

',!
.,/12-4 36
41=1b Iz2' q= )z
.,/12 2
3+--3+445= 3.45
fiUl 335 r'nnriihri ]ooa
dornr:s, nolai1t rid ri1n:.r

'3!TuU'
4.5-4
Loq45 oo+(07-06)(-)=065 a 651
Io9 l2 tog I = 048 048r(06 - 048)l -:--;-) = O5O4

0505
? 4-7
toq 7 = 0.85 tog 8 = 0.9 0.8s+ (0.9 0.8r( r 087
log a: tq6=078 Loq 7 = 085 o7s + (0.85 o.7s)(-) ry) = 0836 0 833
tog87 tog9=096 4.7 a

Log 8 = 0.9 0e, (0.96 o.ex;:;-) = o.ea
•
\.
)i
rrL0ri,1.\

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T' €-oi i5 o,; 3S i= E

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lOO CORE CONCEPTS

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CONCEPT 8 n r1 iocfnosculLs-o]L 5rJ]-hin 2a

CONCEPT 19 Llu: luunrrururLLriu noldaa lLa:ichacLJlhartcDS'lo 48

Chemeasy ค"#ก 8 of 352

CONCEPT 38 auutrcDrcoLral 115

CONCEPT ,lo a! ufi noanr'iw 125

CONCEPT 41 ')L ,J,.'l_ rc.ILF_s "s

CONCEPT 42 lcao:oou ua: umdolua ... .... ...... 133

CONCEPT 43 aunrsrnr jddrniiulus.oiuuisauuaT! 1U

coNctPT 46 iora:walo'!aDU,ns81na 139

coNcEPT 50 J?irrrJHaOJOCSlnlSlnOU!.rSAnn!. 151

coNcEpr 5t ni nnrsdnlLluuaou!rsu nnLj 157

CONCEPI 55 ;Lod. r\d:)lt|alOJJ-s)J......... 168

CONCEPT 55 h;nuo" acdlrlau iur rssur_Jruor 159

CONCEPT 58 ntsLt0no:l cDnsoLta:tua 179

CONCEPT 59 .rlsdlL)tu.iiu]fi.r [r ] [oH-] pH ttar poH.. 181

CONCEPT 52 d l,d d'Liww. ( 193

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