GE Multilin Symetrical Components-Terry Smith

Symmetrical Components
21 April 2020
Our discussion
Review of phasors
Review of symmetrical components
Fault currents
Quiz: identification of fault types
Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 2

Review of phasors
Phasor represents sinewave
A
q
Sinewave Phasor

Phasor addition
Add phasor A1 and A2

Head to tail, place A2 at end of A1
Draw phasor A3
q1
q3
q2

Phasor multiplication
Multiply magnitudes A1 • A2
Add angles q1 + q2
q1
q2 q1+q2

Review of symmetrical components
Symmetrical and non-symmetrical systems
Symmetrical (balanced) system Non-symmetrical (unbalanced) system
Counter-clockwise is positive rotation Fault and unbalanced conditions

All current phase vectors have equal amplitude One or more of symmetrical-system conditions not met
All voltage phase vectors have equal amplitude 9 units
All current and voltage vectors have 120° phase shifts,
and sum to 0
3 units
120° 120°
100°
3 units 120° 3 units 4 units 120°
140° 3 units
Introduction to symmetrical components
Charles Proteus Steinmetz—1913

“Method of Symmetrical Co-ordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase
Networks”
Express any set of unbalanced, three-phase quantities as sum of three,
symmetrical sets of balanced phasors.

Introduction to symmetrical components
Positive sequence (always present) Zero sequence Negative sequence
A-B-C counter-clockwise No sequence A-C-B counter-clockwise

phase sequence All phasors with equal phase sequence
All phasors with equal magnitude All phasors with equal
magnitude magnitude
All phasors are in phase
All phasors spaced 120° All phasors spaced 120°
C B
120 A
120
120 A B 120 A
C
120 120
B
C

Operator ‘a’ rotates by 120°; and operator a2 rotates by 240°
C
a = 120°
a2 = 240°
B
Calculating symmetrical components and unbalanced phasors
Currents Voltages C
A
a2 = rotate phasor +240

a2 = 240
a = rotate phasor +120

Positive-sequence I1 = ⅓ (Ia + aIb + a2Ic) V1 = ⅓ (Va + aVb + a2Vc)
component B a = 120
B
A
Negative-sequence I2 = ⅓ (Ia + a2Ib + aIc) V2 = ⅓ (Va + a2Vb + aVc) a2 = 240
component a = 120
C
Zero-sequence
A
I0 = ⅓ (Ia + Ib + Ic) V0 = ⅓ (Va + Vb + Vc) B
component C
I a = I 1 + I 2 + I0 Va = V1 + V2 + V0
Unbalanced,
line-to-neutral I b = a 2I 1 + a I 2 + I 0 Vb = a2V1 + aV2 + V0
phasors
Ic = aI1 + a2I2 + I0 Vc = aV1 + a2V2 + aV0
Balanced has positive only; unbalanced has all three components
Three-phase balanced / symmetrical system

Vc
Ic Positive Negative Zero
3V1 3V0 = 0
Va A2• Vb Va
Vc
Ib Va a•Vb a2•Vc
Ia a•Vc
Vb Va Vb
3V2 = 0
Open-phase unbalanced / non-symmetrical system

Vc Positive Negative Zero
Ic Ib
Ia 3I1 3I2 Ia 3I0 Ic
Va a•Ib
Ib a2• Ib a•Ic
Ia a2•Ic Ia
Vb
Inverted connection on B Phase IC
I0 = 2/3 60°
IB
IC -IB
IA
IA
a • IB
IA a2 • Ic
I1 = 1/3 0°
IB IA
a2 • IB
I2 = 2/3 300°
ABC sequence
a • Ic
B Phase and C Phase rolled
IA
IB
I0 = 0
IC
IB
a2 • Ic IA
I1 = 0
IA a • IB
IC
IA a2 • IB a • Ic
ABC sequence I2 = 3/3 = 10°

Summary of symmetrical components
C
Normal condition power system is symmetric— 120
120 A
only positive-sequence currents and voltages exist
120
Fault has positive-, negative- and B
zero-sequence currents and voltages A
B
C
B
120
120 A
120
C
Determining fault currents with
sequence networks
Example power system
Zsystem Zline

Sequence networks
Connect positive, negative and

zero-sequence networks on these criterion Vs
V1
• Where is sequence voltage largest? Zs1
Zl1
• What generates negative- and
zero-sequence currents? I1
V2
Zs2
Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zl0
I0
Characteristic of phase-to-ground fault
Assuming a phase-to-ground fault on a solidly grounded system, what do

we know about fault current?
• Faulted phase is very large
• Unfaulted phases are small, almost zero

Component relationships—phase-to-ground fault
Ia = x
Ic = Ib = 0
Ia + Ib + Ic = x = I0
Ia + a • Ib + a2 • Ic = x = I1
Ia + a2 • Ib + a • Ic = x = I2
I1 = I2 = I0

How do we connect so that I1=I2=I0?
Sequence networks must be in series

for phase-to-ground fault on Vs
V1
solidly grounded system Zs1
Zl1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zl0
I0
Phase-to-phase fault
Assume phase-to-phase fault, what do we know about fault current?

• Faulted phases are very large
• Un-faulted phase is small, almost zero

Component relationships—phase-to-phase fault
Ia = 0
Ib = -Ic = x
Ia + Ib + Ic = I0 = 0
Ia + a • Ib + a2 • Ic = sqrt(3)x = I1
Ia + a2 • Ib + a • Ic = sqrt(3)x = -I2
I1 = -I2, and I0 is not involved

How do we connect so that I1 = -I2, and I0 = 0?
Positive- and negative-sequence networks

must be in parallel for a phase-to-phase fault Vs
V1
Zs1
Zl1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zl0
I0
Phase-to-phase-to ground fault
Assume phase-to-phase-to-ground fault, what do we know about fault

current?
• Faulted phases are very large
• Un-faulted phase is small, almost zero
• Faulted-phase voltages are zero

Phase-to-phase-to-ground fault
Ia = 0; Vb = Vc = 0
Ib = -Ic = x
Ia + Ib + Ic = I0 = 0
Ia + a • Ib + a2 • Ic = sqrt(3)x = I1
Ia + a2 • Ib + a • Ic = sqrt(3)x = I2
I1 + I2 +I0 = 0
V1 = V2 = V0

How do we connect so that I1 + I2 +I0 = 0 and V1 = V2 = V0?
Connect all three networks in parallel

Vs
V1
Zs1
Zl1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zl0
Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 I0 28
Three-phase fault
Assume three-phase fault—what do we know about fault current?

All three phase are large and equal

Component relationships—three-phase fault
Ia = Ib = Ic = x
1/3 (Ia + Ib + Ic) = 0 = I0
1/3 (Ia + a • Ib + a2 • Ic) = x = I1
1/3 (Ia + a2 • Ib + a • Ic) = 0 = I2
I0 = I2 = 0, these are not involved

How do we connect so that I2 = I0 = 0?
Negative- and zero-sequence

networks are not involved Vs
V1
Zs1
Zl1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zl0
Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020
I0 31
Three-phase Zero-sequence Pos.-, Neg.-
Transformer interconnections connection circuit sequence
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
H
L
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
H
L
3•ZnH
ZnH
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
ZnL ZnH 3•ZnH

3•ZnL
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
H
L
Three-phase Zero-sequence Pos.-, Neg.-
Delta / wye-grounded connection connection circuit sequence
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
H
L
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
H
L
3•ZnH
ZnH
230 / 13 kV
L H L H
50 MVA L H
ZL ZH ZL ZH
Delta / Wye
5% Y L H
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
Zsystem Zline
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
ZnL ZnH 3•ZnH

3•ZnL
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
L H
L ZL ZH H L ZL ZH H
H
L
Network connections with transformer and line impedances
Vs
V1
Zs1
Zt1 Zl1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zt2 Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zt0 Zl0
I0
Problem #1
Positive- and negative-sequence currents are equal and opposite

Zero-sequence is different value
Positive-, negative- and zero-sequence voltages are equal

Phase-to-phase-to-ground fault
Problem #2
Positive- and negative-sequence currents are equal and opposite

No zero-sequence current

Phase-to-phase fault
What are my sequence impedances?
Transmission and distribution lines

• Z1 = Z2
• Z0 is always different from Z1, because it is loop impedance (conductor plus ground)
• For transmission lines, X1 is typically 2–6 times X0
Transformers
• Z0 = Z1 = Z2
• Z0 = infinity, depending on connection

Find phase-to-ground fault current on transformer secondary
Assume an infinite bus 230 / 13 kV

50 MVA
Delta / Wye
5% Y
Zsystem Zline

Build sequence network and calculate I for phase-to-ground fault
230 / 13 kV
Zt1 = 5% on 50-MVA base 50 MVA
Delta / Wye
5% Y Vs
Zt2 = 5% on 50-MVA base Zsystem Zline
V1
Zt0 = 5% on 50-MVA base Zs1
Zt1
I = V / Z = 1 pu / (0.05 pu + 0.05 pu + 0.05 pu) I1
I = 6.667 pu Zs2
V2
Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3) • 13 kV) = 2,221 A Zt2

I2
I1 = I2 = I0 = Ipu • Ibase = 6.667 • 2,221 A = 14.8 kA
V0
Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 = 44 kA Zs0
Zt0
I0
What is fault current with two transformers in parallel?
230 / 13 kV
Zt1 = 2.5% on 50-MVA base 50 MVA
Delta / Wye
5% Y Vs
Zt2 = 2.5% on 50-MVA base Zsystem Zline
V1
Zt0 = 2.5% on 50-MVA base Zs1
Zt1
I = V / Z = 1 pu / (0.025 pu + 0.025 pu + 0.025 pu) I1
I = 13.3 pu Zs2
V2
Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3) • 13 kV) = 2,221 A Zt2

I2
I1 = I2 + I3 = Ipu • Ibase = 30 kA
V0
Ia = 89 kA Zs0
Zt0
I0
Find three-phase fault current on transformer secondary

50 MVA
Delta / Wye
5% Y
Zsystem Zline

Build sequence network and calculate I for three-phase fault
230 / 13 kV

Delta / Wye
5% Y Vs
I = V / Z = 1 pu / 0.05 pu Zsystem Zline
V1
Zs1
I = 20 pu Zt1
I1
Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3)• 13 kV) = 2,221 A
V2
I1 = Ipu • Ibase = 20 • 2,221 A = 44 kA Zs2
Zt2
Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 = 44 kA I2
V0
Zs0
Zt0
I0
Find phase-to-phase fault current on transformer secondary

50 MVA
Delta / Wye
5% Y
Zsystem Zline

Build sequence network and calculate I for phase-to-phase fault
230 / 13 kV
Delta / Wye
5% Y
Vs
I = V / Z = 1 pu / (0.05 +0.05) Zsystem Zline
V1
I = 10 pu Zs1
Zt1
Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3)• 13 kV) = 2,221 A I1
I1 = Ipu • Ibase = 10 • 2,221 A = 22 kA V2

Zs2
Ia = I1 + I2 + I0 = 22 kA Zt2
I2
Phase-to-phase fault current is smaller than phase-to- V0

Zs0
ground fault current for fault at transformer secondary
Zt0
terminals
I0
Find phase-to-ground fault current on transformer secondary
Utility available fault current of 230 / 13 kV

215,000 MVA and 50 MVA
Z0 = 3.5 • Z1 Delta / Wye
5% Y
Zsystem Zline

Build sequence network and calculate for phase-to-ground fault
230 / 13 kV
Zt1 = Zt2 = Zt0 = 5% on 50-MVA base 50 MVA
Delta / Wye
5% Y
Zs1, Zs2 = 1 pu on 215000-MVA base Zsystem Zline Vs
V1
Zs1, Zs2 = 1 • (230 / 13)2 • 50 / 215000 = 0.0728 pu
Zs1
Zt1
I = V / Z = 1 pu / (0.05 pu + 0.05 pu + 0.05 pu + 0.0728 + 0.0728)
I1
I = 3.38 pu
V2
Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3) • 13 kV) = 2,221 A Zs2
Zt2
I = Ipu • Ibase = 3.38 • 2,221 A = 7.51 kA
I2
Ia = I1 + I2 + I3 = 22.5 kA
V0
Zs0
Zt0
I0
What does real world look like?
Delta-wye transformer
Y
F M

F input A-B fault; M input B fault

Pre-fault values
M1 symmetrical components F1 symmetrical components
Pre-fault: all positive-sequence

Fault values
F1: Pos and Neg; no Zero
M1: Pos, Neg, and Zero
Why are the sequence values of

M1 and F1 different??????

Fault network as seen from relay input F1
Vs
V1
Zs1
Zt1 Zl1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zt2 Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zt0 Zl0
I0
Fault network as seen from relay input M1
Vs
V1
Zs1
Zl1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zl2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zl0
I0
What effect does this fault have on voltage?

Polarization and V0 / V2 conundrum
POTT—permissive over-reaching transfer trip clears for end-zone
faults
End zone
Communications channel

POTT communication when fault occurs in end zone
Local relay—Z2
Remote relay—Z2
Zone-2 pickup OR Zone-2 pickup OR
Ground Dir O/C FWD Ground Dir O/C FWD
POTT RX POTT TX
Local relay Remote relay

Mho polarizing expands characteristic
X
Steady state
Dynamic expansion
ZL
Zs

Fault arc impedance
X
No-load fault resistance
ZL

Fault generates sequence voltages V2 and V0
Positive-sequence voltage, V1
Negative-sequence voltage, V2 Large V2
Zero-sequence voltage, V0 Large V0

Solve arc-impedance problem with directional overcurrent
Polarize with zero-sequence

voltage
Relay discriminates
direction reliably
Precise characteristic angle
setting and operate zone
Zero-sequence voltage, 3V_0, polarization
Alaska Protection Seminar | 21 April 2020 65

Fault generated V0 and V1 are small; use V2 for polarization
Vs
V1
Zs1
Zt1
I1
V2
Zs2
Zt2
I2
V0
Zs0
Zt0
I0

Dual polarization is solution
Weak-infeed condition has insufficient

current for polarization
For remote faults, not enough
V0 for polarization Positive-sequence voltage, V1
Dual polarization provides

coverage for both conditions
Negative-sequence voltage, V2 Large V2
Zero-sequence voltage, V0 Large V0

Loss of phase voltage
What is loss of phase?

Why motor heating occurs with voltage unbalance
When starting
• (0.01 + 1 / (1 / 3 + 1 / (0.15 + 0.01)) = 0.161
• 1 / 0.161 = 6.17 pu A)
When running close to synchronous speed, current is close to 1 pu A
Rotor negative-sequence impedance approaches half of locked-rotor impedance
Stator resistance Leakage reactance
0.01pu 0.15 pu 0.01 pu
3.0 pu

How much negative-sequence voltage?
I0 1 1 1 Ia
I1 = 1 a a2 Ib
I2 1 a2 a Ic
I0 = IB + IC
I1 = a • IB + a2 • IC
I2 =a2 • IB + a • IC

Derive sequence networks, 1 of 3
IB + IC + a • IB + a2 • IC + a2 • IB + a • IC = 0
IB • (1 + a + a2 ) + IC • (1 + a2 + a) = 0
IB = −IC

IB = −IC
I0 = IB + IC
I1 = a • IB + a2 • IC
I2 =a2 • IB + a • IC
I0 = 0
I1 = a • IB − a2 • IB
I2 =a2 • IB − a • IB
X Y
I0 = 0
I1 = a • IB − a2 • IB
I2 =a2 • IB − a • IB

Calculate impedance, base and per unit quantities
1 MVA
IBase = = 41.8 A
3 • 13.8 kV
I 25 kA
Ipu = = = 598 A pu
IBase 41.8 A
Vpu 1
Zpu = = = 0.00167 Ω pu
Ipu 598

Calculate motor impedance
1
MotorZ = StatorR +
1 1
+
ExcitingX LeakageX + RotorR
1
MotorZ2 pu = 0.01 + = 0.157 Ω pu
1 1
+
3 0.15 + 0.01 / 2
Stator resistance Leakage reactance

Exciting reactance
0.01pu 0.15 pu Rotor resistance

=R/S for positive sequence
=R/(2 – S) for negative sequence
3.0 pu 0.01 pu S = 1.0 when stalled
S = 0+ when running

Network diagram at synchronous speed

Calculate negative-sequence at synchronous speed
1
Z1 = 0.01 + = 1.25 Ω pu
1 1
+
3 0.15 + 0.01 / 0.005
1
Z2 = 0.01 + = 0.157 Ω
1 1
+
3 0.15 + 0.01 /2 − 0.005
pu
Ztotal = 0.00167 + 0.00167 + 0.157 + 1.25 = 1.41 Ω pu

Calculate percent of negative-sequence voltage
0.157
V2m = = 11.1%
0.157 + 1.25
0.00167
V2l = = 1.18%
1.41

Open circuit with multiple motor loads
0.157
V2m = = 5.0%
3 + 0.157


GE Multilin Symetrical Components-Terry Smith

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Symmetrical Components

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 2

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 4

Add phasor A1 and A2

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 5

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 6

Symmetrical (balanced) system Non-symmetrical (unbalanced) system

Counter-clockwise is positive rotation Fault and unbalanced conditions

Charles Proteus Steinmetz—1913

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 9

Positive sequence (always present) Zero sequence Negative sequence

A-B-C counter-clockwise No sequence A-C-B counter-clockwise

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 10

a2 = rotate phasor +240

a = rotate phasor +120

Three-phase balanced / symmetrical system

Open-phase unbalanced / non-symmetrical system

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 15

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 18

Connect positive, negative and

Assuming a phase-to-ground fault on a solidly grounded system, what do

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 20

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 21

Sequence networks must be in series

Assume phase-to-phase fault, what do we know about fault current?

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 23

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 24

Positive- and negative-sequence networks

Assume phase-to-phase-to-ground fault, what do we know about fault

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 26

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 27

Connect all three networks in parallel

Assume three-phase fault—what do we know about fault current?

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 29

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 30

Negative- and zero-sequence

Transformer interconnections connection circuit sequence

ZnL ZnH 3•ZnH

Delta / wye-grounded connection connection circuit sequence

ZnL ZnH 3•ZnH

Positive- and negative-sequence currents are equal and opposite

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 36

Positive- and negative-sequence currents are equal and opposite

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 38

Transmission and distribution lines

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 41

Assume an infinite bus 230 / 13 kV

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 42

I = V / Z = 1 pu / (0.05 pu + 0.05 pu + 0.05 pu) I1

Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3) • 13 kV) = 2,221 A Zt2

I = V / Z = 1 pu / (0.025 pu + 0.025 pu + 0.025 pu) I1

Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3) • 13 kV) = 2,221 A Zt2

Assume an infinite bus 230 / 13 kV

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 45

Zt1 = 5% on 50-MVA base 50 MVA

Assume an infinite bus 230 / 13 kV

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 47

Ibase = 50 MVA / (sqrt(3)• 13 kV) = 2,221 A I1

I1 = Ipu • Ibase = 10 • 2,221 A = 22 kA V2

Phase-to-phase fault current is smaller than phase-to- V0

Utility available fault current of 230 / 13 kV

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 49

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 52

Symmetrical Components | 21 April 2020 53