BIO 1 Lecture 6

Cell Division
Lecture 6
• reproduction of cells
Cell Cycle • responsible for the continuity of life

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Cell Division: Functions Cell Division: Functions

• in unicellular organisms, division of one cell

reproduces the entire organism

Cell Division: Functions Cell Division

• Mitosis - results in daughter cells with identical

genetic information, DNA
• Meiosis - produces nonidentical daughter cells
(gametes)

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

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BIO 1 Lecture 6

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into Packaging of DNA in a eukaryotic chromosome
chromosomes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

0.5 µm Chromosomes DNA molecules

The Cell Cycle

Chromo-
– Interphase (cell growth and copying of
Chromosome
some arm
duplication chromosomes in preparation for cell division)
(including DNA

Centromere
synthesis)
– Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

Sister
chromatids

Separation of
sister chromatids

Centromere

Sister chromatids

Mitosis

– Prophase
– Prometaphase
– Metaphase
– Anaphase
– Telophase

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BIO 1 Lecture 6

The Mitotic Spindle

• centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters

Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytokinesis: animal cells Cytokinesis: plant cells

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

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BIO 1 Lecture 6

Interphase
Meiosis Pair of homologous
chromosomes in
diploid parent cell
• meiosis I Duplicated pair Chromosomes
of homologous duplicate

• meiosis II
chromosomes

Sister
Diploid cell with
chromatids
duplicated
chromosomes
Meiosis I

1 Homologous
chromosomes separate
Haploid cells with
duplicated chromosomes
Meiosis II
2 Sister chromatids
separate

Haploid cells with unduplicated chromosomes

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Meiosis I Meiosis II

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Fertilization
restores the
diploid
condition

The Cell Cycle Control System

▪ regulated by both internal and external
controls
▪ has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle
stops until a go-ahead signal is received

▪ Two types of regulatory proteins involved in cell

cycle control:
M G1 S G2 M G1 S G2 M G1
- Cyclins MPF Cyclin
activity concentration
- cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Time

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BIO 1 Lecture 6

Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle G1 checkpoint • most important for many cells
• cell will usually complete the S,
G2, and M phases if it passes this

Control
system S
Cdk G1

Degraded
cyclin Cdk
M G2
Cyclin is
degraded
MPF Cyclin
G2
checkpoint M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint

G1 checkpoint
If the cell does not
receive the go-ahead G0
signal, it will exit the
cycle

G1 G1
Without go-ahead signal, With go-ahead signal,
cell enters G0. cell continues cell cycle.
G1 S
(a) G1 checkpoint
M G2

G1 G1

M G2 M G2

M checkpoint

G2
Anaphase checkpoint
Prometaphase Metaphase
Without full chromosome With full chromosome
attachment, stop signal is attachment, go-ahead signal
received. is received.
(b) M checkpoint

DNA damage can

arrest the
One way in cell cycle in G1
which mitogens
stimulate cell
proliferation is
by inhibiting
the Rb protein

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Apoptosis – programmed cell death Interdigital

Cells
undergoing
Space
between
tissue apoptosis 1 mm
digits

Apoptosis Contact Inhibition

▪ mediated by an intracellular proteolytic cascade

▪ Cancer cells manage to escape the usual

controls on the cell cycle