Symbol

:Theabbrevi
atednameofanelementi
scal
ledsy
mbol.I
trepr
esent
sonl
yoneat
om of
el
ement.e.
g.CforcarbonCaf
orcal
cium andFef
orir
onetc

Sy
mbol
sofsomecommonel
ement
sconsi
sti
ngofonl
yonel
ett
er

El
ement Sy
mbol El
ement Sy
mbol

Bor
on B Phosphor
ous P

Car
bon C Fl
uor
ine F

Ni
tr
ogen N I
odi
ne I

Hy
drogen H Ur
ani
um U

Oxy
gen O

Sul
phur S

Whendi f
fer
entelement
sbegi
nwiththesamel et
ter
,thef
ir
stlet
ter[
Capi
tal
]isf
oll
owedbya
secondsmal
llet
tert
akenfr
om t
henameofthesameelement.

Sy
mbol
sofsomeel
ement
sconsi
sti
ngoft
wol
ett
ers

El
ement Sy
mbol El
ement Sy
mbol

Cal
ci
um Ca Bar
ium Ba

Cobal
t Co Br
omi
ne Br

Chr
omi
um Cr Ber
yll
i
um Be

Caesi
um Cs Bi
smut
h Bi

Chl
ori
ne Cl Magnesi
um Mg

Cadmi
um Cd Manganese Mn

Zi
nc Zn Ni
ckel Ni

Zi
rconi
um Zr Hel
i
um He

Li
thi
um Li Neon Ne

Somet
imessy
mbol
isder
ivedf
rom t
heLat
innameoft
heel
ement
.

Sy
mbol
sofsomeel
ement
sbasedont
hei
rLat
innames.

Engl
i
shname Lat
inname Sy
mbol

Copper Cupr
um Cu
 Si
l
ver Ar
gent
um Ag

Gol
d Aur
um Au

Lead Pl
umbum Pb

I
ron Fer
rum Fe

Ti
n St
annum Sn

Pot
assi
um Kal
i
um K

Sodi
um Nat
ri
um Na

Mer
cur
y Hy
dragy
rum Hg

Tungst
en Wol
fr
am w

Val
ency
:Thecombi
ningcapaci
tyofanel
ementwi
thot
herel
ement
siscal
l
edv
alency
.

Radi
cal
:Whenanatom orgroupofat
omsgainsorlossesoneormoreel
ect
ronsi
tacqui
resa
g.Na+, -
char
ge.Thi
schar
geparti
cleiscal
l
edradi
cal
e. ClSO42-et
, c.

Ty
pesofRadi
cal

g.Na+, -
Si
mpl
eradi
cal
:Ar
adi
cal
madeupofasi
ngl
eat
om i
scal
l
edsi
mpl
eradi
cal
.e. Cl et
c.

Compoundr adi
cal
:Aradi
cal
madeupofmor
ethanoneat
om i
scal
l
edcompoundr
adi
cal
.e.
g.
SO42-,
PO43-,
NH4+etc.

Posi
ti
ver
adi
cal
:Ar
adi
cal
hav
ingposi
ti
vechar
gei
scal
l
edposi
ti
ver
adi
cal
e.g.Ca2+,
K+et
c
-
Negat
iver
adi
cal
:Ar
adi
cal
hav
ingnegat
ivechar
gei
scal
l
ednegat
iver
adi
cal
e.g.BrCO32-et
, c.

Theradi
cal
smaybemonov al
ent
,dival
ent
,tr
ival
entortet
raval
entwhentheyhav
eaval
encyof1,
2,3or4respect
ivel
y.Val
enci
esofsomeimpor t
antradi
calsar
egivenbelowint
het
abl
es.

Monov
alentr
adi
cal
s

Name Sy
mbol
/for
mul
aandv
alency

Hy
drogen H1+

Sodi
um Na1+

Pot
assi
um K1+

Si
l
ver Ag1+

Copper
(I
) Cu1+
 Mer
cur
y(I
) Hg1+
1+
Li
thi
um Li
1+
Ammoni
um NH
1-
Chl
ori
de Cl
1-
Br
omi
de Br

Hy
droxi
de OH1-

Ni
tr
ate NO31-

Chl
orat
e O31-
Cl
1-
I
odi
de I

Fl
uor
ide F1-

Hy
drogencar
bonat
e HCO31-

Hy
drogensul
phat
e HSO41-

Ni
tr
it
e NO21-

Di
val
entr
adi
cal
s

Name Sy
mbol
/for
mul
aandv
alency

Cal
cium Ca2+

Magnesi
um Mg2+

Cadmi
um Cd2+

Bar
ium Ba2+

I
ron(
II
) Fe2+

Copper
(I
I) Cu2+

Lead(
II
) Pb2+

Ti
n(I
I) Sn2+

Zi
nc Zn2+
2+
Ni
ckel Ni

Oxi
de O2-
 Sul
phat
e SO42-
2-
Di
chr
omat
e Cr
2O7

2-
Sul
phi
de S

Car
bonat
e CO32-

Sul
phi
te SO32-

Thi
osul
phat
e S2O32-

Oxal
ate C2O42-

Tr
ival
entr
adi
cal

Name Sy
mbol
/for
mul
aandv
alency
3+
Al
umi
nium Al
3+
Bi
smut
h Bi

I
ron(
II
I) Fe3+

Phosphat
e PO43-

Ni
tr
ide N3-

Chemicalf
ormula:Ther
epresent
ati
onofmol ecul
eofasubstanceintermsofsymbolsand
val
enci
esiscal
l
edchemical
formula.e.
g.chemical
for
mul
aofcalci
um car
bonat
eisCaCO3.

I
mpor
tanceofchemi
cal
for
mul
a:Achemi
cal
for
mul
ahasf
oll
owi
ngi
mpor
tance.

(
i)I
tshowst
heel
ement
spr
esenti
nthemol
ecul
e.

(
ii
)Itshowst
henumberofat
omsofeachel
ementpr
esent
.

(
ii
i)I
tshowst
hecomposi
ti
onofamol
ecul
e.

Proceduref
orwr
it
ingachemi
calf
ormul
a:Fol
l
owi
ngi
sthepr
ocedur
eforwr
it
ingachemi
cal
formula.

(
i)Writ
ethesy
mbolsoft
wor
adi
cal
ssi
debysi
de,
theposi
ti
ver
adi
cal
tot
hel
eftandt
henegat
ive
r
adicalt
other
ight
.

(
ii
)Wr
it
edownt
hev
alencyofeachr
adi
cal
ont
her
ightt
opsi
deofeachr
adi
cal
.

(i
i
i)Crosst
heval
enci
estothel
owerr
ightoft
heeachr
adi
cal
.Ift
hev
alenci
esar
eequal
[i.
e.+1,
-1,
+2,-
2,+3,-
3and+4,-
4]donotcr
oss.
 Ty
pesofchemi
cal
for
mul
a

Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofchemi
cal
for
mul
a

(
i)Mol
ecul
arf
ormul
a

(
ii
)Empi
ri
cal
for
mul
a

(i
)Mol ecul
arformula:
Theformulawhichshowstheactualnumberofat
omsofeachelement
presentinthemoleculeofasubstancei
scall
edmolecularf
ormulae.
g.mol
ecul
arfor
mulaof
gl
ucosei sC6H12O6.

(i
i)Empi
ri
calformula:Theformulawhichshowst
hemini
mum whol
enumberr
ati
obetweenthe
atomsofdif
ferentelementspresenti
nacompoundi
scall
edempir
ical
for
mul
ae.g.empi
ri
cal
formul
aofglucose(C6H12O6)i
sCH2O.

Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenmol
ecul
arandempi
ri
cal
for
mul
a

Mol
ecul
arf
ormul
a=n(
empi
ri
cal
for
mul
a)

Wher
eni
sawhol
enumberand

n=Mol
ecul
armass/
Mrofempi
ri
cal
for
mul
a

Chemical
equati
on:Therepresentat
ionofachemi
cal
changei
nter
msofsy
mbol
sandf
ormul
as
i
scall
edchemicalequat
ion.e.g.

C + O2 CO2

React
ant
s:Thesubst
anceswhi
chr
eactt
oget
herar
ecal
l
edr
eact
ant
se.
g.i
nabov
eequat
ionC
andO2ar
ereact
ants.

Product
s:Thesubst
anceswhichar
epr
oducedi
nachemi
cal
react
ionar
ecal
l
edpr
oduct
s.e.
g.i
n
aboveequati
onCO2ispr .
oduct

Cal
cul
ati
onsr
elat
edt
oempi
ri
cal
andmol
ecul
arf
ormul
as

Quest
ion1:Amolecul
econt
ains11.
11% hy
drogenand88.
89% oxy
gen.Cal
cul
atei
ts
empir
ical
for
mul
a?

Quest
ion2:Anoxi
deofcar
boncont
ains3.
6gofcar
bonand4.
8gofoxy
gen.Whati
sit
s
empir
ical
for
mula?

Quest
ion3:Calcul
atetheempir
icalf
ormulaofasubst
ancewhi
chonanal
ysi
s,i
sfound
t
ocontain18.
2%sodi um,12.
7%sulphur
,19.1%oxy
genand50%wat
erofcr
yst
all
i
zati
on?
Quest
ion4:Anorgani
ccompoundcont
ains12.
8% car
bon,2.
1% hy
drogenand85.
1%
br
omine.I
tsr
elat
ivemol
ecul
armassi
s188.

(
a)Cal
cul
atei
tsempi
ri
cal
for
mul
a.

(
b)Cal
cul
atei
tsmol
ecul
arf
ormul
a.

Balancingofchemicalequat
ion:Thepr
ocessofwr i
ti
ngtheequalnumberofat
omsof
eachel ementonthebothsidesofachemicalequat
ioni
scall
edbalanci
ngofchemi
cal
equatione.g.

S + O2 SO2

I
sabal
ancedchemi
cal
equat
ion.

Quest
ion:
Bal
ancet
hef
oll
owi
ngchemi
cal
equat
ions.

(
1) ZnCO3(
s) + HNO3(
aq.
) Zn(
NO3)
2(aq.
) + H2O(
l) + CO2(
g)

(
2) (
NH4)
2SO4(
aq.
) + NaOH(
s) Na2SO4(
aq.
) + H2O(
l)

(
3) Al
2(SO4)
3(aq.
) + BaCl
2(aq.
) BaSO4(
s) + Al
Cl3(
aq.
)

(
4) Al
(OH)
3(s) + HNO3(
aq.
) Al
(NO3)
3(aq.
) + H2O(
l)

(
6) Mg(
s) + HNO3(
aq.
) Mg(
NO3)
2(aq.
) + H2(
g)
- -
(
7) Cl
2(g) + Br(
aq.
) Cl
(aq.
) + Br
2(l
)

(
8) Ca(
s) + H+(
aq.
) Ca2+(
aq.
) + H2(
g)

9) Ag+(
( aq.
) + Fe(
s) Fe2+(
aq.
) + Ag(
s)

(
10) NH3(
g) + O2(
g) NO(
g) + H2O(
g)