Continuity of Life and

Evolution
Unit 2
Unit Inquiry

● Key Concept: Systems

● Related Concept: Form, Function
● Global Context: Scientific and technical innovation
● SOI: Systems of reproduction in the natural world have a variety
of different forms but support the same function to ensure
variation, continuity and evolution of life.
What is Life Cycle??

● A life cycle is the sequence of biological changes that occurs as an organism

develops from an egg into an adult until its death.
● Life cycle of all organisms has- pre-reproductive stage and reproductive stage.
If an organism can reproduce both ways, why and
when they choose sexual above asexual mode?
Bacterial Life Cycle
Fungal
Life cycle
Sexual reproduction
in Ferns
● Ferns are non-flowering plants
which do have seeds or flowers
for sexual reproduction.
● Fern has two major phases in
their life cycle-
● Sporophyte ( Diploid- spore
producing)
● Spore producing structure in
sporophytes are sporangia (
cluster of sporangia- sori)
● Gametophyte ( Haploid- gamete
producing)
● Spores must land on a suitable
surface, such as a moist protected
area to germinate and grow into
gametophytes.
● Gametophyte has both male and
female gametes- Antheridium and
Archegonium respectively.
Life Cycle of a Butterfly

https://youtu.be/H8XUo5K4hw
8
 Life Cycle of Butterfly

● Reading for Comprehension:

● https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-goes-on-inside-a-coco
on#:~:text=The%20metamorphosis%20from%20a%20caterpillar,silk
%20coverings%20for%20the%20chrysalis.
● https://ansp.org/exhibits/online-exhibits/butterflies/lifecycle/#:~:te
xt=There%20are%20four%20stages%20in,larva%2C%20pupa%2C%
20and%20adult.
Life Cycle of Locust

● https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/locust-control-res
earch/locust-biology
● https://justagriculture.in/files/newsletter/2022
/october/29.%20Life%20of%20Locust.pdf
● https://www.wired.com/2013/12/how-locusts-
learn-to-be-part-of-a-swarm/#:~:text=They%2
0generally%20avoid%20other%20locusts,kno
wn%20as%20their%20gregarious%20phase.
Sexual Reproduction in flowering plants
Flower to Fruit
Male Reproductive system
Different organs in Male Reproductive system

● Testes: male reproductive organ which produces male gamete (sperm) and
testosterone hormone.
● Scrotum: it is a sac of skin inside which testes is present. It protects testes
and also provides a 2-3 degree celcius lower than body temperature for
development of sperms.
● Epididymis: it is a coiled part behind testes. It stores the immature sperm
cells till they mature.
● Vas deferens: it is the sperm duct that carries sperms to penis.
● Urethra: part which expels or ejaculates semen along with sperm cells into the
female body.
● Glands involved:
- Seminal Vesicles: A lobulated gland opening at sperm duct just before urethra. It
produces a secretion which is mixed with sperm providing it a medium for
transportation. This fluid along with sperms is called semen.
- Prostate Gland: It adds an alkaline secretion to the semen.
- Cowper’s Gland: It mixes a secretion to the semen which acts as a lubricant. It is
also called Bulbourethral gland.
 Spermatogenesis- Formation of Sperm

Reading for Comprehension:

https://www.britannica.com/science/sper
matogenesis
Female Reproductive System
● Ovaries: female reproductive organ. It produces ovum and female
hormones.
● Fallopian tubes: narrow tube attached to uterus. It is the pathway for
travel of ovum from ovary to uterus. Fertilization of egg with sperm
occurs here.
● Uterus: Womb where the embryo develops after fertilisation. Its lower
part is called Cervix.
● Vagina: it joins cervix to outside of the body. Sperm enters into
female body through vagina. It is also the birth canal.
Oogenesis- Formation of Egg Cell
Steps of oogenesis
Hormonal changes during menstrual cycle
Steps of Fertilization