308 MATHEMATICS

dx 1 a+x
(2) ∫ a 2 – x 2 = 2a log a– x
+C

dx 1 x
∫ x 2 + a 2 = a tan
–1
(3) +C
a

dx
∫
2 2
(4) = log x + x – a + C
2 2
x –a

dx x
(5) ∫ a –x2 2
= sin – 1
a
+C

dx
(6) ∫ x +a2 2
= log x + x 2 + a 2 + C

We now prove the above results:

1 1
(1) We have 22
=
x –a ( x – a ) (x + a )

1  (x + a ) – (x – a )  1  1 1 
 = –
2a  ( x – a ) ( x + a )  2a  x – a x + a 

=

dx 1  dx dx 
Therefore, ∫ x2 – a 2 = 2 a  ∫ x – a – ∫ x + a 

1
= [log | (x – a )| – log | (x + a )|] + C
2a

1 x–a
= log +C
2a x +a

(2) In view of (1) above, we have

1 1  ( a + x) + ( a − x)  1  1 1 
=   = +
2a  a − x a + x 

2 2
a –x 2 a  ( a + x) ( a − x) 
 INTEGRALS 309

dx 1  dx dx 
Therefore, ∫ a 2 – x2 =  ∫
2a  a − x
+∫
a + x 
1
= [− log | a − x | + log | a + x |] + C
2a
1 a+x
= log +C
2a a− x

ANote The technique used in (1) will be explained in Section 7.5.

(3) Put x = a tan θ. Then dx = a sec2 θ dθ.
dx a sec2 θ d θ
Therefore, ∫ x2 + a 2 = ∫ a 2 tan 2 θ + a 2
1 1 1 –1 x
= ∫ dθ = θ + C = tan +C
a a a a
(4) Let x = a sec θ. Then dx = a sec θ tan θ d θ.
dx a secθ tanθ d θ
Therefore, ∫ x2 − a 2 = ∫ a 2 sec2θ − a 2
= ∫ secθ dθ = log secθ + tanθ + C1

x x2
= log + – 1 + C1
a a2
2 2
= log x + x – a − log a + C1
2 2
= log x + x – a + C , where C = C1 – log |a|
(5) Let x = a sinθ. Then dx = a cosθ dθ.
dx a cosθ d θ
Therefore, ∫ a 2 − x2
= ∫ a 2 – a 2 sin 2θ
x
= ∫ d θ = θ + C = sin
–1
+C
a
(6) Let x = a tan θ. Then dx = a sec2 θ dθ.
dx a sec2 θ dθ
Therefore, ∫ x2 + a 2
= ∫ a 2 tan 2 θ + a 2
= ∫ secθ dθ = log (secθ + tan θ) + C1