1. Read this!

How are maps made?

Mapmaking is a three-step process. The first stage, which is called surveying, the
mapmakers designated a few key sites as bench marks-points of know elevation that
allow them to gauge other elevations. They also specify triangulation points, which
help them establish the distance between any two other points. Aerial photography is
then used to chart the area, and a field survey is conducted to identify municipal
borders and place names.
In the second stage, compiling and drafting, cartographers use computers to draw
maps based on the data assembled in stage one. Finally, in stage three, the map is
copied by printing or other means so that it can be distributed. This step of the process
is known as reproduction.

The mapmaking process

Left: Two surveyors use an electronic

distance-measuring device to verify map data
collected by aerial photos. The surveyor at
left calls out measurements; his partner
records them by hand.

Above: Bench marks – flat metal

makers embedded in stone or asphalt-are
placed at surveyed points in the field.
Surveyors use them to verify the
accuracy of maps of the surrounding
terrain.
 Above: Aerial photography is a key first step in mapmaking. The photos are taken
in sequence, so that overlapping frames show the same area of the ground from
different positions along the line of flight. When paired photos are examined
through a stereoscope, they appear in a three-dimensional view; from this, a
cartographer draws a topographic map.

2. Answer these questions?

a. How many main steps does mapmaking have?
b. What are they?
c. What are the equipment used to make a map?
d. Which part is your job, if you are a land surveyor?

3. Complete this flowchart based on the text

1. ____________ 1a. --------------

1b.--------------

1c.--------------

1d.--------------

2. ___________
2a.--------------

2b.--------------

2c.--------------

3. ___________