Chapter 3. Derivative

Chapter 3: Derivatives 1 / 98
Chapter 3: Derivatives
Course Name: MAE101
Content
1. Defining the Derivatives
2. The Derivative as a Function
3. Differentiation Rules
4. Derivatives as Rates of Change
5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
7. The Chain Rule
8. Implicit Differentiation
Content
7. The Chain Rule
Defining the Derivatives
The Tangent Problem

The tangent line to the curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f (a)) is the
line through P with slope
f (x) − f (a)
m = lim
x→a x −a
provided that this limit exists.
Defining the Derivatives
The Derivative of a Function at a Point

′
The derivative of a function f at a number a, denoted by f (a), is:
′ f (x) − f (a)
f (a) = lim
x→a x −a
if this limit exists. Or
′ f (a + h) − f (a)
f (a) = lim
h→0 h
Content
7. The Chain Rule
The Derivative as a Function
In the preceding section, we considered the derivative of a function f at

a fixed number a:
′ f (a + h) − f (a)
f (a) = lim
h→0 h
If we replace a in above equation by a variable x, we obtain:
′ f (x + h) − f (x)
f (x) = lim
h→0 h
The Derivative as a Function
Some common alternative notations for the derivative are as

follows
′
A function f is differentiable at a if f (a) exists.
f is differentiable on an open interval D if it is differentiable at
every number in the interval D.
Derivatives and Continuity
Theorem
Let f (x) be a function and a be in its domain. If f (x) is differentiable
at a, then f is continuous at a.
Note: This theorem states that, if f is not continuous at a, then f is not differentiable at a.
Higher-Order Derivatives
′
If f is a differentiable function, then its derivative f is also a function.
′ ′ ′ ′′
So, f may have a derivative of its own, denoted by (f ) = f . The
process can be continued.
In general, the nth derivative of f is denoted by f (n) and is
obtained from f by differentiating n times.
If y = f (x), we write:
d ny
y (n) = f (n) (x) =
dx n
Content
7. The Chain Rule
Differentiation Rules
Here’s a summary of the differentiation formulas
Tangent Line to the Curve
Tangent line (∆) equation at M(x0 , y0 ) ∈ (C ) : y = f (x)

′
y = f (x0 )(x − x0 ) + y0
Differentiation Rules
Exercises
′
For the following exercises, find f (x) for each function:
a) f (x) = x 7 + 10 b) f (x) = 5x 3 − x + 1
3
13
c) f (x) = 3x(18x 4 + x+1 ) d) f (x) = 4x −2x+1
x2
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Question 11
Question 12
Question 13
Question 14
Question 15
Question 16
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Question 18
Question 19
Question 20
Content
7. The Chain Rule
Derivatives as Rates of Change
If f (x) is a function defined on an interval [a, a + h], then the amount

of change of f (x) over the interval is the change in the y values of the
function over that interval and is given by
f (a + h) − f (a)
The average rate of change of the function f over that same interval is
the ratio of the amount of change over that interval to the corresponding
change in the x values. It is given by
f (a + h) − f (a)
h
Derivatives as Rates of Change
Motion along a Line
Motion along a Line
Example
A ball is dropped from a height of 64 feet. Its height above ground (in
feet) t seconds later is given by
s(t) = −16t 2 + 64
a. What is the instantaneous velocity of the ball when it hits the ground?
b. What is the average velocity during its fall?
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Question 31
Content
7. The Chain Rule
Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
where
1 1
secx = , cscx =
cosx sinx
Exercise 1
dy
For the following exercises, find dx for the given functions:
1) y = x 2 − secx + 1
2) y = 3cscx + x5
3) y = x 2 cotx
4) y = x − x 3 sinx
5) y = (x + cosx)(1 − sinx)
Exercise 2
Find the equation of the tangent line to each of the given functions at
the indicated values of x:
1) f (x) = −sinx, x = 0
2) f (x) = 1 + cosx, x = 3π2
3) f (x) = 5cotx, x = π4
Exercise 3
d 2y
For the following exercises, find dx 2
for the given functions:
1) y = sinxcosx
2) y = x − 12 sinx
3) y = x1 + tanx
Content
7. The Chain Rule
Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exercise 1
′
For the following exercises, find f (x) for the given functions:
1) f (x) = x 2 e x
−x
2) f (x) = e x
√
3) f (x) = e 2x + 2x
3
4) f (x) = e x lnx
5) f (x) = log7 (6x 4 + 3)5
6) f (x) = 24x + 4x 2
Content
7. The Chain Rule
The Chain Rule
Content
7. The Chain Rule
Implicit Differentiation
If the dependent variable y is a function of the independent variable

x, we express y in terms of x. If this is the case, we say that y is an
explicit function of x. On the other hand, if the relationship between
the function y and the variable x is expressed by an equation where y
is not expressed entirely in terms of x, we say that the equation defines
y implicitly in terms of x.
Instead, we can use the method of implicit differentiation.

This consists of differentiating both sides of the equation with
′
respect to x and then solving the resulting equation for y .
Question 1
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Question 9
Question 10
Question 11

Chapter 3. Derivative

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Chapter 3. Derivative

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Chapter 3: Derivatives 1 / 98

Course Name: MAE101

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

The Tangent Problem

The Derivative of a Function at a Point

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

In the preceding section, we considered the derivative of a function f at

Some common alternative notations for the derivative are as

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

Here’s a summary of the differentiation formulas

Tangent line (∆) equation at M(x0 , y0 ) ∈ (C ) : y = f (x)

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

If f (x) is a function defined on an interval [a, a + h], then the amount

Motion along a Line

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. The Chain Rule

1. Defining the Derivatives

2. The Derivative as a Function

4. Derivatives as Rates of Change

5. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

6. Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions