Chapter 4. Applications of Derivatives

Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives
Hanoi, 2023
1 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

Content
1 Related Rates
2 Linear Approximations and Differentials
3 Maxima and Minima
4 The Mean Value Theorem
5 Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph
6 Limits at Infinity and Asymptotes
7 Applied Optimization Problems
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Related Rates
Problem 1
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume
increases at a rate of 100cm3 /s.
How fast is the radius of the balloon increasing when the
diameter is 50 cm?

Related Rates

Related Rates
To connect dV /dt and dr/dt, first we relate V and r by the formula

for the volume of a sphere:
4
V = πr3
3
To use the given information, we differentiate each side of the equation

with respect to t

Related Rates

Related Rates
Problem 2
A ladder 10f t long rests against a vertical wall. If the bottom of the
ladder slides away from the wall at a rate of 1f t/s, how fast is the top
of the ladder sliding down the wall when the bottom of the ladder is
6f t from the wall?

Related Rates
Problem 2

Related Rates
Problem 2

Related Rates
Problem 2
In this problem, the relationship between x and y is given by the
Pythagorean Theorem:
x2 + y 2 = 100

Related Rates
Problem 2

Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Linear Approximations and Differentials

The approximation
0
f (x) ≈ f (a) + f (a)(x − a) = L(x)
is called the linear approximation of f at a.
This function L is also known as the linearization of f at x = a.

Example 1
√
Find the linearization of the function
√ f (x) = √x + 3 at x = 1 and
use it to approximate the numbers 3.98 and 4.05.
Answer: We see that the linearization is:

Example 1

Example 1

Remark
The tangent line approximation gives good estimates if x is close
to 1.
However, the accuracy decreases when x is farther away from 1.

Exercise
For the following exercises, find the linear approximation L(x) to
y = f (x) near x = a for the function:
1) f (x) = x + x4 , a = 0
2) f (x) = x1 , a = 2
3) f (x) = sinx, a = π2
4) f (x) = xsinx, a = 2π

Differentials
Differentials
Suppose y = f (x) is a differentiable function. Let dx be an inde-
pendent variable that can be assigned any nonzero real number, and
define the dependent variable dy by
0
dy = f (x)dx
The expressions dy and dx are called differentials.

Example 2
For each of the following functions, find dy and evaluate when x = 3
and dx = 0.1
a) y = x2 + 2x
b) y = cosx

Example 2
For each of the following functions, find dy and evaluate when x = 3
and dx = 0.1
a) y = x2 + 2x
b) y = cosx
Solution

Differentials
Calculating the Amount of Error

Consider a function f with an input that is a measured quantity.
Suppose the exact value of the measured quantity is a, but the mea-
sured value is a + dx. We say the measurement error is dx (or ∆x).
As a result, an error occurs in the calculated quantity f (x). This
type of error is given by
∆y = f (a + dx) − f (a)
Specifically, if f is a differentiable function at a,

0
∆y ≈ dy = f (a)dx

Example 3
Let y = x2 + 2x. Compute ∆y and dy at x = 3 if dx = 0.1.

Example 3
Let y = x2 + 2x. Compute ∆y and dy at x = 3 if dx = 0.1.

Solution

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Question 17

Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Maxima and Minima
Definition
Let f be a function defined over an interval D and let c ∈ I. We say
f has an absolute maximum (or global maximum) on D at c if
f (c) ≥ f (x), ∀x ∈ D. D is the domain of f . The number f (c) is
called the maximum value of f on D.
Similarly, f has an absolute minimum at c if f (c) ≤ f (x) for all
x ∈ D and the number f (c) is called the minimum value of f on D.
The maximum and minimum values of f are called the extreme
values of f .

Maxima and Minima
Definition
A function f has a local maximum (or relative maximum) at c
if f (c) ≥ f (x) when x is near c.
Similarly, f has a local minimum at c if f (c) ≤ f (x) when x is
near c.

Maxima and Minima
Example

Maxima and Minima
Extreme Value Theorem

If f is a continuous function over the closed, bounded interval [a, b],
then there is a point in [a, b] at which f has an absolute maximum over
[a, b] and there is a point in [a, b] at which f has an absolute minimum
over [a, b].

Maxima and Minima
Critical Point
Let c be an interior point in the domain of f . We say that c is a
0 0
critical point of f if f (c) = 0 or f (c) is undefined.
Fermat’s Theorem
If f has a local extremum at c and f is differentiable at c, then
0
f (c) = 0.

Example

Solution

Maxima and Minima
Closed Interval Method

To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous
function f on a closed interval [a, b]:
1) Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
2) Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval.
3) The largest value from (1) and (2) is the absolute maximum
value. The smallest is the absolute minimum value.

Maxima and Minima
Exercise
For each of the following functions, find the absolute maximum and
absolute minimum over the specified interval and state where those
values occur.
a) f (x) = −x2 + 3x − 2 over [1, 3].
b) f (x) = x2 − 3x2/3 over [0, 2].

Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

The Mean Value Theorem
Rolle’s Theorem
Let f be a function that satisfies the following three hypotheses:
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b];
f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b);
f (a) = f (b)
0
Then, there is a number c in (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.

Rolle’s Theorem
Example
For each of the following functions, verify that the function satisfies
the criteria stated in Rolle’s theorem and find all values c in the given
0
interval where f (c) = 0.
a) f (x) = x2 + 2x over [−2, 0].
b) f (x) = x3 − 4x over [−2, 2].

The Mean Value Theorem
Mean Value Theorem

Let f be a function that fulfills two hypotheses:
f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b];
f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
Then, there is a number c in (a, b) such that
0 f (b) − f (a)
f (c) =
b−a

Corollaries of the Mean Value Theorem
Corollary 1: Functions with a Derivative of Zero

0
Let f be differentiable over an interval D. If f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ D,
then f (x) = constant for all x ∈ D.
Corollary 2: Constant Difference Theorem

0 0
If f and g are differentiable over an interval D and f (x) = g (x) for
all x ∈ D, then f (x) = g(x) + C for some constant C.
Corollary 3: Increasing and Decreasing Functions

Let f be continuous over the closed interval [a, b] and differentiable over
the open interval (a, b).
0
i) If f (x) > 0 ∀x ∈ (a, b), then f is an increasing function over [a, b].
0
ii) If f (x) < 0 ∀x ∈ (a, b), then f is a decreasing function over [a, b].

Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph
Increasing/Decreasing Test
0
If f (x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval;
0
If f (x) < 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.

First Derivative Test

Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f .
0
If f changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local
maximum at c;


0
If f changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local
minimum at c;


0
If f does not change sign at c then f has no local maximum or
minimum at c.

Concave Upward/Concave Downward

The curve lies above the tangents and f is called concave
upward (lõm lên) on (a, b);
The curve lies below the tangents and f is called concave
downward (lõm xuống) on (a, b);

Test for Concavity
Inflection Point
If f is continuous at a and f changes concavity at a, the point
(a, f (a)) is an inflection point of f .

Second Derivative Test

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Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Limits at Infinity and Asymptotes
Limits at Infinity and Horizontal Asymptotes

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

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Question 7

Question 8

Question 9

Question 10

Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Applied Optimization Problems
Solving Optimization Problems over a Closed, Bounded Interval

A rectangular garden is to be constructed using a rock wall as one
side of the garden and wire fencing for the other three sides. Given
100f t of wire fencing, determine the dimensions that would create a
garden of maximum area. What is the maximum area?


A rectangular garden is to be constructed using a rock wall as one
side of the garden and wire fencing for the other three sides. Given
100f t of wire fencing, determine the dimensions that would create a
garden of maximum area. What is the maximum area?
Solution:
Let x denote the length of the side of the garden perpendicular to
the rock wall and y denote the length of the side parallel to the rock
wall. Then the area of the garden is S = A(x) = xy.
The total amount of fencing used will be 2x + y. Therefore, the con-
straint equation is 2x + y = 100. Thus, we can write the area as
A(x) = x(100 − 2x) = 100x − 2x2

Solving Optimization Problems over a Closed,
Bounded Interval

Bounded Interval

Bounded Interval

A man launches his boat from point A on a bank of a straight river,
3 km wide, and wants to reach point B (8 km downstream on the
opposite bank) as quickly as possible. If he can row 6 km/h and run
8 km/h, when should he land to reach B as soon as possible?

Bounded Interval

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Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Newton’s Method
Newton’s Method

Newton’s Method
Newton’s Method

Newton’s Method
Newton’s Method

Newton’s Method
Newton’s Method

Newton’s Method
Newton’s Method

Newton’s Method
Newton’s Method

Newton’s Method
Newton’s Method

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

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Question 9

Content
1 Related Rates
3 Maxima and Minima
8 Newton’s Method
9 Antiderivatives

Antiderivatives
Definition
A function F is an antiderivative of the function f if
0
F (x) = f (x)
for all x in the domain of f .

Antiderivatives
General Form of an Antiderivative

Antiderivatives

Indefinite Integrals



Properties of Indefinite Integrals

Exercise

Initial-Value Problems

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Question 8

Question 9

Question 10

Chapter 4. Applications of Derivatives

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Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

1 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

2 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

3 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

4 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

5 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

To connect dV /dt and dr/dt, first we relate V and r by the formula

To use the given information, we differentiate each side of the equation

6 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

7 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

8 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

9 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

10 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

11 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

12 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

13 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

14 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

is called the linear approximation of f at a.

This function L is also known as the linearization of f at x = a.

15 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

16 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

17 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

18 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

19 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

20 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

The expressions dy and dx are called differentials.

21 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

22 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

22 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

Calculating the Amount of Error

Specifically, if f is a differentiable function at a,

23 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

Let y = x2 + 2x. Compute ∆y and dy at x = 3 if dx = 0.1.

24 / 164 Chapter 4: Applications of Derivatives

Let y = x2 + 2x. Compute ∆y and dy at x = 3 if dx = 0.1.

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Extreme Value Theorem

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Closed Interval Method