ARALING PANLIPUNAN

I. Mga Unang Dinastiya: Hsia, Shang, at Chou

1. Dinastiyang Hsia

- Namuno: Emperador Da Yu o Yu the Great

- Taon: Humigit-kumulang 2100 BCE - 1600 BCE

- Mga Ambag:

- Nagbuklod ng mga tribu sa hilagang Tsina at nagtagumpay sa pagpapagawa ng mga harang laban sa baha ng
Ilog Huang Ho.

- Nagsimula ng sistema ng pangungulekta ng buwis.

- Pagbagsak: Tinatawag na mitolohikal at walang tuwid na ebidensya sa pagbagsak nito.

2. Dinastiyang Shang

- Namuno: Tang o Chengtang (Dinastiyang Yin)

- Taon: 1600 BCE - 1046 BCE

- Mga Ambag:

- Umusbong ang mga orakulo at hula.

- Gumamit ng chopsticks at nagpasimula ng sistema ng pagsusulat ng mga pictograph.

- Pagbagsak: 1046 BCE, nasakop ng Dinastiyang Zhou matapos mapabagsak si Haring Di Xin.

3. Dinastiyang Chou

- Namuno: Wu ng Zhou

- Taon: 1046 BCE - 256 BCE

- Mga Ambag:

- Pinakamahaba sa lahat ng dinastiya ng Tsina.

- Itinatag ang sistema ng piyudalismo.

- Paggamit ng konsepto ng "Tianming" o Mandate of Heaven.

- Pagbagsak: Nahati sa Dalawang Bahagi - Kanlurang Chou at Silangang Chou, 256 BCE.

II. Dinastiya ng Qin

- Pinuno: Shi Huang Di

- Taon: 221 BCE - 206 BCE

- Mga Ambag:

- Ipinalaganap ang sentralisasyon ng pamahalaan at legalismo.

- Nagpatayo ng Great Wall of China at ipinatupad ang mga proyektong imprastruktura.

- Pagbagsak: 206 BCE, pagkatapos ng kamatayan ni Shi Huang Di, nasakop ng Dinastiyang Han.

III. Dinastiya ng Han

- Pinuno: Liu Bang

- Taon: 206 BCE - 220 CE

- Mga Ambag:

- Namahala ng 400 taon at nagdulot ng kapayapaan at kaunlaran.

- Nagpapalakas sa sistema ng civil service examination at nagpasimula ng Silk Road.

- Pagbagsak: Nahati sa Dalawang Bahagi - Silangang Han at Kanlurang Han, 220 CE.

IV. Dinastiya ng Tang

- Pinuno: Tai Tsu (Li Yuan)

- Taon: 618 CE - 907 CE

- Mga Ambag:

- Pagsasakatuparan ng mga reporma sa sistema ng pagsusulit at gobyerno.

- Pagkakaimbento ng block printing.

- Pagbagsak: Nahati sa limang dinastiya matapos ang An Shi Rebellion, 907 CE.

V. Dinastiya ng Song

- Pinuno: Taizu (Zhao Kuangyin)

- Taon: 960 CE - 1279 CE

- Mga Ambag:

- Pag-unlad ng sining, literatura, at edukasyon.

- Pagsisimula ng paggamit ng papel bilang pera.

- Pagbagsak: Nasakop ng mga nomad na mongol, 1279 CE.

VI. Dinastiya ng Yuan

- Pinuno: Genghis Khan at Kublai Khan

- Taon: 1271 CE - 1368 CE

- Mga Ambag:

- Ang unang dayuhang dinastiya sa Tsina.

- Nagpatuloy sa pamumuno ng mga Tsino at nagdala ng maunlad na kalakalan.

- Pagbagsak: 1368 CE, dahil sa rebelyon ng mga Tsino laban sa mga Mongol.

VII. Dinastiya ng Ming

- Pinuno: Tai Tsing (Zhu Yuanzhang)

- Taon: 1368 CE - 1644 CE

- Mga Ambag:

- Nagkaroon ng mga reporma sa sistema ng pagsusulit at sa hitsura ng mga Intsik.

- Sumalakay ang mga dayuhan at nagkaroon ng mga rebelyon sa loob ng dinastiya.

- Pagbagsak: 1644 CE, pagkatapos ng pagsalakay ng mga Mandirigma mula sa Manchuria.

VIII. Dinastiya ng Qing

- Pinuno: Kangxi Emperor, Qianlong Emperor

- Taon: 1644 CE - 1912 CE

- Mga Ambag:
 - Pagbabago sa sistema ng pagsusulit at batas.

- Pagpapalawak ng teritoryo ng Tsina.

- Pagbagsak: 1912 CE, pagbibitiw ni Henry Puyi bilang huling emperador, at pagtatag ng Republika ng Tsina.

Sa ilalim ng Qing Dynasty, ipinagbawal ang pakikipagkalakalan sa mga banyagang bansa. Ang pagtataguyod ng Tsina
sa pagsasarili ay nagresulta sa pagbubuo ng isang lipunan na mas malakas sa aspeto ng pampulitika at pang-
ekonomiya, ngunit nagdulot din ng pagkasira sa larangan ng teknolohiya at kalakalan, na naging isang pangunahing
sanhi ng kanilang pagbagsak.

Ang mga mahahalagang impormasyon ukol kay Confucius at Taoism noong panahon ng mga dinastiya sa Tsina ay
may malaking impluwensiya sa kultura at lipunan ng bansa. Narito ang ilang key points:

1. Confucius (Kong Fuzi):

- Si Confucius ay isang pilosopo at guro na ipinanganak noong 551 BCE sa estado ng Lu sa Tsina.

- Ang mga aral at prinsipyo ni Confucius ay naka-focus sa pagpapalakas ng moralidad, pagkakaroon ng disiplina,
pag-unlad ng lipunan sa pamamagitan ng tamang pamumuhay, at pagpapahalaga sa mga tradisyonal na halaga
tulad ng paggalang sa mga magulang at pagiging mabuting mamamayan.

- Ang kanyang mga aral ay nakuha sa kanyang mga aklat tulad ng "Analects" at "The Five Classics".

- Ang pananaw ni Confucius ay nagkaroon ng malaking impluwensiya sa Tsina sa buong kasaysayan nito, partikular
sa mga dinastiya tulad ng Han, Tang, at Ming.

2. Taoism:

- Ang Taoism ay isang pilosopiya at relihiyon na nagtuon sa konsepto ng "Tao" o "Daan", na nagpapakita ng
natural na pagkilos ng mundo.

- Ang pinakatanyag na taoista ay si Laozi, na tradisyonal na itinuturing na may-akda ng "Tao Te Ching", isang
mahalagang teksto sa Taoism.

- Ang mga taoista ay nagtuturo ng pagiging sanhi at epekto, pagiging hindi pormal, at pagtanggap sa likas na takbo
ng buhay.

- Ang Taoism ay may malaking impluwensiya sa sining, pilosopiya, at kalusugan sa Tsina. Maraming praktis sa
acupuncture, feng shui, at qigong ay may kaugnayan sa mga konsepto ng Taoism.

3. Dinastiya na may malaking impluwensiya sa Confucianism at Taoism:

- Ang mga dinastiya na may malaking ugnayan sa Confucianism at Taoism ay kinabibilangan ng mga sumusunod:

- Zhou Dynasty: Kilala bilang panahon ng pag-usbong ng Confucianism. Ang mga aral ni Confucius ay naging
batayan ng mga pamahalaan at lipunan sa panahon ng Zhou.
 - Han Dynasty: Ipinagtibay ang mga aral ni Confucius bilang pampulitikang ideolohiya. Ang Konfusyanong sistema
ng edukasyon ay itinatag, at ang mga aklat ng Confucian ay ginawa nang opisyal na babasahin sa sistema ng
edukasyon.

- Tang Dynasty: Nagkaroon ng pagsulong ang Taoism bilang isang opisyal na relihiyon, at ang mga taoista ay
naging makapangyarihan sa gobyerno.

- Qin Dynasty: Bagaman ito ay maikling panahon, nagpapatuloy ang impluwensiya ng mga paniniwalang
Konfusyanismo at Taoismo sa lipunan.

4. Pakikitungo ng mga Emperador:

- May mga emperador na nagbigay ng suporta sa mga aral ni Confucius at mga praktis ng Taoism, habang may iba
namang nagbawal o nagpilit na limitahan ang impluwensiya nito sa lipunan.

- Sa panahon ng Qin Dynasty, si Qin Shi Huang ay nagpapatupad ng mga reporma at nagpapakita ng pagsalungat
sa mga tradisyunal na konsepto ng Konfusyanismo at Taoismo. Ipinagbawal niya ang mga aklat ng mga pilosopo at
nagpapatupad ng mga patakaran laban sa mga praktis ng taoismo.

- Sa kabila nito, sa mga sumunod na dinastiya tulad ng Han at Tang, ang mga aral ni Confucius at mga praktis ng
Taoism ay patuloy na namayani sa lipunan at pamahalaan.

Sa kabuuan, ang mga aral ni Confucius at ang mga konsepto ng Taoism ay may malaking impluwensiya sa kultura,
lipunan, at pamahalaan ng mga dinastiya sa Tsina. Ang mga ito ay naging batayan ng moralidad, edukasyon, at
sistema ng pamamahala sa buong kasaysayan ng Tsina.
SCIENCE

Reviewer's Guide to Biology and Microscopy

1. Levels of Biological Organizations:

- Atom: The basic unit of matter, composed of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons.

- Element: A substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons. Examples include oxygen, carbon,
and hydrogen.

- Molecule: A group of atoms bonded together. Examples include water (H2O) and glucose (C6H12O6).

- Macromolecule: Large molecules essential for life, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

- Organelle: Specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions, such as the nucleus or mitochondria.

- Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

- Tissue: A group of cells with similar structure and function.

- Organ: A structure composed of multiple tissues working together to perform specific functions.

- Organ System: A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function in the body.

- Organism: An individual living being, such as a plant, animal, fungus, or bacterium.

- Population: A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area.

- Community: All the populations of different species that live together in a particular area.

- Ecosystem: A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

- Biosphere: The global sum of all ecosystems, where life exists.

2. What is Biology?

Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and their interactions with each other and their environments.

3. Pre-Cellular Levels:

- Subatomic Particles: Tiny particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

- Atoms: The basic building blocks of matter, consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with
electrons orbiting around it.
- Elements: Substances made up of only one type of atom, such as oxygen (O), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H).

4. Types of Tissues:

- Epithelial Tissue: Covers the body surface and lines internal organs.

- Connective Tissue: Provides support and connects other tissues and organs.

- Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement.

- Nervous Tissue: Conducts electrical impulses and forms the nervous system.

5. Types of Organ Systems:

- Digestive System: Processes food and absorbs nutrients.

- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange.

- Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.

- Nervous System: Controls bodily functions and responses to stimuli.

6. Definitions of Unicellular and Multicellular:

- Unicellular: Made up of a single cell, capable of performing all life functions independently.

- Multicellular: Composed of multiple cells that are specialized to perform specific functions and rely on each other
for survival.

7. Inventor of the Microscope:

The microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen and his father, Hans Janssen, in the late 16th century.

8. Basic Parts of Plant and Animal Cells:

- Plant Cell: Contains a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.

- Animal Cell: Contains centrioles and lysosomes, which are not found in plant cells.
9. Simple Definitions of Cell Components:

- Cell Membrane: Outer boundary of the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out (found in both
plant and animal cells).

- Nucleus: "Brain" of the cell, containing genetic material and controlling cell activities (found in both plant and
animal cells).

- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended (found in both plant and animal
cells).

- Organelles: Specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions (found in both plant and animal
cells).

- Mitochondrion: Powerhouse of the cell, producing energy (found in both plant and animal cells).

- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis (found in both plant and animal cells).

- Nucleolus: Site of ribosome production within the nucleus (found in both plant and animal cells).

- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in protein and lipid synthesis and transport (found in both plant and animal
cells).

- Golgi Bodies: Processes and packages proteins for transport (found in both plant and animal cells).

- Vacuole: Stores water, nutrients, and waste products (larger in plant cells, smaller in animal cells).

- Lysosomes: "Garbage disposal" of the cell, containing enzymes to break down waste materials (more prominent in
animal cells).

- Centrioles: Organize microtubules during cell division (found only in animal cells).

- Chloroplast: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells, containing chlorophyll (not found in animal cells).

- Cell Wall: Provides structural support and protection in plant cells (not found in animal cells).

10. Plant vs. Animal Cells:

- Similarities: Both contain a cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.

- Differences: Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole, while animal cells have centrioles
and lysosomes.

11. What is a Microscope?

A microscope is a scientific instrument that magnifies small objects, allowing them to be seen in greater detail.

12. Organisms Seen in a Microscope:

- Bacteria

- Protozoa

- Fungi

- Algae

- Cells (plant and animal)

- Microscopic organisms such as amoebas and paramecia

13. What is Microscopy?

Microscopy is the scientific technique of using microscopes to observe objects that are too small to be seen with
the naked eye.

14. Magnification and Resolution:

- Magnification: Enlargement of an object to appear larger under the microscope.

- Resolution: The ability to distinguish between two separate points or objects.

15. Kinds of Microscopes:

- Compound Microscope

- Stereo Microscope

- Electron Microscope

16. Compound Microscope:

A compound microscope is called so because it uses multiple lenses (ocular and objective) to magnify the image of
a specimen.

17. Major Parts of a Microscope:

- Eyepiece (Ocular)

- Objective Lenses

- Stage

- Diaphragm

- Light Source

- Arm

- Coarse Adjustment Knob

- Fine Adjustment Knob

- Base

- Condenser

- Rack Stop

- Illuminator

- Mechanical Stage

- Nosepiece

18. Magnifying Parts:

- Eyepiece (Ocular)

- Objective Lenses

19. Illuminating Parts:

- Light Source

- Diaphragm

- Condenser
20. Mechanical Parts:

- Stage

- Arm

- Coarse Adjustment

Knob

- Fine Adjustment Knob

- Base

- Rack Stop

- Illuminator

- Mechanical Stage

- Nosepiece

- Diaphragm (also listed under illuminating parts)

- Condenser (also listed under illuminating parts)

21. Kinds of Objective Lenses:

- Low Power Objective

- High Power Objective

- Oil Immersion Objective

22. Types of Adjusting Knobs:

- Coarse Adjustment Knob: Used for initial focusing by making large adjustments.

- Fine Adjustment Knob: Used for precise focusing by making small adjustments.
TLE

Review: Sewing Machine Parts

Cabinet Parts:

1. Drawers: These are compartments built into the sewing machine cabinet for storing sewing accessories such as
threads, needles, and other small items.

2. Extensions Leaf: This is an additional piece that can be attached to the sewing machine cabinet to provide extra
workspace when needed, especially useful for handling larger fabric pieces during sewing projects.

Stand Parts:

1. Treadle: The treadle is a foot pedal operated by the user to power the sewing machine. It controls the machine's
speed and direction of stitching.

2. Belt Guide: The belt guide is a component that ensures the sewing machine's belt stays in place and properly
aligned for smooth operation.

3. Drive Wheel: The drive wheel is connected to the treadle and is responsible for transferring the motion from the
foot pedal to the sewing machine's mechanism.

4. Pitman Rod: This rod connects the treadle to the drive wheel, transmitting the motion from the user's foot to the
machine's mechanism.

5. Drive Wheel Crank: The drive wheel crank is a lever that helps to control the movement of the drive wheel,
translating the user's foot motion into rotational movement.

6. Leg: Legs provide support and stability to the sewing machine stand, ensuring it remains steady during use.

Head Parts:
1. Arm: The arm is the horizontal part of the sewing machine that extends from the main body. It provides support
for the fabric during sewing.

2. Balance Wheel: The balance wheel is a large wheel located on the side of the sewing machine head. It controls
the movement of the needle and the take-up lever.

3. Bobbin Winder: This part is responsible for winding thread onto the bobbin, which is used as the lower thread in
the sewing process.

4. Face Plate: The face plate covers the internal workings of the sewing machine and provides access for
maintenance and troubleshooting.

5. Feed Dog: The feed dog is a set of metal teeth that move the fabric through the sewing machine during stitching,
ensuring even feeding.

6. Feed Dog Regulator: This part allows the user to adjust the height of the feed dogs, which controls the fabric's
movement during sewing.

7. Needle Clamp: The needle clamp holds the needle in place and ensures it remains stable during sewing.

8. Pressure Bar: The pressure bar holds the fabric in place against the feed dogs, ensuring smooth and consistent
stitching.

9. Pressure Bar Lifter: This component raises and lowers the pressure bar to adjust the pressure exerted on the
fabric during sewing.

10. Shuttle: The shuttle holds the bobbin and is responsible for forming the stitches on the underside of the fabric.

11. Spool Pin: The spool pin holds the spool of thread in place, providing a steady supply of thread during sewing.

12. Stitch Regulator: This part allows the user to adjust the length and tension of the stitches produced by the
sewing machine.
13. Stop Motion Screw: The stop motion screw controls the movement of the balance wheel, allowing the user to
disengage the machine's mechanism for bobbin winding.

14. Thread Guide: Thread guides direct the thread from the spool to the needle, ensuring smooth and consistent
stitching.

15. Thread Take-up Lever: The thread take-up lever removes excess thread from the needle after each stitch,
preventing tangling and ensuring even tension.

16. Throat Plate: The throat plate is a metal plate located beneath the needle. It contains the feed dogs and
provides a smooth surface for the fabric to move across during sewing.

17. Upper Tension: The upper tension controls the tightness of the thread as it is fed through the machine, ensuring
even stitches.

18. Bobbin: The bobbin is a small spool that holds the lower thread in the sewing machine.

19. Bobbin Case: The bobbin case holds the bobbin in place and regulates the tension of the lower thread during
sewing.

Sewing Tools, Aids, and Supplies:

Measuring Tools:

- Tape Measure: A flexible measuring tool used to measure fabric and other materials accurately.

- Yardstick: A long, straight measuring tool typically one yard in length, used for measuring larger pieces of fabric or
patterns.

- Transparent Ruler: A clear ruler used for measuring and marking fabric with precision.

- Seam Gauge: A small ruler with a sliding marker used to measure seam allowances and hems accurately.

- Hem Marker: A tool used to mark hems evenly on fabric for sewing.

- Tailor's Square: A right-angle measuring tool used for creating accurate corners and square patterns.
- Hip Curve: A curved measuring tool used for drafting or adjusting sewing patterns, especially for hip and waist
curves.

- French Curve: A curved ruler used for drafting smooth, flowing lines and curves in sewing patterns.

Pressing Tools:

- Flat Iron: A heavy, flat-bottomed iron used for pressing seams and fabric during sewing projects.

- Pressing Cloth: A protective cloth used between the iron and fabric to prevent damage during pressing.

- Ironing Board: A flat surface with padding and fabric cover, used for ironing and pressing fabric.

Pinning Tools:

- Dressmaker Pins: Thin, sharp pins with a ball-shaped head, used for temporarily holding fabric pieces together
during sewing.

- Pincushions: Small cushions or containers filled with padding material, used for storing and organizing sewing
pins.

Cutting Tools:

- Sewing Scissors: Scissors with sharp blades and comfortable handles, used for cutting fabric and thread.

- Shears: Larger scissors with longer blades, used for cutting fabric in long, straight lines.

Stitching and Turning Tools:

- Needle (Machine Needle and Hand Needle): A slender, pointed tool with an eye for sewing thread through fabric.
Machine needles are specifically designed for sewing machines, while hand needles are used for hand sewing.

- Needle Threader: A small tool with a thin wire loop used to assist in threading needles, especially helpful for
individuals with poor eyesight or dexterity issues.

- Thimble: A protective cap worn on the finger to prevent needle pricks while hand sewing.

Marking Tools:
- Tracing Wheel: A serrated wheel used with tracing paper to transfer markings from sewing patterns onto fabric.

- Tailor's Carbon Paper: A thin paper coated with carbon, used with a tracing wheel to transfer markings onto
fabric.

- Tailor's Chalk: A soft chalk-like substance used for temporary marking on fabric, easily brushed or washed away
after sewing.

.
FILIPINO

Reviewer: Filipino Grade 7

I. Mga Uri ng Panitikan:

1. Bugtong

- Halimbawa:

- "Baka kung baka, hindi baka kung hindi." (Langit)

- "Hindi tao, hindi hayop, naghahanap ng kasalanan." (Kandila)

- Kahulugan: Uri ng panitikan na mayroong misteryo o palaisipan, kadalasang may kaugnayan sa kalikasan o sa
pang-araw-araw na buhay.

2. Palaisipan

- Halimbawa:

- "May tatlong magkakapatid, hindi magkakalahi." (Pitaka)

- "Buhok ni Adan, hindi mabilang." (Ulan)

- Kahulugan: Uri ng panitikan na naglalaman ng mga tanong o katanungan na nagpapalabas ng katalinuhan o

kaalaman ng isang indibidwal.

3. Tulang Panudyo

- Halimbawa:

- "Kapag napagod ang kalabaw, hahalikan ang buwan." (Tula ni Jose Corazon de Jesus)

- "Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan, hindi makararating sa paroroonan." (Tula ni Jose Rizal)

- Kahulugan: Uri ng panitikan na karaniwang nagpapahayag ng saloobin, opinyon, o damdamin ng isang tao
hinggil sa isang bagay o pangyayari.

4. Awiting Bayan

- Halimbawa:

- "Bahay Kubo"
 - "Leron, Leron Sinta"

- Kahulugan: Uri ng panitikan na naglalaman ng mga awit na karaniwang nagmula sa mga sinaunang panahon at
itinatanghal sa mga pagdiriwang o kasalan.

5. Tugang de Gulong

- Halimbawa:

- "Narito ang Puso Ko"

- "Kalesa"

- Kahulugan: Uri ng panitikan na naglalaman ng mga tula na karaniwang kinakanta o sinasalita sa mga
pampublikong transportasyon.

II. Ponemang Suprasegmental:

1. Tono

- Halimbawa:

- "Sino ang kumuha ng libro?"

- "Sino ang kumuha ng libro?"

- Kahulugan: Ang pagtaas o pagbaba ng tinig sa isang salita o pangungusap upang ipahayag ang damdamin,
kahulugan, o diin.

2. Diin

- Halimbawa:

- "Ang pagbabago ay dapat simulan sa sarili."

- "Ang pagbabago ay dapat simulan sa sarili."

- Kahulugan: Ang pagsasaalang-alang o pagpapalagay ng espesyal na pansin o emphasis sa isang bahagi ng salita o
pangungusap.

III. Tema:

- Kahulugan: Ang pangunahing ideya o mensahe na ipinapahayag ng isang teksto, tula, o kwento.

IV. Mga Uri ng Panghalip:

1. Panghalip na Panao

- Akin, iyo, kanya, atin, inyo, kanila

- Halimbawa: Siya ang nagwagi sa paligsahan. Sila ang nagtulungan upang makamit ang tagumpay.

2. Panghalip na Pamatlig

- Ito, iyan, iyon, ito, iyan, iyon

- Halimbawa: Ilagay mo ito sa tamang lugar. Dadalhin ko iyan mamaya.

3. Panghalip na Pananong

- Sino, ano, kanino, alin, kanino, kailan

- Halimbawa: Sino ang nagwagi sa paligsahan? Ano ang iyong pangalan?

4. Panghalip na Panaklaw

- Mayroon, mayroong, wala, walang, marami, ilan

- Halimbawa: Mayroon akong damit na pambihira. Walang tao sa paligid.

V. Mimicry:

- Kahulugan: Ito ay ang kakayahan ng isang organismo na gayahin o tularan ang hitsura o galaw ng ibang
organismo o kalikasan upang magkaroon ng proteksyon o maaring makakuha ng pagkain.

VI. Anaporik at Kataporik:

- Anaporik: Ito ay isang uri ng pangungusap na naglalaman ng anaphoric reference, o pagtukoy sa isang bagay o tao
na nabanggit na sa mga naunang pangungusap.

- Halimbawa: "Si Maria ay nagdala ng kanyang aklat. Ibinigay niya ito sa guro."

- Kataporik: Ito ay isang uri ng pangungusap na naglalaman ng cataphoric reference, o pagtukoy sa isang bagay o
tao na babanggitin pa lamang sa mga susunod na pangungusap.

- Halimbawa: "Ito ang aklat na ibinigay niya sa guro. Si Maria ang nagdala nito."