Physics.

T4
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-Density : the ratio of mass to volume for a substance

mass
densit y =
volume
M
p= [mass = kg or g , V=cm3 , density = g/cm3 ]
V

-Speed : distance travelled by an object per unit time

distance
speed =
time
d
s= [ distance = m or km , t = s or hr , S = km/h or m/s]
t
-Acceleration : rate of change of an object’s velocity

Change in speed = change in velocity

chnageinspeed
acceleration =
timetaken
v−u
a= [ change in speed = m/s or km/h , t = s or h , a = m/s2]
t
Force :
- contact force : when two objects touch each other creates contact
force.
- Friction : opposite force that acts on it.
- Air resistance or drag : force of friction when object is in the air
- Upthrust : upward push of a liquid or gas on an object.
Resultant force the single force that has the same e ect as two or more
forces.

resultant = force2 − force1 [resultant = N/newtons]

The earth gravitational force acting per unit Is g = 10N/kg

We can calculate the weight of an object by :

weight = mass . gravitationalforce

w = m . g [ w = newtons , m = kg , g = 10N/kg]
We can also calculate force by :

F = mg [ F = newtons , m=kg, g =10N/kg]

Moment of force : is the turning e ect of a force about a point

M = f . d [M= N.m , f= newtons , d = m ]

The principle of moments : when an object has in equilibrium
+ theres no resultant force acting on it
+ Clockwise moment = anti clockwise moment , therefore we can use :

M = M′
f . d = f′ . d′
Center of mass: the point at which the weight of an object maybe be
considered to act .

Forces regarding springs :

+ stretch (tensile force)
+ Compressed (compressive force )
+ Dent (bending force )
+ Twisted (torsional force )

Hooke’s law - force an extension are directly proportional

F = k . x [ F=newtons , k = spring constant , x = extension ]



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 Pressure - force action per unit area at right angle to a surface
force
pressure = [pressure = Pa , force = N , area=m2]
area
Liquid pressure :
pressure = h . p . q [ h=height , p = density , q = gravitons eld ]
Kinetic energy occur when movement is presence

1 2
k.e = mv [ k.e= J , m=kg , v=m/s]
2
Gravitational potential energy (gpe)
g . p . e = mg . h
Or
g . p . e = w . h [g.p.e= J , mg/w = N , h =m ]
E ciency of energy is how e cient the energy can be used :
We
Rd =
Wt
Or

E ciency = useful output / total input [Rd=%]

Work done is simply the amount of energy transferred

W = f . d [W=N.m or J , F= N , d=m]
The amount of work done is equal to the amount of energy transferred

W=E

Power is the rate at which work is done measured in watts

work . done
power =
time . taken
W
P= [W=J, t =s , P=Watts or w]
t
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Brownion motion = is the random movement of particle in a liquid or a
gas produced by a large number of collusion . The collision gives the
particle a little nudge causing them to change their speed and direction
randomly.

Thermal expansion - matter expands when heated

Calculation of speci c heat energy:

ΔE = m . c . Δt
Hi :)
-reaksa
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