Analog Electronics (ECE F341/EEE F341/ INSTR F341 )

Lecture 1
(Introduction)

Instructor

Dr. Apurba Chakraborty

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Date: 11/1/2024
 Prerequisite and book
Hardware lab from next week

Prerequisite:
• Electrical science
• Microelectronics circuits

Book:
1. L.K. Maheshwari, Analog Electronics, PHI, 2008. (T)
2. Sergio Franco, Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog
Integrated Circuits, Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Edition. (R1)
3. Rolf Schaumann, Mac E. Van Valkenburg, Design of Analog
Electronics, OXFORD University press. (R2)
 Signals: analog and digital

Analog signal: Continuous function of time

Digital signal: discrete instances of time.

Analog signal
Frequency representation

Fourier series
Aperiodic signal frequency representation
 Operational Amplifier (OPAMP): history
• First Vacuum tube OPAMP was patented in 1946. Used in ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and computer). ENIAC
was the first programmable electronic general purpose digital computer. This ENIAC was Designed at University of
Pennsylvania in secret during WW II. Completed by 1945. (Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC)

• First commercially available Vacuum tube

OPAMP (1953). Model K2-W from
George A. Philbrick Researches, Incorporated.

First discrete integrated circuit (IC) OPAMP

(1961). With birth of transistor (1947) and silicon
transistor in 1954, the concept became reality.
Operational Amplifier (OPAMP): history

• First Monolithic OPAMP IC µA702 in 1963 by Robert Widlar at Fairchild semiconductor.

• After couple of design modification, Fairchild semiconductor came up with µA741 OPAMP IC in 1968. At
that time GORDON MOORE was the director of R&D department of Fairchild Semiconductor. Later,
Moore with Noyce left to found Intel. Many employees of Fairchild semiconductor had started many new
electronic companies like National semiconductor corporation, AMD and LSI technologies etc

From 1967 to till now is

used. DIP (Duel in line
package.
Metal Can

Source https://spectrum.ieee.org/chip-hall-of-fame-fairchild-semiconductor-a741-opamp
uA741 OPAMP IC
Internal
circuit
diagram
Block diagram of OPAMP
 Analog Electronics (ECE F341/EEE F341/ INSTR F341 )

Lecture 2
(Introduction)

Instructor

Dr. Apurba Chakraborty

Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Date: 11/1/2024
Operational Amplifier (OPAMP): symbol and characteristics
OPAMP is a voltage amplifier with extremely high gain.

• (-) Terminal is called inverting terminal

• (+) Terminal is called Non-inverting
amplifier.
• The terminal voltages VN, VP and Vo
are measured with respect to ground.
• DC supply voltages VCC and VEE
must be applied
Transfer characteristics
Frequency response (Magnitude and phase response) of OPAMP LM741
Equivalent circuit of Practical OPAMP

• Input differential resistance: rd

• Output Resistance: 𝑟0
• Voltage gain: a
• We can write 𝑉0 = 𝑎 𝑉𝑃 − 𝑉𝑁

Typical value of uA741 OPAMP IC

rd= 2 MΩ , a= 200000 V/V and ro = 75 Ω
Ideal OPAMP characteristics:
Practical OPAMP Ideal OPAMP

• Open loop gain : infinite

• Input resistance: infinite
• Output resistance: zero
• Output voltage when input is zero: zero
• Input offset current : zero
• Bandwidth: infinite
• Common mode rejection ratio: infinite
• Slew rate: infinite
 Virtual short of OPAMP

𝑣𝐷 = 𝑣0 /𝑎 a is open loop voltage gain

lim 𝑣𝐷 = 0
𝑎→∞
lim 𝑣𝑃 = 𝑣𝑁
𝑎→∞

So from this it seems that both the terminals

are short, but they are not. It is called
virtual short. 𝑉𝑃 and 𝑉𝑁 always track to
each other.
At the same time they also do not draw any
input currents (𝒊𝑵 = 𝟎, 𝒊𝑷 = 𝟎).
Input offset voltage
If the two terminals are grounded, a finite dc voltage still appears at the output. This voltage
divided by open loop gain is known as input offset voltage. This happens due to the
mismatch of the components.
Input bias and offset current

when the output voltage of OPAMP is zero (No offset voltage, it is

done by the offset pins 1 and 5)

Input bias current: (𝑖𝑁 + 𝑖𝑃 )/2

Input offset current : 𝐼𝑂𝑆 = 𝑖𝑁 − 𝑖𝑃

Both values are in few µA range.

Slew rate and CMRR:
Slew rate is the maximum rate of change of OPAMP output voltage.

𝒅𝑽𝟎
• Slew rate= |(max)
𝒅𝒕
• Typical value lies between 1 and 20V/µS.

Example:
𝒅𝑽𝟎
For sinusoidal signal, 𝑽𝟎 = Asin(ωt), |(max)= Aω
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑽𝟎
So the output will be distorted if the exceeds the value of Aω.
𝒅𝒕
CMRR

It is the ability of OPAMP to reject the common mode input voltages.

𝑨𝑫 𝑨𝑫
CMRR =| | or in dB CMRR =20log 𝟏𝟎 | |
𝑨𝑪 𝑨𝑪

Ideal case CMRR should be ꝏ.

𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉𝑑 𝑉1 +𝑉2
𝑉1 = + = − + + = 𝑣𝑐𝑚 + Here, 𝑉𝑐𝑚 = and 𝑉𝑑 =𝑉1 − 𝑉2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Similarly,
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉𝑑
𝑉2 = 2 + 2 = 1 - 1 + 2 + 2 = 𝑣𝑐𝑚 −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Output voltage 𝑉0 = 𝐴𝐶 𝑉𝑐𝑚 + 𝐴𝐷 𝑉𝑑