Let a = r cos θ If z= a+ib is a complex number

b = r sin θ Im (z) P (a, b) (i) Distance of z from origin is called

Im(z)
where, · as modulus of complex number z. P (a, b)
r z r r sin θ i  1, i 2  1 1; r  0
2 2 r
It is denoted by r  z  a  b i; r  1
and θ = arg (z) θ , where k  R
Real (z) θ In general, i 4 k  r =
Mind maps physics

O 1; r  2
z  a  ib  r(cosθ+sinθ) r cos θ (ii) Angle θ made by OP with +ve
The argument ‘’ of complex (0, 0) Re (z) i ; r  3
direction of X-axis is called
number z = a+ib is called argument of z.
principal argument of z if
–π < θ ≤ π. Pola A complex number z=a+ib can be represented by
rR t a unique point P(a, b) in the argand plane
ep en
re um ber

s
g Im(z)

e
Let z=x+iy= a+ib , squaring both sides, Ar m P (a, b)

nt

Sq
& x Nu b
we get (x+iy)2= a+ib i.e. x2y2=a, 2xy=b

ati

ua
e ‘i’
pl f

re
on

r
O

du
solving these equations, we get square root of z. so

om
oo
wer Re (z)
to (0, 0) a

Mo
Po

of C lus
ne
fC
om
p le P la
xN d z=a+ib is represented by a point P (a, b)
um be an
For a non-zero complex number z=a+ib (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0), r Arg
Complex Numbers &
a a –b b e Quadratic Equations
there exists a complex number + i i , vers Let: z1= a+ib and z1= c+id be two complex numbers,
a2+b
a 22  b a2 2+ba2 2 b 2 ive In
1 at ber where a, b, c, d z2  R and i  1
denoted by – or zl, called multiplicative inverse of z p lic N um
ti x
Alge
zz ul 1. Addition: z1  z2  ( a  ib)  (c  id )  (a  c )  i (b  d)
ple

x
M m
bra

a b c o

ple

n
Such that:(a + ib) 2 + 2 =1+0i=1 2. Subtraction: z1 + z2 = (a + ib) – (c + id) = (a – c) + (b – d)i
of

of

m
(
a  b2 a b2 ( io

o
s
at
C

Num

u
Eq 3. Multiplication: z1 . z2  ( a  ib ) (c  id )
ber
om

of C
c
ber
s

ati a(c id)ib (c id)

ple

General form of quadratic equation dr

x

a Num
in x is ax2+bx+c=0, Qu (ac bd)  (adbc)i
n of
Where a , b , c ∈ R & a  0 tio
Solu
Definition (∵ i 2  1)
The solutions of given quadratic equation
b b2–4ac
 4. Division: z1  a  ib  a  ib .c  id
are given by x   ±
2a A number of the form a+ib, where a, b ∈ R and i  1 z2 c  id c  id c  id
a 0
(i) If b2 – 4ac > 0, roots are real and unequal is called a complex number and denoted by ‘z’.  ac  
bd  bc ad
(ii) If b2 – 4ac =0, roots are real and equal z = a+ib  2 2 
  2 2 i
(iii) If b2 – 4ac < 0, roots are imaginary Imaginary part  c  d  c  d 
Note: A monomial equation has Real part Note: If a+ib = c+id
one root. Conjugate of a complex number: For a given complex number ⇔a=c&b=d
A polynomial equation of degree z = a+ib, its conjugate is defined as z= a – ib
n has n roots.
1
 2

(i) if A = [a11]1×1, then |A|= a11

a a
–1 adj A a b (ii)if A = a A a .a – a .a
(i) A = where A ( ii) ad – bc If a , then
A c d[ [ a a a
x1 y1 1 (iii)if A = a a a , then|A | a11 ( a22 . a33 – a23. a32)
(iii) AA–1 =A–1 A=I (iv) Area of triangle, ABC A(x1, y1), 1 x2 y2 1
B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) is given by = —
2 x3 y3 1
a a a – a12 (a21. a33 – a 23. a31)

Ba
a11 a12 a13 A11 A21 A31 a13 ( a21 a32 – a 22 a 31)

si c
(v) If matrix A = a21 a22 a23
Then adj A= A12 A22 A32 where Aij is the For eg. if A , then |A|=2 × 4 – 3 × 2 =2

Fac
a31 a32 a33 A13 A23 A33 cofactor of a .

ts
ij

A′,
(vi) Suppose AX=B be the system of n non-homogeneous
linear equations in n variables then
• If A 0, then the system of equations is consistent and (i)|A| remains unchanged, if the rows and columns of
has a unique solution which is obtained as X=A–1 B | A are interchanged ie., |A| = |A′|
of |A
• If A 0 and (adj)B=0, then the system of equations is ies
p er t (ii)if any two rows (or columns) of A are interchanged,
consistent and has infinitely many solutions. o
Pr then the sign of |A| changes.
(vii) Suppose AX =B be the system of n homogeneous linear
equations in n variables then (iii)if any two rows (or columns) of A are identical,
• If A 0, then it has only one solution X=0, which is Determinants then |A|=0
called as trivial solution.
(iv)if each element of a row (or a column) of A is
• If A 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions
multiplied byB (constant), then|A|gets multiplied by B.
and is called non-trivial solutions. D1 D2
(viii) If a1 x + b1y =c1 and a2 x+b2 y=c2, then x = D , y = D , (v) if A aij , then k A k A where k is a constant.
where D (vi) if elements of a row or a column in a determinant
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1
where D = a2 b2 , D1 = c2 b2 , D2 = a2 c2 |A| can be expressed as sum of two or more elements,
(ix) If a1 x+b1 y+c1 z=d1 , a2 x+b2 y+c2 z=d2 and a3 x+b3 y+c3 z=d3 , then |A| can be expressed as |B|+|C|.
D1 D D (vii) if k j or k j in |A|, then the
then x = , y = 2 , z = 3 , where D ≠ 0 value of |A| remains same
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
where D= a2 b2 c2 , D1 = d2 b2 c2 , D2 = a2 d2 c2 , D3 = a2 b2 d2 y
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3 x
If (x1, y1), (x2, y2 ) and (x3, y3) are the vertices of triangle, then the area of 1
— y
a b c
x
2
x y
(x) If A= d e f then A a(ei –hf)– b(di–gf) + c(dh –ge)
g h i
For eg: if (1, 2) , (3, 4) and (–2, 5) are the vertices, then the area of the triangle is

1
— 1
— – – 6
2 2
–
we take positive value of the determinant because area is positive.
Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers
 Each of different selections made by taking some or all
The number of combinations of n things taken
of a number of distinct objects or item, irrespective of
at a time, so that k particular objects are
their arrangements or order in which they are placed, is
(i) Always included: n–kCr– k
called a combination. F.P.C. of Multiplication: If an event can occur in
(ii) Never included: n– kCr
The number of combinations of n different things taken
Mind maps physics

The no. of selections from ‘n’ different objects, taking m different ways, following which another event
n n
 …  … nCn =2
at least one= nC1  nC2  nC3+..............C  2n–11 r at a time, denoted by nCr is given by in n different ways, then the total number of
n
n!
Cr  ; 0  r  nn occurence of the events in the given order is m × n
r!(n  r )!
F.P.C. of Addition: If there are two events such that
they can performed independently in m and n
n n
Pr = Cr × r! 0<r≤n le ways respectively, then either of the two events
∴

s
Ce cip
i.e., Corresponding to each combination of nCr , rta rin
in lP .) can be performed in (m+n) ways.

tion
we have r! permutations, because r objects in Co ta F.P.C
en g (

ina
every combination can be rearranged in r! ways

Re
nd
m in

i
nt

l at
n

tio
u

om

io
o

C
n

Fu

ns
C
Each of the different arrangements which can

of da
be
Since, tw
ee
n be made by taking some or all of a number of
n
n!
Cr  distinct objects is called a permutation.
r !(n  r )! Permutations and Perm
In particular, r =n Combinations uta
tio The number of permutations of n different things
s n
n n! on taken r at a time, where repetition is not allowed,
Cn  1 tati
n!0! u
n n
rm is denoted by nPr and is given by

Per
Pe

r
Cn-r = Cr

la
n n n
n!

mut

rcu
Pr 

i
Cr + Cr-1 = n+1Cr
(n  r )!

C
ation
n
C0+nC2+nC4+..= nC1+nC3+nC5+.....=2n–1

The number of all permutations of ‘n’ different objects

1. The number of circular permutations
of ‘n’ distinct objects is (n – 1)! taken r at a time:
2. If anti-clockwise and clockwise order (i) When a particular object is to be always included
s of alike Objects
of arrangements are not distinct then n–1
in each arrangement is Pr–1
the number of circular permutations of
1 (ii) When a particular object is never taken in each
The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time,
n distinct items is (n  1)! arrangement in n–1Pr
2 where p1 objects are of first kind, p2 objects are of the second
e.g.: Arrangements of beads in a necklace, n! (iii) The number of permutation of n different things
arrangements of flower in a garland etc. kind, ....pk objects are of the kth kind is
p1 ! p2 ! p3 !… pk ! taken r at a time, where repetition is allowed is (n)r
3
 4

Minor of an element aij in a determinant of matrix

A is the determinant obtained by deleting ith row A matrix of order m n is an ordered rectangular array of numbers
th
and j column and is denoted by Mij. If Mij is the minor or functions having ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns. The matrix a a a
of aij and cofactor of aij is Aij then Aij = (–1)i+j Mij. i m, 1 j n; i , j N is given by a a a
M A=[aij]m n,
in
If A3×3 is a matrix, then |A|=a11. A11 +a12. A12 +a13. A13. o a a a m×n

rs
Column matrix : It is of the form aij m×1
If elements of one row (or column) are multiplied

an
d
with cofactors of elements of any other row (or column), Row matrix : It is of the form aij 1×n

co
fa
then their sum is zero. For e.g., a11 A21 +a12 A22+a13 A23=0. Square matrix : Here, m = n (no. of rows = no. of columns)

c to
s Diagonal matrix : All non-diagonal entries are zero i.e

rs
e.g., if A , then M11=4 and A11=(–1)1+1 4=4. pe

o
– y Scalar matrix : aij and aij k (Scalar ), i j, for some constant k.
st

it

fa
Identity matrix : aij and aij =1, i j

m
nd
a a a A A A Zero matrix : All elemants are zero.

na

at ri
o

x
a

i
a a , then adj. A A A A

it
if A
a a a

in
A A A aij bij If A, B are two matrices of same order, then
,where Aij is the cofactor of aij. of a ma A B [aij bij ] . The addition of A and B follows:

Def
B if, A and B are of
trix
A(adj. A)=(adj. A) . A=|A|I, A - square matrix same order and aij bij
A B B A, A B C A B C ,– A –1 A,
of order ‘n ’ k A B k A k B, k is scalar and
i and j; i,j, N
if |A|=0, then A is singular matrix. Otherwise A k I A k A IA , k and I are constants.
is non-singular matrix. Matrices

O
if AB = BA = I , where B is a square matrix, pe
ra
–1 –1

on
then B is called the inverse of A, A =B or B = A, m tions If A , [a ij]m×n and B=[bjk]n×p, then AB C [c ik]m×p ,
–1 –1 n
atr
(A ) =A. i ce
s M [Cjk] = aij bjk . Also, A BC AB C, A B C AB AC
Inverse of a square matrix exists if u lt
j 1

Tr
ipli

a
cation

o
A is non-singular i.e.|A| , and is given by ns and A B C AC BC, but (always).

ent
a
po
–1

r
A (adj. A) se

Elem n a m
A o fa

atr
i.e. if

pe
If A=[aij]m n, then its transpose A¢= (AT)=[aji]n m
r
Ma

y o ix
If a1x+b1y+c1z=d1, a2x+b2y+c2z=d2, a3 x b3 y c3 z d3 then we can write AX=B, a tio trix
A [ ] , then A
ns

a b c x d []
where A a b c X y B d Also, (A’)’ =A, (kA)’ = kA’, ( A+B)’ =A’+B’, (AB)‘ =B’A‘ .
a b c z d
Properties for applying A is symmetric matrix if A=A’ i.e. A’=A.
–
Unique solution of AX = B is X A B A the operations A is skew – symmetric if A= –A’ i.e. A’ = – A.
AX=B is consistent or inconsistent according as the solution exists or not. A is any square matrix, then–
For a square matrix A in AX=B, if or Half of sum of a symmetric
A A A’ A A’
(i) A , then there exists unique solution. k or k and a skew -symmetric matrix.
(ii) A = and (adj. A) B , then no solution. k or k S.M Skew S.M.
(iii) If A = and (adj. A). B = 0, then system may or may not be consistent.
Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers
 n (a+b)n
n–r r
binomial theorem in another from as: r r a b
(s)
(a+b)n
(a+b)n,
th
Mind maps physics

n
+b ,
(a+b)n,
n r

th th
and
(a+b)n

n n n n n–1
x–y C 0x – Cx y
1
..... y
a b n
x .........
– ........
–x ..... Binomial
of (a
(iv) Taking a=1, b=x, n=–n +b) n Theorem and its
l Applications
mia
(1+x)–n =1– nx +
n(n+1)x2 n(n+1)(n+2)x3+.......
– ino ts
B ien
2! 3! e ffic
Co are
...........
(a+b)n
n

...........
...........
n
C02 + nC12 + nC22+ ....... + nCn2 = 2nCn
1 2
or

n–1
n C
r
n
(vii) Cr = n – r+1
n r
Cr–1
(viii) nC0nCr+nC1nCr+1+nC2nCr+2+ .......... nCn–rnCn= 2nCn–r
5
 6

Harmonic Progression (HP)

If a, b, c are in G.P., b is the GM between a & c, b2 = ac, A sequence is said to be a geometric progression For the solution of HP, we should follow below steps
· Make the reciprocal of each terms of HP
therefore; a > 0, c >0 or G.P., if the ratio of any term to its preceding
Solve by AP method
If a, b are two given numbers & a, G1, G2, …, Gn, b are term is same throughout.This constant factor is Make the reciprocal of AP result
· in G.P., then G1, G2, G3 … Gn are n GMs between a & b.
called ‘Common ratio‘. Usually we denote the first 1 , 1 --------in HP, then
eg: if 1a , a+d a+2d
term of a G.P. by ‘a’ and its common ratio by ‘r’.
1 2 n
a,(a+d), (a+2d)--------will be in AP
n 1 n 1 n 1 The gereral or nth term of G.P. is given by an=arn–1
G1  a  b
 a G2  a  b
 a ...... Gn  a b
 a Now nth term of AP, an = a+(n–1)d
The sum Sn of the first n terms of G.P. is given by 1
1
n 1
So, nth, team of HP, = a1 = a+(n+)d
n
or G1  ar , G2  ar 2 ,  Gn  ar n where r = b a (r n  1) Some Important result 2ab
 a Sn  r<1, if r≠1
r 1 If H is the harmonic mean (H) between a&b, then H= a+b
th
Sum of infinite terms of G.P. is given by If there are n harmonic mean between a&b, then n
In a series,where each term is formed by multiplying a ab(n+1)
S∞  ; r 1 HM(Hn)= na+b
the corresponding term of an AP & GP is called 1 r
Arithmetico‐Geometric Series. G
eo An A.P. is a sequence in which terms increase or decrease
m .P.)
Eg: 1+3x+5x2+7x3+… etr (G n
ic n ea regularly by the fixed number (same constant). This fixed
io

s
M M

es
Here, 1, 3, 5, … are in AP and 1, x, x2, … are in GP. ea
n ic
on

gr
(G rm number is called ‘common difference’ of the A.P. If ‘a’ is the
M Ha

Pro
) first term & ‘d’ is the common difference and ‘l’ is the last
Sequences Arithm
etic Progression (A.P.
)
term of A.P., then general term or the nth term of the A.P. is
• If A.M.: G.M. of two positive numbers a and b is GM
2 2 2 2 AM & and Series given by an = a+ (n−1)d from starting and an=l–(n–1) d
m : n, then a : b = (m+ m – n ( : (m– m – n ( s of ities
Ar
ertie ant ith from the end.
op o qu Su me

M
Pr een tw m tic
Sp up Me The sum Sn of the first n terms of an A.P. is given by

dH
• If A and G be the AM & GM between two positive tw ec to an n n
be

an
ial nt (AM
numbers, then the numbers are A  A2  G 2 Se
qu
er m ) S n  [2a  (n  1)d ]  [a  l ]
2 2

GM
so

,
en f so

M
ces me

nA
ee
• Sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers

etw
n If three numbers are in A.P., then the middle term is

b
n  n  1

ip
sh
k 1 2  3 K n  2 called AM between the other two, so if a, b, c, are in
k 1

tion
Let A, G and H be the AM, GM and HM of two given A.P., b is AM of a and c.

R el a
positive real numbers a & b, respectively. Then, • Sum of squares of first n natural numbers AM for any ‘n’ numbers a1, a2, a3 , …, an is
n
2 n  n  1 2n  1
ab 2 k  12  22  32  K  n 2  a1  a2  a3  K +an
A ,G  ab and H  k 1 6 AM  n
2 a+b
So, G AH or, G2= AH
• Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers n-Arithmetic Mean between Two Numbers: If a, b are
2 2
n
 n  n  1   n  any two given numbers & a, A1, A2, .., An, b are in
 k 3  13  23  33  K  n3     k 
k 1  2   k 1  A.P. then A1, A2, …, An are n AM’s between a & b.
• Sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers ba 2 b  a  n b  a 
A1  a  , A2  a  K An  a 
n n 1 n 1 n 1
2
 (2 k  1)  1 3 5  K (2 n 1)  n
k 1
or A1= a+ d, A2 = a+2d, …, An = a + nd,
ba
where d 
n 1
Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers
 The derivative of a function f at a is defined by

f a  h  f a
f   a  lim
h 0 h
Let f(x) = anxn + an-1 xn-1 + ............ +a1x+a0 be a 1.
eg: Find derivative of f  x  
polynomial function, where ai s are all real numbers x
Mind maps physics

and an≠0. Then the derivative function is given by f x  h  f x

Sol: We have f   x   lim
h 0
d f  x h
n 1 n 2
 nan x   n 1  an 1 x  ............  2a2 x  a1 1 –1
dx xh x 1  h  • We say lim f(x) is the expected value of f at x=a given that the

x a
 lim  lim  values of f near x to the left of a. This value is called the left
h 0
  12
h h 0 h x  x  h 
  x
hand limit of f at ‘a’

D er
• We say lim f(x) is the expected value of f at x=a given that the

x a

iva
a values of f near x to the right of a. This value is called the

tiv
For functions u and v the following holds: of ‘a’

fun
eo
at right hand limit of f at a’.

c
on

ti o
po
 u  v   u  v If the right and left hand limits coincide, we call that common

cti e

n
riv
• ly •

n
no

De
m

fu ativ
Algebra it value as the limit of f(x) at x=a and denoted it by lim f(x) .
x a
ial
•  uv   uv  vu of de
riva Lim
of fun
ction
tiv
es eg: Find limit of function f(x)=(x–1)2 at x=1.
 s Limits and
Sol: For f(x)=(x–1)2
2
•  uv   uvv uv, provided all are defined Derivatives
and v ≠ 0 2
Left hand limit (LHL) (at x=1)= xlim
 1
 x  1  0

d
d

A
du dv ar 2

lg
Here, u  and v 

e
a nd s  x  1  0

ndar
t and Right hand limit (RHL) (at x=1)= xlim
 1

br
dx dx e

ts
ao
e S ativ f
om iv

S
Limi
er .. . LHL = RHL
d n d D
Lim

• x  nx n 1
  •  sin x   cos x 2

Some Sta
its

dx dx lim  x  1  0
x 1
d
•  cos x    sin x x n  an sin x
dx lim 1 For functions f and g the following holds:
• lim  na n 1 • x 0
d x a xa x
• (tan x)=sec2x lim  f  x   g  x    lim f  x   lim g  x 
dx 1  cos x • x a x a x a
lim 0 tanpmx m p
d • x 0 x • lim  (n ), x ≠ 0
• (cot x)=-cosec2x x  a tanpnx
dx x lim  f  x  . g  x    lim f  x  .lim g  x 
–1 x a x a x a
d x 0
• lim ax–1 log a, a>0 e • lim sin x
x 0 x
•
• (sec x)=sec x tan x
dx x f x
e –1  f  x   lim
x a  where lim g  x   
lim   x a
d x 0
• lim x = • x a g  x  g x
• (cosec x)= cosec x cot x   lim
x a
dx
7
 8

Let x  f  t  , y  g t  be two functions of parameter 't'. Suppose f is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let 'c' be a point in the domain of f.
dy Then, f is continuous at c if lim f x   f c 
x® c
dy dy dx dy dt  dx
  A real function f is said to be continuous if it is continuous at every point in the domain of f.
Then,  . or  0 1
dt dx dt dx dx  dt  eg: The function f x   , x  0 is continuous.
dt x 1 1 1
Let 'c' be any non-zero real number, then lim f ( x )  lim  . For c  0, f c   . So lim f x   f c 
x® c ®x c x c x® c
dy g ' t  ,
f ' t   0  c
Thus, dx  f ' t provided
 . and hence f is continuous at every point in the domain of f.

y a dx Suppose f and g are two real functions continuous at a

eg : If x a then  – a sin  and
d real number c, then, f+g, f–g, f.g and f are continuous at
dy dy dy / d a cos 
 a cos , and so    – cot . x c, g c   0  g
d dx dx / d a sin 

ns Suppose f is a real function and c is a

Let y f x then dy  f ' x , if f ’ x is
t io
dx nc point in its domain. The derivative of
d dy d fu it y f c  h  – f c 
differentiable, then    f ' x  i.e., tiabil f at c is f ' c   lim .
2 dx  dx  dx ren h 0 h
d y ffe
 f " x , is the second order derivative ofy w.r.t.x. Di Every differentiable function is continuous,
dx 2
but the converse is not true.
For eg : If y = 3x2+2, then y'= 6x and y"= 6. Continuity and
dy dy
Differentiability If y=f(g(x)), then = f’(g(x)). g’(x).
If f : a , b  ® R is continuous on [a, b] and dx dx
differentiable on (a, b), such that f(a)=f(b), v x 
D Let y  f x   u x 
then  some c in (a, b), such that f '(c)=0. e

ri va
ln y  v x  ln u x 

tiv
If f : a , b  ® R continuous on [a, b] and 1 dy 1
es
differentiable on (a, b). o f  v x  u ' x   v ' x  ln u x 
y dx u x 
I
f b  – f a 
Then  some c in (a, b) such that f ' c  
mp

b–a dy  v x 
lic

2
 y  u ' x   v ' x  ln u x 
e.g. Let f(x)=x defined in the interval [2, 4]. dx  u x 
it f
u

Since f(x)=x2 is continuous in [2, 4] and e.g. : Let y ax then In y = x ln a

n

differentiable in (2, 4) as f '(x)=2x defined in (2, 4). 1 dy

ctio

So, .  ln a
y dx
ns

f b  – f a  16 – 4
f ' c     6, c  2, 4 . dy
b–a 4–2 = y ln a = ax ln a.
dx
d 1 d 1 d 1 If two variables are expressed by some relation, then one will be the
(i) sin –1 x 
  (ii) cos–1 x  – (iii) d 1
dx
  tan –1 x 
  (iv) cot –1 x  –
  implicit function of other, is called Implicit function.
1 – x2 dx 1 – x2 dx 1  x2 dx 1  x2 dy d d
For example: Let y =cos x – sin y, then = cosx – sin y
d 1 d 1 d x d 1 dx dx dx
(v) sec –1 x 
  (vi) cos e c –1 x  –
  (vii) e  e x (viii) ln(x)  
  dy dy dy – sinx
dx x x2  1 dx x x2  1 dx dx x or, =– sinx – cosy. or, = , where y  (2n+1)n
dx dx dx 1  cos y
Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers
Mind maps physics 9
10 Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers

a, b
a, b
Mind maps physics 11
12 Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers
 1. When two lines are parallel their slopes are equal. Thus, any line parallel to If m1 and m2 are the •If θ is the angle at which a straight line is inclined to be+ve
y = mx+c is of the type y = mx +d , where d is any parameter slopes of two intersecting direction of x-axis and 0°≤θ < 180o, θ ≠ 90o, then the slope
of the line, denoted by m, is defined by m = tan θ. If θ is 90o,
2. Two lines ax + by +c=0 and a’x + b’y + c’ =0 are parallel if a = b ≠ c lines (m1m2 ≠-1) and θ be the
a’ b’ c’ m doesn’t exist, but the line is parallel to y-axis. If θ=0o,
acute angle between them then m=0 and the line is parallel to x-axis.
3. The distance between two parallel lines with equations ax +by +c1 = 0
m − m2 •If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), x1 ≠ x2 are points on straight line,
c 1− c 2 then tan θ = 1
Mind maps physics

and ax +by +c2 = 0 is d= 1 +m1 m2 (y – y )

2 2 then the slope m of the line is given by m = 1 2
a +b (x1 – x2)

t
es
Area of triangle whose vertices are (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and
The equation of bisectors of the angles between the 1

aigh
slop
a
(x3, y3) is x1(y2 - y3) +x2(y3 - y1) + x3 (y1 - y2)
2

ul
lines a1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2=0 is given by e

o str
r
gl

their
w
a1x+b1y+c1 +a2x+b2y+c2

ia

t
The distance between the points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is

Fo

f
=

Tr

o
n
2 2

Pa
Equ

pe
la

e
a

s
+b u

o
√ 1 1 √ a22+b22 ati m

ral
on √ (x1–x2)2 +(y1–y2)2

S
s

ea
For

le
r
of e

A
nc

l li
bis
ec sta in the ratio

ne
2
Di 1
The P(x, y) divided the line joining A(x1 , y) and B(x2, y)

s
1.When two lines of the slope m1 & m2 are at right tor
s mx2 +– nx1 ; my2+– ny1
angles, the Product of their slope is −1, i.e. , on m:n, then x = m+ y 1
= m+
– n – n

Angle betwe
lines in term
cti
m1m2 = −1. Thus, any line perpendicular to Se ula Note: • (+ve) sign tells the division is internal, but (–ve) signs tells, the
1 x+d where d is Perpendicular lines rm
y=mx + c is of the form , y =−m Straight Fo division is external.
any parameter. Lines • If m = n, then P is the mid-point of the line segment joining
lar
2.Two lines ax + by +c =0 and a’x + b’y + c’=0 are d icu
en ar A & B.
perpendicular if aa’ + bb’ =0. Thus, any line erp icul
p d

n
e
perpendicular to ax + by +c =0 is of the form of e 1. POINT-SLOPE FORM: y – y1 = m(x – x1) is the equation of a straight line

in
lin

pe
oot a

er
al
f ut whose slope is ‘m’ and passes through the point (x1, y1).

p
bx – ay+ k =0, where k is any parameter. &

on
n abo 2. SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM: y = mx +c is the equation of a straight line
o t

the
Equation o
i

ct
int
in variou
in

of
whose slope is ‘m’ and makes an intercept ‘c’ on the y-axis.

fle
po
f St

e
h
a r y2 - y1

t
ap

R
a

s for

g
i
3.TWO POINT FORM: y - y1 = (x -x1) is the equation of a straight

m
g
x2 - x1
ms
1.The image of a point(x1, y1) about a line

Len
fro
line which passes through (x1, y1) & (x2, y2).
ht L

ax + by+ c =0 is:
x y
ine

–2(ax1+by1+c) 4. INTERCEPT FORM: + =1 is the equation of a straight line which

[(ar+x1), (br+y1)] where, r= a b
a2 + b 2 makes intercepts a & b on x and y axis respectively.
2. Perpendicular distance from a point(x1,y1) The length of the 5. NORMAL / PERPENDICULAR FORM: xcosα + ysinα = p
on the line ax+by+c=0 is: perpendicular from The point of intersection
(where p >0, 0≤ α < 2π) is the equation of a straight line where the
ax1 + by1 + c between the lines
| | P(x1, y1) on length of the perpendicular from origin O on the line is p and this
√ a2 + b 2 ax + by +c =0 is: a1x+b1y+c1=0 and
perpendicular makes an angle α with +ve x-axis.
3. The foot of ^rd from a pointy (x1,y1) on a2x+b2y+c2=0 is
ax1 +by1 + c 6. GENERAL FORM: ax +by+ c =0 is the equation of a straight line in
the line ax + by+c=0 is: d= b1 c2–b2 c1 c1 a2– c2 a1 a
–(ax +by +c) 2 2 general form. In this case, slope of line = −
[(ar+x1),(br+y1)], where r= 2 1 2 1 a +b ( a1b2 – a2b1 a1b2 – a2b1 ) b
a +b
13
14 Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers
 (i) Two skew lines is the line segment perpendicular to both the lines Direction cosines of a line are the cosines of the angles made by the line with the
         
(ii) r a 1 b 1 and r a 2 b 2 is b1 b 2 . a 2 – a 1 positive direction of the co-ordinate axes. If l, m, n are the direction cosines of a line,
 
b1 b 2 then l2 + m2 + n2 = 1. direction cosines of a line joining P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2)
2 2 2
(iii) x – x1 y – y1 z – z1 and x – x2 y – y2 z – z2 is given by are x2 – x1 , y2 – y1 , z2 – z1 PQ x2 – x1 y2 – y1 z2 – z1
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 PQ PQ PQ
Mind maps physics

x2 – x1 y2 – y1 z2 – z1 Direction ratios of a line are the numbers which are proportional to the direction
a1 b1 c1 cosines of the line. If l, m, n are the direction cosines and a, b, c are direction
a2 b2 c2 a b c
ratios of a line, then l ,m ,n
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 a b c a b c a b2 c 2
b1 c 2 – b2 c 1 c1 a 2 – c 2 a 1
a1 b 2 – a 2 b1
  
      b a 2 a1
(iv) Distance between parallel lines r a1 l b and r a 2 b is  These are the lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting.
b
They lie in different planes. Angle between skew lines is the angle
(i) which is at distance 'd' from the origin and direction between two intersecting lines drawn from any point (origin) parallel
cosines of the normal to the plane as l,m,n is lx+my+nz=d. to each of the skew lines.
(ii) to a given line with direction ratios A, B, C and passing Equation of
Angle between t
through (x , y , z is (x–x ) + B (y–y1) +C (z–z1) = 0 a plane he If l1, m1, n1 , and l2, m2, n2 are the direction cosines and
two lines
(iii) passing through three non-collinear points Three a1, b1, c1, and a2, b2, c2 are the direction ratios of the two
(x1,y1,z1) (x2,y2,z2), (x3,y3,z3) is x – x1 y – y1 z – z1 Dimensional lines and ' ' is the acute angle between them, then
x2 – x1 y2 – y1 z2 – z1 0. a1 a 2 b1 b 2 c1 c 2
Geometry-II Ve cos l1 l2 m1 m2 n1 n2
x3 – x1 y3 – y1 z3 – z1 c a12 b12 c 12 a 22 b 22 c 22
to
re
qu
(i) which contains three non-collinear points having position of at Vector equation of a line passing through the given
        lin io 
vectors a , b , c is r – a . b – a c –a 0. e n point whose position vector is a and parallel to a given
     
(ii) that passes through the intersection of planes r . n1 d1 & vector b is r a l b
    
r . n2 d2 is r n 1 n2 d1 d2 , non-zero constant.

      angle Vector equation of a line which passes through

If ' ' is the acute
     
Two lines r a1 l b1 , r a 2 m b 2 are coplanar if between r a1 1 , a2 b2 two points whose position vectors are a and b is
         
a 2 – a 1 . b1 b 2 0. b .b r a l ( b - a)
then, cos 1 2
Equation of a plane that cuts co-ordinate axes at b1 . b 2
x – x1 y – y1 z – z1 Equation of a line through point (x1, y1, z1) and
If and
l1 m1 n1
 x – x2 y – y2 z – z2 having direction cosines l, m, n is x – x1 y – y1 z – z1 Also,
The distance of a point with position vector a from the plane l m n
 ^  l2 m2 n2
r . n d is d – a . n . are the equations of two lines,
equation of a line that passes through two points (x1, y1, z1)
The distance from a point x1 , y1 , z1 to the plane is Ax By Cz D 0 then acute angle between x – x1 y – y1 z – z1
and (x2, y2, z2) is
Ax1 By1 Cz1 D them is cosq l1 .l2 m1 . m2 n1 . n2 x2 – x1 y2 – y1 z2 – z1
A2 B2 C2
15
 16

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called a vector.

The distance between the initial and terminal points of a vector is
called its magnitude. Magnitude of vector AB is |AB|.
a
For a given vector a, the vector a gives the unit vector in the
a Position vector of a point P (x, y, z) is xi y j zk and its magnitude is
5i OP r x2 y2 z2 . eg: Position vector of P (2, 3, 5) is 2i 3 j 5kˆ
direction ofa . e.g .‚ If a =5i, then a i ,which is a unit vector.
5 and its magnitude is 22 +32 +52 = 38.

The scalar components of a vector are its direction

The Position vector of a point R dividing a line segment
joining P, Q whose position vectors are a, b respectively, ratios, and represent its projections along the
in the ratio m : n    es respective axes.
na osin
(i) inter
mb , (ii) externally is mb – na nc The magnitude (r), direction ratios (a,b,c) and direction
Fo ctio
m n m –n rm re cosines (l,m,n) of vector ai b j ck are related as:
ula di
s a b c
If a, b are the vectors and ' ' is the angle between Scalar product of l ,m ,n
Vector r  r r
them, then their scalar product a .b a b cos two vectors e.g.: If AB i 2 j 3k , then r 1 4 9 14
. Algebra
cos. Direction ratios are (1, 2, 3)
a b 1 2 3
and direction cosines are , ,
14 14 14
a b a b sin  ,  is a unit vector perpendicular
to line joining , . (I) Zero vector (initial and terminal points coincide)
Properties (ii) Unit vector (magnitude is unity)
–b ×a k (a ×b) = a ×(k b)
(iii) Coinitial vectors (same initial points)
a ×(b+c) = a ×b + a×c a ×b =0 , if a b
(iv) Collinear vectors (parellel to the same line)
The ector sum coinitial (v) Equal vectors (same magnitude and direction)
If we have two vectors Thevvector sum of
of two
two coinitial
a a 1 i a 2 j a 3 k , b b1i b2 j b3 k and vectors is given by the diagonal (vi) Negative of a vector (same magnitude,
is any scalar, then- of the parallelogram whose opposite direction)
adjacent sides are given vectors.
A B
(ii) a The vector sum of the three
a1 )j+( a2)j+( a3)k A
sides of a triangle taken in
(iii) a .b =a1 b1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3 and
order is 0 . i.e
i j k C D if ABC is given triangle, then
 
(iv) a × b a1 a 2 a3 If AB , AC are the given vectors,   
   AB BC CA 0. B C
b1 b2 b3 then AB AC AD
Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers

Events A & B are called mutually exclusive events if
occorrence of any one of them excludes occurrence of
other event, i.e. they cannot occur simultaneously.
e.g.: A die is thrown. Event A= All even outcomes &
event B = All odd outcomes. then,
A & B are mutually exclusive events, they cannot
If A and B are any two events, then An Experiment is called random experiment if it satisfies the
• P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B) U
following two conditions:
U • It has more than one possible outcome.
• P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AUB)
• It is not possible to predict the outcome in advance.
If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(AUB)
Outcome: A possible result of a random experiment is called
= P(A) + P(B) its outcome.
A B S
A–B Sample Space: Set of all possible outcomes of a random
Mind maps physics

B–A
U
occur simultaneously. (As P (A B) = φ)
A∩B
experiment is called sample space. It is denoted by symbol ‘S’.
Note: Simple events of a sample space are always e.g.: In a toss of a coin, sample space is Head & Tail. i.e., S= {H,T}
mutually exclusive. • Probability of the event ‘not A’ Sample Point: Each element of the Sample Space is called a
P(A′) = P(not A) = 1–P(A) sample point.
Many events that together form sample space are e.g.: In a toss of a coin, head is a sample point
called exhaustive events. ,
AUB A) Equally Likely Outcomes: All outcomes with equal probability.
e.g.: A die is thrown. Event A = All even outcomes and t

ut
y
of (no

ua
t

l
event B = All odd outcomes.

ilit

M Ev
ly

nd

e
en

ab
a
Event A & B together forms exhaustive events as it m

b
nt Ex
s ri

B
c lu
forms sample space. xpe

Pro
siv mE

A
Ex
hau e Rando Probability is the measure of uncertainty of various
E v stiv e phenomenon, numerically. It can have positive value
A B
e n ts
• Event A or B or (A∪B) s Probability from 0 to 1.
A∪B ent
A∪B = {w: w∈A or w∈B} f Ev No. of favourable outcome
o Probability =
A B
ra De Total no. of outcomes
eb

g
• Event A and B or (A∩B) A∩B fin

Al
A∩B = {w: w∈A and w∈B}
itio
n e.g.: Probability of getting an even no. in a throw of a
die.
• Event A but not B or (A–B) Ev
Sol. Here, favourable outcomes = {2, 4, 6}
A–B = A∩B’ A–B en
t
A B Total no. of outcomes = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
3 1
Probability = =
• Impossible and Sure Event: The empty set φ is called an Impossible event, whereas the whole 6 2
sample space ‘S’ is called ‘Sure event’.
e.g.: In a rolling of a die, impossible event is getting number more than 6 and event of getting number
less than or equal to 6 is sure event.
It is the set of favourable outcomes. Any subset E of a sample
• Simple Event: If an event has only one sample point of a sample space, it is called a ‘simple event’. space S is called an event.
e.g.: In rolling of a die, simple event could be the event of getting number 4.
e.g.: Event of getting an even number (outcome) in a throw of a die.
• Compound Event: If an event has more than one sample point, it is called a ‘compound event’.
e.g.: In rolling of a die, compound event could be event of getting an even number. Occurrence of event: The event E of a sample space ‘S’ is said to
• Complementary Event: Complement event to A = ‘not A’ have occurred if the outcome w of the experiment is such that
e.g.: If an event A= Event of getting odd number in a throw of a die i.e., {1, 3, 5} then , w ∈ E. If the outcome w is such that w ∉ E, we say that event E has
complementary event to A = Event of getting an even number in a throw of a die, i.e. {2, 4, 6} not occurred.
A′= {w: w ∈ S and w ∉ A } = S - A (where S is the sample space)
17
18 Oswaal NDA/NA Year-wise Solved Papers
Mind maps physics 19