26   Year 9 Science Learning Workbook

3. a. heat and light.

b. wood.
4. Trees make wood by the process of photosynthesis, in which carbon dioxide and water are combined with
light energy. Therefore, the energy released by a fire has come originally from the Sun.

Comparing physical and chemical changes (page 106)

Description of Name(s) of any new substance(s) How the change can be
the change formed by the change reversed
1. Melting ice None – water and ice are made up of the Easily – by freezing/lowering the
same particles – H2O. temperature.
2. A cloudburst None – clouds and rain are both made up Easily – by raising the temperature so the
of water. water evaporates.
3. A (wood) fire Ash, CO2 and water vapour. Very difficult to reverse, unless you’re a
plant!
4. Tree growth Wood (cellulose, lignin, etc). It’s difficult to ‘ungrow’ a tree!
5. Erosion of rocks None – sand and rocks are made of the Sand will eventually be heated and/or
same stuff. compressed to form new rocks.
6. Defrosting frozen None – defrosting simply melts the ice in Freeze it again.
bread the frozen bread.
7. Making toast The chemicals in toast are different from It’s impossible to ‘untoast’ bread!
those in bread.
8. Dissolving sugar None – the sugar particles are simply Evaporate the water off slowly.
in water dispersed (‘spread out’).
9. Heating sugar The sugar decomposes into carbon and Very difficult to reverse, unless you’re a
until it burns H2O, then the carbon burns to CO2. plant!
10. Boiling potatoes Many chemicals in the potatoes are Very difficult to ‘unboil’ potatoes.
changed – eg starch.
11. Peeling potatoes None – the ‘stuff’ is still the same. Put the peel back on.
12. Washing seeds None – dirt is simply separated from the Get them dirty again.
seeds.
13. Germinating As the seeds germinate, their stored food Cannot ‘un-germinate’ seedlings.
seeds is converted into new substances.
14. ‘Twink’ hardening None – the solvent separates from the Dissolve the white stuff in the solvent
white stuff. again.
15. Coke going flat None – the CO2 gas simply separates from Pump CO2 back in.
after opening the liquid.
16. Biting an apple None – the pieces are still made of the Put the pieces back together…
same stuff.
17. Digesting an Digestion breaks down large food Very difficult to reconstitute an apple
apple molecules into smaller ones, eg starch to after digestion…
sugars.
18. Separating cream None – it’s simple separation. Mix them.
from milk