Writing Model Essays (IELTS)

IELTS WRITING
Sample Model Essays
1
WRITING TASK 1
2
TASK 1: Line Graph
3
1) Consumption (noun) – хэрэглээ
2) Spread (noun) – түрхдэг зүйл
3) To summarize (verb) – тоймлох
4) To select (verb) – сонгох
5) To report (verb) – тайлагнах
6) Main feature (phrase) – гол шинж чанар, онцлог
7) To make comparison (phrase) – харьцуулах
8) Relevant (adjective) – чухал, хамаатай
9) To illustrate (verb) – дүрслэн харуулах
10) Amount (noun) – хэмжээ
11) Low fat and reduced spread (phrase) – тос багатай болон өтгөрүүлсэн түрхдэг зүйл
12) Butter (noun) – масло
13) To consume (verb) – хэрэглэх, идэх
14) Unit (noun) – нэгж
15) To measure (verb) – хэмжих
16) Overall (adverb) – нийтдээ, бүхэлдээ
17) To decrease (verb) – буурах, бага болох
18) Over the period given (phrase) – өгөгдсөн үргэлжилсэн хугацааны үеэр
19) While (conjunction) – харин, гэхдээ
20) To rise (verb) – дээшлэх, ихсэх, өсөх
21) To replace (verb) – орлох
22) Following that (phrase) – үүний дараа
23) To be widely used (phrase) – өргөн хэрэглэгдэх
24) With regards to the amount of butter used (phrase) – хэрэглэгдсэн маслоны хэмжээний хувьд гэвэл
25) Around (adverb) – ойролцоогоор
26) Then (conjunction) – дараа нь
27) To peak (verb) – оргилд хүрэх
28) To fall dramatically (phrase) – огцом, ихээр буурах
29) About (adverb) – ойролцоогоор
30) Likewise (adverb) – адилхан маягаар
31) Approximately (adverb) – ойролцоогоор
32) Figure fluctuated slightly (phrase) – тоо цифр бага зэрэг хэлбэлзсэн
33) To drop to a low of (phrase) – хамгийн доод талын хэмжээндээ хүрч буурах
34) On the other hand (phrase) – харин
35) To reach a high of (phrase) – хамгийн дээд талын хэмжээндээ хүрэх
36) Just over (phrase) – -аас жоохон дээгүүр, их
4
The line graph below shows the consumption1 of 3 spreads2 from 1981 to 2007.
Summarize3 the information by selecting4 and reporting5 the main features6, and make
comparisons7 where relevant8. Write at least 150 words.
The line graph illustrates9 the amount10 of three kinds of spreads (margarine, low fat and reduced
spreads11 and butter12), which were consumed13 over 26 years from 1981 to 2007. Units14 are
measured15 in grams.
Overall16, the consumption of margarine and butter decreased17 over the period given18, while19 for
low fat and reduced spreads, it rose20. At the start of the period, butter was the most popular
spread, which was replaced21 by margarine from 1991 to 2001, and following that22 low fat and
reduced spreads became the most widely used23 spread in the final years.
With regards to the amount of butter used24, it began at around25 140 grams and then26 peaked27
at 160 grams in 1986 before falling dramatically28 to about29 50 grams in the last year. Likewise30,
approximately31 90 grams of margarine was eaten in the first year after which the figure fluctuated
slightly32 and dropped to a low of33 40 grams in 2007.
On the other hand34, the consumption of low fats and reduced spreads only started in 1996 at
about 10 grams. This figure, which reached a high of35 just over36 80 grams 5 years later, fell slightly
in the final years to approximately 70 grams in 2007. (201 words)
5
1) Household (noun) – гэр ахуй
2) Recycling rate (phrase) – дахин ашиглалтын үзүүлэлт, хувь
3) At least (phrase) – дор хаяж
5) Regional (adjective) – бүс нутгийн
6) Steady (adjective) – тогтвортой
7) Significant (adjective) – маш том, илэрхий
8) Rise (noun) – өсөлт, ихсэлт
9) Over the period (phrase) – үргэлжилсэн хугацааны үеэр
10) While (conjunction) – харин
11) Percentage (noun) – хувь
12) Recycled waste (phrase) – дахин ашиглагдсан хог хаягдал
13) To experience (verb) – амсаж үзэх
14) Downward trend (phrase) – буурсан трэнд
15) Nearly (adverb) – ойролцоогоор
16) Respectively (adverb) – тус тус
17) To increase (verb) – ихсэх, нэмэгдэх
18) Sharply (adverb) – огцом
19) Throughout the period (phrase) – үргэлжилсэн хугацааны турш
20) To exceed (verb) – давах, хэтрэх
21) To reach (verb) – хүрэх
22) Almost (adverb) – бараг
23) In the end of the period (phrase) – үргэлжилсэн хугацааны төгсгөлд
24) In the meantime (phrase) – энэ хооронд
25) To grow (verb) – өсөх
26) To remain steady (phrase) – тогтвортой байх
27) Until (preposition) – хүртэл
28) Rapid surge (phrase) – түргэн өсөлт
29) To continue (verb) – үргэлжлэх
30) Gradual increase (phrase) – аажим өсөлт, ихсэлт
31) Highest (adjective) – хамгийн өндөр, их
32) Among (preposition) – дунд
33) However (conjunction) – гэхдээ
34) To dramatically decline (phrase) – маш ихээр буурах
35) Growth (noun) – өсөлт
36) Lowest (adjective) – хамгийн бага
6
The line graph below shows the household1 recycling rates2 in three different countries between
2005 and 2015.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant. Write at least3 150 words.
The line graph illustrates4 the regional5 household recycling rates in the UK, France and Germany
from 2005 to 2015.
The recycling rates of the UK and Germany showed a steady6 but significant7 rise8 over the period9,
while10 the percentage11 of recycled waste12 in France experienced13 a downward trend14.
In 2005 the recycling rates of the UK and Germany were nearly15 35% and 20% respectively16.
Germany’s rate increased17 sharply18 throughout the period19, exceeding20 France’s rate in 2009
and reaching21 almost22 60% in the end of the period23. In the meantime24, the percentage of
recycled waste in the UK grew25 to 40% in 2007, and then remained steady26 until27 2009. During
2009-2011 it experienced a rapid surge28 to more than 50% and continued29 with a gradual
increase30 to 60% in 2015.
In early 2005 the recycling rate of France (50%) was the highest31 among32 these three countries.
However33, it dramatically declined34 to 30% in 2013. Then, there was a growth35 of 10% in 2015,
but France’s recycling rate was the lowest36 in the end of the period. (175 words)
7
1) Difference (noun) – ялгаа
2) Wheat (noun) – улаан буудай
3) Export (noun) – экспорт
4) To compare (verb) – харьцуулах
5) Region (noun) – бүс нутаг
6) In terms of (phrase) – талаасаа, хувьд
10) To rise (verb) – өсөх
11) Fluctuation (noun) – хэлбэлзэл
12) To fall (verb) – буурах
13) Over time (phrase) – аяандаа, аажмаар
14) Figure (noun) – тоо цифр
15) To be followed by (phrase) – араас нь, дараа нь болох
16) Increase (noun) – ихсэлт, өсөлт
19) To decline steadily (phrase) – тогтвортойгоор буурах
20) Until (preposition) – хүртэл
21) Just over (phrase) – -аас жоохон их, дээгүүр
22) Regarding (preposition) – тухай
23) To ship (verb) – ачих
26) Considerable growth (phrase) – нэлээн том, их өсөлт
27) Afterward (adverb) – дараа нь
28) To plunge (verb) – маш ихээр унах, багасах, буурах
29) Below (preposition) – -аас доор, бага
30) Subsequently (adverb) – дараахан
31) Just under (phrase) – -аас жоохон бага, доогуур
32) By contrast (phrase) – харин, эсрэгээрээ
33) Nearly (adverb) – ойролцоогоор
34) Exactly (adverb) – яг
35) To witness steady growth (phrase) – тогтвортой өсөлтийг амсах
8
The line graph below shows the differences1 in wheat2 exports3 over three different areas.
where relevant. Write at least 150 words.
The line graph compares4 three regions5 in terms of6 exports of wheat between 1985 and 1990.
Overall7, the three regions experienced8 different trends in the time period. While9 the wheat
export in Canada and European countries rose10 with some fluctuations11, the export in Australia
fell12 over time13.
As the graph shows, Australia’s wheat export figure14 started at 15 million tons in 1985 followed
by15 a small increase16 to around17 16 million tons in 1986. Then18, it declined steadily19 until20 it fell
to just over21 10 million tons in 1990. Regarding22 Canada’s exports, in 1985 they shipped23
approximately24 19 million tons of wheat. This figure fell to about25 17 million in 1986, but then
their exports experienced considerable growth26 to 25 million tons in 1988. Afterward27, the figure
plunged28 to below29 15 million in 1989, but then subsequently30 rose to just under31 20 million in
1990.
By contrast32, the wheat exports from the European Community experienced an increase in the six-
year period. In 1985, nearly33 16 million tons were exported, but this number fell to about 14
million in 1986. Then, the exports increased to exactly34 15 million tons in 1987 and 1988 before
witnessing steady growth35 to 19 million and 21 million tons in 1989 and 1990, respectively36. (208
words)
9
10
TASK 1: Bar Chart
11
1) Expenditure (noun) – зарцуулсан зардал
2) Pounds sterling (phrase) – английн фунт стерлинг
3) Consumer goods (phrase) – өргөн хэрэглээний бараа бүтээгдэхүүн
6) Perfume (noun) – үнэртэй ус
10) In the period given (phrase) – өгөгдсөн үргэлжилсэн хугацаанд
11) Most (determiner) – хамгийн их
12) Whereas (conjunction) – харин, гэхдээ
13) The least (phrase) – хамгийн бага
14) Compared to (phrase) – харьцуулвал
15) Furthermore (conjunction) – дээрээс нь
16) Significant (adjective) – том, илэрхий
20) As opposed to (phrase) – -аас ялгаатай
21) Similarly (adverb) – төстэй маягаар
25) Over double (phrase) – 2-оос илүү дахин их
26) On the other hand (phrase) – гэхдээ
27) To pay out on (phrase) – төлөх
28) Remaining (adjective) – үлдэгдэл
29) Above (preposition) – -аас дээр, их
30) Slightly (adverb) – бага зэрэг
32) Neither (determiner) – аль нь ч биш
33) To spend much (phrase) – зөндөө мөнгө зарцуулах
34) To account for (verb) – учирлах, тайлбарлах
35) Under (preposition) – -аас доор, бага
12
The bar chart below shows the expenditure1 of two countries (pounds sterling2) on consumer
goods3 in 2010.
The chart illustrates4 the amount5 of money spent on five consumer goods (cars, computers, books,
perfume6 and cameras) in France and the UK in 2010. Units7 are measured8 in pounds sterling.
Overall9, the UK spent more money on consumer goods than France in the period given10. Both the
British and the French spent most11 of their money on cars, whereas12 the least13 amount of money
was spent on perfume in the UK compared to14 cameras in France. Furthermore15, the most
significant16 difference17 in expenditure between the two countries was on cameras.
In terms of18 cars, people in the UK spent about19 £450,000 on this as opposed to20 the French at
£400,000. Similarly21, the British expenditure was higher on books than the French (around22
£400,000 and £300,000 respectively23). In the UK, expenditure on cameras (just over24 £350,000)
was over double25 that of France, which was only £150,000.
On the other hand26, the amount of money paid out on27 the remaining28 goods was higher in
France. Above29 £350,000 was spent by the French on computers, which was slightly30 more than
the British who spent exactly31 £350,000. Neither32 of the countries spent much33 on perfume,
which accounted for34 £200,000 of expenditure in France but under35 £150,000 in the UK. (206
words)
13
1) Divorce rate (phrase) – салалтын үзүүлэлт
2) To provide (verb) – хангах
6) Downward trend (phrase) – буурсан трэнд
8) Upward trend (phrase) – өссөн трэнд
9) Throughout the period (phrase) – үргэлжилсэн хугацааны турш
10) Fluctuation (noun) – хэлбэлзэл
11) Although (conjunction) – -ч
12) Initially (adverb) – эхэндээ
13) Lower rate (phrase) – арай бага үзүүлэлт
14) To outrace (verb) – гүйцэж түрүүлэх
15) At the end of the period (phrase) – үргэлжилсэн хугацааны төгсгөлд
18) To rise (verb) – ихсэх, өсөх
19) Almost (adverb) – бараг
22) Gradual decrease (phrase) – аажим бууралт
23) To decline steadily (phrase) – тогтвортойгоор буурах, багасах
26) To hit a low-point of (phrase) – хамгийн бага хэмжээндээ хүрэх
27) Less than (phrase) – -аас бага
28) To decrease (verb) – буурах, багасах
29) One third of marriages (phrase) – гэрлэлтийн 1/3
30) To end with a divorce (phrase) – салалтаар төгсөх
31) As opposed to (phrase) – -аас ялгаатай
32) Half (determiner) – хагас
33) Steady growth (phrase) – тогтвортой өсөлт, ихсэлт
34) During the next two years (phrase) – дараагийн 2 жилийн үеэр
35) To increase (verb) – ихсэх, өсөх
36) To remain steady (phrase) – тогтвортой байх
14
The bar chart shows the divorce rates1 in two European countries from 2011 to 2015.
The bar chart provides2 information about the percentages3 of divorces in Finland and Sweden
between 2011 and 2015.
Overall4, Sweden experienced5 a downward trend6, while7 Finland showed an upward trend8
throughout the period9. Both countries’ divorce rates had some fluctuations10. Although11 Finland
initially12 had a lower rate13, it outraced14 Sweden at the end of the period15.
Sweden’s divorce rate was about16 45% in 2011, being higher than Finland’s rate by
approximately17 8%. Then it rose18 to almost19 fifty percent in 2012. However20, the figure21
showed a gradual decrease22 to about 47% in 2013, and continued to decline steadily23 to the end
of the period, reaching24 around25 45% in 2014 and hitting a low-point of26 about 37% in 2015.
Percentage of divorces in Finland was less than27 40% in 2011, and it decreased28 in 2012, when
about one third of marriages29 in Finland ended with a divorce30 (as opposed to31 almost half32 in
Sweden). However, the figure experienced a steady growth33 during the next two years34. It rose to
approximately 39% in 2013, then increased35 by around 3% in 2014, and remained steady36 for the
next year, outracing the rate of Sweden. (191 words)
15
2) Leisure time (phrase) – чөлөөт цаг
3) Employment status (phrase) – ажил эрхлэлтийн байдал
5) Clear (adjective) – ойлгомжтой, тодорхой
8) Namely (adverb) – дурдвал
9) To be employed part-time (phrase) – хагас цагаар ажиллах
10) Housewife (noun) – гэрийн эзэгтэй
12) Full-time employed (adjective) – бүтэн цагаар ажилладаг байх
13) Obviously (adverb) – мэдээжийн, тодорхойгоор
14) Slightly (adverb) – бага зэрэг
18) To be unemployed (adjective) – ажил эрхлээгүй байх
19) To be retired (adjective) – тэтгэвэрт гарсан байх
20) Both (determiner) – хоёулаа
21) Gender (noun) – хүйс
22) Moreover (conjunction) – дээрээс нь
23) Exactly the same (phrase) – яг адилхан
25) Spare time (phrase) – чөлөөт цаг
26) A little more than (phrase) – -аас жоохон их
28) Data (noun) – мэдээлэл, тоо баримт
29) No/not ... either (determiner) – аль нь ч биш
16
The bar chart below shows the amount1 of leisure time2 enjoyed by men and women of different
employment status3.
The bar chart compares4 the amount of free time per week that males and females of five
categories of employment status had between 1998 and 1999.
It is clear5 that men enjoyed more hours of leisure time per week than women in three out of five
categories. However6, only figures7 for women are shown in two categories, namely8 employed
part-time9 and housewives10.
Regarding11 the full-time employed12, obviously13 men had slightly14 more leisure time than
women, with approximately15 45 hours of free time per week, compared to16 around17 38 hours for
women. Obviously, unemployed18 and retired19 people of both20 genders21 enjoyed the most hours
of leisure time. Moreover22, the figures for retired males and females were exactly the same23 as
those for the unemployed, at around 85 and 78 hours of free time per week, respectively24.
Housewives enjoyed 50 hours of spare time25, a little more than26 part-time working women who
had just over27 40 leisure hours each week. No data28 is given for men in either29 of these
categories. (169 words)
17
18
TASK 1: Pie Chart
19
1) Comparison (noun) – харьцуулалт
2) Kind (noun) – төрөл
3) Energy production (phrase) – эрчим хүчний үйлдвэрлэл
5) Proportion (noun) – пропорц, хувь
6) Type (noun) – төрөл
8) In both years (phrase) – жилүүдийн хоёуланд нь
9) Significant (adjective) – гол, чухал
10) Source of energy (phrase) – эрчим хүчний эх үүсвэр
11) Gas (noun) – хий
12) Coal (noun) – нүүрс
13) To account for (verb) – тайлбарлах, учирлах, эзлэх
14) Over half (phrase) – хагасаас илүү
16) Nuclear (adjective) – цөмийн
17) To generate (verb) – үүсгэх, үүсэх, бий болгох
18) The least amount (phrase) – хамгийн бага хэмжээ
19) Minimal (adjective) – туйлын бага
20) Over the 10-year period (phrase) – 10 жилийн хугацааны үеэр
21) To comprise (verb) – бүрдэх, хамрах
22) Slight increase (phrase) – бага зэргийн ихсэлт, өсөлт
24) Mere (adjective) – ердөө
25) Likewise (adverb) – адилхан маягаар
26) To rise marginally (phrase) – бага зэргээр өсөх, ихсэх
27) With regards to (phrase) – тухай хэлэхэд
28) Remaining methods (phrase) – үлдэгдэл аргууд
29) Approximate (adjective) – ойролцоогоор
30) Growth (noun) – өсөлт, ихсэлт
31) Nuclear power (phrase) – цөмийн хүч чадал
33) Petrol (noun) – бензин
34) On the other hand (phrase) – харин, гэхдээ
35) To decrease (verb) – буурах, багасах
37) Fifth (number) – 1/5
20
The pie charts below show the comparison1 of different kinds2 of energy production3 of France in
two years.
The two pie charts illustrate4 the proportion5 of five types6 of energy production in France in 1995
and 2005.
Overall7, in both years8, the most significant9 sources of energy10 were gas11 and coal12, which
together accounted for13 over half14 the production of energy, while15 nuclear16 and other kinds of
energy sources generated17 the least amount18 of energy in France. In all types of energy
production there was only minimal19 change over the 10-year period20.
Energy produced by coal comprised21 of 29.80% in the first year and this showed only a very slight
increase22 of about23 a mere24 1% to 30.9% in 2005. Likewise25, in 1995, gas generated 29.63%,
which rose marginally26 to 30.1% 10 years later.
With regards to27 the remaining methods28 of producing energy, there was an approximate29 5%
growth30 in production from both nuclear power31 and other sources to 10.10% and 9.10%
respectively32. Petrol33, on the other hand34, was the only source of energy, which decreased35 in
production from 29.27% in 1995 to around36 a fifth37 (19.55%) in 2005. (171 words)
21
2) Industry sector (phrase) – үйлдвэрийн салбар
3) Contribution (noun) – хувь нэмэр
4) Economy (noun) – эдийн засаг
6) To contribute (verb) – хувь нэмэр оруулах
7) Percentagewise (adverb) – хувь талаасаа
9) Construction (noun) – барилга байгуулалт
10) The least (phrase) – хамгийн бага
11) Agriculture (noun) – газар тариалангийн аж ахуй
12) Significant (adjective) – гол, чухал
13) In comparison (phrase) – харьцуулахад
14) Healthcare and education (phrase) – эрүүл мэндийн салбар болон боловсролын салбар
15) Segment (noun) – салбар, сектор
16) Financial (adjective) – санхүүгийн
19) Threefold increase (phrase) – 3 дахин ихсэлт, өсөлт
20) One-tenth (number) – 1/10
21) Economic income (phrase) – эдийн засгийн орлого
22) Trade (noun) – худалдаа
23) Utilities (noun) – цахилгаан, усаар хангадаг салбар
24) Transportation (noun) – зам тээвэр
25) Slight growth (phrase) – бага зэргийн өсөлт, ихсэлт
26) Manufacturing and finance (phrase) – үйлдвэрлэл болон санхүү
27) To make up (verb) – бүрдүүлэх
30) To rise (verb) – ихсэх, өсөх
31) To comprise (verb) – бүрдэх, хамрах
32) A quarter (number) – 1/4
33) Economic output (phrase) – эдийн засгийн бүтээмж, үйлдвэрлэл
34) Leisure (noun) – чөлөөт цаг
35) Hospitality sector (phrase) – үйлчилгээ, хоол, зочид буудлын салбар
36) To decrease (verb) – багасах, буурах
37) In contrast (phrase) – эсрэгээрээ
38) To remain constant (phrase) – нэгэн хэвийн, тогтмол хэмжээндээ байх
22
The two pie charts below show the percentages1 of industry sectors2’ contribution3 to the
economy4 of Turkey in 2000 and 2016.
The two pie charts illustrate5 how different industry sectors contributed6 to the economy of Turkey
percentagewise7 in the years 2000 and 2016.
Overall8, at the beginning of the period construction9 contributed the least10 to the economy of
Turkey and agriculture11 was the most significant12 economic sector (эдийн засгийн салбар). In
comparison13, at the end of the period healthcare and education14 became the largest economic
segment15 and the lowest contribution was made by financial16, business and other services.
Construction sector accounted for17 3% of Turkey’s economy in 2000, and experienced18 a more
than threefold increase19 to one-tenth20 in 2016. Economic income21 from trade22, utilities23 and
transportation24 was 14% in 2000 and experienced a slight growth25 of 2% in 2016. At the
beginning of the period, manufacturing and finance26, business and other services made up27 8%
and 5% of Turkey’s economy, respectively28, and these figures29 rose30 to 12% and 8% in 2016.
Agriculture (газар тариалангийн аж ахуй), which comprised31 almost a quarter32 of Turkey’s

economy in 2000, fell to 14% in 2016. In 2000 economic outputs33 from government and leisure34
and hospitality sectors35 were at 12% and 17%, respectively, and both decreased36 by 3% after 16-
year period. In contrast37, contribution from healthcare and education sector remained constant38
in both years at 17%. (203 words)
23
1) Average (adjective) – дундаж
2) Household (noun) – гэр ахуй
3) Expenditure (noun) – зарцуулсан зарлага
5) Spending (noun) – зарцуулсан зарлага
8) Clear (adjective) – ойлгомжтой, тодорхой
10) Budget (noun) – төсөв
11) Just (adverb) – зөвхөн, ердөө
12) Namely (adverb) – дурдвал, тухайлбал
13) Housing (noun) – байшин, орон сууц
14) Goods (noun) – бараа таваар
16) Healthcare (noun) – эрүүл мэндийн салбар, эмнэлгийн үйлчилгээ
17) Transport (noun) – зам тээвэр
18) Double (determiner) – 2 дахин их
20) To represent (verb) – төлөөлөх
21) Total (adjective) – нийт
23) Householder (noun) – сууц хөлслөгч
25) Income (noun) – орлого
26) Meanwhile (conjunction) – энэ хооронд
27) Rate (noun) – үзүүлэлт, хувь
28) Slightly lower (phrase) – бага зэрэг арай бага
30) Expenses (noun) – зарлага
31) Nation (noun) – улс
32) Relatively (adverb) – харьцангуй
33) Similar (adjective) – төстэй
24
The pie charts below show the average1 household2 expenditures3 in Japan and Malaysia in the
year 2010.
The pie charts compare4 the average household spending5 in Japan and Malaysia in terms of6 five
important categories in 2010.
Overall7, it is clear8 that Japanese and Malaysian people spent the largest proportion9 of their
budget10 on just11 three categories, namely12 housing13, food and other goods14 and services.
Moreover15, the expenditures on healthcare16 and transport17 in Japan were double18 the figures19
for Malaysia.
In Malaysian households, the greatest proportion of spending was on housing, which represented20
34% of the total21 expenditure, while22 in Japan, the figure for this category was just 21%. Japanese
householders23 spent the largest amount24 of their income25 on other goods and services, at 29%.
Meanwhile26, the rate27 of spending on this category in Malaysia was slightly lower28, at 26%. In
terms of food, the percentages29 of expenses30 for both nations31 were relatively32 similar33, at 27%
for Malaysia and 24% for Japan.
In both countries, the smallest proportion of spending was on healthcare. In Malaysia, this
accounted for34 3% of the total household expenses, while the figure for transport represented
10%. These figures were exactly35 doubled in Japan, which were 6% and 20% respectively36. (187
words)
25
26
TASK 1: Table
27
1) Consumer (noun) – хэрэглэгч
2) Spending (noun) – зарлага
3) Items (noun) – эд зүйлс
6) National expenditure (phrase) – улс даяарх зарцуулсан зарлага
7) Type (noun) – төрөл
8) Consumer items (phrase) – өргөн хэрэглээний бүтээгдэхүүн, эд зүйлс
10) Goods (noun) – бараа, эд таваар
11) Tobacco (noun) – тамхи
12) Three times higher than (phrase) – 3 дахин илүү их
13) Lowest (adjective) – хамгийн бага
15) Education (noun) – боловсрол
16) Outlay (noun) – зарцуулсан зарлага
17) Generally (adverb) – ерөнхийдөө
20) The least (phrase) –хамгийн бага
22) On the other hand (phrase) – гэхдээ, харин
24) Under (preposition) – доор, -аас бага
25) Just (adverb) – ердөө
27) Double (determiner) – 2 дахин их
28) Clothing (noun) – хувцас, өмсгөл
29) Footwear (noun) – гутал
30) Area (noun) – салбар, хэсэг, хүрээ
31) Remaining (adjective) – үлдэгдэл
32) To average (verb) – дундчилах
28
The table below gives information about consumer1 spending2 on different items3 in five different
countries in 2002.
The table illustrates4 the proportion5 of national expenditure6 in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden and
Turkey on three types7 of consumer items8 in 2002.
Overall9, the category of consumer goods10 that all countries spent most on was food, drinks and
tobacco11, which was three times higher than12 on the other types of goods. The lowest13 spending
could be seen in the category of leisure14 and education15 in all five countries. The outlay16 of
Turkey was generally17 higher than the other four countries.
In terms of18 food, drinks and tobacco, Turkey spent the most at 32.14%. The expenditure of Ireland
was also high (28.91%) compared to19 Sweden, which spent the least20 (15.77%). Spain and Italy
spent 18.80% and 16.36% respectively21. On the other hand22, the lowest expenditure was on
leisure and education, which accounted for23 under24 5% in all countries. Turkey spent most on
these items at just25 4.35% of their national expenditure, which is around26 double27 that of Spain
(1.98%).
Clothing28 and footwear29 was the third category of consumer goods and outlays for those items
were between 9% in Italy and 5.40% in Sweden. The national spending in this area30 for the
remaining31 countries averaged32 around 6.5%. (196 words)
29
1) Average (adjective) – дундаж
2) Annual (adjective) – жил бүрийн
3) Spending (noun) – зарцуулсан зарлага
4) Given (adjective) – өгөгдсөн
7) Expenditure (noun) – зарцуулсан зарлага
8) To spend (verb) – зарцуулах
9) Living expenses (phrase) – амьжиргааны зарлага
12) Budget (noun) – төсөв
13) Accommodation (noun) – орон байр
14) Per year (phrase) – нэг жилд
15) Compared with (phrase) – харьцуулвал
19) Lower (adjective) – арай бага
22) Largest (adjective) – хамгийн их
25) By contrast (phrase) – эсрэгээрээ
27) Category (noun) – ангилал, категори
30
The table below gives information about the average1 annual2 spending3 of university students in
three different countries.
The given4 table compares5 the percentage6 of expenditure7 which college students from 3
countries spend8 on different living expenses9 each year.
Overall, the total10 spending of students in country A is higher than the expenditure of students in
countries B and C. In all the countries, students spend the highest proportion11 of their budget12 on
accommodation13 and food.
In country A, the total spending of students is highest, at $5000 per year14, compared with15 $4500
and $1500 for students in countries B and C respectively16.
Accommodation accounts for17 45% of the total expenditure of students in country A, while18 the
proportions are lower19 for students in country B at 35%, and country C, at only 30%. However20, in
terms of21 food, students in country C spend the largest22 percentage of their money on it,
accounting for 36%. The figures23 for country A and B are only 22% and 28% respectively. Students
in country C also spend a high percentage6 of their budget12 on books, at 21%, compared with15 9%
for students in country B and just24 3% for students in country A. By contrast25, students in
countries A and B spend 22% and 23% respectively of their budget on leisure26, while18 students in
country C spend only 12% of their total money on this category27. (215 words)
31
32
TASK 1: 2 prompts
(Line, bar, pie, table)
33
1) Main reason (phrase) – гол шалтгаан
2) Agricultural land (phrase) – тариалангийн газар
3) Less productive (phrase) – арай бага үр бүтээлтэй, үр шимтэй
4) Cause (noun) – учир шалтгаан
5) To affect (verb) – нөлөө үзүүлэх
7) During (preposition) – үеэр
8) To display (verb) – харуулах
9) Principal (adjective) – гол
10) Farming land (phrase) – тариалангийн газар
11) To deteriorate (verb) – муудах
15) Planet (noun) – гариг
16) Factor (noun) – хүчин зүйл
17) Primary (adjective) – гол, үндсэн
18) Degradation (noun) – муудалт, доройтол
19) Over-grazing (noun) – хэт их бэлчээрлэлт
20) Major (adjective) – хамгийн том
21) To demonstrate (verb) – харуулах
22) Far higher percentage (phrase) – хамаагүй илүү өндөр хувь
24) To represent (verb) – төлөөлөх
26) Just over a third (phrase) – 1/3-гээс жоохон дээгүүр, их
27) Widespread clearing of trees (phrase) – өргөн тархсан модны огтлолт
28) Over-use of crops (phrase) – ургацын хэт их хэрэглээ
29) To constitute (verb) – бүрдүүлэх
30) Nearly one third (phrase) – ойролцоогоор 1/3
31) Just over a quarter (phrase) – 1/4-гээс жоохон их, дээгүүр
33) Entire surface (phrase) – бүхэл гадаргуу
34) To fall victim to (phrase) – хохирох
35) Degeneration (noun) – доройтол, муудалт
37) Marginally (adverb) – бага зэрэг
38) Value (noun) – хэмжээ
34
The pie chart below shows the main reasons1 why agricultural land2 becomes less productive3.
The table shows how these causes4 affected5 three regions6 of the world during7 the 1990s.
The pie graph displays8 the principal9 causes why farming land10 deteriorates11 while12 the table
illustrates13 how three regions14 of the planet15 were affected by these factors16 in the 1990s.
Overall, as shown in the pie chart, there are three primary17 causes of farmland degradation18, and
over-grazing19 is the major20 one. The table demonstrates21 that Europe had a far higher
percentage22 of unproductive (үр шимгүй) land compared to23 the other two regions in this time
period.
The pie chart represents24 four causes4, with over-grazing representing the biggest proportion25 at
just over a third26. Widespread clearing of trees27 and the over-use of crops28 constitute29 nearly
one third30 and just over a quarter31 respectively32.
The table shows that nearly one quarter of Europe’s entire surface33 had fallen victim to34
degeneration35. Only a small proportion of North America’s total36 land became less productive at
5% and Oceania was marginally37 higher with a value38 of 13%. (149 words)
35
1) Level (noun) – түвшин
5) Qualification (noun) – зэрэг цол
6) To divide (verb) – хуваах
7) Gender (noun) – хүйс
8) Majority (noun) – ихэнх
10) Proportion (noun) – хувь
13) Between (preposition) – хооронд
14) Up to (phrase) – хүртэл
17) Over 75 (phrase) – 75-аас дээш насны
18) Trend (noun) – трэнд
19) To be reversed (adjective) – эсрэгээрээ байх
20) To rise (verb) – ихсэх, өсөх, нэмэгдэх
23) Constant (noun) – нэгэн хэвийн, тогтмол
25) As low as 3% (phrase) – 3 хувь тэгээд энэ тоо цифр бол үнэхээр бага тоо
26) One third (phrase) – 1/3
27) Slight (adjective) – бага зэргийн
28) University graduate (phrase) – их сургуулийн төгсөгч
29) As well as (phrase) – бас
30) Educational (adjective) – боловсролын
36
The bar and pie charts below give information about levels1 of education2 in Glasgow, a city in
Scotland, in 2010.
The bar chart and pie charts illustrate3 the percentage4 of people in Glasgow having three levels of
education (university, school and those with no qualifications5) in 2010. Information is divided6 into
five age groups in the bar chart and by gender7 in the pie charts.
Overall, the majority8 of people with university education were in younger age groups, while9 in the
oldest age group most people did not have any qualifications. The proportions10 of men and women
were similar11 and showed little difference12 between13 the levels of education.
The percentage of people with university education was up to14 76% in the younger three age
groups compared to15 only 50% in those ages 50 to 75 and just16 25% in those over 7517. This
trend18 was reversed19 in those with no qualifications (9% in younger people rising20 to 72% in the
oldest age group). The figure21 for those with school education was relatively22 constant23 at
around24 20% but was as low as 3%25 in the over 75’s.
The proportion of men and women in each level of education was around one third26 with only a
slight27 difference of 3% in university graduates28 as well as29 those who didn’t have educational30
qualifications. (200 words)
37
1) Visit (noun) – зочлолт
2) Popular (adjective) – алдартай
3) Resident (noun) – оршин суугч
5) Abroad (adverb) – гадаадад
6) Overseas (adverb/adjective) – гадаад, хилийн чанад
11) Million (number) – сая
12) To increase (verb) – өсөлт, ихсэлт
13) Over the period given (phrase) – өгөгдсөн хугацааны үеэр
14) Furthermore (conjunction) – дээрээс нь
15) To begin (verb) – эхлэх
16) Just under (phrase) – -аас жоохон бага, доогуур
17) To rise (verb) – нэмэгдэх, ихсэх
18) Significantly (adverb) – ихээр
20) Over (preposition) – -аас дээгүүр, илүү
22) To climb (verb) – дээшлэх, ихсэх
23) Steadily (adverb) – тогтвортойгоор
24) By the final year (phrase) – сүүлийн жил гэхэд
25) To be followed by (phrase) – араас нь орж ирэх
29) The least popular (phrase) – хамгийн бага алдартай
38
The line graph shows visits1 to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999. The bar chart shows the most
popular2 countries visited by UK residents3 in 1999.
The line graph illustrates4 the number of UK residents going abroad5 from the UK and overseas6
residents visiting the UK between7 1979 and 1999, while8 the bar chart gives information about
how many UK residents travelled to five of the most popular countries in 1999. Units9 are
measured10 in millions11 of people.
Overall, there was an increase12 in the number of visits to and from the UK and there were more
visits abroad by UK residents than visits to the UK by overseas residents over the period given13.
Furthermore14, the most popular country to visit by UK residents was France in 1999.
The number of UK residents visiting overseas began15 at just under16 15 million in 1979 and rose17
significantly18 to reach19 over20 50 million in 1999. Around21 10 million overseas residents visited
the UK in the first year before climbing22 steadily23 to just under 30 million by the final year24.
In 1999, France was visited by over 10 million UK residents, followed by25 Spain at approximately26
9 million. The USA and Greece had about27 4 million and 3 million visitors respectively28. The least
popular29 country visited was Turkey, which had only about 2 million UK residents going there. (199
words)
39
40
TASK 1: Diagram
41
1) Stage (noun) – үе шат
2) Equipment (noun) – багаж хэрэгсэл
3) Cement (noun) – цемент
4) Process (noun) – процесс
5) To produce (verb) – үйлдвэрлэх
6) Concrete (noun) – цементэн бетон
7) Building purpose (phrase) – барилга барих зориулалт, зорилго
9) Way (noun) – арга
10) Limestone (noun) – шохойн чулуу
11) Clay (noun) – шаварлаг хөрс
12) To pass through (verb) – дамжин орж гарах
13) To be bagged (adjective) – уутлагдах
15) To account for (verb) – учирлах, тайлбарлах, эзлэх
16) A number of tools (phrase) – хэд хэдэн тооны багаж хэрэгсэл
17) To require (verb) – шаардах
18) To be crushed (verb) – бутлагдах
19) To form a powder (phrase) – нунтаг үүсгэх
20) To combine (verb) – нийлүүлэх, холих
21) To pass into a rotating heater (phrase) – эргэж буй халаагуур луу орох
22) Constant heat (phrase) – тогтмол халуун
23) To be applied at one end of the tube (phrase) – хоолойн нэг төгсгөлд ашиглагдах
24) Resulting mixture (phrase) – үр дүнд нь гарч ирэх хольц
25) To be ground (verb) – нунтаглагдах
26) In order to (conjunction) – -хийн тулд
27) Final product (phrase) – эцсийн үр дүнд үйлдвэрлэгдэх бүтээгдэхүүн
28) Afterwards (adverb) – дараа нь
30) To consist of mainly gravel (phrase) – голцуу хайрганаас бүрдэх
31) Small stone (phrase) – жижиг чулуу
32) To make up (verb) – бүрдүүлэх, эзлэх
33) Ingredient (noun) – орсон эд, зүйл
34) Sand (noun) – элс
35) To pour into something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйл рүү асгах
36) Continually (adverb) – үргэлжилсэн маягаар
37) To rotate (verb) – эргэх
38) Ultimately (adverb) – эцсийн эцэст
42
The diagram below shows the stages1 and equipment2 used in the cement3-making process4, and
how cement is used to produce5 concrete6 for building purposes7.
The diagrams illustrate8 the way9 in which cement is made and how it is then used in the process of
making concrete.
Overall, limestone10 and clay11 pass through12 four stages before being bagged13 ready for use as
cement which then14 accounts for15 15% of the four materials used to produce concrete. While the
process of making cement uses a number of tools16, the production of concrete requires17 only a
concrete mixer.
In the first stage of making cement, limestone and clay are crushed18 together to form a powder19.
This powder is then combined20 in a mixer before passing into a rotating heater21, which has
constant heat22 applied at one end of the tube23. The resulting mixture24 is ground25 in order to26
produce cement. The final product27 is afterwards28 put into bags ready to be used.
Regarding29 the second diagram, concrete consists of mainly gravel30, which is small stones31, and
this makes up32 50% of the ingredients33. The other materials used are sand34 (25%), cement (15%)
and water (10%). These are all poured into35 a concrete mixer, which continually36 rotates37 to
combine the materials and ultimately38 produces concrete. (187 words)
43
1) To manufacture (verb) – үйлдвэрлэх
2) Brick (noun) – тоосго
3) Building industry (phrase) – барилгын салбар
5) Stage (noun) – үе шат
6) Whole (adjective) – бүхэл
7) To produce (verb) – үйлдвэрлэх
8) To dig up (verb) – ухах
9) Clay (noun) – шаварлаг хөрс
10) Delivery (noun) – хүргэлт (verb: deliver → хүргэх)
11) Customer (noun) – үйлчлүүлэгч
12) Ground (noun) – газар шороо
13) Large digger (phrase) – том ухагч
14) To place onto a metal grid (phrase) – металлан торон дээр байрлуулах
15) To break up into smaller pieces (verb) – жижиг хэсгүүдэд хуваах
16) Roller (noun) – эргэлдэгч
17) To assist (verb) – туслах
18) Following this (phrase) – үүний дараа
19) Sand (noun) – элс
20) To add (verb) – нэмэх
21) Mixture (noun) – хольц
22) To turn into something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйл рүү хувиргах
23) Either...or (phrase) – нэг бол ийм эсвэл тийм
24) To place (verb) – байрлуулах
25) Mould (noun) – хэв оруулагч
26) Wire cut (phrase) – зүсдэг төмрөн утас
27) Drying oven (phrase) – хатаах шүүгээ
28) Subsequent (adjective) – дараагийн
29) To go through (verb) – дамжин орж гарах
30) Heating (noun) – халаах
31) Cooling (noun) – сэрүүцүүлэх
32) Kiln (noun) – зуух
33) Moderate (adjective) – дунд зэргийн
34) To range from....to.... (phrase) – -ээс..... –ийн хооронд байх
35) To be followed by (phrase) – араас нь
36) Cooling chamber (phrase) – сэрүүцүүлэх өрөө
37) To be packed (verb) – савлагдах
38) Destination (noun) – очих ёстой газар
44
The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture1 bricks2 for the building industry3.
The diagram shows the way4 in which bricks are made for the building industry.
Overall, there are 7 stages5 in the whole6 brick producing7 process, beginning with the digging up8
of clay9 and ending with the delivery10 of the bricks to the customers11.
To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground12 by a large digger13. This clay
is then placed onto a metal grid14, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces15. A
roller16 assists17 in this process. Following this18, sand19 and water are added20 to the clay, and this
mixture21 is turned into22 bricks by either placing24 it into a mould25 or23 using a wire cut26. Next,
these bricks are placed in a drying oven27 to dry for 24 – 48 hours.
In the subsequent28 stage, the bricks go through29 a heating30 and cooling31 process. They are
heated in a kiln32 at a moderate33 and then a high temperature (ranging from 2000C to34 13000C),
followed by35 a cooling process in a cooling chamber36 for 48 – 72 hours. Finally, the bricks are
packed37 and delivered10 to their destinations38. (187 words)
45
1) Steel rod (phrase) – ганаар хийгдсэн саваа
2) To manufacture (verb) – үйлдвэрлэх
3) Furniture industry (phrase) – тавилгын салбар
4) To consist (verb) – бүрдэх
5) Raw material (phrase) – түүхий эд, материал
6) To end up with (phrase) – эцсийн байдалд хүрэх
7) Inspection (noun) – хянан үзлэг
8) Iron ore (phrase) – төмрөн хүдэр
9) Carbon (noun) – нүүрстөрөгч
10) To collect (verb) – цуглуулах
11) To serve as (phrase) – ... гэдгээр үйлчлэгдэх
12) Melting slit (phrase) – хайлуулах сав
13) To be heated (verb) – халаагдах
14) Range (noun) – хүрээ
15) Mass (noun) – эд
16) To be transferred (verb) – дамжуулагдах
17) Smelting cabin (phrase) – хүдрээс ямар нэгэн металыг тусгаарладаг бүхээг
18) To undergo refinement (phrase) – боловсруулалтыг амсах
19) Candescent metal (phrase) – улайссан метал
20) Pouring machine (phrase) – асгагч машин
21) To pour into ingots (phrase) – ембүү тойг руу асгах
22) Cooling reservoir (phrase) – сэрүүцүүлэх нөөц сав
23) To go through (verb) – дамжин орж гарах
24) Nozzle (noun) – цорго, хоолой
25) To cool down (verb) – температур нь буурах
26) To form strands (phrase) – утас үүсгэх, бий болгох
27) Following this (phrase) – үүний дараа
28) To proceed (verb) – үргэлжлэн явах
29) Roller (noun) – эргэлдүүлэгч
30) Heating machine (phrase) – халаах машин
31) Heat treatment (phrase) – халаах процесс
32) Subsequently (adverb) – дараа нь
33) Measuring automation (phrase) – хэмждэг автомат төхөөрөмж
34) To complete (verb) – гүйцэтгэх
35) Surface check (phrase) – гадаргууны хянан үзлэг
36) Metal rod (phrase) – металлан саваа
37) To be sized (adjective) – хэмжээнд нь хүргэх
38) Stamping (noun) – тамгалалт
46
The diagram illustrates how steel rods1 are manufactured2 in the furniture industry3.
The diagram explains the way in which steel rods are produced for the furniture industry.
Overall, the process consists4 of eleven stages, beginning with the raw material5 and ending up
with6 the product’s inspection7.
First of all, iron ore8, yellow ore and carbon9 are collected10 to serve as11 a raw material for steel
rods manufacturing. After that, the raw material is melted in a melting slit12, where it is heated13 to
a temperature in range14 of 1300 – 15000C. The melted mass15 is then transferred16 to a smelting
cabin17 to undergo refinement18. Next, the candescent metal19 is put in a pouring machine20 and
poured into ingots21.
In the next stage, the ingots are connected to a cooling reservoir22, where the temperature falls 60
– 1000C. Metal goes through23 special nozzles24 and cools down25, forming strands26. Following
this27, the metal strands proceed28 to rollers29 that change their shape. Next, the products are put
into a heating machine30, where they undergo heat treatment31. Subsequently32, a measuring
automation33 completes34 a surface check35 of the products. After that, the metal rods36 are sized37
by special cutters and get ID stamping38. Finally, the products undergo inspection7 and are ready to
use. (194 words)
47
1) To depict (verb) – дүрслэх
2) Life cycle (phrase) – амьдралын цикл
3) Frog (noun) – мэлхий
4) Development (noun) – хөгжил, өсөлт
6) Clear (adjective) – тодорхой, ойлгомжтой
7) Distinct (adjective) – өөр өөр
8) To commence (verb) – эхлэх
9) Mature (adjective) – боловсорсон
10) Frogspawn (noun) – мэлхийний өндөг
11) To float on the surface of the lake (phrase) – нуурын гадаргуун дээр хөвөх
12) Next step (phrase) – дараагийн үе шат
13) Emergence (noun) – гарч ирэлт
14) Tadpole (noun) – шанаган хорхой
15) To hatch (verb) – өндөг нь хагарч үр төл нь гарах
16) At this point in the cycle (phrase) – циклийн энэхүү мөчид
17) Tail (noun) – сүүл
18) Over time (phrase) – аяандаа, аажмаар
19) While (conjunction) – зуур
20) At the same time (phrase) – нэгэн зэрэг
21) Leg (noun) – хөл
22) To begin to form (phrase) – бүрдэж эхлэх
23) So as to (conjunction) – -хийн тулд
24) To prepare (verb) – бэлтгэх
25) Land (noun) – газар
26) Eventually (adverb) – эцсийн эцэст
27) Wider mouth (phrase) – илүү өргөн ам
29) Gradually (adverb) – аажмаар
30) To move onto the land (phrase) – хуурай газар луу нүүх
31) To breathe air (phrase) – агаар амьсгалах
32) To lose (verb) – алдах
33) Adult (noun) – насанд хүрсэн амьтан
34) Mate (noun) – эмэгчин эсвэл эрэгчин
36) To lay eggs (phrase) – өндөглөх
37) Having completed all these steps (phrase) – эдгээр бүх үе шатуудыг дуусчихсан үед
48
The diagram depicts1 the life cycle2 of a frog3.
The diagram illustrates (дүрслэн харуулах) the development4 of a frog from egg during5 its life
cycle.
Overall, it is clear6 that there are six distinct7 stages (үе шат) illustrated in the process,
commencing8 with producing eggs in the water and ending with the development of a mature9
frog.
The first stage is when the eggs, shown as frogspawn10, float on the surface of the lake11. The next
step12 after this is the emergence13 of the small tadpole14 after the frogspawn hatches15. At this
point in the cycle16, the small tadpole has a small body with a long tail17. Over time18, the tadpole
grows and its body becomes bigger while19 the tail becomes longer. At the same time20, the legs21
begin to form22 so as to23 prepare24 the tadpole’s future life on land25. Eventually26, the tadpole
starts to grow into a young frog with a wider mouth27, a shorter tail and larger legs although28 it
continues to live in the water. Gradually29, the frog becomes mature, ready to leave the water and
moves onto the land30.
When being on land, it starts to breathe air31 and loses32 the tail. The final stage of the cycle is
when the adult33 frog finds a mate34 in order to35 lay eggs36. Having completed all these steps37,
the lifecycle will then38 begin again. (215 words)
49
50
TASK 1: Maps
51
1) Island (noun) – арал
2) Construction (noun) – бүтээн байгуулалт
3) Tourist facilities (phrase) – жуулчдад зориулсан барилга байгууламж
5) To display (verb) – харуулах
6) To develop (verb) – хөгжүүлэх
7) Tourism (noun) – аялал жуулчлал
9) Palm tree (phrase) – дал мод
10) To be dotted around it (phrase) – үүний эргэн тойронд нь тархсан байх
11) To be surrounded (adjective) – хүрээлэгдсэн байх
12) To the west (phrase) – ертөнцийн зүгээр баруун талд
13) Over the period (phrase) – хугацааны турш
14) Completely (adverb) – бүрэн
15) To be transformed (adjective) – хувиргагдсан байх
16) Addition (noun) – нэмэлт
17) Pier (noun) – тавцан
19) Eastern part (phrase) – зүүн зүгийн хэсэг
20) To appear to have been left undeveloped (phrase) – хөгжүүлээгүй юм шиг харагдах
21) Noticeable (adjective) – анзаарагдахуйц
22) To be constructed (adjective) – баригдсан байх
23) Centre (noun) – төв
25) Accommodation area (phrase) – орон байрнуудын хэсэг
26) Reception (noun) – ресепшн
27) South coast (phrase) – өмнөд зүгийн далайн эрэг
28) To allow (verb) – зөвшөөрүүлэх
29) Yacht (noun) – дарвуулт онгоц
30) To access (verb) – нэвтрэх
31) Resort (noun) – ресорт
32) Apart from the trees (phrase) – модноос гадна
33) To remain (verb) – хэвээрээ байх
34) Natural feature (phrase) – байгалийн газар
36) To be untouched (adjective) – гар хүрэгдээгүй байх
37) To appear (verb) – юм шиг харагдах
52
The two maps below show an island1, before and after the construction2 of some tourist facilities3.
Both4 maps display5 an island, before and after it was developed6 for tourism7.
The island is approximately8 250 metres long, has palm trees9 dotted around it10, is surrounded11
by ocean and has a beach to the west12. Over the period13, the island was completely14
transformed15 with the addition16 of a hotel and a pier17; however18, the eastern part19 of the
island appears to have been left undeveloped20.
The most noticeable21 additions are the hotel rooms. 6 buildings, surrounding some trees, have
been built in the west of the island and 9 buildings have been constructed22 in the centre23 of the
island. Between24 the two accommodation areas25, a reception26 building and a restaurant have
been developed.
A pier has also been built on the south coast27 of the island, allowing28 yachts29 access30 to the
resort31. Apart from the trees32, the beach remains33 the only natural feature34 to remain
relatively35 untouched36; however, it does appear37 that it is now used for swimming. (160 words)
53
1) To take place (phrase) – өрнөх
2) Over a 25-year period (phrase) – 25 жилийн хугацааны үеэр
3) Coastal town (phrase) – далайн эрэг дээр байдаг хот
4) Comparison (noun) – харьцуулалт
5) To reveal (verb) – илрүүлэх
6) Complete transformation (phrase) – бүрэн хэмжээний өөрчлөлт
7) Largely rural (phrase) – нэлээн хөдөөний
8) Mainly urban area (phrase) – голцуу хотжсон бүс
9) Residential area (phrase) – оршин суугчдын байдаг бүс
10) Individual houses (phrase) – хувийн байшингууд
12) A number of significant changes (phrase) – хэд хэдэн тооны чухал өөрчлөлтүүд
13) Noticeable (adjective) – анзаарагдахуйц
14) To chop down (verb) – огтлож унагаах
15) Along the railway line (phrase) – төмөр замын дагуу
16) To demolish (verb) – нураах, устгах
17) To make way for skyscrapers (phrase) – тэнгэр баганадсан барилгуудад зай гаргаж өгөх
19) Industrial zone (phrase) – үйлдвэрийн бүс
20) Warehouse (noun) – агуулах байшин
21) Factory (noun) – үйлдвэр
22) To spring up (verb) – гарч ирэх
23) Around (preposition) – -ын эргэн тойронд
24) In contrast (phrase) – эсрэгээрээ
25) To remain (verb) – хэвээрээ үлдэх, байх
26) Woodland (noun) – модтой газар
27) To be cleared (adjective) – цэвэрлэгдэх
28) To convert into a golf course (phrase) – гольфын талбай болгон хувиргах
29) Car parking facilities (phrase) – машины зогсоол
30) Further (adjective) – нэмэлт
31) Construction of a stadium (phrase) – стадионы бүтээн байгуулалт
32) Next to (preposition) – хажууд
33) Northeast corner of the lake (phrase) – нуурын зүүн хойд хэсгийн булан
34) Extension (noun) – уртасгалт
35) Directly (adverb) – шууд
36) Marina (noun) – завь онгоцны зогсоол
37) To be constructed (adjective) – бүтээн байгуулагдсан байх
38) Mouth of the river (phrase) – голын цутгал
54
The maps show changes that took place1 in Youngsville in New Zealand over a 25-year period2
from 1980 to 2005.
The maps illustrate the developments which took place in the coastal town3 of Youngsville between
1980 and 2005.
Overall, a comparison4 of the two maps reveals5 a complete transformation6 from a largely rural7
to a mainly urban area8.
In the year 1980, the town was a much greener residential area9 with a large number of trees and
individual houses10, but during11 the next 25 years, the town saw a number of significant
changes12. The most noticeable13 is that all of the trees in the south of the River Alanah were
chopped down14, with all the houses along the railway line15 being demolished16 to make way for
skyscrapers17. Moreover18, a new industrial zone19 with warehouses20 and factories21 sprang up22
around23 the school and airport.
In contrast24, only a few trees in the north of the river remained25. The woodland26 was cleared27
and converted into a golf course28, a park, and car parking facilities29. Further30 developments
were the construction of a stadium31 next to32 the northeast corner of the lake33 and the
extension34 of the railway line from the river running directly35 to the north. A Marina36 was also
constructed37 at the mouth of the river38. (194 words)
55
WRITING TASK 2
56
TASK 2: Two views
57
1) Route (noun) – маршрут
3) Straight after (phrase) – шууд дараа нь
4) Reason (noun) – шалтгаан
5) To include (verb) – багтаах, агуулах
7) Your own knowledge (phrase) – өөрийн мэдлэг
8) Experience (noun) – туршлага
10) Right after (phrase) – шууд дараа нь
11) Teenager (noun) – өсвөр насны хүн
12) To wonder (verb) – мэдэхийг хүсэх
13) Whether (conjunction) – эсэх
14) Ought to (verb) – хэрэгтэй байх
15) To keep on doing something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг үргэлжлүүлэн хийх
16) To guarantee (verb) – батлагаа өгөх
17) To claim (verb) – хэлэх (гэхдээ хэлж байгаа зүйлд нь сонсогч итгэхгүй байх)
18) Option (noun) – сонголт
19) Beneficial (adjective) – ашиг тустай
20) For (conjunction) – улмаас
21) Several (determiner) – хэд хэдэн
22) To be able to do something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийж чадах
23) To earn (verb) – мөнгө олох
24) As soon as possible (phrase) – аль болох эртхэн
25) As a result (phrase) – үүний үр дүнд нь
26) Mature enough (phrase) – хангалттай боловсорсон, амьдрал үзсэн
27) Independently (adverb) – бие даасан байдлаар
28) On their income (phrase) – өөрийнхөө орлогоороо
29) To decide (verb) – шийдэх
30) To look for (verb) – хайх
31) Rather than (phrase) – -аас илүүтэйгээр
32) To pursue (verb) – хөөх, мөшгих
33) Higher education (phrase) – дээд боловсрол
34) To be likely to do something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийх өндөр магадлалтай байх
35) To obtain (verb) – олж авах
36) To lead to something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд хүргэх
37) To progress (verb) – хөгжих, дэвжих
38) Profession (noun) – мэргэжил
58
Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route1 to a successful career,
while2 others believe that it is better to get a job straight after3 school. Discuss both views.
Give reasons4 for your answer and include5 any relevant6 examples from your own knowledge7 or
experience8. Write at least9 250 words.
Right after10 finishing high school, teenagers11 often wonder12 whether13 they ought to14 continue
their education or get a job. While many people believe that keeping on15 studying at a college or
university will be the best way to guarantee16 a successful career, others claim17 that working
straight after school is a better option18.
Starting to work straight after graduation is beneficial19 for20 several21 reasons. First, by working,
young people will be able to22 start earning23 money as soon as possible24. As a result25, they will
be mature enough26, and be able to live independently27 on their own income28. Secondly, a person
who decides29 to look for30 a job rather than31 pursuing32 higher education33 is likely to34 have a
chance to obtain35 a lot of real experience and practical skills. This may lead36 them to progress37
more quickly in their chosen profession38.
59
39) On the other hand (phrase) – гэхдээ, нөгөө талаараа
40) To argue (verb) – шалтгаан өгч дэмжих
42) To meet academic qualifications (phrase) – академик шаардлагыг хангах
43) Employer (noun) – ажил олгогч
45) Nowadays (adverb) – өнөө цагт
46) Consequently (adverb) – үр дүнд нь
47) University graduates (phrase) – их сургуулийн төгсөгчид
48) Opportunity (noun) – аз завшаан, боломж
49) Salary (noun) – цалин
50) Without qualifications (phrase) – цол зэрэггүй
51) In addition (phrase) – дээрээс нь
52) Job market (phrase) – хөдөлмөрийн зах зээл
53) Increasingly competitive (phrase) – улам илүү өрсөлдөөнтэй
54) Since (preposition) – яагаад гэвэл
55) Hundreds of applicants (phrase) – зуу зуун апплай хийж буй хүмүүс
56) To chase (verb) – хөөх, мөшгих
57) Position (noun) – албан тушаал
58) Organization (noun) – байгууллага
59) Degree (noun) – зэрэг цол
60) Obvious (adjective) – мэдээжийн
61) Advantage (noun) – давуу тал
62) To be highly paid (phrase) – өндөр цалинтай байх
63) In conclusion (phrase) – дүгнэлтэнд
64) Higher-level studies (phrase) – илүү дээгүүр түвшний хичээлийн програм
65) Each (determiner) – тус бүр
66) Unique (adjective) – онцгой
60
On the other hand39, some people argue40 that it is more beneficial for young people to continue
their studies after high school. Firstly, a college education prepares41 students to meet academic
qualifications42, which most employers43 require44 nowadays45. Consequently46, university
graduates47 usually have opportunities48 to earn higher salaries49 than those without
qualifications50. In addition51, the job market52 is becoming increasingly competitive53 since54
hundreds of applicants55 often chase56 one position57 in an organization58. Having a degree59 is an
obvious60 advantage61 that university graduates have. In many countries, students who graduate
with an engineering degree are highly paid62 and have an easy time getting a good job.
In conclusion63, it is true to say that both working straight after high school and continuing higher-
level studies64 each65 has their own unique66 advantages. (269 words)
61
1) To influence (verb) – нөлөөлөх
2) Behavior (noun) – зан араншин
3) Amount of time (phrase) – хугацааны хэмжээ
4) To affect (verb) – нөлөөлөх
5) To determine (verb) – тодорхойлох
6) Whether (conjunction) – эсэх
7) Content (noun) – агуулга, контент
8) Length of time (phrase) – хугацааны хэмжээ
9) Significant impact (phrase) – том, чухал нөлөө
10) It seems to me (phrase) – надад тийм юм шиг санагдах
12) Youngster (noun) – залуучууд
13) Marked (adjective) – илэрхий
14) On the one hand (phrase) – нэг талаараа
15) Consequence (noun) – үр дагавар
16) Long periods of time (phrase) – урт хугацаа
17) Deleterious (adjective) – хор хөнөөлтэй
18) To be exposed to (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд өртөх
19) More likely (phrase) – илүү магадлалтай байх
20) To become addicted (phrase) – донтох
21) Over-reliant (adjective) – хэт их хамааралтай
22) To neglect (verb) – үл ойшоох, тоохгүй байх
23) Engagement in outdoor activities (phrase) – гадаа хийдэг активитинуудад оролцох оролцоо
24) To result in (verb) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд үр дүн болж хүрэх
25) Sedentary lifestyle (phrase) – суунга амьдралын хэв маяг
26) Highly detrimental (phrase) – маш их хөнөөлтэй
27) Physical health (phrase) – бие махбодын эрүүл мэнд
28) Excessive (adjective) – илүүдэл
29) To impair (verb) – муудуулах, гэмтээх
30) Communication abilities (phrase) – харилцааны чадварууд
31) To be in harmony with (phrase) – ямар нэг зүйлтэй эвтэй найртай байх
33) To be discouraged (adjective) – зоригжоогүй байх
34) Real interaction (phrase) – жинхэнэ амьд харилцаа
35) Around them (phrase) – тэд нарын эргэн тойронд
36) In front of the screen (phrase) – дэлгэцийн урд
37) To hinder (verb) – саад учруулах
38) Development of social skills (phrase) – харилцааны чадварын хөгжил
62
Some people say that what children watch influences1 their behavior2. Others believe the amount
of time3 they spend on television influences their behavior most. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience. Write at least 250 words.
While it is true that watching TV affects4 children, it is difficult to determine5 whether6 it is the
content7 of the programs or the length of time8 spent watching them that has a more significant
impact9 on children. It seems to me10 that although11 the amount of time does affect youngsters12,
it is the content of the programs that has a more marked13 influence on them.
On the one hand14, the consequences15 of watching TV for long periods of time16 can be
deleterious17. Firstly, the longer children are exposed to18 TV programs, the more likely19 it is for
them to become addicted20 to watching television. When children become over-reliant21 on
television for entertainment, they might neglect22 engagement in outdoor activities23. This may
result in24 a sedentary lifestyle25 that is highly detrimental26 to their physical health27. More
importantly, excessive28 TV watching impairs29 children’s communication abilities30, so they find it
hard to play or live in harmony with31 others. As a result32, children would feel discouraged33 from
having real interactions34 with people around them35 if they spent a huge amount of time in front
of the screen36, which may hinder37 their development of social skills38.
63
39) On the other hand (phrase) – гэхдээ, нөгөө талаараа
40) Broadcasted images (phrase) – зурагтаар гарч байгаа дүрслэл, зураг
41) Direct effect (phrase) – шууд нөлөө
42) Young viewers (phrase) – залуу үзэгчид
43) To present (verb) – толилуулах
44) Glamorized depictions (phrase) – гоё, сэтгэл татсан зураглал, дүрслэл
45) Inappropriate materials (phrase) – зохимжгүй, зүй зохисгүй контент, материал
46) Such as (phrase) – жишээлбэл
47) Violence (noun) – хүчирхийлэл
48) Drug abuse (phrase) – хар тамхины хууль бус хэрэглээ
49) Casual sex (phrase) – хайр сэтгэлгүй хүмүүсийн хоорондох секс
50) Thus (conjunction) – тийм болохоор
51) To adopt (verb) – амьдралдаа хэрэгжүүлэх, гартаа оруулах
52) Unhealthy habits (phrase) – эрүүл бус зуршил
53) Improper behavior (phrase) – зохисгүй зан авир
54) To fall under the impression (phrase) – сэтгэгдэлтэй болох
55) Without being aware of the health risks (phrase) – эрүүл мэндийн эрсдлүүдийг мэдэхгүйгээр
56) To carry (verb) – тээх
57) To end up doing something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг эцсийн байдалд хүрэн хийх
58) To consume substances (phrase) – бодис хэрэглэх
59) Besides (adverb) – үүнээс гадна
60) Modern consumer society (phrase) – орчин үеийн хэрэглэгчдийн нийгэмлэг
61) Commercial (noun) – реклам
62) Unwary (adjective) – хашир бус, гэнэн
63) To be swayed by something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлээр нөлөөлөгдөх
64) Captivating advertisement (phrase) – анхаарал татсан реклам
65) Junk food (phrase) – чанар муутай хоол, бүргер, пизза төрлийн хоол
66) Target audience (phrase) – зорилтот үйлчлүүлэгчид, үзэгчид
67) To include (verb) – агуулах, багтаах
68) To pester (verb) – ядаргаатуулах, ингээд өгөөч, тэгээд өгөөч гэж залхаах
69) Goods (noun) – бараа таваар
70) Impulsively (adverb) – бодлогогүйгээр
71) Both factors (phrase) – 2 хүчин зүйл хоёулаа
72) Implication (noun) – дүгнэлт, үр дагавар
73) Element (noun) – хэсэг, элемент
74) Considerable impacts (phrase) – нэлээн том нөлөө
75) Hence (conjunction) – тийм болохоор
76) Parental involvement (phrase) – эцэг эхийн оролцоо
77) Essential (adjective) – чухал
78) To shape a child’s values (phrase) – хүүхдийн ирээдүйд баримтлах зарчмуудыг бүрэлдүүлэх
64
On the other hand39, it is the broadcasted images40 that have the most direct effects41 on young
viewers42. Firstly, in most countries the majority of TV shows present43 glamorized depictions44 of
inappropriate materials45 such as46 violence47, drug abuse48 or casual sex49, thus50 youngsters may
adopt51 unhealthy habits52 and improper behavior53. For example, they might fall under the
impression54 that the use of alcoholic drinks is fashionable without being aware of the health
risks55 they carry56 and later end up57 consuming these substances58. Besides59, in our modern
consumer society60, commercials61 also affect how children behave. Unwary62 young viewers could
be easily swayed by63 captivating advertisements64 for junk food65 or video games, products whose
target audience66 includes67 children, and so may pester68 their parents to buy these goods69
impulsively70.
In conclusion, although both factors71 have their own implications72, I believe the element73 with
more considerable impacts74 on children is the content. Hence75, parental involvement76 is
essential77 in controlling children’s TV viewing habits and in shaping a child’s values78 to help them
enter adult life with a healthy mind. (369 words)
65
66
TASK 2: Agree vs. Disagree
67
1) Big salary (phrase) – өндөр цалин
2) Job satisfaction (phrase) – ажлын сэтгэл ханамж
4) Advantageous (adjective) – давуу талтай байх
5) To choose a job (phrase) – ажил сонгох
6) High wage (phrase) – өндөр цалин
7) Even if (conjunction) – хэрвээ..... тэгсэн ч гэсэн....
8) To appeal (verb) – таалагдах
9) At all (phrase) – огт
11) First of all (phrase) – юуны түрүүнд
12) Sense of fulfillment (phrase) – зорьсондоо хүрч чадсны ханамж
13) To guarantee (verb) – батлагаа өгөх
14) To earn (verb) – мөнгө олох
15) To be tensed (adjective) – түгшсэн, сандарсан
16) To compromise (verb) – буулцан тохиролцох
17) Conscience (noun) – ухамсар
18) To pursue (verb) – хөөх, мөшгих
20) Interest (noun) – сонирхол
21) Pleasure (noun) – таашаал
22) For example (phrase) – жишээлбэл
23) Famous researcher (phrase) – алдартай эрдэм шинжилгээний ажилтан
24) Career choice (phrase) – кариерын сонголт
25) Appealing (adjective) – таалагдахаар
26) Passionate (adjective) – хүсэл сонирхолтой
27) That’s why (phrase) – тийм учраас
28) Kind (noun) – төрөл
68
Big salary1 is much more important than job satisfaction2. Do you agree or disagree?
It is often argued3 that it is more advantageous4 to choose a job5 with high wage6, even if7 it
doesn’t appeal8 to you at all9. I completely10 disagree with this opinion and think that job
satisfaction is much more important than salary.
First of all11, job satisfaction gives people a sense of fulfillment12 that no money can guarantee13.
Even if someone is earning14 a high salary, but feels tensed15 and compromises16 with conscience17,
this person won’t enjoy his life. Pursuing18, however19, one’s interests20 will always bring pleasure21
and feeling of satisfaction. For example22, a lot of famous researchers23 made their career choices24
not because of appealing25 wages, but because they were passionate26 about science. That’s why27
it’s more important to choose the kind28 of work that makes you happy than to look only at a high
salary.
69
29) To keep you motivated (phrase) – чамайг урам зоригоор дүүрэн байлгах
30) Therefore (conjunction) – тийм болохоор
32) Career growth (phrase) – кариерын өсөлт
33) In other words (phrase) – өөрөөр хэлбэл
34) Strong relation (phrase) – бат бөх холбоо
35) Productivity (noun) – үр бүтээлтэй байх байдал
36) To excel (verb) – их сайн байх
37) Fields (noun) – салбар
38) To achieve (verb) – хүрэх
39) To put something in the first place (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг 1 дүгээрт тавих
40) For instance (phrase) – жишээлбэл
41) To decide (verb) – шийдэх
42) Despite (conjunction) – үл харгалзан
43) To venture (verb) – эрсдэлтэй алхам хийх, зориглох, зүрхлэх
44) To endure (verb) – тэсвэрлэх
45) Ups and downs (phrase) – жаргал зовлон
46) Well-paid authors (phrase) – өндөр орлоготой зохиолчид
47) Twentieth century (phrase) – 20-р зуун
49) Advantage (noun) – давуу тал
50) To keep you satisfied (phrase) – чамайг сэтгэл ханамжтай байлгах
51) To outweigh (verb) – илүү их нөлөөтэй байх
52) Drawback (noun) – сул тал
53) Low salary (phrase) – бага цалин
54) Long-term perspective (phrase) – урт хугацаанд
55) To conclude (verb) – дүгнэхэд
56) Beneficial (adjective) – ашиг тустай
70
Secondly, doing what you like keeps you motivated29 and therefore30 leads to31 a career growth32.
In other words33, there is a strong relation34 between job satisfaction and productivity35. People
who love their jobs can easily excel36 in their fields37 of work and achieve38 better results than those
who put salary in the first place39. For instance40, Henry Miller decided41 to leave his everyday job
despite42 a good wage and ventured43 to become a writer. And after enduring44 years of ups and
downs45 he became one of the most famous and well-paid authors46 of the twentieth century47.
Thus48, advantages49 of jobs that keep you satisfied50 outweigh51 the drawback52 of a low salary53
in a long-term perspective54.
To conclude55, I strongly believe that job satisfaction is more beneficial56 than high salary because it
makes people happy and motivated. (273 words)
71
1) Growing number (phrase) – өсөж буй тоо
2) Overweight people (phrase) – жингийн илүүдэлтэй хүмүүс
3) To put a strain on something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд ачаалал өгөх
4) Health care system (phrase) – эрүүл мэндийн үйлчилгээний систем
5) Effort (noun) – хичээл зүтгэл
6) To deal with something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлтэй учраа олох
7) Health issues (phrase) – эрүүл мэндийн асуудлууд
8) To be involved (adjective) – холбоотой
9) To introduce (verb) – танилцуулах эсвэл нэвтрүүлэх
10) Physical education lesson (phrase) – бие тамирын хичээл
11) School curriculum (phrase) – сургуулийн хөтөлбөр
12) Owing to (conjunction) – -ний улмаас
13) Growing population (phrase) – өсөж буй хүн ам
14) To cause (verb) – учруулах
15) To solve (verb) – шийдвэрлэх
17) To tackle (verb) – шийдвэрлэх
18) To deteriorate (verb) – муудах, доройтох
19) Public health (phrase) – олон нийтийн эрүүл мэнд
20) In relation to (phrase) – -тай холбоотой
21) Weight (noun) – жин
22) To surround (verb) – хүрээлэх
23) Obesity (noun) – жингийн хэт их илүүдэл
24) To take a long-term approach (phrase) – урт удаан хугацаагаар ашиг тустай аргачлалыг ашиглах
25) Method (noun) – арга
26) To ensure (verb) – батлагаажуулах
27) Next generation (phrase) – дараагийн үе удам
28) At the moment (phrase) – одоогийн байдлаар
29) Average (adjective) –дундаж
30) West (noun) – ертөнцийн Баруун зүг
31) Possibly twice a week (phrase) – магадгүй долоо хоногт 2 удаа
32) Not enough (adjective/adverb) – хангалттай биш
33) To counteract (verb) – эсрэг үйлчлэх
34) Otherwise (conjunction) – өөр тохиолдолд, бусад тохиолдолд
35) Sedentary lifestyle (phrase) – суунга амьдралын хэв маяг
37) To incorporate (verb) – багтаах, оруулах
39) To encourage (verb) – зоригжуулах, өдөөх
40) Extracurricular sports activities (phrase) – сургуулийн хөтөлбөрөөс гадна хийх спорт активитинууд
41) Undoubtedly (adverb) – эргэлзээ байхгүйгээр
42) To become fitter (phrase) – илүү эрүүл чийрэг, гоё бие галбиртай байх
72
The growing number1 of overweight people2 is putting a strain3 on the health care system4 in an
effort5 to deal with6 the health issues7 involved8. Some people think that the best way to deal with
this problem is to introduce9 more physical education lessons10 in the school curriculum11. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?
Owing to12 the problems which a growing population13 of overweight people cause14 for the health
care system, some people think that the key to solving15 these issues is to have more sport and
exercise in schools. In my opinion, I completely16 agree that this is the best way to tackle17 the issue
of deteriorating18 public health19 in relation to20 weight21.
Firstly, dealing with the issues surrounding22 obesity23 and weight problems is best solved by taking
a long-term approach24 and introducing more sport and exercise in schools. This method25 will
ensure26 that the next generation27 will be healthier and will not have such health problems. At the
moment28, the average29 child in the West30 does sport possibly twice a week31, which is not
enough32 to counteract33 their otherwise34 sedentary lifestyle35. However36, by incorporating37
more sports classes into the curriculum as well as38 encouraging39 extracurricular sports
activities40, they will undoubtedly41 become fitter42 and more active.
73
43) Another point (phrase) – өөр нэг санаа
44) To consider (verb) – харгалзаж үзэх
45) Probably (adverb) – магадлал ихтэйгээр
46) To result in (verb) – үр дүн болж хүрэх
47) To develop an interest (phrase) – сонирхолтой болох
48) Exercise (noun) – дасгал
49) To filter through (verb) – халдах, дамжих
50) Other members (phrase) – бусад гишүүд
51) Longer lasting effect (phrase) – илүү удаан хугацаагаар үргэлжлэх нөлөө
53) To be more likely to do something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийхэд илүү өндөр магадлалтай
байх
54) To get involved (phrase) – оролцох
55) As a way (phrase) – арга гэдгээрээ
56) To grow up (verb) – өсөх
57) Daily life (phrase) – өдөр тутмын амьдрал
58) Certainly (adverb) – батлагаатай
59) Natural (adjective) – бодит, хиймэл бус
60) Lasting (adjective) – удаан үргэлжлэхээр
62) To improve (verb) – сайжруулах, сайжрах
64) Increasing population (phrase) – өсөж буй хүн ам
65) Unfit (adjective) – эрүүл чийрэг бус
66) Coming generation (phrase) – ирж буй дараагийн үе удам
67) Effective method (phrase) – үр дүнтэй арга
74
Another point43 to consider44 is that having more sports lessons for children in schools will
probably45 result in46 children developing an interest47 in exercise48 which might filter through49 to
other members50 of their family and have a longer lasting effect51. In other words52, parents with
sporty children are more likely53 to get involved54 in sport as a way55 of encouraging39 their
children. By both parents and children being involved, it will ensure 26 that children grow up56 to
incorporate sport into their daily lives57. This is certainly58 a natural59 and lasting60 way61 to
improve62 public health.
In conclusion63, to deal with6 an increasing population64 of unfit65, overweight people, changing the
lifestyle of the coming generation66 by introducing sport in schools is the easiest and the most
effective method67 to use. (282 words)
75
1) Right (noun) – эрх
2) University education (phrase) – их сургуулийн боловсрол
3) Government (noun) – засгийн газар
4) No matter (phrase) – хамаагүй
5) Financial (adjective) – санхүүгийн
6) Background (noun) – байдал, гарал үүсэл, хувийн мэдээлэл
8) Universal (adjective) – бүх нийтийн
9) While (conjunction) – харин, гэхдээ, хэдий......ч
10) To accept (verb) – хүлээн зөвшөөрөх
11) To suit (verb) – тохирох
12) Impractical (adjective) – хэрэгжишгүй, ашиггүй
13) To implement (verb) – хэрэгжүүлэх
14) Such a policy (phrase) – ийм бодлого
15) On the one hand (phrase) – нэг талаараа бол
16) To expect (verb) – хүлээлттэй байх
17) Government authority (phrase) – засгийн газрын захиргаа
18) To fund higher education (phrase) – дээд боловсролыг санхүүжүүлэх
19) Poorer sections of society (phrase) – нийгмийн ядуу давхаргын хүмүүс
20) Low income (phrase) – бага орлого
21) Saving (noun) – хадгаламж
22) Without such funding (phrase) – иймэрхүү санхүүжүүлэлтгүйгээр
23) To be unable to do something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийж чадахгүй байх
24) To attend university (phrase) – их сургуулийн хичээлд суух, сурах
26) To exclude (verb) – оруулахгүй байх
27) Well-paid career (phrase) – өндөр орлоготой кариер
28) Lawyer (noun) – хуульч
29) Social inequalities (phrase) – нийгмийн тэгш бус байдал
30) To perpetuate (verb) – урт удаанаар үргэлжлүүлэх
31) Society as a whole (phrase) – нийгэм бүхлээрээ
32) To suffer (verb) – зовох
33) Since (conjunction) – яагаад гэвэл
34) Opportunity (noun) – боломж
35) To develop their talents (phrase) – авьяасаа хөгжүүлэх
36) During the struggle (phrase) – тэмцлийн үеэр
37) Civil rights (phrase) – иргэний эрх
38) Blacks (noun) – хар арьстангууд
39) Minorities (noun) – цөөнх тоогоор байдаг хүмүүсийн төрлүүд (гомо, лесби, латин америк хүмүүс гэх
мэт)
40) Folly (noun) – мунхаг явдал
41) To deny (verb) – үгүйсгэх
42) Equal educational opportunities (phrase) – тэнцүү боловсролын боломжууд
76
Some people believe that people have the right1 to university education2, and government3 should
make it free no matter4 what their financial5 background6 is. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?
It is true that some people argue7 for the universal8 right to free university education. While9 I
accept10 that this may suit11 many people, I believe that it is impractical12 for governments to
implement13 such a policy14.
On the one hand15, it is not an impractical dream to expect16 government authorities17 to fund
higher education18 for those poorer sections of society19, with low incomes20 and no savings21.
Without such funding22, people from poor backgrounds6 would be unable to23 attend university24.
As a result25, they would be excluded26 from many well-paid careers27 as engineers, doctors or
lawyers28. Social inequalities29 would be perpetuated30 and society as a whole31 would suffer32,
since33 those from low-income20 backgrounds would have no opportunity34 to develop their
talents35. The example of the US, during the struggle36 for civil rights37 for blacks38 and other
minorities39, shows the folly40 of denying41 equal educational opportunities42 for the poor.
77
43) On the other hand (phrase) – нөгөө талаараа
44) Enormous strain (phrase) – аварга том ачаалал, хүндрэл
45) Government budget (phrase) – засгийн газрын мөнгөн төсөв
46) Free access (phrase) – үнэгүй нэвтрэх боломж
47) At its simplest (phrase) – энгийнээр бодоход
48) To afford (verb) – төлөх мөнгөний боломжтой байх
49) Tuition fee (phrase) – сургалтын төлбөр
50) Maintenance (noun) – амьжиргааны зардал, мөнгө
51) During their studies (phrase) – хичээлийн үеэр
52) Attendance at university (phrase) – их сургуульд сурах нь
53) Privilege (noun) – давуу эрх
54) In practical terms (phrase) – практик талаасаа, практикийн хувьд
56) To face (verb) – нүүр тулах
57) Practical decision (phrase) – хэрэгжиж болохоор, ашиг тустай шийдвэр
58) To allocate (verb) – хуваарилах
59) Finite budgets (phrase) – хязгаартай төсөв, тодорхой хэмжээний төсөв
60) To fund (verb) – санхүүжүүлэх
62) To mean (verb) – утга илэрхийлэх
63) Less money (phrase) – арай бага мөнгө
64) Pressing issues (phrase) – нэн даруй шийдвэрлэх хэрэгтэй асуудал
65) Such as (conjunction) – жишээлбэл
66) Healthcare (noun) – эрүүл мэнд, эмчилгээний үйлчилгээ
67) Environment (noun) – байгаль орчин
69) View (noun) – бодол санаа
70) Society (noun) – нийгэм
71) To be limited (adjective) – хязгаарлагдмал байх
72) Otherwise (conjunction) – бусад тохиолдолд, өөр тохиолдолд
78
On the other hand43, there would be an enormous strain44 on government budgets45 if free
access46 to university were a right for everyone. At its simplest47, people from rich families can
afford48 to pay tuition fees49 and for their own maintenance50 during their studies51. Attendance at
university52 is a privilege53, not a right, and if students can afford to pay for their studies, they
should do so. In practical terms54, governments cannot pay for the rich as well as55 the poor.
Governments are faced56 with practical decisions57 on how to allocate58 their finite budgets59, and
funding60 free higher education61 for everyone would mean62 less money63 to spend on pressing
issues64 such as65 health care66 or the environment67.
In conclusion68, I disagree with the view69 that free higher education should be a right for everyone
in society70, and funding should be limited71 to those who otherwise72 could not afford to attend
university. (299 words)
79
1) To force (verb) – хүчлэх
2) Foreign language (phrase) – гадаад хэл
4) Compulsory (adjective) – зайлшгүй биелүүлэх шаардлагатай
5) Subject (noun) – хичээл
7) Useful (adjective) – нэмэртэй, хэрэгцээтэй
9) To do so (phrase) – тэгэх
11) To benefit (verb) – ашиг тус өгөх
13) Most children (phrase) – ихэнх хүүхдүүд
15) Through (preposition) – -аар, -снээр
16) Culture (noun) – соёл
17) Even (adverb) – бүүр, хүртэл
18) To arrange (verb) – товлох, зохицуулах
19) Exchange visits (phrase) – солилцооны програм, өөр их сургуульд түр хугацаагаар сурах програм
20) To enable someone to do something (phrase) – хэн нэгэнд ямар нэгэн зүйл хийхийг нь боломжтой
болгох
21) Briefly (adverb) – богино хугацаагаар
22) To immerse (verb) – бүрэн мэдэрч үзэх
23) To access information (phrase) – мэдээлэлд нэвтрэх
24) Another (determiner) – өөр нэг
26) Available (adjective) – боломжтой байх, бэлэн байх
27) Any topic (phrase) – ямар ч сэдэв
28) To be interested (adjective) – сонирхсон байх
29) Finally (adverb) – эцэст нь
30) Range of (phrase) – олон
31) Enjoyable (adjective) – гоё
32) Nowadays (adverb) – өнөө цагт
33) Especially (adverb) – ялангуяа
34) Interactive (adjective) – харилцан үйлчилдэг байх
80
Schools should not force1 children to learn a foreign language2. To what extent do you agree with
this statement?
It is true that some people argue3 that a foreign language should not be one of the compulsory4
subjects5 studied in schools. While6 I believe that it is useful7 for schoolchildren to learn a foreign
language, I completely8 agree that they should not be forced to do so9.
On the one hand10, it will benefit11 the education12 of most children13 if they are encouraged14 to
learn a foreign language during their school years. Firstly, through15 studying the language they will
learn about the culture16 of that country, and some schools even17 arrange18 exchange visits19, to
enable20 students to briefly21 immerse22 themselves in the culture of the foreign country whose
language they are learning. Secondly, children can access information23 in another24 language. For
example25, if they are studying English, they can enjoy websites which are only available26 in
English on any topic27 in which they are interested28. Finally29, children can be encouraged to learn
a foreign language through the range30 of enjoyable31 and fun materials available nowadays32,
especially33 interactive34 online learning.
81
35) On the other hand (phrase) – нөгөө талаараа бол
36) Counterproductive (adjective) – үр бүтээлгүй
37) To forcibly oblige someone to do something (phrase) – хэн нэгэнд ямар нэг зүйлийг хий гэж хүчээр
үүрэг хариуцлага өгөх
38) Reason (noun) – шалтгаан
39) Effectively (adverb) – үр дүнтэйгээр
40) Compulsion (noun) – хүчлэлт, шахалт, шаардлага
41) Alone (adjective/adverb) – дан, ганцаараа
42) To be motivated (adjective) – урам орсон байх
43) To achieve (verb) – хүрэх
44) Enthusiastic (adjective) – хүсэл эрмэлзэлтэй
45) To select (verb) – сонгох
46) Stimulating (adjective) – өдөөсөн, урамшуулсан
47) Reluctant (adjective) – дурамжхан
49) Present or future lives (phrase) – одоогийн эсвэл ирээдүйн амьдрал
50) Individual (adjective) – тус, бие даасан, нэг
51) Pupil (noun) – сурагч
52) Certain (adjective) – итгэлтэй байх
54) To compel (verb) – хүчээр тулгах, шахах, албадах
82
On the other hand35, it would be counterproductive36 to forcibly oblige37 schoolchildren to learn a
foreign language. One reason38 is that children will not learn effectively39 through compulsion40
alone41. They must be motivated42 to do so and this is only achieved43 through enthusiastic44
teachers who select45 stimulating46 language-learning activities. Another reason is that
schoolchildren will be reluctant47 to learn a foreign language if they cannot see why it might be
relevant48 to their present or future lives49. For example, individual50 Vietnamese pupils51 should
not be forced to learn English if they are certain52 that they will never need or want to use it in the
future.
In conclusion53, I would argue that schools should encourage, but not compel54, children to learn a
foreign language. (294 words)
83
84
TASK 2: Advantage and
Disadvantage
85
1) Development (noun) – хөгжил, ахиц
2) Tourism (noun) – аялал жуулчлал
3) To contribute (verb) – хувь хэмэр оруулах
4) To become (verb) – болох
5) Prominent (adjective) – чухал, алдартай
7) To be spoken globally (phrase) – дэлхий хэмжээнд яригдах
8) To be widely spoken (phrase) – өргөнөөр яригдах
9) One day (phrase) – нэг өдөр
10) To predominate over (verb) – ямар нэгэн зүйлүүдийг давамгайлах, ноёрхох
11) Other (adjective) – бусад
12) To result in something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд үр дүн болон хүрэх
13) Eventual disappearance (phrase) – эцсийн эцэстэх алга бололт
14) Certainly (adverb) – батлагаатай
15) To aid (verb) – туслах, дэмжих
16) Understanding (noun) – ойлгох
17) Economic growth (phrase) – эдийн засгийн өсөлт
18) Drawback (noun) – сул тал, дутагдал, саад тотгор
19) Evident (adjective) – илэрхий
20) Benefit (noun) – ашиг тус
21) Global language (phrase) – дэлхийн хэл
22) To enable (verb) – боломжтой болгох
23) Greater understanding (phrase) – илүү дээр ойлголт
26) Complete (adjective) – бүрэн гүйцэд
27) Throughout the world (phrase) – дэлхий даяар
28) To promote (verb) – сурталчлах, дэмжих
29) Flow of information (phrase) – мэдээллийн урсгал
30) Another reason (phrase) – өөр нэг шалтгаан
31) Advantageous (adjective) – давуу талтай байх
32) Same (adjective) – адилхан
33) Less barriers (phrase) – бага саад тотгор, бартаа
35) Trade (noun) – худалдаа
36) To flourish (verb) – цэцэглэх, хөгжих
37) Healthier world economy (phrase) – илүү эрүүл дэлхийн эдийн засаг
86
The development1 of tourism2 contributed3 to English becoming4 the most prominent5 language in
the world. Some people think this will lead to6 English becoming the only language to be spoken
globally7. What are the advantages and disadvantages to having one language in the world?
It is thought by some people that English, which is now the most widely spoken8 language in the
world, may one day9 predominate over10 all other11 languages and result in12 their eventual
disappearance13. Having one language would certainly14 aid15 understanding16 and economic
growth17 but there will also be some drawbacks18.
One evident19 benefit20 to having one global language21 is that it would enable22 greater
understanding23 between24 countries. In other words25, if everyone spoke one language, there
would be complete26 understanding between not only countries but also all people throughout the
world27, which would promote28 learning, the flow of information29 and ideas. Another reason30
that one language would be advantageous31 is that it would help economic growth. With all people
speaking the same32 language, there will be less barriers33 and therefore34 trade35 would flourish36
between countries, resulting in12 a healthier world economy37.
87
38) On the other hand (phrase) – нөгөө талаараа бол, гэхдээ
39) Obvious (adjective) – мэдээжийн, илэрхий
41) Eventually (adverb) – эцсийн эцэст
42) To disappear (verb) – алга болох
43) Along with them (phrase) – бас тэд нартай хамт
45) Diversity (noun) – олон янз байх байдал
46) Joy (noun) – баяр баясал
47) To offer (verb) – хангах
48) Each (determiner) – тус бүр
49) Unique (adjective) – онцгой, этгээд
50) Its own way of life (phrase) – өөрийн гэсэн амьдралын хэв маяг
51) Perspective (noun) – харах өнцөг, үзэл бодол
52) To be lost (verb) – алдагдах
53) Collapse (noun) – нуралт, сүйрэл, сөнөл
54) Pleasure (noun) – таашаал
55) Interest (noun) – сонирхол
57) To devastate (verb) – хөнөөл учруулах, сүйтгэх
58) Economically (adverb) – эдийн засгийн хувьд
59) To rely on (verb) – ямар нэгэн зүйл дээр найдах, найдлага тавих
60) Source (noun) – эх үүсвэр
61) Income (noun) – орлого
64) Plus point (phrase) – сайн тал, эерэг тал
65) Too much would be lost (phrase) – хэт их зүйл алдагдах болно
66) As a result (phrase) – үр дүнд нь
67) To maintain (verb) – хадгалах
68) Local language (phrase) – орон нутгийн хэл
69) To prioritize (verb) – эрхэм зорилго болгон тавих, нэг дүгээрт тавих
71) Heritage (noun) – өв удамшил
72) Future generations (phrase) – ирээдүйн үе удам
88
On the other hand38, there are obvious39 disadvantages to having only one global language. Firstly,
it would mean40 that all other languages would eventually41 disappear42 and, along with them43,
their cultures44. The diversity45 of cultures is one of the joys46 this world has to offer47. Each48
culture is unique49 with its own way of life50 and own perspectives51 of the world which would all
be lost52 if there were only one language. Secondly, it would result in 12 the collapse53 of tourism
because there would be no reason to travel for pleasure54 and interest55 if all countries had the
same language and similar56 cultures. This would devastate57 many countries economically58 that
rely on59 tourism as a source60 of income61.
In conclusion62, while63 there are plus points64 to having one global language, too much would be
lost65 as a result66. Maintaining67 local languages68 and cultures should be prioritized69 to ensure70
a rich world heritage71 for future generations72. (296 words)
89
2) To outweigh (verb) – илүү нөлөөтэй байх
3) Growth (noun) – өсөлт, ихсэлт
4) Industry (noun) – салбар
5) To bring (verb) – авчрах
7) Host nation (phrase) – эзэн улс
8) To receive (verb) – хүлээн авах
10) Serious (adjective) – ноцтой
11) Negative consequences (phrase) – сөрөг үр дагаварууд
12) Development (noun) – хөгжил
15) Aspect (noun) – шинж тал
16) Principally (adverb) – голдуу
17) Tourist trade (phrase) – аялал жуулчлалын салбар
18) To raise (verb) – өсгөх, ихэсгэх, үүсгэх
19) Cause for concern (phrase) – санаа зовоосон зүйл
21) Tourists themselves (phrase) – жуулчид өөрсдөө
22) To arrive (verb) – ирэх
23) Overseas destination (phrase) – хилийн чанадах очих газар
24) Price (noun) – үнэ тариф
25) To be grossly inflated (phrase) – маш их хэмжээгээр өссөн байх
26) To be overcharged (verb) – хэрээс хэтэрсэн төлбөр нэхэгдэх
27) Meal (noun) – зоог, хоол
28) Host country (phrase) – эзэн улс
29) Waste disposal (phrase) – хог хаягдлаас ангижрах нь
30) Pollution (noun) – бохирдол
31) Unregulated construction (phrase) – хязгаарлалт өгөөгүй барилга байгуулалт, зохицуулагдаагүй
барилга байгуулалт
32) Tourist attractions (phrase) – жуулчдын очиж үздэг газрууд
33) To result in something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд үр дүн болон хүрэх
34) Permanent damage (phrase) – удаан хугацаагаар үргэлжлэх хохирол, гэмтэл
35) Environment (noun) – байгаль орчин
37) Concrete jungle (phrase) – бетоны ширэнгэн ой
38) High-rise (adjective) – олон давхар
39) To accommodate (verb) – орон байраар хангах
40) Mass tourism (phrase) – олон жуулчид
90
International travel has many advantages to both1 travelers and the country that they visited. Do
advantages outweigh2 the disadvantages?
It is true that the growth3 of the international travel industry4 has brought5 many benefits6 to both
travelers and the host nations7 which receive8 them. While9 there are serious10 negative
consequences11 of this development12, I would argue13 that these are outweighed2 by the
advantages.
On the one hand14, there are some aspects15 of international travel, principally16 the tourist
trade17, which raises18 cause for concern19. In terms of20 the tourists themselves21, they often
arrive22 at an overseas destination23 only to find that the prices24 of everything are grossly
inflated25. They may be overcharged26 for everything from a taxi, a meal27 in a restaurant or buying
a souvenir. In terms of the host country28, the problems of waste disposal29, pollution30 and
unregulated construction31 of hotels and tourist attractions32 often result in33 permanent
damage34 to the environment35. Many beach resorts in Thailand and Malaysia, for example36, have
become “concrete jungles37” of high-rise38 hotels and apartments to accommodate39 mass
tourism40 from Europe.
91
41) On the other hand (phrase) – нөгөө талаараа бол
42) Despite such grave issues (phrase) – ийм ноцтой асуудлыг үл харгалзан
43) Insurmountable (adjective) – даван туулшгүй
44) To be considered against (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийн эсрэг харгалзан үзэгдэх
45) Growing (adjective) – өсөж буй
46) Ever-greater (adjective) – урьд өмнөхөөс ч илүү
47) Competition (noun) – өрсөлдөөн
48) Among (preposition) – дунд
49) Tour operator (phrase) – тур оператор, аялал жуулчлалын товчооны ажилтан
51) Value for money holidays (phrase) – мөнгө зарцуулахад алзахгүй тийм амралтын програмууд
52) So that (conjunction) – -хийн тулд
53) Holidaymaker (noun) – амрахаар хаа нэгтээ явах гэж байгаа эсвэл явж байгаа хүн
54) Experience (noun) – туршлага
55) Foreign country (phrase) – гадаад орон
57) To the full (phrase) – тултал нь
58) Influx (noun) – орж ирж буй урсгал
59) Foreign tourist (phrase) – гадаадаас ирсэн жуулчин
60) Through (preposition) – -аар
61) Provision of jobs and services (phrase) – ажлын байрны хангамж болон үйлчилгээний ханган
нийлүүлэлт
62) Developing (adjective) – хөгжиж буй
63) Construction industries (phrase) – барилгын салбар
64) Employee (noun) – ажилтан
65) Sector (noun) – салбар
66) Generally (adverb) – ихэвчлэн, ер нь
67) To benefit from something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлээс ашиг тусыг олж авах
68) Higher wage (phrase) – илүү өндөр цалин
69) Improved living standards (phrase) – сайжирсан амьдралын стандарт
71) Drawback (noun) – сөрөг тал, сул тал
72) Serious though these are (phrase) – эдгээр нь ноцтой ч гэсэн
92
On the other hand41, despite such grave issues42, these are not insurmountable43 and must be
considered against44 the advantages of the growing45 international travel industry. Firstly, there is
ever-greater46 competition47 among48 tour operators49 to provide50 value for money holidays51, so
that52 holidaymakers53 can enjoy their experience54 of a foreign country55 and culture56 to the
full57. Secondly, the influx58 of foreign tourists59 brings money to the host country7 through60 the
provision of jobs and services61 for the developing62 hotel and construction industries63.
Employees64 in these sectors65 generally66 benefit from67 higher wages68 and improved living
standards69.
In conclusion70, I believe that the advantages of international travel for both travelers and host
countries are greater than the drawbacks71, serious though these are72. (277 words)
93
94
TASK 2: Problem Solving
95
1) University graduate (phrase) – их сургуулийн төгсөгч
2) Chosen profession (phrase) – сонгосон мэргэжил
5) Subject (noun) – хичээл
6) Upon graduation (phrase) – төгсмөгц
7) Reality (noun) – бодит байдал
8) Fresh graduate (phrase) – төгсөөд удаагүй төгсөгч
9) To fail (verb) – бүтэлгүйтэх
10) Field (noun) – салбар
12) To be forced to do something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийхэд хүрдэг байх
13) To take up (verb) – хийж эхлэх, сонирхож хийж эхлэх
14) Below graduate level jobs (phrase) – их сургуулийн цол зэрэг шаардагддаггүй ажил
15) Root (noun) – үндэс, гол шалтгаан
16) To lie (verb) – орших, байх
17) Outdated higher education system (phrase) – хоцрогдсон дээд боловсролын систем
18) To modernize (verb) – орчин үеийн болгох
19) Traditional university education (phrase) – уламжлалт их сургуулийн боловсрол
21) A number of reasons (phrase) – хэд хэдэн тооны шалтгаан
22) Too theoretical (phrase) – хэт их онолын
24) Highly educated (phrase) – өндөр боловсролтой
25) To lack simple skills (phrase) – энгийн чадваруудаар дутагддаг байх
26) To be required for employment (phrase) – ажил эрхлэхэд шаардагддаг байх
27) Knowledge of IT software (phrase) – АЙТИ програм хангамжийн мэдлэг
28) Employer (noun) – ажил олгогч
30) To prefer (verb) – илүүд үзэх
31) Candidate (noun) – нэр дэвшигч
32) Hands-on experience (phrase) – практикийн туршлагатай
33) Another reason (phrase) – өөр нэг шалтгаан
34) To offer too many courses (phrase) – хэт их олон хичээлээр хангах
35) Popular fields (phrase) – алдартай салбар, мэргэжил
37) Law (noun) – хууль
38) To recruit enough students (phrase) – хангалттай их сурагчдыг шалгаруулж авах
40) Labour market (phrase) – хөдөлмөрийн зах зээл
41) Oversupply (noun) – илүүдэл
42) Deficit (noun) – хомсдол, дутагдал
96
Many university graduates1 cannot find a job in their chosen profession2. What factors3 may have
caused4 this situation and what, in your opinion, should be done about it?
When young people are choosing what subject5 to study at university, most of them hope they will
find a great job upon graduation6. In reality7 many fresh graduates8 fail9 to find work in their
field10 and some are even11 forced12 to take up13 below graduate level jobs14. In my opinion, the
root15 of this problem lies16 in the outdated higher education system17 that should be
modernized18.
Traditional university education19 does not prepare20 students for their first job for a number of
reasons21. One of them is that many programmes are too theoretical22. It means23 that highly
educated24 graduates lack simple skills25 required for employment26, for example, the knowledge
of IT software27. Employers28, therefore29, prefer30 candidates31 with hands-on experience32.
Another reason33 is that universities offer too many courses34 in popular fields35, such as36 business
and law37, and do not recruit enough students38 for engineering and science programmes. As a
result39, the UK labour market40 has an oversupply41 of law graduates and a deficit42 of engineers.
97
43) Reform (noun) – шинэчлэл
45) To alleviate (verb) – намдаах, хөнгөтгөх
47) Joint efforts (phrase) – хамтарсан хичээл зүтгэл
49) To work closer (phrase) – илүү ойр дотно ажиллах
50) Practical skills (phrase) – практикийн чадвар
51) To look for (verb) – хайх
52) Meanwhile (conjunction) – энэ хооронд
53) To develop (verb) – үүсгэх, байгуулах
54) Guideline (noun) – зааварчилгаа, удирдамж
55) To recruit (verb) – шалгаруулж авах
56) Each subject (phrase) – хичээл бүр
57) In accordance with the market demand (phrase) – зах зээлийн эрэлт хэрэгцээтэй нийцэхээр
59) Likely reason (phrase) – өндөр магадлалтай шалтгаан
61) Right skill set (phrase) – зөв чадварын сэт
62) In-demand profession (phrase) – эрэлттэй мэргэжил
63) To improve (verb) – сайжруулах
64) To update (verb) – шинэчлэх
65) Content (noun) – агуулга, контент
66) To limit (verb) – хязгаарлах
67) In line with the market demand (phrase) – зах зээлийн эрэлт хэрэгцээтэй нийцэхээр
98
A reform43 of higher education44 could alleviate45 many of the problems but would require46 joint
efforts47 from universities and the government48. If universities worked closer49 with employers,
they could teach students practical skills50 that companies look for51. Meanwhile52, the
government could develop53 guidelines54 on how many students universities should recruit55 in
each subject56 in accordance with the market demand57.
In conclusion58, a likely reason59 why many graduates cannot find a job in their field is because
university education might not have provided60 them with the right skill set61 or an in-demand
profession62. I think that universities and the government could improve63 the situation by
updating64 the content65 of the programmes and limiting66 the number of students in each subject
in line with the market demand67. (289 words)
99
1) Gap (noun) – зай
2) Increasingly wide (phrase) – улам ихээр өргөн
3) As (conjunction) – яагаад гэвэл
5) Solution (noun) – шийдэл
6) To address (verb) – учрыг нь олох
7) Region (noun) – бүс нутаг, газар
8) To result (verb) – үр дүн болон гарч ирэх
9) Complex (adjective) – түвэгтэй
10) Fundamental (adjective) – үндэс болсон, энгийн
11) To be based on expanding education (phrase) – боловсролыг дэлгэрүүлэх гэдэг дээр тулгуурласан
12) To adopt (verb) – хэрэгжүүлэх
13) To tackle (verb) – шийдвэрлэх, учрыг нь олох
14) Increasing levels of poverty (phrase) – өсөж буй ядуурлын түвшин
15) Rising wealth inequalities (phrase) – өсөж буй баялаг хөрөнгөний тэгш бус байдал
16) To impact on something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд нөлөө үзүүлэх
17) Economic growth (phrase) – эдийн засгийн өсөлт
18) Security (noun) – аюулгүй байдал
19) Citizen (noun) – иргэн
20) In economic terms (phrase) – эдийн засаг талаасаа, эдийн засгийн хувьд
21) Existence (noun) – оршихуй
22) Large mass (phrase) – маш их хэмжээ, тоо
23) Unemployed or low-paid workers (phrase) – ажилгүй эсвэл бага цалинтай ажилчид
24) To directly affect (phrase) – шууд нөлөө үзүүлдэг байх
25) Domestic businesses (phrase) – дотоодын бизнесүүд
27) Local shops (phrase) – тухайн газрын дэлгүүрүүд
28) Factory (noun) – үйлдвэр
29) To be forced to close (phrase) – хаахад хүрдэг байх
30) Further unemployment (phrase) – илүү их ажилгүйдэл
31) In terms of public security (phrase) – олон нийтийн аюулгүй байдлын хувьд
32) Without the means of obtaining money (phrase) – мөнгө олох арга байхгүй
33) Through (preposition) – -аар
34) To turn to something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлд хандан тусламж хүсэх
35) Crime (noun) – гэмт хэрэг
36) Drug trafficking (phrase) – хар тамхины наймаа
37) Prostitution (noun) – биеэ үнэлэлт
38) Robbery (noun) – хулгай
39) Violent attacks (phrase) – хэрцгий, хүчирхийлэлтэй халдлага, довтлолт
40) Youth unemployment (phrase) – залуу хүмүүсийн ажилгүйдэл
41) In particular (phrase) – ялангуяа
42) To be linked with rising crime rates (phrase) – өсөж буй гэмт хэргийн үзүүлэлттэй холбоотой байх
100
The gap1 between the rich and the poor is increasingly wide2, as3 rich people become richer and
poor people grow poorer. What problems could this situation cause4? What are the solutions5 to
address6 those problems?
It is true that the gap between the rich and the poor is growing wider in many regions7 of the world.
In my opinion, while the problems that result8 are complex9, fundamental10 solutions based on
expanding education11 should be adopted12 to tackle13 this problem.
Increasing levels of poverty14 and rising wealth inequalities15 impact on16 the economic growth17
of a country and the security18 of its citizens19. In economic terms20, the existence21 of a large
mass22 of unemployed or low-paid workers23 directly affects24 domestic businesses25, such as26
local shops27 and factories28. As nobody has money to buy their products, they are themselves
forced to close29, creating further unemployment30. In terms of public security31, without the
means of obtaining money32 through33 work, the poor may turn to34 crimes35 such as drug
trafficking36, prostitution37, robbery38 and violent attacks39 on others. Youth unemployment40 has,
in particular41, been linked with rising crime rates42.
101
45) To expand (verb) – дэлгэрүүлэх
46) Opportunity (noun) – боломж
47) To benefit (verb) – ашиг тус өгөх
49) To reduce (verb) – багасгах
50) Provision (noun) – хангамж, ханган нийлүүлэлт
51) Schooling (noun) – сургуулилт
52) Slum areas of cities (phrase) – хотын ядуурлын бүсүүд
53) Poor rural regions (phrase) – ядуурал ихтэй хөдөө нутгууд
54) To enable someone to do something (phrase) – боломжтой болгох
56) Educational attainment (phrase) – боловсролын ололт, амжилт
57) Grant (noun) – тэтгэмж
58) Scholarship (noun) – тэтгэлэг
59) To remain (verb) – үлдэх
60) For longer (phrase) – илүү удаан хугацаагаар
61) To gain (verb) – олж авах
62) Qualification (noun) – цол зэрэг
63) Technical education (phrase) – техник, аж үйлдвэрийн боловсрол
64) Trade (noun) – худалдаа эсвэл гар ажилбар орсон мэргэжил
65) Construction (noun) – барилга байгуулалт
66) Agriculture (noun) – газар тариалангийн аж ахуй
67) Highly educated (phrase) – өндөр боловсролтой
68) Workforce (noun) – ажлын хүчин
69) Skilled worker (phrase) – чадварлаг ажилтан
70) To be able to do something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийх чадвартай байх
71) To command high salaries (phrase) – өндөр цалин авах
72) Decent standard of living (phrase) – боломжийн амьдралын стандарт
73) To improve (verb) – сайжрах
74) Crime rates (phrase) – гэмт хэргийн үзүүлэлт
75) To fall (verb) – буурах
77) To deal with something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлтэй учраа олох
78) At its roots (phrase) – шалтгааныг нь харж
79) Authority (noun) – эрх мэдэл бүхий удирдлага, захиргаа
80) Wealthy (adjective) – баян, чинээлэг
81) Poor sectors of society (phrase) – нийгмийн ядуу давхарга, хэсгүүд, бүлгүүд
102
Governments43 must, therefore44, expand45 educational opportunities46 to benefit47 all their
citizens, in order to48 reduce49 the gap between the rich and the poor. The provision50 of a better
standard of schooling51 in slum areas of cities52 and in poor rural regions53 would enable54 children
to reach55 a higher level of educational attainment56. Grants57 and scholarships58 could be used to
help students to remain59 in education for longer60 and gain61 qualifications62. In particular41,
technical education63 could be expanded, helping poorer children to learn trades64. In
construction65, engineering, and agriculture66, a highly educated67 workforce68 will be needed in
the future, and skilled workers69 will be able to70 command high salaries71 and enjoy a decent
standard of living72. As work opportunities improve73, crime rates74 will fall75.
Thus76, I believe that dealing with77 the problem at its roots78, by expanding educational
opportunities, the authorities79 would be able to reduce49 the gap1 between the wealthy80 and
poor sectors of society81. (303 words)
103
104
TASK 2: Two-Part
105
1) Rather than (phrase) – -аас илүүтэйгээр
2) To be produced locally (phrase) – дотооддоо үйлдвэрлэгдсэн байх
4) Local food (phrase) – дотооддоо үйлдвэрлэгдсэн хоол хүнс
5) Consumption (noun) – хэрэглээ
6) To increase (verb) – ихсэх, нэмэгдэх, өсөх
7) In recent years (phrase) – сүүлийн жилүүдэд
8) In my view (phrase) – миний бодлоор
10) To account for (verb) – тайлбарлах, учирлах
12) Measures (noun) – арга хэмжээ
13) To implement (verb) – хэрэгжүүлэх
14) A number of reasons (phrase) – хэд хэдэн тооны шалтгаанууд
15) Attractive marketing (phrase) – анхаарал татсан маркетинг
16) Presentation (noun) – толилуулалт
17) Appealing (adjective) – анхаарал татсан, сэтгэл татам
18) Appetizing (adjective) – хорхой хүргэсэн, аппетит хөдөлгөсөн
19) Appearance (noun) – гадаад үзэмж
20) Consumer (noun) – хэрэглэгч
22) To expect (verb) – хүлээлттэй байх
23) Certain (adjective) – тодорхой нэг
24) High standards (phrase) – өндөр стандарт
25) Packaging (noun) – баглаа боодлоор савласан байдал
26) So that (conjunction) – -хийн тулд
27) Hygienic (adjective) – ариун цэврийн шаардлагыг хангасан, эрүүл ахуйн
28) In case of some products (phrase) – зарим бараа бүтээгдэхүүний тохиолдолд
29) Availability (noun) – бэлэн байгаа байдал
30) Wide range (phrase) – зөндөө олон янзын байдал
31) To enable (verb) – боломжтой болгох
32) To vary one’s diet (phrase) – идэш уушаа өөр өөр болгох
33) To experiment with new recipes (phrase) – шинэ хоолны жор турших
35) Welcome change (phrase) – таатай өөрчлөлт
36) Same meals (phrase) – адил, нөгөө л нэг ижил төрлийн хоол
37) Inevitably (adverb) – зайлсхийшгүйгээр
38) To become tedious (phrase) – урт болон уйтгартай болох
39) No longer (phrase) – ахиж.... үгүй
40) To stimulate the taste buds (phrase) – амт мэдэрдэг эсүүдээ өдөөх, сэдэх
106
In many countries, more and more people choose to buy imported food rather than1 food
produced locally2. Why do people buy imported food? What could be done to encourage3 people
to buy local food4?
It is true that the consumption5 of imported food has increased6 in recent years7. In my view8,
there are some factors9 which help to account for10 this trend11, but measures12 can be
implemented13 to encourage more people to eat food which is grown locally.
In many countries, people are buying more imported food and there are a number of reasons14 to
explain why this is happening. Firstly, the attractive marketing15 and presentation16 of imported
food products give them an appealing17 and appetizing18 appearance19. Consumers20 then21 come
to expect22 certain23 high standards24 of packaging25, so that26 food looks tasty, safe, hygienic27
and, in the case of some products28, easy to prepare. Secondly, the availability29 of a wide range30
of imported food enables31 people to vary their diet32 and experiment with new recipes33. This may
provide34 a welcome change35 from eating the same meals36 every day, which inevitably37 becomes
tedious38 and no longer39 stimulates the taste buds40.
107
41) Possible (adjective) – боломжтой
43) To take steps (phrase) – алхам хийх
44) Local growers (phrase) – дотооддоо үйлдвэрлэгддэг хоол хүнсийг үйлдвэрлэгч нар
47) Meat (noun) – мах
48) On display (phrase) – үйлчлүүлэгч нарт толилуулагдсан байдалд байх
49) Local markets (phrase) – орон нутгийн зах дэлгүүр
50) To be presented (adjective) – толилуулагдсан байх
51) Scrupulously (adverb) – анхаарал болгоомжтой, хийх ёсоор нь хийсэн маягаар
52) Hygienic conditions (phrase) – цэвэр ариун нөхцөл
53) To be protected by plastic wrapping (phrase) – хуванцар боодлоор хамгаалагдсан байх
54) To keep away (verb) – -аас хол байлгах
55) Dust (noun) – шороо тоос
56) Fly (noun) – ялаа
58) To enforce (verb) – дагаж мөрд гэж албадах, хүчлэх, хууль сахиулах
59) Strict (adjective) – чанга, хатуу
60) Food safety regulations (phrase) – хоолны аюулгүй байдлын дүрэм журам
61) Another measure (phrase) – өөр нэг арга хэмжээ
62) Variety (noun) – олон янз байх байдал
63) To eliminate (verb) – хасах, устгах
64) Need (noun) – хэрэгцээ
65) To stimulate (verb) – хөгжүүлэхэд түлхэц болох
66) Local economy (phrase) – дотоодын эдийн засаг
67) To reduce (verb) – багасгах
68) Environmental (adjective) – байгаль орчны
69) Costs of transportation (phrase) – тээвэрлэлтийн зардал
70) To be known as food miles (phrase) – фүд майл гэдэг нэртэйгээрээ олонд танил
72) Obvious (adjective) – мэдээжийн, илэрхий
73) Rise in popularity (phrase) – алдар нэрийн өсөлт
74) Simple measures (phrase) – энгийн арга хэмжээнүүд
75) To adopt (verb) – хэрэгжүүлэх
76) To meet the challenge (phrase) – ямар нэгэн сорил, асуудалтай нүүр тулж ажиллах, учрыг нь олох
108
It is possible41, however42, to take steps43 to encourage3 the consumption5 of locally produced food.
Local growers44 should ensure45 that their products always look clean and fresh. In Vietnam, for
example46, all the fruit and vegetables, meat47 and fish on display48 at local markets49 must be
presented50 in scrupulously51 hygienic conditions52, protected by plastic wrapping53 to keep away54
dust55 or flies56. The government57 should enforce58 strict59 food safety regulations60. Another
measure61 could be to increase the variety62 of food produced by local farmers, which would then
eliminate63 the need64 to import those foods from other countries. This would stimulate65 the local
economy66 and reduce67 the environmental68 costs of transportation69 known as food miles70.
In conclusion71, I believe that while there are some obvious72 reasons to explain the rise in
popularity73 of imported food, some simple measures74 should be adopted75 by local food
growers44 to meet this challenge76. (302 words)
109
1) Than ever before (phrase) – урьд өмнөхөөсөө
2) Why is this the case? (phrase) – яагаад ийм байгаа юм бэ?
4) To increase (verb) – ихсэх, өсөх
5) Over recent years (phrase) – сүүлийн жилүүдэд
6) According to my belief (phrase) – миний бодлоор
7) To identify (verb) – тодорхойлох
8) To account for (verb) – тайлбарлах
10) Undoubtedly (adverb) – эргэлзээгүйгээр
11) Chance (noun) – боломж
12) More frequently (phrase) – илүү давтамжтайгаар
13) To visit (verb) – зочлох
15) Far-flung destination (phrase) – алс холын очих газар
17) Important (adjective) – чухал
19) Increasing number (phrase) – өсөж буй тоо
20) To be able to do something (phrase) – ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийж чадах
21) Domestic (adjective) – дотоодын
22) Growing prosperity (phrase) – ихсэж буй чинээлэг аж амьдрал
23) Rise (noun) – өсөлт
24) Living standards (phrase) – амьдралын стандарт
25) To enable someone to do something (phrase) – хэн нэгнийг ямар нэгэн зүйлийг хийхэд нь боломжтой
болгох
26) Greater disposable income (phrase) – хэрэглэж болох боломжтой илүү их орлого (татвар, даатгал
нтрээ хасаад үлдэх мөнгө)
27) Luxury (noun) – баян тансаг байдал эсвэл үнэтэй зүйл, тансаг зүйл
29) Holiday (noun) – амралтаар хаа нэг тийшээгээ явах нь
30) To become affordable (phrase) – боломжийн үнэтэй болох
31) Competition among tour operators (phrase) – тур операторуудын хоорондох өрсөлдөөн
32) To reduce (verb) – багасгах, багасах
33) Cost of traveling (phrase) – аялахын зардал
34) Only a few decades ago (phrase) – хэдхээн арав арван жилийн өмнө
36) Budget airlines (phrase) – өрсөлдөгч нараасаа илүү хямд аялалыг санал болгодог айрлайн
37) To exist (verb) – орших
38) Passenger (noun) – зорчигч
39) Each year (phrase) – жил бүр
110
Today, more people are traveling than ever before1. Why is this the case2? What are the benefits3
of traveling for the traveler?
It is true that in many countries the number of people traveling has increased4 over recent years5.
There are reasons, according to my belief6, which can be identified7 to account for8 this trend9 and
travelers undoubtedly10 benefit (ашиг тус авах) from the chance11 to travel more frequently12 and
to visit13 even14 the most far-flung destinations15.
At least16 two important17 factors18 help to explain why an increasing number19 of people are now
able to20 enjoy domestic21 and international travel. Firstly, growing prosperity22 and a rise23 in
living standards24 in many countries have enabled25 people to enjoy things which they could never
have before. With greater disposable income26, family luxuries27 such as28 holidays29 have now
become affordable30. Secondly, competition among tour operators31 has reduced32 the cost of
traveling33. Only a few decades ago34, for example35, budget airlines36 did not exist37, but now they
are used by millions of passengers38 each year39.
111
40) It is of no doubt that (phrase) – үүнд эргэлзээ байхгүй
41) In the case of (phrase) – -ийн тохиолдолд
42) Clear advantages (phrase) – тодорхой давуу талууд
43) Wide choice (phrase) – өргөн сонголт
44) To experience (verb) – турших, амсаж үзэх
45) Other parts of their own countries (phrase) – эх орныхоо бусад газар нутгууд
46) Richness (noun) – баялаг
47) Unfamiliar (adjective) – мэддэггүй байх, танил бус
48) Exotic destinations (phrase) – алс холын этгээд очих газрууд
49) For instance (phrase) – жишээлбэл
50) Immensely popular (phrase) – маш их алдартай
51) Tourist (noun) – жуулчин
52) From all over the world (phrase) – өнцөг булан бүрээс
53) Including (preposition) – үүний дотор
54) Visitor (noun) – зочлогч
55) Unique cuisine (phrase) – этгээд хоол
56) Historical heritage (phrase) – түүхийн өв удамшил
57) Temple (noun) – дуган хийд
58) Tradition (noun) – уламжлал
59) Another (determiner) – өөр нэг
60) Now that travel is less costly (phrase) – одоо аялал арай бага үнэтэй болсон юм чинь
61) Chance (noun) – боломж
62) To reunite (verb) – дахин нэгдэх, холбогдох
63) Family member (phrase) – гэр бүлийн гишүүн
64) To move abroad (phrase) – гадаад руу нүүх
65) Because of (phrase) – -ний улмаас
66) Simply (adverb) – зүгээр л
67) In search of a better life (phrase) – илүү дээр амьдрал хайхаар
68) Family tie (phrase) – гэр бүлийн холбоос
69) To be maintained (verb) – хадгалагдах
70) To be strengthened (verb) – чангаруулагдах, бэхжүүлэгдэх
71) Thanks to (phrase) – -ийн ачаар
72) Greater opportunities (phrase) – илүү их боломж
74) Clear reasons (phrase) – тодорхой, ойлгомжтой шалтгаанууд
75) In my opinion (phrase) – миний бодлоор
76) Obvious (adjective) – ойлгомжтой, тодорхой, мэдээжийн
112
It is of no doubt that40, in the case of41 both domestic and international travel, there are clear
advantages42 for travelers. People now have a wide choice43 of places to go and things to see and
do. They are now able to experience44 other parts of their own countries45 or to enjoy the
richness46 of unfamiliar47 and, sometimes, exotic destinations48. Thailand, for instance49, is
immensely popular50 with tourists51 from all over the world52, including53 Vietnam. Visitors54 enjoy
not only the unique cuisine55 but also the rich historical heritage56 of Thai temples57 and
traditions58. Another59 advantage for many people, now that travel is less costly60, is the chance61
to be reunited62 with family members63 who have moved abroad64 because of65 work, study or
simply66 in search of a better life67. Family ties68 can be maintained69 and strengthened70 thanks
to71 the greater opportunities72 to travel.
In conclusion73, there are clear reasons74, in my opinion75, why more people are traveling and there
are obvious76 advantages for travelers. (310 words)
113

Writing Model Essays (IELTS)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Writing Model Essays (IELTS)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IELTS WRITING

Sample Model Essays

Agriculture (газар тариалангийн аж ахуй), which comprised31 almost a quarter32 of Turkey’s

You might also like