Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
Punctuality:
• Don’t be late
• Attendance will be done twice.
• Initially in first 5 Minutes of Lecture and at any random moment in between.
• I expect you to stay till the end of lecture. If for some reason you want to
leave early, you have to ask for it in advance.
home
network
regional ISP
institutional
network
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1-9
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
PC mobile network
millions of connected computing devices:
server
◦ hosts = end systems
global ISP
wireless
laptop
◦ running network apps
smartphone
home
communication links network
regional ISP
wireless fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links transmission rate:
bandwidth
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1-10
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
Infrastructure that provides
services to distributed global ISP
applications:
◦ Web,VoIP, email, games, e- home
commerce, social nets, … network
regional ISP
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1-11
but how these systems and network apps communicate with each other?
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-
ross
2:00
<file>
time
IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION 1-16
APPLIED SCIENCES
“Fun” internet appliances
Nobaztag
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
Internet
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
The residential telephone line carries both data and traditional telephone signals
simultaneously, which are encoded at different frequencies:
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES 1-24
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
cable splitter
modem cable modem termination system (CMTS)
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L coaxial cable
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
• DSL Internet transfers data directly between the ISP and the
home over the phone line, so bandwidth is never shared with
anyone else. This means that users will see overall consistent
performance.
• Cable Internet, on the other hand, delivers a block of
bandwidth to an entire neighborhood and then shares it
among the homes. This means that during peak hours, when
many homes in the neighborhood are online, Internet speeds
may be drastically reduced, especially if others in the
neighborhood use their connections heavily.
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
to Internet
to Internet
The physical medium can take many shapes and forms and does not have
to be of the same type for each transmitter-receiver pair along the path.
1. Packet Switching
2. Circut Switching
routing algorithm
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES 4-39
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets from
destination route taken by packets
router’s input to appropriate router
routing algorithms
output
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES 4-40
Circuit switching: FDM versus TDM
Example:
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) 4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION 1-41
APPLIED SCIENCES
Protocol “layers”
MAC
FTP
applications
IPv4
HTTP
DHCP DNS UDP
SSH
ICMP
ARP
Routing protocols hosts
RIP
hardware, software
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES 43
Organization of air travel
a series of steps
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
transport
FTP protocol ( transfer of files between two end
systems) network
link
SMTP (transfer of e-mail messages)
physical
Error checking
Data
Data
Data
Segment
Packet
Frame
Bits
Application
Data
TH | Seg1 TH | Seg2
TH | Seg2
NH|TH | Seg1
NH|TH | Seg2
DH|NH|TH | Seg1
DH|NH|TH | Seg2
01001010001010
DH|NH|TH | Seg1
01001010001010
NH|TH | Seg1
DH|NH|TH | Seg2
TH | Seg1
NH|TH | Seg2
TH | Seg2 TH | Seg1
Data
Introduction: 1-
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES
75
A closer look at Internet structure mobile network
interconnected routers
network of networks enterprise
network
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-76
Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s national or global ISP
Gbps) connect hundreds to thousands
of servers together, and to Internet
local or
regional ISP
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-77
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
72.14.211.72
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-78
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-79
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C
D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link
Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds transmission rate (bps)
of link for some period of time:
packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-80
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to, reserved for “call”
between source and destination
in diagram, each link has four circuits.
◦ call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st circuit in right
link.
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-81
Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
optical, electromagnetic frequencies 4 users
frequency
divided into (narrow) frequency bands
frequency
time divided into slots
each call allocated periodic slot(s), can
transmit at maximum rate of (wider) time
frequency band (only) during its time
slot(s)
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-82
Packet switching versus circuit switching
example:
1 Gb/s link
N
each user: users 1 Gbps link
• 100 Mb/s when “active”
• active 10% of time
Q: how many users can use this network under circuit-switching and packet switching?
circuit-switching: 10 users
packet switching: with 35 users, Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active at same time
is less than .0004 *
A: HW problem (for those with
course in probability only)
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples: http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross/interactive
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-83
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching?
• “It’s complicated.” We’ll study various techniques that try to make packet
switching as “circuit-like” as possible.
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-86
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-87
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
global
access
net
ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-88
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net ISP A
access
net ISP B access
net
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-89
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
net
access access
net access net
net
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-90
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A
access
net
IXP ISP B access
net
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-91
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may
run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
access access
net net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access net
net ISP A
access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
regional ISP access
net
access access
net access net
net
LECTURE – 01 - INTRODUCTION PIEAS, PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES Introduction: 1-92
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google
IXP IXP IXP
Regional ISP Regional ISP