ASSIGNMENT- 02

STATEMENT: Prepare a detail design criteria report for a housing scheme having 500 num-
bers of houses. Consider detail designing for water supply, sewerage and drainage, solid waste
collection and disposal system in future. Assume all other requirements which are necessary to
develop design criteria.

CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

SUBMITTED TO:
DR. SAIMER PARVEEZ
SUBMITTED BY:
MUHAMMAD HADEED
REG NO:
20-CE-96
SECTION:
D
SESSION:
UNIVERSITY OF 2K20

ENGG: & SEMESTER:

7TH
TECHNOLOGY COURSE:
TAXILA
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG. -II
(Theory)(CE-401)

SUBMITTED ON:
13TH DECEMBER 2023
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ ii

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ...................................................................... 1
I. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS:............................................................. 1
1) DESIGN PERIOD ...................................................................................................................... 1
2) POPULATION PROJECTION .................................................................................................. 1
3) PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION................................................................................. 1
4) TERMINAL PRESSURE ........................................................................................................... 1
5) VELOCITY OF FLOW IN PIPES ............................................................................................. 1
6) MINIMUM PIPE SIZE............................................................................................................... 2
7) COVER OVER PIPES ............................................................................................................... 2
8) FIRE HYDRANTS ..................................................................................................................... 2
9) OVERHEAD RESERVOIRS ..................................................................................................... 2
10) PUMPING MACHINERY ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
11) CHLORINATION .................................................................................................................... 3
12) GROUND WATER STORAGE............................................................................................... 3
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM .............................................................................. 3
I. INTRODUCTION: ..................................................................................................................... 3
1. AVERAGE SEWAGE FLOW................................................................................................ 3
2. PEAK FACTOR ..................................................................................................................... 4
3. INFILTRATION ..................................................................................................................... 4
II. DESIGN PERIOD .................................................................................................................. 4
1. SEWER SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 4
2. SEWER PUMPING STATION .............................................................................................. 4
3. DESIGN FLOW...................................................................................................................... 5
4. DESIGN EQUATION ............................................................................................................ 5
5. MINIMUM SEWER SIZE...................................................................................................... 5
6. MINIMUM COVER OF SEWER .......................................................................................... 5
7. SPACING OF MANHOLE (WASA) ..................................................................................... 5
8. DIRECTION OF SEWER LINE ............................................................................................ 5
9. PIPE MATERIALS ................................................................................................................ 5
10. LOCATION OF SEWERS ................................................................................................. 6
11. SEWER ALIGNMENT ...................................................................................................... 6
12. TRENCH WIDTHS ............................................................................................................ 6
13. CROSSINGS OF OTHER UTILITIES .............................................................................. 7
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM ............................................................................... 7
a) RATIONAL FORMULA ............................................................................................................ 7
b) RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (C) .................................................................................................... 7
c) RAINFALL INTENSITY (I) ...................................................................................................... 7
d) TIME OF CONCENTRATION .................................................................................................. 7
I. DESIGN CRITERIA .................................................................................................................. 8
1. PIPED COLLECTION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 8
2. PIPE LENGTH ....................................................................................................................... 8
3. VELOCITY............................................................................................................................. 8
4. SLOPE .................................................................................................................................... 8
5. DISCHARGE OF CONCENTRATED FLOWS .................................................................... 8
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL ................................... 9
I. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................... 9
1. PROPERTY BOUNDARY..................................................................................................... 9
2. OTHER FACILITIES ............................................................................................................. 9
3. AIRPORTS ............................................................................................................................. 9
4. SURFACE WATER ............................................................................................................. 10
5. FLOODPLAIN ..................................................................................................................... 10
6. UNSTABLE AREAS ............................................................................................................ 10
II. SOLID WASTE COLLECTION .......................................................................................... 10
Residential individual-unit refuses containers: ..................................................................... 10
Non-residential individual business refuses containers: ....................................................... 11
Dumpster:.............................................................................................................................. 11
Roll-off Refuse Container ..................................................................................................... 11
Cardboard Recycling Container ............................................................................................ 11
III. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ................................................................................................ 11
DESIGN METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 11
1. LOCATION .......................................................................................................................... 11
2. BASE ELEVATION ............................................................................................................. 12
C) MATERIALS BALANCE ................................................................................................ 12
REFERENCES: .................................................................................................................................... 12
 1

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

I. DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS:

The initial settlements were primarily influenced by the presence of water, and the
growth of urban centers closely corresponds to the establishment of communal water supply
systems. The earliest step in enhancing water resources from their natural sources like rivers,
lakes, and springs likely involved the creation of shallow wells. As the demand for water grew
and technology progressed, deeper wells were excavated. In the Indus River basin, urban dwell-
ers began constructing brick-lined wells at the earliest opportunity. They also crafted tunnels
with a slight incline into slopes containing groundwater. The force of gravity facilitated the
flow of water downhill through open water channels connecting to nearby towns and cities.

1) DESIGN PERIOD

The design parameters can be customized for different components, taking into account their
respective lifespans, the potential for extensions when required, and the interest rate to avoid
premature expenditure. Acquiring land for future expansion is advisable at this juncture. Pro-
ject elements can be developed to meet the requirements of the impending design time frame.

2) POPULATION PROJECTION
Population projection is to be determined according to the following expression:
Pn =Po (1+r)n

3) PER CAPITA WATER CONSUMPTION

❖ Domestic Water Consumption
Following modifications are proposed in the existing standard to determine domestic water
consumption.
❖ Population up to 100,000

Adjustments to the existing water usage rates are recommended for communities residing in
the province's plain areas with populations fewer than 100,000 residents. However, it is sug-
gested that water consumption rates be flexible, ranging from 3 to 5 gallons per capita per day
(gpcd) or more. This variability should be contingent upon the availability of drinking water
from the intended water supply source, particularly in mountainous areas and regions of the
province where sources of drinking water are scarce.

4) TERMINAL PRESSURE

a) Considering the prevailing trends in the construction of multistory buildings, it is advisable

to uphold a minimum terminal pressure of 12 meters.
 2

b) The existing standard for terminal pressure, set at a minimum of 8 meters, is adequately
sufficient for the design of rural water supply.

5) VELOCITY OF FLOW IN PIPES

a) Distribution mains 0.5to2 m/second
b) Rising mains 0.3to1.5 m/second

6) MINIMUM PIPE SIZE

The present minimum pipe size standard of 3 inches (80 mm) is suitable for flat terrains; how-
ever, it is recommended that hilly areas adopt a minimum pipe size of 1 ½ inches (38 mm). In
instances where the width of roads or sheet widths exceeds 30 feet, distribution pipelines should
ideally be installed on both sides of roadways and street pavements.

7) COVER OVER PIPES

An earth cover of 3 feet (about one meter) should be provided over laid water supply pipe lines
of all sizes except in hilly areas. Road cuts are to be backfilled with pit/river sand.

8) FIRE HYDRANTS

Fire hydrants are a necessity in all urban, semi-urban, and rural areas. The recommended di-
ameter for a fire hydrant is at least 2.5 inches (50 mm). These hydrants should be strategically
placed, with a specific guideline for their distribution: they are to be installed at every water
works location for water supply schemes designed for populations of up to 10,000 people and
at suitable locations for larger schemes.

9) OVERHEAD RESERVOIRS

For both urban and rural water supply schemes, the general recommendation is to incorporate
overhead storage reservoirs, except for hilly or semi-hilly regions where appropriately posi-
tioned ground storage reservoirs can effectively supply and maintain the required minimum
terminal pressure in the system. In areas with a population of 10,000 or more, the capacity of
overhead reservoirs should be determined by considering around one-tenth of the average daily
demand. An overhead reservoir should possess a minimum capacity of 10,000 gallons.

10) PUMPING MACHINERY

a) Provision of spare parts and tools is essential.

b) Units should be supplied, taking into consideration that a combination of units may be nec-
essary to accommodate average and peak hour flows.

c) The operational hours for Tube wells should be as follows: - Rural: 8-12 hours - Urban: 16
hours
 3

11) CHLORINATION

The existing standard, which ensures a residual chlorine level of 0.1 mg/l at the furthest point,
is deemed fully sufficient and aligns with international standards. Gas chlorination is recom-
mended for towns and cities equipped with chlorine gas cylinders. In areas lacking access to
chlorine gas, the installation of basic hypo-chlorinators is recommended. In cases where this
is not feasible, disinfection using chlorine solution is advised. Relevant agencies or depart-
ments are encouraged to procure chlorine kits, commonly referred to as "comparators," to
monitor residual chlorine content in the field.

12) GROUND WATER STORAGE

Intermediate pumping stations are recommended in cases where the length of the rising main
results in an excessive head loss, making the capacity of the pumping machinery economi-
cally unviable. An intermediate pumping station comprises a storage tank and pumping
equipment located within a pump house.
It is suggested that the capacity of the ground storage tank in the intermediate pumping sta-
tion be determined by storing the entire average daily demand for six hours.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM

I. INTRODUCTION:
A nation's economic growth is intricately tied to the functionality of its sewer infrastructure.
The efficient drainage of wastewater through sewers is paramount for a well-functioning sew-
age system. Designing sewers with careful consideration of invert levels is crucial to prevent
potential flaws in the overall system. Sewers play a vital role in preventing the spread of
more than 50 diseases carried by sewage, as they facilitate the removal of wastewater from
residential areas, businesses, roadways, runoff, and more. This concerted effort helps protect
the public and the environment from the hazards of dangerous illnesses.
To ensure a healthy living environment, it is imperative to have meticulously planned sewers,
and the sewage must undergo thorough cleaning processes before being discharged into riv-
ers. This comprehensive approach is essential for maintaining public health and environmen-
tal sustainability.
1. AVERAGE SEWAGE FLOW
The flow of sewage, originating from both sanitary and industrial sources, represents the un-
treated water discharged from households and industrial facilities. This flow is directly corre-
lated with the quantity of water consumed in these sectors. Typically, approximately 80 to 90%
of the water consumed is regarded as sewage or wastewater flow. This relationship underscores
the significant impact of water usage on the generation of sewage, emphasizing the importance
of efficient wastewater management in both residential and industrial contexts.
 4

2. PEAK FACTOR
The flow of water in a water supply system tends to fluctuate over time. It is crucial to examine
the variability in sewage flow because sewer systems must be capable of managing the Maxi-
mum Rate of Flow.

The Herman Formula is commonly employed to calculate the ratio of Maximum to Average
Flow. Given that sewage does not flow continuously and experiences variations over time,
the design of the wastewater network must account for accommodating peak wastewater
flow. This approach ensures that the sewer infrastructure is appropriately designed to handle
the highest flow rates that may occur during specific periods.

The peak factor will also be calculated by following formula:

5.75
Peak factor = 𝑃 0.2
Where P = Population in thousands.
The peak factor shall not be greater than 6 and not less than 2 in any case.

3. INFILTRATION
The volume of water that infiltrates sewers through walls, manhole covers, fractured pipes, and
faulty joints is known as infiltration. This phenomenon is absent in dry weather but becomes
significant during the rainy season.
The Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) in Lahore utilizes the following infiltration rates
when designing the sewer system.

Sewer Diameter Infiltration

225 mm to 600 mm 5 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

> 600 mm 10 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

II. DESIGN PERIOD

1. SEWER SYSTEM

The period of design for the sewer system is indefinite, meaning it is designed to accommodate
the maximum development of the area. However, a practical approach involves selecting a
design period of 20 years to plan and engineer the sewer system. This duration allows for an-
ticipation and adaptation to changes and developments in the area over a substantial time frame
 5

2. SEWER PUMPING STATION

Design period is 10-years.
Rate of Flow are average daily, peak, and minimum flow including Infiltration.

3. DESIGN FLOW

First, figure out the average sewage flow at the conclusion of the design period based on pop-
ulation and water usage. i.e., when the region has fully developed. Next, apply the following
formula to compute the design flow for partially combined sewers and sanitary sewers.
1) For Sanitary Sewers, Q design is equal to peak sewage flow plus infiltration.
2) WASA Criteria for partially combined sewers states that Q design is equal to double peak
sewage flow plus infiltration.

4. DESIGN EQUATION
Manning’s Equation is used for sewers flowing under gravity
Following Manning's equation will be used to determine the velocity in the sewer lines:

where:
V = Velocity of flow in m/sec
R = Hydraulic mean depth (A/P) = D/4 when pipe is flowing full or half full
S = Slope of the sewer
n = Coefficient of roughness for pipes

5. MINIMUM SEWER SIZE

6. We consider 225mm to be the minimum sewer size. The explanation for this is that even
with larger particles—which are typically dropped into the sewer through manholes—
choking does not occur.
7. MINIMUM COVER OF SEWER
1m is taken as the minimum cover over the sewers to avoid damage from live loads coming on
the sewer.

8. SPACING OF MANHOLE (WASA)

For (Sewer Size) 225mm to 380mm; spacing not more than 100m
For (Sewer Size) 460mm to 760mm; spacing not more than 120m
For (Sewer Size) greater than 760mm; spacing not more than 150m

9. DIRECTION OF SEWER LINE

To ensure optimal performance, sewers should follow the natural slope as much as possible.
The minimum slope for a sewer section is typically determined by considering the minimum
velocity requirements.
Sewers are designed to flow at 0.75 of their full depth under peak flow conditions. This design
element is incorporated to provide the necessary air gap, allowing the sewer to operate at up to
90% of its capacity during peak flow. The design flow is calculated by multiplying the peak
 6

flow by a factor of 1.12 to accommodate this condition. This approach ensures that the sewer
system is adequately designed to handle peak flow conditions while maintaining the required
velocity and air gap.

10. PIPE MATERIALS

The type of pipes to be used for sewerage system depends upon the following factors:
a) Corrosion resistance
b) Capital cost
c) Local availability
d) Ease of installation
e) Efficiency of joints
f) Load sustaining ability
g) Useful life
The primary materials used for pipes in sanitary drainage systems include unplasticized Poly-
vinyl Chloride (UPVC), Vitrified Clay (VC), Asbestos Cement (AC), Reinforced Cement Con-
crete (RCC), and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), among others. While each material of-
fers specific advantages for particular situations, all these pipes are technically suitable for use
in sanitary drainage systems.
Based on market research conducted thus far, HDPE and UPVC pipes are readily available in
the area. A cost comparison reveals that both types of pipes have competitive rates and can be
used interchangeably. Despite the growing trend towards the use of HDPE pipes, even though
both pipes are technically nearly equally suited, HDPE pipes will be employed for sewer lines.
Meanwhile, UPVC pipes will be utilized for housing connections.

11. LOCATION OF SEWERS

❖ Sewers will be generally located keeping in view the natural ground slopes in order to
minimize the depth of excavation.
❖ Sewer will be positioned in accordance with the utility/service reservation requirements
of the local Municipality.

12. SEWER ALIGNMENT

Sewer lengths between manholes will be laid at a uniform gradient and diameter and straight
in plan.

13. TRENCH WIDTHS

Trench widths for lying of pipes of various sizes in the network are shown in table:

Pipe Diame- 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700
ter (mm)
Trench 650 700 750 850 900 950 1050 1100 1250 1400
Width (mm)
 7

14. CROSSINGS OF OTHER UTILITIES

Where the proposed sewers cross the existing utilities the sewer should be laid in such a way
so as to avoid interference with these utilities. Sewers will be laid below water pipes wherever
possible. If the water main underpasses any sewer line it will be protected by sleeving or con-
crete encasement at the crossing to minimize the risk of contamination of water supply.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

a) RATIONAL FORMULA
The capacity of stormwater drainage is calculated using a logical formula that considers several
factors, including the slope of the designated area, the type of development, and the intensity
of rainfall. The rainfall intensity is assessed through a logical evaluation of data from the pre-
vious ten years, taking into account 80% of rainstorms during this period. The discharge is
computed as follows:
Q = CIA
Where:
Q = maximum rate of runoff (cfs)
C = runoff coefficient representing a ratio of runoff to rainfall
I = average rainfall intensity for a duration equal to the tc (in/hr)
A = drainage area contributing to the design location (acres)

b) RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (C)

In the Rational Method, the runoff coefficient (C) is a variable that is least amenable to exact
calculation. Its determination relies significantly on the design engineer's judgment and com-
prehension. The selection of runoff coefficients will consistently require engineering judgment,
even though typical coefficients represent the combined influence of various drainage basin
characteristics. The complexity and variability of factors influencing runoff make it challeng-
ing to precisely calculate the runoff coefficient, highlighting the importance of engineering
expertise and experience in this aspect of stormwater management.

c) RAINFALL INTENSITY (I)

The rainfall intensity (I) is defined as the average rainfall rate in inches per hour for a selected
return period, calculated over a duration equivalent to the time of concentration (tc). Once a
specific return period has been chosen for the design and the time of concentration has been
computed for the drainage area, the intensity of the rainfall can be determined. This parameter
is crucial in stormwater management as it helps engineers assess and design drainage systems
based on the expected rainfall conditions for a given time period.
d) TIME OF CONCENTRATION
To apply the rational method, the time of concentration (tc) for each design point within the
drainage basin needs to be determined. The design average rainfall intensity (I) is then esti-
mated by setting the rainfall duration equal to the concentration time.
 8

The basin time of concentration is defined as the time it takes for water to travel from the fur-
thest point in the drainage region to the designated point of interest used in discharge calcula-
tions. The time of concentration is calculated as the sum of the travel times within each flow
channel. The formula for calculating the time of concentration is as follows:

Tc = tt1 + tt2 + ttm

I. DESIGN CRITERIA

1. PIPED COLLECTION SYSTEMS

The preliminary design of piped collection systems is based on conveying peak flows from a
fully developed 25-year storm, with the hydraulic grade line maintained one foot below struc-
tures or the final ground surface. Following this, a thorough analysis for 100-year flow condi-
tions is conducted, and the design is adjusted to minimize the likelihood of flooding and dam-
age. The smallest diameter pipe allowed is 15 inches. Catch basins are strategically placed to
limit street spread for a 10-year design flow, and approval from the Storm Water Management
Division is required before a permit is issued. Comprehensive calculations for flow, velocity,
and hydraulic grade line are necessary for each system segment, with hydraulic grade lines
visible on storm drainage profiles in development plans for the 25-year storm.

2. PIPE LENGTH

Live stream culverts are required to extend up to the point where the pipe's crown aligns with
the slope of the road. For pipes that don't carry live streams but are essential for providing a
sufficiently protected building site, they must extend at least 50 feet beyond the front building
setback lines. In some cases, these pipes may need to extend even further. While they can
temporarily stop at the right-of-way line in nonresidential developments, their extension is
mandated as part of a later development permit specifically approved for the site. However, the
length requirement is subject to compliance with the standards outlined by the County or Geor-
gia law for preserving stream buffers.

3. VELOCITY

In the design of a corrugated metal pipe system, the maximum velocity allowed is 15 feet per
second. Any pipe material experiencing a velocity exceeding 10 feet per minute requires spe-
cific design attention. This includes careful consideration of pipe invert protection and ensuring
that the receiving waterway or detention facility has the capacity to handle the flow without
any adverse impacts or harm. Specialized design measures are necessary to address these con-
siderations and maintain the integrity of the system.

4. SLOPE

The maximum allowable slope for storm drainage pipes varies based on the material used: 10%
for concrete pipes, 14% for both corrugated metal and HDPE pipes. Larger slopes may be
allowed if the installation adheres to the manufacturer's guidelines. In cases where the slope
 9

exceeds ten percent, anchor collars may be necessary for stabilization. Additionally, pipe co-
vers must have a minimum diameter of one (1) foot to meet the specified standards.

5. DISCHARGE OF CONCENTRATED FLOWS

Releasing concentrated stormwater flows onto public roads is strictly prohibited. These con-
centrated flows, originating from sources such as ditches, swales, draws, roadways, or piped
systems, must never exceed the permitted peak flow rates as outlined in the following table.
Compliance with these regulations is essential to ensure proper stormwater management and
prevent adverse impacts on public roads and surrounding areas.

In residential subdivisions, the drainage area contributing to the peak flow along any property
line between lots within 50 feet of the building setback line for either lot must not exceed 2
acres, unless it is contained within a piped drainage system or maintained in a natural water-
course. Additionally, the conveyance of stormwater shall be facilitated through a drainage ease-
ment. This regulation aims to manage stormwater effectively within residential areas while
preserving natural watercourses or utilizing piped drainage systems as necessary.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION AND

DISPOSAL
I. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. PROPERTY BOUNDARY

The discharge of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) should be separated from the property line by
a buffer zone of at least 50 meters. Within this buffer zone, the 15 nearest meters must be
specifically designated for natural or landscaped screening, which can include features such as
berms or vegetation. This requirement is intended to provide visual screening and enhance the
aesthetic and environmental aspects of the area surrounding the MSW discharge.

2. OTHER FACILITIES

A minimum distance of 300 meters must be maintained between the discharge point of Munic-
ipal Solid Waste (MSW) and the nearest residential property, water supply well, water supply
intake, hotel, restaurant, food processing plant, school, church, or public park. This regulation
aims to ensure a safe and healthy separation between waste disposal activities and sensitive or
inhabited areas, minimizing potential environmental and public health impacts.
 10

3. AIRPORTS

An airport utilized by commercial aircraft must maintain a minimum distance of 8.0 kilometers
from a landfill that stores food wastes capable of attracting birds. However, exceptions can be
made if the airport manager approves and Transport Canada accepts bird control measures, or
if there is a low probability that birds will pose a threat to aircraft. This regulation is imple-
mented to enhance aviation safety by mitigating the risk of bird strikes around airports.

4. SURFACE WATER

A minimum distance of 100 meters must be maintained between the closest surface water and
the released Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). However, the Manager has the authority to allow
greater or lower separation intervals based on specific conditions. This flexibility is contingent
on the implementation of surface water diversion works to redirect problematic watercourses
or if hydrogeological research justifies an adjustment in separation distances. This regulatory
approach ensures environmental protection while allowing for site-specific considerations.

5. FLOODPLAIN

Siting landfills within the 200-year floodplain and the associated floodway is not advisable
without adequate protection to prevent washouts. The Manager is responsible for submitting
designs for flood protection to the Ministry of Environment's Water Management Division's
Water Management Branch for feedback. While the Ministry provides input, the Manager re-
tains the ultimate authority for approval in this matter. This procedure is in place to ensure
careful consideration of flood-related risks and protection measures for landfills.

6. UNSTABLE AREAS
Landfills are not to be located within 100 meters of an unstable area.

II. SOLID WASTE COLLECTION

Standard Refuse Containers shall meet the following standards:

❖ Residential individual-unit refuses containers:

1. The City's Solid Waste Services Division is obligated to provide standard 96-gallon residen-
tial roll-out solid waste containers for any newly constructed single-family detached dwelling
or single-family townhome. The use of other containers is not allowed.
2. A maximum of two carts will be collected at any one location.
3. Upon the resident's request, the City will supply a 64-gallon cart in lieu of the standard 96-
gallon cart.
4. Residents have the option to purchase one additional cart directly from the city.
 11

Collection services will not be provided for carts that were not supplied by or purchased from
the city.

❖ Non-residential individual business refuses containers:

1. In special situations, individual containers may be approved by the Solid Waste Ser-
vices Director for use by nonresidential owners or tenants
2. Standard 96-gallon roll-out containers must be purchased from the city for this use

❖ Dumpster:
1. Must have a capacity of 8 cubic yards without compacting, or
2. A capacity of less than 8 cubic yards, but raised to the equivalent thereof with a de-
tachable compactor operated between collections and removed prior to collection
3. Must have a gross weight filled of less than 6000 lb.
4. Must have features equivalent to a Dumpster Dump Master brand container
5. A minimum of 1 dumpster for every 25 units must be provided, unless otherwise ap-
proved by the Solid Waste Services Director
6. No more than 9 containers shall be located within a single development
7. If the number of dwelling units in a development requires more than 9 containers, a
roll-off refuse container or containers as noted below is required

❖ Roll-off Refuse Container

1. Must have a capacity of no less than 35 cubic yards and no more than 46 cubic yards
2. Must have features equivalent to a Dumpster Dinosaur brand container of such volume

❖ Cardboard Recycling Container

1. The container should be a dumpster modified or manufactured as a cardboard container.
The 8-cubic yard capacity is recommended.
2. Cardboard recycling containers are required for non-residential developments except
as may be varied on a case-by-case basis by the Solid Waste Services Director for com-
mercial developments in primarily residential areas.

III. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

1. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
The actual design of the landfill can commence once fundamental data is collected, the required
volume is assessed, and specifications for different soil or geosynthetic materials are deter-
mined. Each landfill site is evaluated based on its unique characteristics, and there is no one-
size-fits-all approach to landfill planning. Typically, the process involves situating the landfill
within the site's boundaries, determining top and base elevations, and then balancing soil ma-
terials to ensure that the materials needed for construction are neither excessive nor insufficient
for diverse requirements. To refine the design, multiple tests and adjustments are often neces-
sary.
 12

2. LOCATION
Selecting a landfill location within the site area involves a thorough examination of topo-
graphic, geotechnical, hydrogeological, and other relevant data obtained during the basic data
collection phase. While landfills can be adaptable to various terrain types, certain topographical
features are more suitable than others. Landfills can be constructed with minimal excavation
in swales, ravines, or on side slopes. This approach allows the landfill to be integrated into the
surrounding landscape once built.
On flat terrain, landfills typically require more excavation, at least initially, and it may be chal-
lenging to seamlessly integrate the finished landfill into the surrounding topography. The
choice of landfill location is crucial in optimizing construction efforts, minimizing environ-
mental impact, and ensuring long-term compatibility with the site's natural features

3. BASE ELEVATION
Determining the base elevation of a landfill is a critical step in the design process. The founda-
tion for establishing this elevation is the minimum allowable separation of 10 feet between the
top of the groundwater beneath the lowest landfill liner and its bottom. This separation can be
reduced to 5 feet only with the installation of a groundwater hydraulic gradient control system.
Geotechnical data, revealing the location of the groundwater aquifer and the underlying soils,
is essential in this process. Once the required separation and groundwater levels are determined,
the base elevation can be set. With the base elevation established, the top elevation can then be
determined by considering the necessary volume and the available area for the landfill.

4. MATERIALS BALANCE
The quantities of different materials required for a proposed bottom elevation and landfill lay-
out are balanced against established soil material requirements for construction and operation
once the top and bottom elevations are determined. The most cost-effective landfill design in-
volves excavating only the amount of soil necessary for the development and maintenance of
the landfill. Factors such as the leachate's ability to naturally move from the dump to a treat-
ment facility may weigh more heavily than others.

Balancing soil ingredients involves a trial-and-error process, with a preference for a modest
excess of material over a shortfall, as importing material can be expensive. Soil material re-
quirements not met by on-site excavation must be imported. In certain cases, a nearby borrow
pit, even if not used as part of the landfill, may allow for the setup and operation of a borrow
operation alongside regular landfill operations.

Once the landfill configuration and ultimate base elevation are determined, a bottom grading
plan and final grading plan should be created. Intermediate grading plans for each construction
stage, often done in phases, should also be developed. These plans display suggested grade
contours for the landfill's base, top, and each growth stage.
 13

REFERENCES:
CDA, 2020. Water Supply. [Online] Available at: http://www.cda.gov.pk/eservices/waterbill

Design, E., 2019. EPA. [Online] Available at: https://applications.deq.ok.gov/super-

fundweb/download.ashx?barcode=LPSUPERFUND00002690DEQ&recorddate=2016-02-
02T09:24:19.843&docType=PDF

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