Periodic Table and

Periodicity (Trends)

Section A- Principles of Chemistry

You should be able to
✹ Explain the basis for the arrangement of
the elements in the periodic table.
✹ Explain trends in Group II
✹ Explain trends in group VII
✹ Explain trends in Period 3
✹ Predict the properties of unknown
elements based on position in the
periodic table.
Activity: Who am I?
✹ I have 4 shells and 3 valence electrons
✹ I have 2 valence electrons and 5 shells
✹ I have 19 electrons
✹ I have a single shell and 2 valence
electrons
✹ I have six shells and 8 valence
electrons
✹ I have seven shells and 1 valence
electron
 The Periodic Table

• Development/History of the
Modern Periodic Table
• An Introduction to the
Elements
• Periodic Trends
Periodic Table
✹ Why Periodic????
✹ The properties of the elements repeat in in a
periodic way.
✹ Invaluable tool for chemistry
✹ Used for organization
History of the Periodic Table
✹ Timeline
✹ Trace the development of the Periodic
Table by making a timeline
✹ Aristotle
✹ Newlands
✹ Dobereiner
✹ Meyer
✹ Mendeleev
✹ Moseley
Alchemy
The Alchemists
 The Basics
✹ Elements are arranged
by increasing atomic
number
✹ Typical box contains:
✹ Name of the element
✹ Symbol
✹ Atomic number

✹ Atomic mass
Groups: Vertical Columns
They are really Numbered I-XVIII (Roman Numerals)
NB At CSEC you number the groups I-VIII
Groups
✹ Groups are the vertical columns in the
Periodic table. There are 18 groups.
✹ Groups are numbered I-VII and group
VIII is referred to as group 0.
✹ Elements in group 0 have a full outer
shell
✹ All elements in the same group have the
same number of valence electrons.
✹ All elements in the same group have the
same chemical properties.
Periods Horizontal Rows
Numbered 1-7 (Arabic Numbers)
Periods
✹ Periods are the horizontal rows of elements in the
table. There are 7 periods.
✹ Periods are numbered using Arabic numerals 1-7
✹ All elements in the same period have the same
number of shells.
✹ The number of occupied shells is the same as the
period number.
✹ Moving along a period from left to right, each
successive element will have one more valence
electron than the previous element.
✹ The metallic nature of the elements decrease from
left to right across a period.
Classification of the Elements
Metals
Nonmetals
✹ Metalloids (boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium).
 Metals
•Occupy the left side of
the periodic table
•Have luster, shiny
•Solids at room temp
except Hg
•Ductile: ability to be
drawn into wires
•Malleable: ability to be
hammered into sheets
•Excellent conductors of
heat and electricity
•Tend to form positive
ions
Metalloids
Show characteristics of
metals and nonmetals
Non-Metals ✹ Occupy the right side of the
Periodic Table
✹ Generally gases or brittle
solids
✹ Dull-looking
✹ Brittle
✹ Poor conductors of heat and
electricity
✹ Bromine is the only liquid at
room temp
✹ Tend to form negative ions
Classification of the Elements
✹ Families of elements share the same
ending electron configuration.
✹ therefore they share similar chemical
characteristics
✹ Valence Electrons: These are the
electrons found on the outer shell.
✹ Determine Chemical reactivity
✹ Elements in a group share the same
number of valence electrons
The Octet Rule
✹ Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons in
order to acquire a full set of eight valence
electrons.

✹ Elements on the left (metals) tend to lose

valence electrons and form positive ions
✹ Elements on the right (nonmetals) tend to
gain electrons to become negative ions
 Number of Valence Electrons
Elements on the right
• Nonmetals
• 4 or more valence electrons
• tend to gain electrons
• become negative ions

Elements on the left

• Metals
• 3 or less valence electrons
• tend to lose valence electrons
• form positive ions
Most Common Ions
Periodic Trends
✹ A trend is a predictable change in a
particular direction
✹ Properties of Elements tend to occur in
a predictable way
✹ Known as a trend, as you move across
a period or down a group
✹ Knowing the trend in properties of the
element allows us to make predictions
about an element’s behavior
 Periodic Properties

✹ Properties ✹ Questions we will

✹ Atomic Radius answer:
✹ Ionic Radius ✹ Definition
✹ Electronegativity ✹ How does the
✹ Ionization Energy property vary across
the table?
✹ Why?
✹ How does it vary
down a group?
✹ Why?
 Atomic Radius
✹ The atomic radius is a measure of
the size of an atom.
✹ The larger the radius, the larger is
the atom.
 Atomic Radius
● For elements that occur as molecules, the
atomic radius is half the distance between
nuclei of identical atoms.
Trends in Atomic Radius
✹ There is a general decrease in atomic
radius from left to right, caused by
increasing positive charge in the
nucleus.
✹ Valence electrons are not shielded from
the increasing nuclear charge because
no additional electrons come between
the nucleus and the valence electrons.
Group Trends in Atomic Radius
✹ Atomic Radius increases as you
move down a group
✹ Why?
There is one extra shell for each
new period that electrons enter.
Hence electrons are further away
from the pull of the nucleus as you
go down a group.
Atomic Radius
● Atomic radius generally increases as
you move down a group.
Ionic Radius
✹ Atoms can gain or lose electrons to
form ions
✹ Ion: an atom with a charge
✹ Recall that atoms are neutral in charge,
✹ If an electron is lost, then the overall
charge is positive
✹ If an electron is gained the atom
becomes negative
Positive Ion (Cation) Formation
✹ When atoms lose electrons
✹ Radius always becomes smaller
Because…
✹ The loss of a valence electron can leave an
empty outer orbital resulting in a small radius.
✹ Electrostatic repulsion decreases allowing the
electrons to be pulled closer to the radius.
Negative Ion (Anion) Formation
✹ When atoms gain electrons
✹ Radius always increases Why?
✹ More electrons mean more electrostatic
repulsion resulting in increased diameter.
 Period Trend for Ionic Radius
✹ As you move left to
right across a period
✹ the ionic radius gets
smaller for the
positive ions
✹ The ionic radius for
the negative ions
also decreases
 Group Trend for Ionic Radius
✹ Both positive and
negative ions
increase in size
moving down a
group. This is
because there are
more shells
around the nucleus as
you go down the
group.
Ionic Radius
Ionization Energy
✹ the amount of energy need to remove an
electron from a specific atom or ion in its
ground state in the gas phase

✹ High Ionization Energy: atom is holding

onto electrons very strongly
✹ Low Ionization Energy: atom is holding
electrons less tightly
Trends for
Ionization Energy
✹ Generally increases as you move
across a period
✹ because increased nuclear charge
(positive charge of the nucleus) causes an
increased hold on the electrons.
✹ Ionization Energy decreases as you
move down a group
✹ due to increasing atomic size because the
number of shells increase as you go down
the group.
Trends in Ionization Energy
 Electronegativity
✹ The ability of an atom to
attract electrons to itself when
it is combined with another
atom
✹ Noble gases have no values
because of few chemical
compounds
Electronegativity
✹ Greater the electronegativity
✹ the higher an atom’s ability to
pull an electron to itself when
it is bonded to another atom
✹ What are the periodic trends in
electronegativity?
✹ Why?
 Trends in Electronegativity
✹ Electronegativity Increases as you move
across a period

✹ Electronegativity decreases as you move

down a group

Where are the elements with highest

electronegativity?

Where are the elements with lowest

electronegativity?
Electronegativity
Summary of Trends
Summary of Trends
Challenge
 Families of elements
✹ Elements of the same family (group)
share structural and chemical
(behavioral) characteristics
✹ Alkali Metals
✹ Alkaline Earth Metals
✹ Transition Elements
✹ Halogens
✹ Noble Gases
You are to study the trends in
Group II, Group VII and Period
3 for the CSEC Syllabus.
Group II: Alkaline Earth Metals
✹ Harder, denser, stronger, and have
higher melting points than alkali
metals
✹ All are reactive not as reactive as
group 1
Group II: Alkaline Earth Metals
✹ Must lose two electrons to gain a stable
configuration
Group II Alkaline Earth Metals
✹ Atomic radius increases down the group
because more shells are being
occupied.
✹ Ease of ionization increases down the
group.
✹ Since during a reaction, the atom
ionizes, reactivity increases down the
group.
Reactivity of Alkaline Earth
Metals
✹ Group 2 elements react with oxygen to
form metal oxides. These oxides form a
basic mixture with water so they are
called basic oxides.
✹ eg.
✹ Magnesium + Oxygen🡪 Magnesium oxide
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 🡪 2 MgO (s)
Reaction of Group II elements
with oxygen
Reaction of magnesium with
oxygen (air)
✹ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5ci
TT5fOvs
Flame test of Group II metals
✹ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd
WeZ3PTUxc
Reaction of Group II elements
with water
✹ Group II metals react with water to form
the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas.

✹ Group II metals form an alkaline

solution (pH>7) in water so they are
called the Alkaline Earth Metals
Group II (Alkaline Earth
Metals) reaction with water
Group II (Alkaline Earth
Metals) reaction with water

✹ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKC
HnuEdVY8
Group II (Alkaline Earth Metals) reaction
with dilute hydrochloric acid

✹ Group II metals react with hydrochloric

acid to form a chloride salt and
hydrogen gas.
✹ Reactivity increases down the group.
Magnesium reacts vigorously, calcium
reacts very vigorously and barium
reacts violently.
✹ eg.
✹ Magnesium + hydrochloric acid🡪 Magnesium chloride + hydrogen gas
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) 🡪 MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
Group II (Alkaline Earth Metals) reaction
with hydrochloric acid

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vp6w
wj2uZcc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q72ns
OFSj-0
Group VII: Halogens
✹ Most reactive non-metals
✹ Combine easily with metals; especially
the alkali metals
The Halogens
✹ They are all diatomic molecules.

✹ Fluorine is a pale yellow gas

✹ Chlorine is a yellow green gas
✹ Bromine is a red-brown liquid
✹ Iodine is a grey-black solid
✹ Astatine is a black solid
Halogens
✹ 7 valence electrons, one short of a
stable octet.
✹ Will gain one electron to become
stable
✹ Form ions with 1- charge.
Halogens with H2O
✹ When halogens react they attract
electrons and become negatively
charged.

✹ Reactivity decreases down group

because electronegativity and oxidizing
power decreases down group; electrons
farther from nucleus and are shielded
Halogen and halide ions
The higher Halogen displaces the lower halogen
from a salt; NEVER THE OTHER WAY
AROUND!

✹ Cl2 + 2Kl 🡪 2KCl + I2

✹ Cl2 + 2NaBr 🡪 2NaCl + Br2
✹ Br2 + 2KI 🡪 2KBr + I2
✹ Br2 + KCl 🡪 No reaction
✹ I2 + NaCl 🡪 No reaction
✹ I2 + KBr 🡪 No reaction
Halogen and metal
✹ Make salts with halide ion
K(s) + Cl2(aq)🡪 KCl(s)

✹ Salts are usually white in colour and

soluble in water creating colourless
solutions

✹ Common insoluble halides: silver and

lead
Reactions of the halogens
✹ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yW_
C10cEzMk
Period 3
✹ Period three consists of metals,
metalloid and non metals.
✹ The elements of period 3 are all solids
except for chlorine and argon which are
solids.
✹ Sodium to aluminium are metals and
conductors of electricity. Silicon is a
semi-conductor. Phosphorus to argon
are insulators
Period 3
✹ Ease of ionization increases towards
group 1 for the metals.

✹ Ease of ionization increases towards

chlorine for the non metals.
Element Dating
Interactive Periodic Tables
✹ http://periodic.lanl.gov/index.shtml

✹ www.webelements.com

✹ www.chemicool.com

✹ http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele
016.html