GKI 1001 Penyelidikan Bebas: Student Information

BAHAGIAN HAL EHWAL PELAJAR
(STUDENT AFFAIRS DIVISION)
REFLEKSI AKTIVITI
(ACTIVITY REFLECTION)
GKI 1001
PENYELIDIKAN BEBAS
(INDEPENDENT RESEARCH)
(A) MAKLUMAT PELAJAR

STUDENT INFORMATION
Nama Dayang Iman Safiah Binti Jantina

: : Female
Name Awang Safawie Gender
No. Matrik No. Telefon
: U2101825/1 : 012-9344203
Matric No. Telephone No.
Bachelor of
Science in
Alamat Email Program
: U2101825@siswa.um.edu.my : Microbiology and
E-Mail Address Program
Molecular
Genetics
Fakulti
: Faculty of Science
Faculty
Tahap Pengajian Pelajar Baharu Tahap Pertengahan
(Sila Tandakan (✔) New Student Middle Level
Yang Mana
Berkenaan)
Level Of Study Tahap Awal Tahap Akhir
(Please Tick (✔) The Early Level Final Level
Appropriate Box)
Tahap Pengajian Bilangan Kredit yang

Level of Study telah disempurnakan
Number of Credit
Completed
Pelajar Baharu/New Student -
Tahap Awal/Early Level < 35 credit
Tahap Pertengahan/Middle Level 36 to 75 credit
Tahap Akhir/Final Level > 76 credit
Nota / Notes :
(B) GARIS PANDUAN AM
GENERAL GUIDELINES
1. Bahasa: Bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Melayu

Language: English or Bahasa Melayu
2. Panjang laporan bertulis adalah sekurang-kurangnya 5 muka surat untuk Bahagian C

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The written report should be at least 5 pages in Part C
3. Spesifikasi Teknikal
Technical Specification
● Abstrak tidak melebihi 300 patah perkataan (Abstract should be within 300
words)
● Gunakan tulisan Arial bersaiz 11(Use Arial font size 11)
● Gunakan jarak 1.5 antara ayat (Use 1.5-line spacing)
● Laporan hendaklah di antara 30-40 halaman termasuk rujukan dan lampiran.
The report should be between 30 - 40 pages including references and appendix
● Rujukan sekurang-kurangnya 30 (Minimum of 30 references)
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(C) REFLEKSI AKTIVITI

ACTIVITY REFLECTION
1. Laporan bertulis
Written report
Hasil daripada aktiviti kajian harus dijelaskan dalam refleksi ini. Pelajar diharapkan dapat berkongsi
hasil penemuan kajian pada minggu 14 dalam laporan bertulis. Pelajar juga adalah diharapkan untuk
berfikir tentang hasil, kemahiran yang diperoleh dan sumbangan/kesan/aplikasi dari program/aktiviti
penyelidikan yang telah dilaksanakan.
The outcome of the research activities should be described in this reflection. Students are expected to
share the result of the research findings in week 14 in a written report. Students are also expected to
reflect the outcome, skills acquired and the significant contribution/impact/possible application from
the completed research activities/programs.
Laporan kajian adalah termasuklah:

The research report includes:
1. Tajuk kajian (Research Title)
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Reasons Behind the Increasing Cases
2. Abstrak (Abstract)
Autism Spectrum Disorders are one of the most studied problems in the field of mental health today.
The prevalence of this range of diseases is one of the most contentious issues in this community. The
number of reported cases has skyrocketed, and different ideas have been proposed to explain the
phenomena. Among the most discussed alternatives include wider diagnostic criteria, more knowledge
of the problem among community, and earlier identification. Some studies also believe that the
increase in environmental effect such as exposure to toxins substances and marriage at late age can
contribute to this matter. However, at present there is no study that focus to find the reason which is
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specific to Malaysia. In this qualitative research, an interview with 5 people will be used as the research
method to find the relationship between the disorder and factors above.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, autism, prevalence, increase
3. Pengenalan/ (Introduction)
3.1 Latar belakang kajian (Background of the Study)
Leo Kanner firstly characterised his classic autistic disorder more than 50 years ago. Since then, the
findings of studies and clinical studies have assisted us in learning more about autism. In 1943, Leo
Kanner published the first scientific explanation of infantile autism. He concluded that this was a
neurodevelopmental disorder and that "these children were born with an inbuilt inability to produce
the typical, biologically provided contact with humans" (Harris,2018). Current autism research is
mostly focused on identifying genes that predispose people to autism. Other efforts include trying to
find differences in brain activity that are specific to people with autism. Some research is aimed at
identifying prenatal factors that predispose newborns to autism (Shukla,2022).
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes difficulties with social
communication and cognition. It causes a variety of symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Autism is
present worldwide (Porter,2022). According to Ministry of Health data, the number of Malaysians
diagnosed with ASD has steadily increased over the last decade (Jamaludin, 2022). One of the
reasons might be that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is out of date (DSM).
A larger set of diagnostic criteria increases public awareness of autism. If parents suspect their
children are acting abnormally, they publicly request that paediatricians examine them. This meant
that more children than ever before were being screened for autism, resulting in the diagnosis of
children who would otherwise have gone undetected (Kumar,2022).
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This study is crucial for educating Malaysians since an increase in ASD may be a negative result of
today's environment and scenario, which happens all the time. The increasing age of the parents is
an essential factor that raises the baby's chances of developing autism. Given the increased
prevalence of late marriages and conception, this might be one of the causes for a minor rise in the
number of kids born with autistic features. Environmental toxins such as pesticides, the use of certain
medicines during pregnancy, certain maternal diseases during pregnancy, and alcohol intake during
pregnancy may all be factors in the increased number of autistic kids born (Kumar, 2022). Knowing
the root cause allows Malaysians and authorities to take appropriate steps to deal with the issue.
3.2 Pernyataan masalah/hipotesis/kerangka konseptual

(Problem statement /hypothesis/conceptual framework)
For the last three decades, we rarely heard the word autism, and most Malaysians were unaware of
the disorder. ASD is now such an epidemic that it occurs everywhere whether in the city or the
countryside. The most recent yearly statistic for 2021 shows 589 children aged 18 and under being
diagnosed with ASD, a 5% increase from 562 children in 2020. Only 99 children under the age of 18
were diagnosed with ASD in 2010 (Lau,2022). According to the statistics from Ministry of Health,
around 19% of children aged 18 and under were diagnosed with ASD between 2010 and 2021,
compared to other forms of learning difficulties (Jamaludin,2022).
Over the past few years, many studies were conducted to find the reasons of increasing cases of
ASD. However, there is limited research available in Malaysia on the reasons behind the increasing
cases of ASD. Consequently, the aim of this current study is to determine the reasons of rapid
growth of ASD in Malaysia over the recent year. The main problem that most people in Malaysia face
is to find the solid reasons of this increasing cases since there is no study in Malaysia conducted to
find the reason. Moreover, because of no clarification of this case, some people just jump into
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conclusion and believe in some myth of ASD such as MMR vaccine can cause ASD. Despite the
availability of evidence proving that vaccination does not cause autism, some individuals continue to
believe there is a link (Biggers,2022).
According to many studies conducted, there are several causes that lead to an increasing case of
ASD. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the reasons behind the increasing cases of
ASD in Malaysia. The reasons evaluated in this study were the growing awareness of autism, and
changes to the condition’s diagnostic criteria that lead to an extensive screening. However,
environmental effect will also be considered.
3.3 Persoalan kajian (Research questions)
1. What are the factors that lead to the rise of ASD among children?
2. How does the current environment affect the rapid growth of children with ASD?
3.4 Matlamat kajian (Aim of the study)
Aim of the study is to determine the factors that lead to a rapid growth of ASD in Malaysia.
3.5 Objektif kajian (Objective(s) of the study)
1.To investigate the factor mostly related to the increasing cases of the disorder.
2.To find the relationship between current changes and the rapidly increasing cases of ASD.
3.6 Kepentingan kajian (Significance of the study)
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The purpose of this research is to bring fresh insights on ASD, especially since people continue to
relate some myths regarding the factors that might cause ASD in children. Apart from that, couples
who would want to have children in the future should be educated on the elements that contribute to
the rapid increase of cases, allowing them to take early precautions. Furthermore, authorities such
as the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation and the Ministry of Health can create
strategies to battle the possible elements that are causing numerous instances and focus more on
the most serious one.
3.7 Skop kajian (Scope of the study)
This study is opened to autistic patients in Malaysia, their parents and family members and people in
their current surroundings.
4. Kajian literasi (Literature review)
Autism
It is suggested that infantile autism has nothing to do with schizophrenia and is not primarily a social
connection issue. Autism cannot be explained only by mental abnormality, and it is doubtful that
psychogenic or improper conditioning mechanisms are fundamental causes. They may, however, have
a role in the development of secondary handicaps. The significance of genetic variables is uncertain.
The significance of "brain injury" in the development of autism is also unknown, however biological
brain abnormalities are a major factor in certain instances. The idea of "brain injury" is too broad to aid
in understanding the origins of autism. More study is needed to determine the significance of
physiological arousal anomalies (Rutter, 1968). Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder
is just a larger name for the underlying disorder. ASD is a complex developmental illness characterised
by chronic difficulties with social communication, limited interests, and repetitive behaviour.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder is just a larger name for the underlying disorder. ASD is a complex
developmental illness characterised by chronic difficulties with social communication, limited interests,
and repetitive behaviour. While autism is a lifelong disorder, the degree of functional impairment
caused by these issues differs amongst persons with autism (Jandhav & Schaepper,2022). A
constellation of early-appearing social communication deficiencies and repetitive sensory-motor
behaviours caused by a significant hereditary component as well as environmental factors. Genetics
and neurology have discovered fascinating risk patterns, but with little practical value so far. There is
still more effort to be done to understand how and when behavioural and medicinal interventions might
be helpful, and for which children, especially those with significant comorbidities (Lord, Elsabbagh,
Baird & VeenstraVanderwelee,2018)
Reason
It is the process of combining senses into concepts, receiving information through this integration,
incorporating that knowledge into one's comprehensive knowledge, and evaluating and manipulating
ideas and facts. The process of thinking is referred to as reasoning. Its fundamental feature is clarity.
Reason requires distinct, clearly identifiable building blocks. Ideas, memories, emotions, and sensory
information are all employed. The ideas must be unique and well-defined. Reason is well-organized.
It is systematic and deliberate. It focuses on the fundamentals and establishes critical connections.
Because the purpose of reason is clarity, it must employ clear methods and tools. (Landauer &
Rowlands,2001)
Reasons behind the increasing cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder
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a) Extensive screening
The American Academy of Paediatrics advised in 2006 that all children between the ages of 18 and
24 months be screened for autism during routine doctor appointments. This meant that more children
were being screened for autism than ever before, resulting in the diagnosis of children who would have
otherwise gone undiagnosed. This also meant that physicians detected minor instances of autism that
would have gone unnoticed otherwise (Kumar,2021).
b) Broadened criteria for diagnosis.

The earlier version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) did not allow
for the simultaneous diagnosis of autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children (ADHD).
The more current DSM-5 edition allows for multiple diagnoses, and we now refer to autism spectrum
disorders (ASDs) (Kumar,2021)
c) Increased awareness
Parents are becoming increasingly aware of ASD as it is widely mentioned in the media, particularly
with the concerns that immunizations may be the cause or trigger of such problems (Wing & Potter,
2002). This increasing awareness may prompt parents to get their children screened even if they had
not previously done so. Since treatments have risen and improved in tandem with this knowledge, an
ASD diagnosis may now be more accepted by both parents and professionals. Furthermore, Ouellette-
Kuntz et al. (2007) speculate that this improvement may help to ensure that ASD are not
underdiagnosed. Finally, Gurney et al. (2003) pointed out that changes in federal legislation and
findings in the United States appeared to have resulted in a significant increase in ASD diagnosis
(Matson & Kozlowski, 2010).
d) Increasing age of parents
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Genetic mutation can occur because cells in males that produce sperm are exposed to more possible
toxins as a man matures and may acquire more mutations during this period. If parents are older when
they reproduce, it might be because they waited longer than typical individuals to locate a spouse.In
general, elder parents are wealthier than younger parents. This shows that older parents are more
inclined to seek autism examinations for their children who have relatively minor symptoms.
(Rudy,2021)
e) Exposure to environmental toxins

Toxin exposure at crucial stages of neurodevelopment may cause abnormalities in normal
developmental patterns and altered neurotransmitter function. This might be due to the developing
brain being more susceptible to toxins than the adult brain. Toxins in the environment can also have a
deleterious influence on physiology, which could explain some of the physiological irregularities
identified in ASD patients. Toxins, for example, have been shown to impair mitochondrial function,
deplete glutathione, contribute to immune dysregulation, and cause oxidative stress. Patients with
autism spectrum disorder have mitochondrial dysfunction, low glutathione levels, oxidative stress, and
immunological dysregulation (Rossignol & Frye, 2016)
Past Studies
A meta-analysis of epidemiological research on the relationship between maternal age and autism was
undertaken in one study. Sandin and colleagues (2012) compared moms aged 35 and above to
mothers aged 25 to 29. The findings of this meta-analysis suggest a link between increasing maternal
age and the likelihood of autism. After controlling for paternal age and other relevant confounders, the
correlation remained, indicating an independent relationship between greater maternal age and autism
(Sandin, Hultman, Kolevzon, Gross, MacCabe, & Reichenberg, 2012)
According to Srivastava (2013), it is questionable if the increase in ASD prevalence is an actual rise
or a proxy for changing definitions and ideas. Autism has evolved over the last several decades to
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encompass a wide range of illnesses. Twin studies have also backed up the dimensional model of
autism (Robinson, Koenen, McCormick, Munir, Hallet, & Happe, 2011). Understanding autism as a
spectrum illness has predictably resulted in a significant increase in the number of children diagnosed
with this condition. Early diagnosis has also been linked to an increase in the number of children
identified with ASD (Wazana, Bresnahan, & Kline, 2007). The above factors coupled with increasing
awareness have played a major role in explaining this reported increase in prevalence (Srivastava,
2013)
Although true increases, different research methodologies, cultural factors, and environmental factors
may all play a role in the recent significant increases, it appears that changes in diagnostic criteria and
increased ASD awareness have had a greater impact on the field. Variations in research
methodologies will be seen across a wide range of studies and are not unique to ASD research.
Clearly, more research is required, but that does not mean that conducting numerous prevalence
studies will help to resolve the current debate. Comparisons to past prevalence estimates are
meaningless unless researchers can account for previously utilised diagnostic criteria. As a result,
researchers are encouraged to standardise their diagnostic criteria and seek to quantify prevalence in
order to resolve this issue (Matson & Kozlowski, 2010)
5. Metodologi (Methodology)
5.1 Reka bentuk eksperimen (Experimental Design)
This study will be done using qualitative method which is based on understand subjective experiences,
beliefs, and concepts to gain in-depth knowledge of a specific ASD. The qualitative method is a type
of research that involves collecting and analysing non-numerical data. Qualitative research gathers
information related to the problem and develops new ideas for further research. The interview will be
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conducted based on the objective of the research and theoretical framework.The current study will be
using descriptive research to accurately and systematically describe a population, situation or
phenomenon of ASD patient in Malaysia.
5.2 Populasi/Saiz Persampelan/Kaedah persampelan (Population/Sample Size/ Sampling

Techniques)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible reason for ASD in Malaysian children. Purposive
sampling will be used in this study. The researcher's judgement is used to pick the elements for the
sample in the purposeful sampling approach. The interview will be carried out on five persons which
will be chosen based on their expertise and experiences.
5.3 Kaedah Pengumpulan data (Instrumentation for data collection)
The research methodology will be validated by a 15-minute interview with five experts and workers in
this area. This interview will be performed face-to-face using a semiconstructed interview format with
audio recording. Aside from that, secondary data refers to information that has already been acquired
and recorded from someone.
5.4 Teknik menganalisis data (Data analysis technique)
In this research, thematic analysis will be performed to analyse the information and data from
interviews. Documentation will be utilised to gather and compile all data from individuals, and a
comparison approach will be used to synthesise the data that will be acquired, which will necessitate
critical thinking. The interview data will be used to corroborate the findings of others found in articles
and journals.
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6. Penemuan & Perbincangan (Findings & Discussion
6.1 The responses
Respondent 1
1. What are the differences between Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Autism is a neurodevelopmental illness marked by impairments in social communication, including

verbal and nonverbal communication, deficiencies in social relationships, and confined, repetitive
patterns of behaviour, interests, or hobbies, as well as sensory issues. Autism Spectrum is just a
broader term for the base disorder. It includes all types of autistic disorders and how they affect people
in different degrees. A great visual would be to imagine a wheel of colours. Each colour has a different
intensity of the base colour. Even though two colours may look similar, they each have a name of their
own.
2. What are the causes of ASD to happen?
ASD is a result of hereditary factors. Since the 1970s, when a team discovered that identical twins
often share the disorder, scientists have understood that autism is caused by genes. Since then,
scientists have accumulated putative genetic causes of autism, a process DNA-decoding technology
have expedited during the last decade. As this research has evolved, scientists have uncovered
several genetic mutations that may contribute to autism. The further scientists delve into DNA, the
more complex its role to autism becomes.
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Since the first twin research on autism was conducted in 1977, many teams have studied autism
rates in twins and shown that autism is substantially inherited. When one identical twin has autism,
there is an 80% likelihood that the other twin also has autism. Fraternal twins have a similar
prevalence of around 40%. However, genes are not solely responsible for a child's susceptibility to
autism. Although scientists dispute on the proportional contributions of genes and environment to the
illness, environmental variables undoubtedly have a role. Some environmental variables, such as
exposure to a maternal immune response in utero or delivery difficulties, may interact with genetic
factors to cause or exacerbate autism.
3. Do environmental factor cause ASD to happen?
No. Many believe that environmental factor refers to the chemicals and toxins to which an individual
is exposed. Studies of the relationship between the environment and autism have shown unclear
findings. Some research imply that antidepressant use during pregnancy raises the chance of autism
in the offspring, whereas others find no such relationship. Most of the environmental risk research
consists of epidemiological studies, which discover connections between environmental factors and
the chance of a diagnosis in large populations. However, these investigations do not indicate
causation.
In the first place, they are riddled with what scientists refer to as "confounding factors" means
variables that tend to travel together and make it difficult to identify causal correlations. Moreover,
causal links might be obscure. We know, for instance, that children with older dads are more likely to
develop autism than children with younger fathers. We do not know, however, whether advanced
paternal age itself raises the likelihood of autism or if men who possess higher genetic risk factors for
autism and maybe exhibit symptoms of the disorder tend to have children later in life. Moreover,
environmental influences are sometimes difficult to quantify. It is possible for parents to be oblivious
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or forget what they and their kid were exposed to. Or they may give disproportionate weight to
whatever fact they believe may explain their child's autism.
4.In your opinion, why have ASD instances increased in Malaysia recently?
Compared to three or four decades earlier, this is the result of an increase in people's knowledge of
the need of thorough screening, as well as an improvement in healthcare. People are taught on what
autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is and the signs of ASD in young children. Prior to this, they always
used the terms slow learner, hyperactive, and mental retardation; however, due to a shift in
diagnostic criteria, they began using the term ASD. This occurs as a result of the expansion of the
diagnostic criteria. Autism is referred to be a spectrum since it encompasses a wide variety of
severity levels.
5. Does the environment today have the potential to contribute to the increasing cases of ASD
nowadays?
No. There is no strong scientific study that shown how the environment can contribute to ASD.
Respondent 2
1. How do genes contribute to ASD occurrence?
Autism might be caused by DNA mutations in these genes. A number of mutations affect a single DNA
base pair, or 'letter.' Each person has hundreds of genetic variants. A single nucleotide polymorphism,
or SNP, is considered to be "common" if it occurs in at least 1 percent of the population.
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Typically, common variants have little effects and may contribute to the development of autism. 'Rare'
variants, which are found in less than one percent of the population, tend to have more strong effects.
Many of the mutations formerly associated with autism are now rare. Significantly more research is
necessary to find autism-related common variants. The most extensive investigation to date, published
in 2019 and included more than 18,000 autistic and 27,000 non-autistic people, discovered 12 regions
of the genome with variants related with autism. In a 2020 reanalysis of 2019 data, two more regions
and over 6,000 additional samples were identified. Other abnormalities, dubbed copy number
variations (CNVs), emerge as deletions or duplications of vast DNA sequences and often include
several genes.
2. In your point of view, why are ASD cases increasing?
This is a result of social media, influencers, and drama increasing the public's awareness of ASD. The
inclusion of ASD patients, whether they are children or adults, in drama industry has been more
prevalent in recent years than in the past, regardless of the genre. Dramas such as It's Okey to Not
Be Okey and Extraordinary Attorney Woo that accurately portray autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
characters have a global fan base. The play accurately depicts the symptoms of ASD and the
hardships of ASD sufferers, their families, and other individuals. Extraordinary Attorney Woo really
placed the line on what ASD is, how ASD patients see the world, and they shattered the stereotypes
associated with ASD, such as ASD patients not having emotions such as love, not wanting to be
friends, and not being able to learn anything. In reality, every one of them has a unique ability, just like
regular individuals.
Also, it is clear that social media play a significant role in this sector. Whether they are influencers or
not, social media platforms such as TikTok, Facebook, and Instagram allow users to educate the public
about ASD via their sharing, whether based on their experiences with an ASD family member or their
expertise as a professional in this field. If we go down the comment area, we can see that there are a
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lot of positive responses to the post, including many words of support, guidance, and inquiries about
ASD. By responding to people's inquiries, professionals such as doctors tend to impart their expertise
to the public.
3. Why there is a gap between the number of cases of ASD in rural and city area?
By observing, it is true that special education schools in urban areas get more pupils than those in
rural areas, where the number of students does not surpass 20. In a special education school, the
number of kids with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may surpass up to 100, excluding children with
problems other than ASD, such as Down syndrome, when compared to the number of students in city
or city-adjacent areas. This is due to the fact that city dwellers have a greater understanding of autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) than their rural counterparts, who, for the most part, are unaware of the
condition.
Aside from this, the number and quality of diagnostic facilities in cities are much superior to those in
rural areas. People from rural areas must go to the metropolis to see a doctor. As far as we can tell,
rural areas of Sabah, such as Tenom and Keningau, do not have access to screening. They must go
to Kota Kinabalu, which will cost them for transportation, and the trip will take around 4-5 hours.
Respondent 3
1. How does today’s lifestyle contribute to the increasing cases of ASD?
The rising incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Malaysia is a result of the public's support,
and the rumours circulating concerning environmental factors, such as the mother's food and lifestyle
during pregnancy, are completely false. The lifestyle of the modern public, which is attentive to
information from social media, has resulted in intensive screening. This is because individuals of all
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ages prefer to spend most of their time on social media. The social media sharing of information on
ASD educates the public about the symptoms of ASD. If their kid begins to exhibit any indicator, they
are aware of the recommended next step.
2. What is are the rumours concerning the reasons of increasing cases of ASD?
First, vaccinations for infant immunisation are often cited as a possible cause of autism spectrum
disorder (ASD), a belief propagated by anti-vaccination activists. They constantly associate
vaccinations with the behaviour of children, therefore children who do not take vaccines tend to be
smarter and have better behaviour than children who receive vaccines as infants. Other than that,
young parents nowadays use poor parenting techniques. ASD is allegedly caused by parents who
constantly expose their kid or newborn to the phone and whose mothers do not spend enough time
with the youngster. This is false, since this will produce speech delay, not autism. ASD is caused by
genetics, not by poor parenting.
3. In your point of view, why are ASD cases increasing?
There are change in diagnosis where broadened criteria for diagnosis are applied. The older version
of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) did not allow children to be
diagnosed with both autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The DSM-5 version,
which is a more recent one, allows multiple diagnoses and we now use the term autism spectrum
disorders (ASDs). Besides that, there are better access to healthcare. Improved access to healthcare
facilities has improved the detection of autism in these groups and increased overall prevalence.
Respondent 4
1. Is it true that there is a rapid case of ASD recently?
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Yes absolutely. At the early opening of this programme in this school, we only have five students with
ASD, but now the number is increasing to above 50 students. Before this, there are students who were
diagnosed as hyperactive but now it is categorised as ASD.
2. Is ASD students nominated in this school?
Yes. Many years ago, problem learning, and slow learner students were nominated but now ASD
students get nominated. More than half of the students are ASD. If we compare two decades ago,
students that get diagnosed with slow learning and hyperactive are decreasing and three years before
until now, we do not have students with that problems but there is increasing cases of ASD. This is
because of the change in diagnosis, and this is why it is called Autism Spectrum Disorder, which means
the range is getting broader and having many different degrees.
3. How does the gap between city and rural area affect the number of cases of ASD?
In the city area, there are many healthcare facilities compared to rural area so we can see the big
differences in number of cases between city and rural area. That is the reason why the number of
special education schools are higher in the city than the rural area. To get diagnosed by the doctor
need several appointments which is hard for the people from the rural area, so they tend to treat their
children using traditional way rather than getting professional help. In the city, since there are many
cases arise, there are high probability to have ASD patient around them so they get more exposure
on ASD.
Respondent 5
1. From your observation in this school, how do parents get to know that their children are having the
sign of ASD?
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Since this school is located in rural area, most of them will bring their children to the doctor to get
diagnosed after getting advice from the teachers at their primary school. This happen after the
teacher observe the behaviour and social skill of the student. Nowadays, if they have problem in
learning, they will get accepted to inclusive class and if it worsens, they will get accepted into the
special education programme. However, if the parents have the knowledge of ASD especially when
they are young parents, they tend to bring their child for diagnosis at the early stage means when the
child was 2 years old. If they observe the child is having a speech delay, they will act. Not all child
with speech delay is ASD. Some of them will get therapy because of speech delay and not ASD.
2. From your observation, are there students who are family members in this school?
Yes. Five families have at least two children with ASD enrolled in this school. Half of the kids with ASD
have a family history of the disorder, meaning they have a cousin, uncle, or aunt with ASD. This proves
that ASD is caused by heredity.
3. In your opinion, are there any similarities of lifestyle of the ASD students?
No. Children with ASD come from diverse backgrounds and lifestyles. Thus, we cannot assume that
ASD is related to their lifestyle or family history. With the exception of families with a history of autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) or mental illness, such as schizophrenia, the majority of individuals with ASD
are not diagnosed, particularly when they are already adults.
6.2 Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Numerous pieces of evidence support the idea that genes are one of the key causes or a major
contribution to ASD. More than one hundred genes on different chromosomes may be implicated in
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variable degrees in the development of ASD. Numerous autistic persons have mutations or minor
alterations in many of these genes. However, the association between genetic abnormalities and
autism is complicated. Most autistic persons have diverse mutations and mutation combinations. Not
all autistic persons have mutations in all the genes associated with ASD. Several of the genetic
abnormalities that scientists have linked to autism are also seen in many individuals without autism or
autistic symptoms. Different genetic variants seem to have diverse roles in autism spectrum disease,
based on the available information. Certain genes or mutation combinations may, for instance, create
certain ASD symptoms, influence how mild or severe these symptoms are, and heighten autism risk.
Therefore, an individual with one of these gene mutations has a greater chance of developing autism
than an individual without the mutation (Landrigan, P. J, 2010).
If a person is prone to ASD owing to genetic mutations, then environmental variables may contribute
to its development. Autism might be triggered in a genetically sensitive person by an illness or exposure
to environmental toxins, for example. Recent increases in autism diagnostic rates imply that
environmental variables, in addition to genetic risk factors, contribute to the development of this illness.
Children with autism have signs of oxidative stress and poor methylation, which may be the result of
harmful exposure to sulphur metabolism. The metabolic connection between oxidative stress and
methylation examined, with a focus on adaptive responses that restrict the activity of cobalamin- and
folate-dependent methionine synthase. Methionine synthase activity is necessary for dopamine-
stimulated phospholipid methylation, a membrane-bounded signalling pathway mediated by the D4
dopamine receptor that promotes neuronal synchronisation and attention, and synchrony is reduced
in autism. Autism is associated with an increase in genetic variants that negatively impact sulphur
metabolism, methylation, detoxification, dopamine signalling, and the creation of neural networks
(Sauer,2021). Based on these observations, the "redox/methylation hypothesis of autism" is described,
in which oxidative stress, initiated by environmental factors in genetically vulnerable individuals, leads
to impaired methylation and neurological deficits because of decreased neural network
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synchronisation capacity. However, most of the researchers reject this idea as there is no strong
evidence to support (Deweerdt, 2018).
6.3 Incidence prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Malaysia
In recent years, there has been an increase in ASD cases not just in Malaysia, but globally as well.
Apparently, 589 youngsters under the age of 18 were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in
2021. (ASD). Only 99 children were diagnosed with ASD in 2010. According to 2005 research
conducted by the Malaysian Ministry of Health using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-
CHAT) screening tool for ASD, the prevalence of ASD in 18- to 3-month-old children in Malaysia is
between one and two per 1,000. The research also revealed that male children are four times more
likely than female youngsters to have ASD. This data is anticipated to rise annually.
Each year, the government becomes increasingly aware of ASD. Looking back to 1962, Program
Pendidikan Khas Integrasi (PPKI) was intended for blind students. A year later, the programme now
opens to deaf kids, and in 1988, the government decides to enable pupils with learning disabilities to
enrol. By the year 2000 and beyond, we may predict an increase in the number of students with Down
syndrome and autism spectrum disorder enrolled in this programme.
6.4 Myth that arise among Malaysian.
1. Bad parenting causing ASD
In the 1940s, Austrian psychiatrist Leo Kanner invented the phrase "refrigerator mother" to describe a
mother whose chilly, uncaring demeanour so damaged her kid that it withdrew into autism. Decades
prior to its debunking, the notion caused many families immense suffering. The founder of
contemporary psychology, Sigmund Freud, felt that almost all psychiatric difficulties came from early
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childhood trauma. Autism was regarded to be a sort of mental disorder; thus, it was reasonable to
presume that early trauma caused it.
Later, when Kanner and autism specialist Hans Asperger started to investigate the illness, they worked
almost exclusively with upper-class parents whose self-presentation may have seemed formal and
aloof. Although Kanner felt that autism was probably inherent in the kid, he also saw an apparent lack
of warmth on the part of the mothers of his patients and concluded that this contributed to the issue.
Between the 1940s and 1970s, Bruno Bettelheim, a famous professor of child development, was at
his peak. He was a master at self-promotion and often mentioned in the media. He seized the concept
of the refrigerator mother and compared these parents to Nazi concentration camp guards.
Bettelheim's book "The Empty Fortress: Infantile Autism and the Birth of the Self," as well as his
appearances on national prime-time television and in popular publications, contributed to the
widespread acceptance of the notion of the "refrigerator" mother.
This myth is ascribed to the late founder and head of the Autism Research Institute, Bernard Rimland.
As the dad of an autistic kid, he had a genuine interest in researching and gaining a greater knowledge
of the origins of autism, as well as dispelling the notion that bad parenting was to blame. His study,
together with his efforts to unite parents as self-advocates, altered our understanding of the origins of
autism. Early in the 1970s, the concept of "refrigerator moms" was no longer acknowledged, and
parenting styles were no longer the focus of autism research. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is now
believed to be caused by a mix of hereditary and environmental factors unrelated to "cold mothering."
2. Autism is an epidemic
The increasing of ASD cases in Malaysia will make them that aware with the current issue become
paranoid because most of them thought it is an epidemic that cause by the change of nowadays
environment and blaming the parental skill of young parents.
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3. Vaccines cause ASD.
The research is fair. Vaccines don't cause autism. Over a dozen research have attempted to
establish a connection. Each one has yielded nothing. In 1998, British researchers released an
article claiming that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination causes autism. The report was
eventually deemed "fake" by England's General Medical Counsel, but it sparked an ongoing dispute
about the safety of the vaccination. The research examined just 12 children, but it drew a great deal
of attention since the number of children diagnosed with the disease was rising rapidly at the same
time. The paper's results inspired other physicians to do their own studies on the MMR vaccine's
association with autism. Twelve or more follow-up studies were conducted. No evidence was
discovered that the vaccination caused autism.
An assessment of the 1998 research also identified some methodological flaws. The journal that first
published it later withdrew it. This meant that the paper no longer supported the findings. Dr. Andrew
Wakefield's medical licence was withdrawn in 2010 after the General Medical Counsel concluded
that the article was not only based on weak science, but also purposeful fraud and falsifications on
his part. Investigators discovered that a lawyer seeking a connection between the vaccination and
autism had paid Wakefield almost £435,000.
One year following the British research, vaccine-autism suspicions changed from MMR to a chemical
included in certain children's immunisations. The substance was known as thimerosal and contained
mercury. At high concentrations, this metal is toxic to the brain and kidneys. To inhibit the formation
of germs and fungus in vaccinations, physicians employed thimerosal. There was no indication that
the modest quantity used in medications was harmful. On the advice of the American Academy of
Paediatrics and the U.S. Public Health Service, it was removed from the majority of childhood
immunisations by 2001.
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The consensus among scientific and medical authorities is that there is no association between
immunisations and autism and other neurological problems. Critics continue to query the issue,
though. In addition to questioning the link between MMR and thimerosal and autism, they cite other
suspects they feel may have a role in autism development. There is no evidence that these elements
have a role in the development of autism, however scientists continue to investigate these concerns.
The majority of autism experts think there are several reasons, including genetic and environmental
factors, but not vaccinations.
6.5 Reasons behind the increasing cases
According to study, the primary factor influencing the rising incidence of ASD is the greater knowledge
of the disorder today compared to thirty years ago. Children could not be diagnosed with both autism
and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder under the earlier edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (ADHD). The more current DSM-5 edition permits multiple
diagnoses, and we now use the term Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). ASD encompasses a wide
range of diseases with the following characteristics, allowing for the inclusion of more children under
the autistic umbrella. First and foremost, Classic autism. There is no eye contact, the individual is
socially aloof, and they are intent on specific repeated habits. Second, Level 1 ASD (formerly known
as Asperger's syndrome) refers to youngsters with average or above-average intellect and high verbal
abilities, but social communication difficulties. Third, not otherwise described pervasive developmental
disorder (PDD-NOS). It is a milder type of autism in which children exhibit delays in reaching specific
developmental milestones, such as speaking or walking. They lack hypersensitivity to sights, scents,
and noises, as well as other characteristic autism symptoms. In conclusion, Childhood disintegrative
disorder (CDD). Around the age of two, children who are growing at a typical rate begin to regress.
They could also have seizures.
Second, our community becomes more conscious and responsive to the existence of ASD. This might
occur with the support of social media, ASD-promoting influencers, and several films and television
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shows. People who are unaware of ASD are exposed to a wealth of knowledge regarding the disorder
via the shows. Redha-Beautiful Pain, directed by Tunku Mona Riza, is one of the local films that
focuses on ASD and succeeds. There are several popular dramas that are trending throughout the
globe, including in Malaysia, such as Extraordinary Attorney Woo, which is about a ASD sufferer called
Woo Young Woo, a talented attorney who faces many difficulties in court as a rookie. Influencers and
celebrities with ASD-affected children play a vital role in this scenario by utilising social media such as
Instagram and Facebook to educate the public about how ASD patients act, so bringing about a
massive increase in understanding.
In comparison to parents of the past, young parents nowadays are better knowledgeable of autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) due to increased awareness. If we go back three or more decades, if a child
shown any signs of ASD, the parents would have assumed their child was a slow learner with a speech
delay. Without attempting to get a professional diagnosis and treatment, there are people who
associate ASD symptoms with mystic practises. A child who becomes an adult will be labelled as
insane without a particular diagnosis until they reach adulthood. If a child is diagnosed with ASD by a
doctor, it is typically after the age of 7; however, due to the increased awareness of autism in Malaysia,
parents and family members are more likely to recognise the symptoms and seek out additional
information via Google and social media platforms such as TikTok and Instagram. They know what to
do and where to go, and in recent years, more children with ASD have been identified at a younger
age. The advantages accrue to the kid due to their early recovery and treatment. Although there is no
treatment for ASD, they may delay its course.
Third, the prevalence of diagnoses among youngsters. Parents will bring their kid to a paediatrician if
he or she begins to show any ASD-related symptoms, such as difficulties learning, hyperactivity,
inability to utter basic phrases such as "mama" and "dada," lack of communication, and behavioural
patterns. Babies mature at their own rate, and many do not adhere to the precise dates outlined in
certain parenting guides. However, children with autism spectrum disorder often exhibit impaired
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development before the age of two. After the subsequent session, a paediatrician will provide a
diagnosis and a recommended therapy. Your child's physician may send you to a specialist if a
screening tool reveals developmental delays or autism-related symptoms. This might include a child
psychologist or doctor specialising in developmental issues. Since there is no one recognised test for
diagnosing autism, doctors employ a variety of screening methods, such as those listed below. Some
assessments entail monitoring your child's behaviour. Other exams need parents to give a thorough
behavioural history of their kid. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2) is a test with
several modules, depending on the age of the child, for observing social skills, communication, play,
and repetitive behaviour. Second, the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a parent
interview in which questions concerning present and prior autism-related behaviours are asked. The
Childhood Autism Rating Scale Second Edition (CARS-2) is a 15-item exam that aids physicians in
differentiating autism from other illnesses.
7. Kesimpulan (Conclusion)
In conclusion, the main purpose of this research is to discover the root cause of ASD patients, since
there are many rumours circulating in Malaysia about the growing incidence of ASD among children,
particularly in urban areas, as opposed to rural areas. Vaccines, the environment, and refrigerator
moms are among the misconceptions surrounding the rise of ASD as a pandemic, however none of
these are substantiated by scientific data. The incidence of autism cases is mostly attributable to an
increase in public awareness of the disorder, a shift in diagnostic criteria relative to three decades
earlier, and widespread early screening.
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8. Batasan dan cadangan untuk penyelidikan masa depan (Limitations and suggestion for future
research)
Limitations
Throughout the course of this research, several limitations develop. This research's major flaw is that
it adopts a qualitative methodology, which requires acquiring and analysing nonnumerical data to grasp
concepts, views, or experiences. It may be utilised to get an in-depth grasp of a topic or generate novel
research ideas. The most significant drawback of qualitative research is its time-consuming nature.
The second problem is that interpretations are limited. The influence of personal knowledge and
experience on perceptions and judgements. Due to the exploratory nature of qualitative research,
participants have more control over the collected data. Therefore, the marketer cannot compare the
results to the scenarios offered by respondents in an objective manner. Aside from that, qualitative
research requires meticulous planning to guarantee the correctness of the results. There is no
quantitative approach for qualitative data analysis. This kind of research emphasises opinion and
judgement above empirical facts. Because qualitative investigations are fundamentally distinctive, their
replication is challenging. In addition, there are few sources and information regarding ASD in
Malaysia. The researcher is unable to uncover the data detailing the increasing prevalence of ASD by
year and state in Malaysia.
Suggestions
This study focuses on children who have been diagnosed with ASD in Malaysia and might assist in
raising awareness among Malaysians about the causes of the significant increase in Autism cases in
Malaysia over the last three decades. There are many misconceptions and misunderstandings since
there is no clear line that explains them. The public, influential figures, the Ministry of Health, the
Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, and educators should raise awareness to dispel the
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myths that can lead to the overdiagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and delay
the treatment they should receive at an earlier age. Specifically for the patient's parents and relatives.
Their emotional, mental, and physical well-being might be negatively impacted by the persistent
falsehoods that have persisted for decades. This research may benefit them by addressing negative
perceptions about them and ASD patients. Aside from that, the public may be given a clear explanation
for the rising number of instances, which many of them perceive to be the result of a terrible reason.
The fact is that there is insufficient evidence to back the claim, thus we cannot accept it. Therefore,
the findings of this research should be disseminated to the public as knowledge and efforts should be
made to avoid the Malaysian misconceptions from spreading.
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9. Rujukan (References)
1. An Introduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder. (n.d.). InfoBooks.org. Retrieved October 24,

2022, from https://www.infobooks.org/pdfview/7746-an-introduction-to-autism-
spectrumdisorder-autism-society-of-newfoundland-and-labrado
2. Autism Research Institute. (2021). What is Autism? Autism Research Institute.

https://www.autism.org/what-is-autism/
3. CDC. (2021, December 2). Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html#:~:text=Prevalence%201%20About%201%20i
n%2044%20children%20has
4. CodeBlue. (2022, April 6). Malaysia’s Autism Rate Steadily Rising Since 2010. CodeBlue.
https://codeblue.galencentre.org/2022/04/06/malaysias-autism-rate-steadily-rising-since2010/
5. Cohmer, S. (2014). Early infantile autism and the refrigerator mother theory (1943-
1970). Embryo project encyclopedia.
6. Daniel A. Rossignol, M. D., & Richard E. Frye, M. D. (2016). Environmental Toxicants and
Autism Spectrum Disorder. Psychiatric Times, 33(9).
https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/environmental-toxicants-and-autism-spectrumdisorder
7. Douglas, P. (2014). Refrigerator mothers. Journal of the Motherhood Initiative for Research
and Community Involvement.
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8. Hazen, E. P., Stornelli, J. L., O’Rourke, J. A., Koesterer, K., & McDougle, C. J. (2014). Sensory
Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 22(2), 112–124.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hrp.0000445143.08773.58
9. Increasing number of autism cases. (n.d.). The Star. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from
https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/family/features/2009/09/20/increasing-number-
ofautismcases/#:~:text=More%20worrisome%2C%20however%2C%20is%20the%20fact%20
that%2 0there
10. How is Autism Diagnosed? Tests, Symptoms, and What to Do Next. (2021, February 5).
Psych Central. https://psychcentral.com/autism/how-autism-is-diagnosed
11. Karahmadi, M., Karimi, P., Kamali, E., & Mousavi, S. (2017). Environmental factors influencing
the risk of autism. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 22(1), 27.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1735-1995.200272
12. Loftus. (2022, February 28). Autism Statistics You Need To Know in 2022. Autism Parenting
Magazine. https://www.autismparentingmagazine.com/autism-statistics/
13. Matson, J. L., & Kozlowski, A. M. (2011). The increasing prevalence of autism spectrum
disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 418-425.
14. Matson, J. L., Kozlowski, A. M., Worley, J. A., Shoemaker, M. E., Sipes, M., & Horovitz, M.
(2011). What is the evidence for environmental causes of challenging behaviors in persons
with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorders?. Research in developmental
disabilities, 32(2), 693-698.
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15. Mayo Clinic. (2018, January 6). Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes. Mayo
Clinic; Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-
disorder/symptomscauses/syc-20352928
16. National Autistic Society. (2022). the history of autism. Www.autism.org.uk.

https://www.autism.org.uk/advice-and-guidance/what-is-autism/the-history-of-autism
17. Porter, N., Loveland, K. A., Saroukhani, S., Posey, Y., Morimoto, K., & Rahbar, M. H. (2022).
Severity of Child Autistic Symptoms and Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Autism
Spectrum Disorder in Japan and USA: Cross-Cultural Differences. Autism Research and
Treatment, 2022, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7089053
18. Persico, A. M., & Bourgeron, T. (2006). Searching for ways out of the autism maze: genetic,
epigenetic and environmental clues. Trends in neurosciences, 29(7), 349-358.
19. Plotkin, S., Gerber, J. S., & Offit, P. A. (2009). Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting
hypotheses. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(4), 456-461.
20. Project, P. (2020, April 9). Why Is Autism Increasing So Much? The PLAY Project.
https://playproject.org/why-is-autism-increasing-somuch/#:
~:text=First%2C%20autism%20is%20increasing%20because%20we%20are%20diagnosing
21. Rao, T. S., & Andrade, C. (2011). The MMR vaccine and autism: Sensation, refutation,
retraction, and fraud. Indian journal of psychiatry, 53(2), 95.
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22. Rice, C. E., Rosanoff, M., Dawson, G., Durkin, M. S., Croen, L. A., Singer, A., & Yeargin-
Allsopp, M. (2012). Evaluating changes in the prevalence of the autism spectrum disorders
(ASDs). Public health reviews, 34(2), 1-22.
23. Ronald, A., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits: a decade
of new twin studies. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric
Genetics, 156(3), 255-274.
24. Srivastava, C. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders: Increasing prevalence and unmet need.
Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9(3), 52-61.
25. The 5 Most Common Signs of Autism. (2018, February 26). Step to Health.
https://steptohealth.com/most-common-signs-of-autism/
26. The History of Autism: A Timeline Review | The Recovery Village. (n.d.). The Recovery Village
Drug and Alcohol Rehab. Retrieved June 18, 2022, from
https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/mental-health/autism/history-of-autism/
27. user-crtpctr. (2017, February 12). Malaysia - Beautiful Pain (Redha) • Current Pictures.
Current Pictures. https://www.currentpictures.com.my/malaysia-beautiful-pain-redha/
28. Why Is Autism Increasing Dramatically? (n.d.). MedicineNet. Retrieved August 19, 2021, from
https://www.medicinenet.com/why_is_autism_increasing_dramatically/article.htm
29. Wright, J. (2017, March 3). The real reasons autism rates are up in the U.S. Scientific
American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-real-reasons-autism-rates-are-up-in-
the-u-s/
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30. Ye, B. S., Leung, A. O. W., & Wong, M. H. (2017). The association of environmental toxicants
and autism spectrum disorders in children. Environmental pollution, 227, 234-242
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10. Lampiran (jika ada) (Appendices (if any))
Appendix A: Turnitin First Page
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2. Kemahiran dan kecekapan yang diperoleh daripada aktiviti-aktiviti penyelidikan yang telah
dilaksanakan
Skills and competencies acquired from the completed research activities.
Kenalpasti kemahiran dan kecekapan anda yang diperolehi selepas menjalankan aktiviti penyelidikan.
Nilaikan tahap penguasaan berdasarkan kepada skala mengikut sebelum dan selepas pelaksanaan
aktiviti-aktiviti penyelidikan. Contoh kemahiran dan kecekapan adalah seperti kemahiran membaca,
kemahiran menulis, pemikiran kritikal, kemahiran merancang, kemahiran teknikal, kecekapan
menganalisis dan lain-lain.
Identify your skills and competencies acquired after the research activity implementation. Evaluate the level
of mastery based on the scale according to before and after the execution of the research activities.
Example of skills and competencies such as reading skills, writing skills, critical thinking, planning skills,
technical skills, analysis competency and others.
Kemahiran dan Kecekapan Tahap Penguasaan

Skills and Competencies Level of Mastery
Sebelum Selepa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Before s
1) Critical thinking After
None Moderate Expert
Sebelum Selepa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Before s
2) Planning skills After
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sebelum Selepa
Before s
3) Analysis competency After
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3. Sumbangan (Langsung/Tidak Langsung)

Contribution (Direct/Indirect)
Terangkan sumbangan anda terhadap komuniti/syarikat/hos dan pihak lain yang berkaitan daripada
segi sumbangan yang langsung dan tidak langsung daripada program/aktiviti yang telah dilaksanakan.
Describe your contribution towards communities/company/hosts and other relevant parties in terms of direct
and indirect from the completed programs/activities.
Sumbangan (Langsung) /Contribution (Direct)
Be able to give a clear line regarding the reasons of increasing cases of ASD therefore the
communities do not get confused with any unclear and false information.
Sumbangan (Tidak Langsung) /Contribution (Indirect)
Inform the public that the rise in cases of autism spectrum disorder among infants is unrelated to
vaccination or bad parenting and there is no strong evidence to support regarding the environment
factor.
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4. Pencapaian hasil kursus (Sila tandakan (✔) yang mana berkenaan)

Course outcome achievement (Please tick (✔) the appropriate box)
Nilaikan hasil pencapaian kursus.

Evaluate the course outcome achievement.
Status Pencapaian
Status of achievement
Hasil kursus Tidak Separa
Course outcome tercapai tercapai Tercapai
Not Partially Achieved
achieved achieved
1. Mencadangkan cadangan penyelidikan bagi topik yang

dipilih
✔
Propose research proposal on selected topic
2. Melaksanakan projek penyelidikan dalam jangka masa dan

sumber yang ditetapkan
Perform the research project within stipulated time frame and ✔
resources
3. Melaporkan penemuan penyelidikan kepada pihak

berkepentingan terpilih ✔
Report the research finding to selected stakeholders
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(D) PENILAIAN KENDIRI (Sila tandakan (✔) bagi setiap kategori)
SELF-EVALUATION (Please tick (✔) one from each categories)
A. Tarikh penyerahan
Submission Deadline
Penyerahan dilakukan selewat-lewatnya pada hari Jumaat minggu ke-14 (5 markah)
Submission done latest by Friday in the 14th Week (5 marks)
Penyerahan dilakukan pada hari Sabtu dan Ahad minggu ke-14 (4 markah)
Submission done on Saturday and Sunday in the 14th Week (4 marks)
Penyerahan dilakukan selewat-lewatnya pada hari Jumaat minggu ke-15 (3 markah)
Submission done latest by Friday in the 15th Week (3 marks)
Tiada penyerahan dilakukan (0 markah)
No submission (0 marks)
B. Kesempurnaan
Completeness
Laporan bertulis mengandungi semua perkara seperti di dalam borang templat (30 markah)
The report contains all items as per template (30 marks)
2 markah ditolak bagi setiap satu perkara yang tidak disenaraikan di dalam borang templat
2 marks should be deducted for every one item not listed in the proposal
Jumlah markah yang diperolehi: ( __________ )

The total marks obtained
C. Pembangunan Kemahiran dan Kecekapan

Skills and Competencies Development
Lebih daripada 3 kemahiran dan kecekapan dibangunkan daripada program (6 markah)
3 or more skills and competencies were developed from the program (6 marks)
Hanya 2 kemahiran dan kecekapan dibangunkan daripada program (4 markah)
Only 2 skills and competencies were developed from the program (4 marks)
Hanya 1 kemahiran dan kecekapan dibangunkan daripada program (2 markah)
Only 1 skill and competency was developed from the program (2 marks)
Tiada kemahiran dan kecekapan dibangunkan daripada program (0 markah)
There were no skills and competencies developed from the program (0 marks)
39
REFLEKSI AKTIVITI
GKI 1001
PENYELIDIKAN BEBAS
D. Sumbangan
Contribution
Terdapat 2 sumbangan langsung/tidak langsung dikenalpasti daripada program (4 markah)
There were 2 direct/indirect contribution were identified from the program (4 marks)
Hanya 1 sumbangan langsung/tidak langsung dikenalpasti daripada program (2 markah)

Only 1 direct/indirect contribution was identified from the program (2 marks)
Tiada sumbangan langsung/tidak langsung dikenalpasti daripada program (0 markah)

No direct/indirect contribution were identified from the program (0 marks)
E. Pencapaian Hasil Kursus

Course Outcome Achievement
Semua hasil kursus dapat dicapai (5 markah)

All of the course outcomes were achieved (5 marks)
Tiada hasil kursus yang dapat dicapai (0 markah)
No course outcomes were achieved (0 marks)
40
REFLEKSI AKTIVITI
GKI 1001
PENYELIDIKAN BEBAS
(E) PENGESAHAN PELAJAR

STUDENT VERIFICATION
Saya dengan ini mengesahkan bahawa maklumat yang diberikan adalah benar dan markah penilaian
kendiri adalah refleksi sebenar kerja saya.
I hereby confirm that all the information provided is true and the self-evaluation marks are a reflection of my
work.
………………………………….. ……………………………..
Tandatangan pelajar
Tandatangan Penasihat
(Student’s signature)
(Advisor’s signature)
Nama Dayang Iman Safiah Binti Nama

: : Dr. Nor Azlina Abd, Aziz
Name Awang Safawie Name
Tarikh Tarikh
: 27 January 2023 : 27 Januari 2023
Date Date
41

GKI 1001 Penyelidikan Bebas: Student Information

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GKI 1001 Penyelidikan Bebas: Student Information

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BAHAGIAN HAL EHWAL PELAJAR

(STUDENT AFFAIRS DIVISION)

(A) MAKLUMAT PELAJAR

Nama Dayang Iman Safiah Binti Jantina

Tahap Pengajian Bilangan Kredit yang

1. Bahasa: Bahasa Inggeris atau Bahasa Melayu

2. Panjang laporan bertulis adalah sekurang-kurangnya 5 muka surat untuk Bahagian C

The written report should be at least 5 pages in Part C

(C) REFLEKSI AKTIVITI

Laporan kajian adalah termasuklah:

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Reasons Behind the Increasing Cases

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, autism, prevalence, increase

3.1 Latar belakang kajian (Background of the Study)

3.2 Pernyataan masalah/hipotesis/kerangka konseptual

3.3 Persoalan kajian (Research questions)

3.4 Matlamat kajian (Aim of the study)

3.5 Objektif kajian (Objective(s) of the study)

3.7 Skop kajian (Scope of the study)

4. Kajian literasi (Literature review)

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Reasons behind the increasing cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder

b) Broadened criteria for diagnosis.

d) Increasing age of parents

e) Exposure to environmental toxins

5.1 Reka bentuk eksperimen (Experimental Design)

5.2 Populasi/Saiz Persampelan/Kaedah persampelan (Population/Sample Size/ Sampling

5.3 Kaedah Pengumpulan data (Instrumentation for data collection)

5.4 Teknik menganalisis data (Data analysis technique)

6. Penemuan & Perbincangan (Findings & Discussion

6.1 The responses

Autism is a neurodevelopmental illness marked by impairments in social communication, including

2. What are the causes of ASD to happen?

3. Do environmental factor cause ASD to happen?

1. How do genes contribute to ASD occurrence?

2. In your point of view, why are ASD cases increasing?

1. How does today’s lifestyle contribute to the increasing cases of ASD?

3. In your point of view, why are ASD cases increasing?

1. Is it true that there is a rapid case of ASD recently?

2. Is ASD students nominated in this school?

6.2 Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder

6.3 Incidence prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Malaysia

6.4 Myth that arise among Malaysian.

1. Bad parenting causing ASD

3. Vaccines cause ASD.

6.5 Reasons behind the increasing cases

1. An Introduction to Autism Spectrum Disorder. (n.d.). InfoBooks.org. Retrieved October 24,

2. Autism Research Institute. (2021). What is Autism? Autism Research Institute.

16. National Autistic Society. (2022). the history of autism. Www.autism.org.uk.

10. Lampiran (jika ada) (Appendices (if any))

Appendix A: Turnitin First Page

Kemahiran dan Kecekapan Tahap Penguasaan

3. Sumbangan (Langsung/Tidak Langsung)

Sumbangan (Langsung) /Contribution (Direct)

Sumbangan (Tidak Langsung) /Contribution (Indirect)

4. Pencapaian hasil kursus (Sila tandakan (✔) yang mana berkenaan)

Nilaikan hasil pencapaian kursus.

1. Mencadangkan cadangan penyelidikan bagi topik yang

2. Melaksanakan projek penyelidikan dalam jangka masa dan

3. Melaporkan penemuan penyelidikan kepada pihak

(D) PENILAIAN KENDIRI (Sila tandakan (✔) bagi setiap kategori)

SELF-EVALUATION (Please tick (✔) one from each categories)

Jumlah markah yang diperolehi: ( __________ )

C. Pembangunan Kemahiran dan Kecekapan