PHYSIOLOGY OF

>
types of -
-
>
RELIR OO ro us
② oligodendrocytes
Microglia - >
->>

"Monocytes"
Myelin
it

nerve cells
~ ④ Ependymal cells >
- CSF
*

Kalar di PPT
*
CSF = Cerebral Spinal fluid
dr
.
Herling :
*
1) Astrosit
Glial cells
strocytes 2) Mikroglia ~
3) Ependimal v

Notes :
&
narvinyaligodendrost
included
not

6)
S atelit
is

>
-
most neurons are irreplacable but what can be done ?
will
get damaged permanently -

↳ However > that endymal cells > for

some suggest
-
-

CSF
-
has potential on
self-healing
-
This is still on research where
,

scientist are trying to find the antidote

that helps the self-healing process

°
②

>
-
neurons = DO NOT MULTIPLY/DIVIDE
It) Positive side

>
-
they do not form tumors

It Negative side
self-repair in of damage
> they cannot times
-

E
I
So, How do Brain tumors develop?
Jembatan Keledai
① cells that metasize to the brain Oma = sering sakit
② meninges => forming meningiomas Tumor

C-oma) > Tumors/tonjolan

-

-
#
=Tomor
 & R
>
-
the corpus callosum bridges L
Hemisphere
>
-
B

outer : grey >

-
processor

inner : white >

- wires

Remember that the white matter consists of myelinated

axons

7
Myelin => from
sfingomyelid
Colour
than
: No wonder, the white matter is lighter grey
 ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY -

OVERVIEW

= Forebrain
↓
the lower we go ,

BRAIN the less complicated

*Hindbraina d
the brain part is
land also) less function
(not included
as brain tho] & Perhaps, that
explains why the

&
Cerebral Cortex -
> atter t
grey
the part where
O
Why does the brain have sulcus/sulci ?
↳ just like mitochondria happen
processes
↑ surface area = 4 effectivity
cor like molecules) :

↑ surface area = ↑ reaction speed

So ...
↑ surface area A
= Cortex =

ey
matter

> Tr of the BRAIN >

-

many process
2) Medulla Oblongata >
-
simpler function
3) cerebellum >
-

body control & motion memory

4) Thalamus >
-
HQ/router
QC
5) Hypothalamus > center
-

6) Pituitary

hemisphere
frontal
lobes parietal
overview
-
... W

Temporal
-
left
- & Occipital (b(kg)
BRAIN
cerebrums) right ①
hemisphere

(e
&
3
CEREBRUM

SULCI antara

>
- ada center sulcus (frontal lobea parietal lobe)

FRONTAL LOBE
①PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
>
voluntary movement
-

& PREMOTOR & SUPPLEMENTARY

O
↳ also in
voluntary
- (BUT! ) > in the
-

planning

↓ ③ FRONTAL EXE FIELD

↳
imaginary
spot
an voluntary eye movements
(secades)

T)
-
>
&
-

( : -

-
.
!!!
-
pat

④ PREFRONTAL CORTEX
whats interesting is :
frontal eye field located
↳ behavior a planning ④ The is

⑤ BROCA's
near the eyes
↳ but the primary visual area

is
behind => Why ?

TEMPORAL WAVE is it some sound we

↳ awareness
recognizedna
"primaryauditorycortexof sound

Area
↳thicke's
smell too
↳
primary olfactory area -
-
recognition of
PARIETAL LOBE
proprioception
of the world -
>
-
> Somatosensory
> awareness
-

outside ↳ vibration

objectavea
recognitionatos -
area

↳ stimulations from :

> visual
> auditory
>
sensory

OCCIPITAL LOBE
↳ so , when there is the primary ,
part

there is Asociation
the part

↳ visual association cortex analyze

:

>
angles
-

>
-
colours

>
-
spaces
>
-
proportions
>
-
memorization

PRE-OCCIPITAL NOTCH
↳ te!
↳> involved visceral sensation also called

(
in as the

↳ such GI tract
as gestation -
contex

. spiciness in tha
↳ e g .
mach

↳ vestibular cortex
↳ sense of movement
↳ dynamic equilibrium
↳ Linear movements
-
 BROCA & WERNICKE'S AREA

PART 1 BROCA'S AREA

3
:

>
-

left cerebral (that means its not the cerebellum)

-
m

can
>
-
anterior/frontal part ↑) Broca's Aphasia -
understand
,
> role Speech > berbicara
: - although
but not
-

It in broca's area >

- Juga dan motor memory
: , ,

HON speak well

guistic
· deficit in speech ability
·
comprehension/pemahaman masin
-
bisa

&
PART 2 : WERNICKE'S ARE A

Seal
>
-
left juga e

> tapi di anterior

"ngang-ngong" but words
-
>
-
>
-
bis a ngomong ,
tapiangless
make sense
Calthough Wernicke's & Geschwind Model = too simplistic
-

* try to differentiate
Broca's Aphasia vS . Wernicke's Aphasia
.

Glaka . nonfluent aphasia) L caka fluent apharia

(< 10 years) > can

Kids -

Clinical Note:
transfer their speech ability from
(left > right) -

⑭ People ( > 10 years) >

-

if impaired on the left hemisphere=>

speech permanently
--
delayed
(although ,
bisa dilatin juga)

causes of speech aphasia : Stroke

 ASSOSCIATION AREAS

> ① Parietal-temporal
- prefrontal association area

u
Em
occipital area
ASSOSCI ation
-

>
-

95
Are >
- Limbic association area

>
"Kepintaran"
④ Prefrontal -
- > decision making
↳
personality
↳ if our brains all are made of ions &
cells >
- how do we have a personality
H
even so , how do we have unique one

& Parietal. temporal -

occipital
↳
getting the bigger picture

③ Limbic
↳ memory ,
motivation , emotion

Left side normally for fine

Why is the
· is motor
so ,
area function >
-
a
motor
language needs to
lang nage
on the
mostly found
Work
tgt !!
- H
left side ? -
↓
.. remember that there is decusation
- - -

Right hand dominant

↳ left brain dominantly

motor
used for

and also the language,

3
for details
D left brain >

I· En
-
,

- .

all [2 g maths
,
analyzation .
&
.
-

CHEM
,

languages
·

MATH

LEFT RIGHT B Right brain >

= non language
(e g . .
arts & Music)
--
 BASAL GANGLIA
19150 called : Basal Nuclei)

iP! rus collosum

Basal the inhibitor for

O ·
ganglia is

excessive motor movements

[Y
-
#
⑭ by inhibiting the

alamus

PARKINSON'S Faktor RisikO :

toxins dIl
drugs
>
-

,
,

Parkinson's Disease (PD)

e
>
heurodegenerete Epidemiologi
-

2nd most
& dopamine producing
>
-
neuro degenerative
neurons) tht Sth Alzheimer's
-

↓ HASILNYA

↓ dopamine = ↓ voluntary patophysiology :

movements -wi Bodies (near the Somal

&
Basal Ganglia >
-
many causes :

old mitochondria accumulation

(terutama substantia Nigra)
,

microglia autophagocyte
signs :

>
-

resting tumors found when the :

body is infact rigiding during

L-DOPA 444 = not the cure ,

Treatments does

/
not solve the

>
-

dopamine &* roof problem

· However , dopamine does not cross BBB (blood-brain barrier)
·
precursor form given /L-DOPA)

L-DOPA >
-
dopamine - norepi
 DIENCEPHALON
↳
&
di that there
2
2 does not
necessary mean
=

encephalon = brain brain

. However
, consist of parts

Diencephalon =Chalamusamus

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE THALAMUJ

1) screening mana motor
yg gat perly
2)C
Stimuli association
Cth : Deby (seorang medis) bakal gereep bgt Ralay ada yang
tenak
medis di lapangan

⑰ YPOTHALAMUS FOR

⑭EOSTASIS
 BRAIN STEM

3
Midbrain
ANATOMY Breathingig,
-

L Pons
↓ Medulla oblongata
digestion
Alter ,

decusation of somatosensoric cords happen at the

Medulla Oblongatal
 MEDULLA SPINALIS
1) Ada motorik & sensorik

Motorik >
-

melalui ventral & memberikan respons

sensorik > melalui
-
dursal &. mencrima respons (ToBrain) PCML
+ °
-

1/
-

⑳in
2) Medula Spinalis parts
GREY & WHITE = berdasaran (composisi

CORTICOSPINAL-Lateral

3
I
& ventral
=> motorik
dekusasio

El PCML > sensore

data
decusation)
-

!
Pathway medial-collumnus lemiliscus in

SPINOTHALMICUS >
-

satu"uya yang mengalami decusation di

medula spinalis [buran medula oblongat)

Why is this important ?

↳ berhubungan dengan aspek patologis

PATHOLOGY ③ Lesi transversal

(x) semuanya !!
① Anterior Cord syndrome rusak

↳ 2/3 anterior terlibat

↳ cuma PCML yang terpreservasi

(v) Propriosepsi lability to recognize/sense movement, action , locat
(x) Fungsi motorin (corticospinal)
(X) Hilang rasa
nyeri
Kanar, &
Hiri
g biss
② Posterior cord
syndrome ~
↳ cuma PCML rusak >
-
FungSi PCML gal bisa

(X) no left & right

 MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF MEDLILLA SPINALIS

↳ the medulla spinalis >

-

very important for reflexes

-

↳ the to-and-fro process of walking is not

actually controlled by the
brain
HOWEVER !
-

The brain can control/give actions for promoting motor fruct .

↳ Oth : leaning forward during ming/controlling equilibrium

Remember the 3 main parts of M .

S
.

④ PCML /dorsal/ Censorik)

② cortico spinal
> ventral
③ spinothalamicus
-

③O
S
-
- grey matter
White matter

·
covered by :
Pia matter, arachnoid dura matter
,

it extends (1 &
until L2-Sisanya branched
·

↳ forming canda
-
equing

or infact m . Spinalis
-

midbrain
spinal cord medulla oblongata -
cortex
- -
1St 2nd 3rd
1) MOBILITY
· motori by the medulla spinalis
·
more complex motor movements are

planned decided
, , analyzed by the EEBRAL
CORTEX

·
way :

Afferent >
-
Dorsal M .
S
. >
-
Interneuron >
-
Ventral Ms .
>
-

eff -

Stimulus
-
response
- >
-

· Muscle stretch reflex

rubber
knee jerk

·
·

ammore r contracts ,

icee bart
extend dalam , fibulate
a
Mechanism
1) Stimulus

2) contracts// excites
the
·-
Stimulus response
destination

Enterior Ventral = Motoric

-
=

·
interestingly ,
the
4 .
Spinalis > Posterior
-
: Dorsal = senson

-
in cerebral cortex !
me
↳ anterior : motoric

posterior : sensors
2) EMOTION
Note that stimulations in different
part of the brain may give reaction in

different emotion

>
-
for year a anxiety A conton

the brain
part of
is
=> one
stimulated anger response
>
giving an
-

calthough the animal is docile)

>
-

manut/back
=>
Vice versa , the stimulation
-

is
given
the brain,
to certain
part of
a

though the animal is

actually old
⑳ How do blind people (from birth) know how to smile ?

Note : they have never observed

people smile
-
-

↳ it is
actually naturally programed
-

lower part of Batal Ganglia

·
Amygdala =>
·
studies show that

> may be because of neurotransmitter filt

depression -

↳ such as th of >
-
dopamine (L-DOPA = treatment)

& antidepressants
=> nor-epi
-
However !
=> serotonin does not

work until a few weeks aft.

·
Meanwhile consumption
epilepsi Karena It GABA antidepressants =

neurotransmitter 44 neurotransmitter
GABA = inhibitory
acid ↳
gamma-aminobutyric neurotransmitter
↓ inhibitor
↓
= 444 excitation take weeks to grow
new neurons
= electrical activity + + +
3) LEARNING & MEMORY
prefrontal > motor thinking planning
>
-

-
, ,

Association >- P O
. .
.
T

(Panetal-occipital -
temporal
are 9 -
> Limbic

Agraphia : can't write

Alexia : Can't read

Aphasia : Can't talk properly /fluently