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EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION IN TEACHING AND LEARNING

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 Prof, Dr. Rohana

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
IN TEACHING AND LEARNING
 1

EFFECTIFVE COMMUNICATION

A. The Nature Of Communication

Etymologically the origin of the word communication from the Latin
communicatus, it is from communion which means sharing or belonging together.
Terminologically communication refers to the process of transferring information to other
people, from one person to another, referring to the opinion of Ruben and Steward
(1998:16)(Tubbs et al., 2000) ''Human communication is a process through individuals,
in relationships, groups, organizations and societies responds. to and create messages to
adapt to the environment and one another.'' That in communication involves individuals
in a relationship, group, organization and society, who respond and create messages to
adapt to each other's environment. According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary (Simpson
et al., 1989)the word means ‘the act of imparting, especially news’, or ‘the science and
practice of transmitting information’. These definitions clearly show the link between
‘teaching’ and ‘communication’: teachers are constantly imparting new knowledge, or
transmitting information.
According to Webster's dictionary, (Merriam-Webster, Inc, 2005)communication
is an act of using words, sounds, signs, or behavior to express or replace information, or it
can be to express ideas, thoughts, feelings and many other things to other people. It is
clear that is more than just words.it is a process of sending ideas from the source of the
informant to the recipient with the aim of changing his behavior. Beside that it is the
transfer of knowledge from one person to another to achieve certain goals and that
communication is the act of making contact between the sender and the receiver with the
help of the message, and is received and interpreted by the receiver.
Communication in general is a routine activity for humans, communicating with
family, friends, leaders and communicating with God while worshiping or
communicating with other creatures in the form of verbal and nonverbal communication.
Good communication is our main capital in this life in fostering good relationships with
other people, colleagues, the environment, etc.
Communication skills need to be developed and trained continuously so that they
become good communicators. Communicator the sender may not express what s/he ants
to say clearly; or the room may be noisy; or the receiver may not understand the words
the sender is using. To be effective, they have to try to minimise these barriers to
communication. (Prozesky, 2000)
The ability to communicate effectively is a very important skill because
communication is a dynamic process where a good way of communicating will have a
very good influence on our work or good relationships, and vice versa. Effective
communication requires paying attention to the entire process, not just the content of the
message. If you are the messenger in this process, there are several stages in which to
consider potential barriers that can prevent your target audience from receiving your
message. Be aware of how your own attitudes, emotions, knowledge and credibility with
the recipient can affect or change the reception and the way your message is received.
 2

People from different cultures can assign facial expressions, use of space and
especially gestures very different meanings. For example, in some Asian cultures, women
learn that looking people in the eyes is disrespectful and therefore tend to have downcast
eyes during a conversation. But in the United Statesthis body language can be
misinterpreted as a lack of interest or attention.(“Developing Effective Communication
Skills,” 2007a)
Communication skill is a person's ability to communicate with his or her
interlocutor, transfer ideas, ideas, feelings or data, both verbally and non-verbally with
the aim of being able to achieve, fostering healthy relationships, such as social
environment, school, business, work, etc. Good communication is a demand because it is
used in various aspects of life, being able to communicate effectively is very beneficial
for our lives because it can leave a good impression and improve good relations with the
interlocutor. The ability to convey ideas, information or feelings, as well as data
accurately, clearly and correctly is a benchmark for partners in our communication skills.
Verbal and nonverbal communication skills by paying attention to communication ethics,
by managing emotions positively, will increase success in building relationships with
others and reduce the emergence of conflicts .
The main essence of communication is the delivery of information from the
communicator to the communicant and the information can be understood and received
good feedback from the communicant.
1. Communication Concept
Communication concept ‘Information’ and ‘Communication’ are often used
interchangeably, but they signify quite different things. Information is giving out;
communication is getting through. Communication is the exchange and flow of
information and ideas from one person to another; it involves a sender
transmitting an idea, information, or feeling to a receiver. Effective
communication occurs only if the receiver understands the exact information or
idea that the sender intended to transmit.“Sending, giving or exchanging
information and ideas”, is defined by Webster’s Dictionary.

2. The Elements of Communication

The elements of communication include several elements that support that good
communication occurs, among others, as follows; (Rohana, 2018)
a. There is a communicator who will convey information
b. There is information to be conveyed
c. There is a communicant who will receive information
d. The existence of the media as a means of delivering information
e. There is feedback or the effect of the information submitted

3.Communication types
Communication is the process of delivering information from communicators to
communicants both verbally and nonverbally, using media as a means of delivery. As
 3

a means of delivering information, either orally, in writing, images, data data, icons,
or body language or gestures with certain goals to be achieved .Types of
Communication Types include
1) Verbal is related to presentation, understanding the audience, being a good listener
and using body language or gestures

2.) Nonverbal Communication

Non-Verbal includes writing related to academic writing, revision and editing of critical
reading, presentation of data and body language, understanding the audience, personal
presentation.

The following are some examples of oral communication using communication as the
object:

a) Touch
Haptics is a field that studies the sense of touch as a nonverbal communication.
Touching can include: shaking hands, holding hands, kissing, touching the back, stroking,
hitting, etc. Each of these forms of communication conveys information about the
toucher's purpose or feelings. Touch can also cause positive or negative feelings in the
recipient of the touch.

b) Chronic
Chronology is a field that studies the use of time in nonverbal communication. Time use
in nonverbal communication includes the duration of an activity that is considered
suitable for a certain period of time, the number of activities that are considered suitable
for a certain period of time, and punctuality.

c) Body movement
In nonverbal communication, kinematics or gestures are body movements, including eye
contact, facial expressions, gestures, and gestures. Gestures are often used in place of
words or phrases, such as nodding to say yes; explaining or explaining something;
expressing feelings, such as knocking on the table to express anger; regulating or
controlling the process of conversation; or releasing stress.

d) Phthalates
Proximity or spatial language, which is the distance you use when communicating with
other people, including your place or location. Spacing determines how far or how close
you are to others, and shows how much you appreciate, like or dislike, and pay attention
to others, but it also shows a social symbol. In personal space, it can be divided into 4
interpersonal spaces:

e) The intimate distance is a foot and a half from the beginning of contact. Usually this
distance is for sex, protection and fun.
 4

Personal distance shows the distance between the two parties to communicate with each
other and the degree of intimacy in the relationship. This distance ranges from one and a
half feet to four feet.

f) Social distance The speaker within this distance is very aware of the existence of other
people, so within this distance the speaker does not disturb and oppress others as much as
possible. His presence can be seen from a distance of four feet to twelve feet.
Public distance Public distance, that is, from twelve feet to infinity.

g) Vocal
Vocal music or paralanguage is the non-verbal element of speech, that is, the way of
speaking. The science that studies this is called paralinguistics. For example, intonation,
intonation, loud or weak voice, speaking speed, voice quality, intonation, etc. In addition,
the use of "mm", "e", "o", "um" and other filling sounds when speaking is also a vocal
element. These things should be avoided in good communication.

h) environment
The environment can also be used to convey certain information. These include the use
of space, distance, temperature, lighting and color.

4.The Functions of Non Verbal Communication

The first function of nonverbal communication: repetition

Nonverbal behavior can repeat language behavior. For example, you can nod when you
say "yes", or shake your head when you say "no", or (with your index finger) indicate
where someone should go to find the toilet.

The second function: replace

Nonverbal behavior can replace verbal behavior, so you can interact with other people
without speaking. For example, a busker walks to your car and you hold your hand
silently, palm facing forward (instead of "no").

These non-verbal cues that replace words or phrases are called emblems.

Third function: contradiction

Non-verbal behavior can contradict or contradict verbal behavior, and it can also give
verbal messages a different meaning. For example, you compliment a friend's
accomplishments by pouting.
 5

Fourth function: accentuation

Reinforce, emphasize, or complement verbal behavior. For example, through hand
movements, a tone of voice that slows down when speaking. These non-verbal cues are
called affect displays.

Fifth function: complement

Nonverbal behavior can regulate verbal behavior. For example, if the lecture is about to
end, check your watch two or three times so that the lecturer closes the lecture
immediately.

5. Purpose of communication
Basically, the purpose of communication is to provide knowledge and information to
others to influence their thinking, change their attitudes, and encourage others to do
certain things. The purpose of this communication is certainly very important in the
process of socialization between humans. The goals of communication are:
1. To make the communion understood by the communion
The primary purpose of communication is to ensure that information and messages from
the communicator are understood by others (communicators). Therefore, the
communicator should convey the main message to the communicator as clearly as
possible.

2. Get to know others

The purpose of further communication is to get to know other people. Through
interaction and communication, everyone can get to know and understand each other.
Being able to hear/read/interpret messages of others well is important in communication
activities.

3. For others to accept the opinion

The purpose of communication is also for others to accept your opinion. Persuasive
communications are often made to convey someone's thoughts or ideas to others. The
goal is to accept those thoughts and ideas.

6. Communication model
Among the various communication models that already exist, the three most important
models will be discussed here, and the basic methods and how communication is
conceptualized during its development will be discussed.

a. Linear communication model

This communication model was proposed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
in the book The Mathematical of Communication in 1949. They describe communication
as a linear process because they are interested in radio and telephone technology and
want to develop a model that can explain how information is routed through different
 6

channels. [Citation required] The result is a conceptualization of linear communication

(linear communication model). This approach consists of several key elements: source
(source), message (message), and recipient (recipient). The linear model assumes that a
person is just a sender or a receiver. The linear model assumes that the person is only the
sender or receiver. [Citation needed] Of course, this is a very narrow view of the
participants in the communication process. An important concept in this model is noise.
This is an additional unwanted stimulus that can interfere with the accuracy of the
transmitted message. This interference is always present in the channel with the message
received by the recipient.

b. Interaction model
The interaction model was developed by Wilbur Schramm in 1954 and emphasizes the
process of two-way communication between communicators. In other words,
communication is bidirectional, from sender to receiver and from receiver to sender. This
cyclical process shows that communication is always in progress. Participants in
communication according to the interaction model are those who develop human
potential by taking on the role of others, to be precise, through social interaction.

c. Transaction mode
The transaction communication model was developed by Barnlund in 1970. This model
emphasizes the sending and receiving of messages that occur continuously in the
communication process. [Citation needed] Transaction communication is a cooperative
process: the sender and receiver are equally responsible for the impact and effectiveness
of the communication that occurs. The transaction model assumes that when we
continuously send and receive messages, we deal with both verbal and non-verbal
elements. In other words, the communication participant (the communicator) has gone
through a process of negotiating meaning.

In addition to the aim of communication, it's conjointly vital to acknowledge its

functions. There area unit several functions of communication which will be felt by
humans, each severally and as a company. The communication functions area unit as
follows:

a. As an effect Tool
The first communication operate is as a way of management or management. during
this case the suggests that of management means with communication, individual
behavior will be controlled by the delivery of rules that has got to be obeyed.

b. As a Motivation Tool
Good and persuasive communication will increase an individual's motivation to try to
to one thing. conveyance of title data which {will|that may} be achieved in life will build
one's motivation.
 7

c. As an Emotional Expression
Various feelings that exist during a person will be expressed to others by suggests that of
communication. These emotions will be feelings of enjoyment, anger, disappointment,
joy, and so on.

d. As a Communication Tool
By act, we are able to offer the data
required by people or teams so there with information the decision-making process can
be carried out properly.

7/ Scope of Communication Skills

The scope of communication skills includes several aspects, among others
a. Verbal or verbal communication skills, namely the ability to speak in
explaining and interpreting ideas, ideas and conveying information clearly and
concisely to speaking partners or to various audiences
b. The ability to communicate in writing, able to write effectively and
correctly ideas, ideas, and other information, taking into account the accuracy
of grammar, the accuracy of the use of vocabulary, information without being
limited to direct interaction with other people in the context of various readers
c..Non-verbal communication skill
Submission of human information can also be done through non-verbal
communication, namely by words, gestures and body language, icons,
pictures, etc. For example, you can understand other people through tone of
voice, eye contact, facial expressions, silence and also the posture of your
arms, hands, and feet.
These abilities include speaking skills, body language, namely the ability
to strengthen the expression of ideas and concepts through the use of body
language or gestures, movements, facial expressions, and tone of voice, as
well as having the ability to read the audience's situation, influence the
audience and be able to design presentation slides well.
One of the most important factors in communicating with others is our
nonverbal communication. We know and control what we say, but the
nonverbal cues we send can often be ignored. "We can use nonverbal cues
such as gestures, facial expressions, and voice changes to strengthen, refute,
substitute, supplement, or emphasize our verbal communication. "The reason
why nonverbal cues are so strong is that they communicate with others on a
subconscious level, causing individuals to regard nonverbal communication as
"real" communication because it provides real clues and emotions.
When the spoken language and body language are consistent, this helps
to improve the overall quality of the information and make it resonate with the
individual receiving the information. On the other hand, when the body
language does not match the content expressed, there will also be a sense of
 8

distrust. If there is no match between a linguistic message and a non-verbal

message, this acts as a mental warning signal for everyone who receives the
message, increasing vigilance.
Body language also serves to show confidence and other desirable
properties. For potential employment opportunities, showing self-confidence
can be a driving force for an employee's employment. Similarly, as an
employer, it is imperative to let applicants know that you are working with
confidence in the company.
Many non-verbal cues such as laughing, gasping, shrugging, and
crouching have meanings that are well understood in our culture. However, the
implications of some of these other, more subtle behaviors may not be well
known. Hand movements. Our hands are the most expressive part of our body
and convey even more than our faces. In conversation, moving your hand
behind your head usually reflects negative thoughts, feelings, and moods. It
can be a sign of uncertainty, conflict, disagreement, frustration, anger, or
disgust.
Another nonverbal as gestures such us a blank face is a subtle sign to
others to send a strong, unobtrusive message and keep distance. In addition,
many faces naturally have downward-facing lips and wrinkles of frowning
lines, otherwise blank faces appear angry or disapproved. Smile. A smile may
indicate happiness, but it is subject to conscious control. polite greetings are
taught to smile regardless of whether or not you are actually happy. Tilt your
head back. Lifting the chin and looking down at the nose is used worldwide as
a non-verbal sign of superiority complex, arrogance, and contempt. Separate
lips. Sudden release of the lips presents a slight surprise, uncertainty, or silent
discrepancy. Lip compression. Pressing the lips together against a thin line can
indicate the onset of anger, disgust, sadness, sadness, or uncertainty.
(“Developing Effective Communication Skills,” 2007b)

d. Able to build positive networking or relationships with partners or the surrounding

community, or with their work partners because this will support the smooth running
of work and add wider insight.
e. Able to negotiate, able to negotiate well with work partners or colleagues or leaders
this is related to verbal communication by choosing the right sentences, speaking
ethics, intonation and tone of voice.
f. The Ability to hear, one of the basic human needs is the need to understand and be
understood. Listening is one of the best ways to understand another person. Listen
carefully to other people's words with all the power of the body in mental awareness,
but avoid interrupting and disturbing people while they are talking by being able to
listen carefully to the information conveyed by the talking partner or communicator so
that they can be responded to properly and create a balanced communication.
 9

g. The ability to process positive emotions in communicating, respecting the views of

others from different points of view, by always thinking positively in communicating
with others will result in success in communicating well.

8. Factors of Failure to Communicated

Factors for failure to communicate include several aspects, including the following:
a Lack of confidence in communicating
b. Fail to show and demonstrate a positive attitude in communication
c Tend to criticize, nag and blame others.
d Failing to get attention from the interlocutor due to lack of knowledge, experience
in communicating.
e Failing to give and receive appreciation from the interlocutor
d Cold expressionless when presenting
e Does not respect the views of others
f Lack of openness to the suggestions and views of the interlocutor
g Have negative thinking in communicating
h Tend to show body language or gestures to belittle other people such as eye gaze,
body movements and hand movements and poor mimics of the speech partner.

9. How to Develop Good Communication Skills

How to develop good communication skills include several aspects, among others;
a Understand the basics of communication skills
1) Knowing the meaning of communication
2) Have the courage to say his ideas and thoughts
3) Always try to practice regularly to develop communication skills starting with
simple interactions.
4) Get used to using the right vocabulary in sentences by paying attention to the
correct sentence structure.
5) Maintain communication ethics, politeness in speech.
6) Be open and able to respect the views of others
7) Develop positive thinking in communication

b). Engage and understand the audience

1) Make eye contact
2) Using hand movements, the body is comfortable and relaxed
3) Do not send double messages
4) Clarify attitudes and self-confidence
5) Develop effective listening skills
6) Be a good listener, pay close attention to what the interlocutor is saying
7) Open to the views of others
8) Have emotional intelligence and be able to process positive emotions well
9) Appreciate views and ideas from different points of view
 10

10) Have a sympathetic nature towards the interlocutor

11) Understanding the views of the audience well then creates a harmonious
communication.

c. Using your words

a) Speak clearly and concisely
b) Saying the right words and correctly
c) Regulate the rhythm,intonation and timing of speech or speech carefully
d) Choose the right vocabulary according to the atmosphere and environment.
e) Summarizing the sentence you want to convey
f) Articulate clearly

d. Using Your Voice

1) Loud the sound according to the atmosphere
2) Using rhetoric, and speaking dynamics
3) Use the appropriate volume for the situation
4) Set the tone with a friendly tone and varied rhythms in communicating

Communication skills will make work easier and smoother in various aspects of
life such as at work, relationships with leaders and colleagues are well maintained, as
well as family members become harmonious, as well as leadership, a good leader must
have good communication skills to self-confidence and Human relations as well as
positive thinking, if this aspect is owned, it will get respect from colleagues. But if a
leader does not have good communication skills it will hinder the goals to be achieved,
and he will lose respect from his subordinates.
Good communication skills are needed in the work. People who are able to express
themselves positively through clear behavior either through words or writing, then that
person has a way of conveying a good message to others and clear communication can
avoid misunderstandings and potential conflicts with others. When communicating we
are required to always develop positive thinking it can be promises a lot of good things ,
when we can improve our behavior and attitudes so we will become happier, healthier,
and more successful . Positive thinking is like a powerful tool or medium in
communicate.

10. The Importance of Communication in the Learning Process

Education has a very important role in changing human behavior as students as an
effort to humanize humans in a broader sense, trying to provide knowledge and skills
training from the knowledge, intellectual and emotional aspects so that they have skills
that are useful for life that can be applied. In his life, efforts to mature thoughts and
behavior towards a better and positive.
The educational process requires good and effective communication skills, this
occurs two-way communication between students and educators, broadly educational
 11

communication is related to public relations and involves all forms of communication

related to education. Literally communication has the meaning of delivering information,
ideas, ideas, etc. through notifications, through conversation, writing, body language,
icons or images, in order to achieve the communicated goals.
The structure of science (knowledge) includes epistemological, ontological, and
axiological aspects. While educational communication can be interpreted as
communication that occurs in an educational atmosphere. Thus, educational
communication is a process of traveling messages or information that penetrates the field
or educational events. In this sphere communication is no longer free but controlled and
conditioned for educational purposes.
Effective communication in education and learning is a process of transforming
messages of science and technology from educators to students in the hope that they will
be able to understand the purpose of the information so as to increase knowledge, insight,
experience and influence changes in their behavior for the better.In the learning process
interpersonal or interpersonal communication is a communication skill that is used face to
face with students directly this can support the occurrence of good communication
between communicators and communicants properly and effectively so that learning is
fun and learning materials can be well absorbed by students and they are able to provide
good feedback.

11..Interpersonal Communication in Teaching and Learning

Interpersonal communication supports good and effective communication
between educators and their peers, and between educators and students, in this case
educators communicating with students need to pay attention to different ways of
learning for each individual, serving students differently according to their needs,
interests and interests. characteristics of students, giving freedom of opinion and
conveying ideas and ideas freely and directed so as to create a pleasant learning
atmosphere, communicative and effective learning. When educators are able to
communicate well and effectively with students, their goals and learning objectives can
be achieved easily. Interpersonal and communication skills are 2 essential qualities of
every physician. These are separate and distinct parts of the professional character of
every physician. In pediatrics, these abilities present even a higher impact (Mărginean et
al., 2017)
Interpersonal communication carried out by educators during the learning process
does not only focus on the absorption and understanding of students of the material
presented but affects the soft skills of students to develop communication skills, the
ability to lead themselves and the ability to motivate themselves, and be able to form
concepts. better self. this is related to the goals and functions of National Education as
functions to develop capabilities and shape the character and civilization of a dignified
nation, aiming to develop the potential of students to become human beings who believe,
fear God Almighty, have noble character, are healthy, knowledgeable, creative,
independent and become democratic citizens and responsible.
 12

Educators can carry out interpersonal communication with students so that the
material delivered is quickly absorbed by and understood by students, so that
communication goals can be achieved, the establishment of harmonious communication
has a positive impact, mutual trust, mutual positive response so that it can increase
learning motivation and enthusiasm for learning and improve student learning
achievement, this success can be achieved with positive and effective communication.
interpersonal communication is the interaction and exchange of information between two
or more people, that it can be verbal or non-verbal communications Rohana (“Learn
English as Foreign Language using Language Laboratory of Elementary Education
Program,” 2015)
Interpersonal communication skills in the learning process are needed in
communication, forming good relationships, paying attention by using positive gestures,
using polite language, choosing the right words, prioritizing the accuracy of the
information conveyed, the emergence of mutual trust and positive responses between
educators and participants. educated.
There are several things that must be considered by educators and students when
conducting interpersonal communication, including the following:
1. When presenting the material, adjust the gestures to the existing situation and
atmosphere
2. Ask questions to show your interest in what has been said
3. Reflect on what someone or students said by summarizing to attract attention and feel
appreciated.
4. Actively listen to the responses of students so that they can respond well to the
questions asked or responded to.
5. Give a positive response and be wise by considering the thoughts and opinions of
students.
6. Give full attention to students, show that you are interested in their responses and the
use of body language is very helpful in this regard.
7. Try not to interrupt or distract the conversation.
8. Give appropriate responses by paying attention to politeness and honesty.
9. Use positive body language so that the information conveyed is quickly understood
10. Use eye contact, smile, etc.
11. Give feedback openly, show your interest in the information presented in order to
understand what they think.
12. Learn a lot from others to increase knowledge about good communication.
13. Able to negotiate in various situations and time to reach a positive agreement.
14. Able to make decisions and have problem solving skills.
15. Able to analyze and identify existing problems and provide solutions to existing
problems.
16. Able to resolve conflict if there is conflict in students
17. Able to be firm in various situations by always prioritizing honesty
18. Able to be positive, friendly to others or to students
 13

19. Use a clear voice with a varied rhythm so that communication attracts the attention
of students
20. It is recommended to create a good working team group for students so that they are
able to communicate ideas to their teammates.
21. Provide solutions when students have difficulties.
22. Having a sense of caring and empathy means being able to understand the feelings of
students.
23. Communicate your feelings to students in order to help you launch in
communicating ideas, ideas in the learning process.(Mărginean et al., 2017)

Clear and concise messages in this form can help decision-makers to interpret
data correctly, take consequent actions, and avoid being compromised by low-quality or
even misleading information(Makhoul et al., 2021)
The various components of interpersonal communication that have been discussed and
described in detail can help educators and students understand interpersonal
communication and can apply it in their daily lives. Communication and interaction in the
classroom and outside the classroom greatly determines the activeness of learning
activities, in the communication process giving each other positive responses, asking
questions, listening, and expressing ideas and ideas by paying attention to politeness in
language, mutual respect, so that participating actively can foster self-confidence. and
motivation to learn from students, they are able to contribute actively and feel that
learning is very fun, students' communication skills increase and it can be concluded that
educators are successful in applying interpersonal communication approaches in
learning.(“Learn English as Foreign Language using Language Laboratory of Elementary
Education Program,” 2015)Rohana
By using an interpersonal communication approach that can provide good
solutions to problems in the environment, students will be able to express their ideas
freely but purposefully because they feel valued by their peers and educators who
function as motivators, guidance and communicators during the process. learning takes
place.
The learning process also involves a good communication process between
educators and students, where Education applies models and methods and learning
strategies that have been selected according to the needs of students and according to the
characteristics and environment of students. This is done with the hope that the learning
objectives can be achieved properly. Rohana 2015)
Rohana state that use of effective communication in the learning process can
increase motivation and interest in learning as well as students' reasoning power, increase
enthusiasm and enthusiasm for actively participating during the learning process, they
convey their ideas, thoughts, or ideas in a directed manner accompanied by the guidance
of educators so that good communication is created. good reciprocity between them.
According to experts, there are several communication skills that need to be possessed by
educators so that the learning process is fun, including the following;
 14

1) Ability to develop positive attitudes of students in the learning process, motivate

students by providing positive feedback.
2) The ability to be flexible or flexible towards students, be open and respect the opinions
of students, give a good response.
3) Ability to show seriousness in the learning process, educators show seriousness and
energy, and mastery of material during the learning process, convey material and
evaluation in a conductive atmosphere.
4) Ability to manage interactions with students, communicate actively during the learning
process, help students who have difficulties
5) The ability to condition the class, manage the class by paying attention to the class
atmosphere, attendance, and completeness of learning tools, as well as other class
management.
6) Ability to innovate to create new things to increase motivation in performance
7) Ability to produce new products in the world of Education
8) Ability to collaborate with colleagues to conduct research in the field of Education to
improve the quality of education.
9) Ability to develop teaching materials according to the needs, environment and
characteristics of students.
10) Ability to write articles published in reputable journals, both national and
international journals.

12. Problems in Teaching and Learning Process

There are several obstacles faced by educators and students in general and which
often occur in the learning process, knowingly or unknowingly this often happens in
every school, from elementary school, junior high school to high school level and it is
possible that this also happens at the elementary level. College.
1) Tend to pay less attention to the layout and position of benches and chairs so that the
learning atmosphere is monotonous.
2) Tend to use the same material from year to year
3) Tend to use methods that are monotonous and not varied
4) Completeness of learning tools is not paid attention to, such as preparation of lesson
plans, media, learning evaluation tools
5) Less creative in choosing cooperative and varied learning models to increase students'
learning motivation.
6) Management of the emotional approach is not applied in the learning process,
sometimes the less communicative approach occurs.
7) Lack of good 2-way communication, when the educator is in a large class in the sense
of a large number of students.
8) Classrooms are not comfortable, hot and sometimes humid, disturbing concentration in
the learning process.
9) Inadequate facilities and infrastructure that hinder the smooth learning process.
 15

10) Less involved in conducting research in the development of teaching materials that
suit the needs of students.
11) Impression of monotonous learning process and students are less interested in the
material taught by educators.
12) Lack of providing feedback and conclusions on the material that has been presented
13) Correction and return of student work is rarely returned, this triggers the laziness and
indifference of students to do the tasks given.

13. Characteristics of Communication

Communication has the following characteristics:
a. A minimum of two people - At least two people are involved in communication:
the sender and the receiver. The message is sent by the sender and received by the
receiver. There is a communication interaction between two or more people.
b. Communication is a two-way street – Communication is primarily a two-way
street. It entails more than simply sending and receiving messages. It is not
complete unless and until the receiver comprehends the message in the same way.
c. Type of communication - Communication can take many different forms, such as
an order, an instruction, a report, a query, and so on. It could be verbal or written.
Orders, instructions, reports, and enquiries, among other things It can take the
form of a verbal or written communication. It may or may not be formal.
d. Scope - Communication is a part of every human interaction. It is required at all
levels of management in all sorts of organizations. Its breadth is really broad.
e. Dynamic process — The mood and thoughts of the sender and recipient have an
impact on communication. It fluctuates based on the sender's and receiver's levels
of comprehension.
f. Goal-oriented — Communication is goal-oriented, and it is only effective when
the sender and receiver have similar aims.
g. Interdisciplinary Communication draws on a variety of disciplines, such as
psychology and sociology.

B. Effective Communication In Learning

Some teachers like to speak and expect students to write down what they say and
learn it but other teachers consider their role as one of the ways to help students learn at a
deeper level. That is, to fully understand new ideas and concepts so that they can be
applied to work situation. In any case, these teachers will do a better job if they
communicate well with their students.
An important element of communication in education is the use of teaching
materials. Media photos, posters and demos improve communication and should be used
whenever possible. Most of us have access to paper, posters, blackboards, or overhead
projectors and a summary of important facts, or a photo or figure. Teacher can use these
to prepare for lesson assistance.
 16

Communication is a skill that improves our skill by getting feedback on how to do

it. We can get such feedback by having an experienced colleague sit down on our
teachings and give us feedback. We can also have someone record to videotape while you
are teaching. Videotapes will be critically inspected later. In both cases, using the
checklist to determine the performance of the teacher's communication by writing as well
as speaking will improve feedback. If it write carefully, we have seen how transparencies
in overhead projectors can be improved.
The same is true for the handouts that almost all teachers prepare for their
students, teacher should make handout, it is a document written by the teacher themself.
It may be a summary of important points to learn. It will guide to students about the work
they have to do, or references they have to look up. Teachers can use student handouts
Choose the correct medium for the message you want to convey. Email or phone
call, Personal visit, Group discussion in a meeting, Margin notes or printed .Sometimes it
is appropriate to use more than one medium, such as when you give a student written
material to back up what will said, or when you end a telephone conversation with an
email.
When communicating one-on-one, setting and timing can be critical to effective
communication. Is it possible to talk in the hallway or should it be a discussion behind
closed doors, it Consider the mindset and environment of the other students . Postpone
giving difficult information about someone returning from vacation on their first day, or
if you are aware of situations that might be worrying. Likewise, when calling someone on
the phone, first ask if this is a convenient time to talk. Suggest setting a specific time to
call back later.
Effective communicative sentences are needed in the learning process, an
educator must be able to choose the right vocabulary and easily understood by the
communicant to convey information, ideas or material in the learning process. This
supports the achievement of learning objectives. There are 5 aspects that support the
occurrence of effective communicative between communicators and communicants,
among others, as follows: 1). Clarity, 2). 3) Accuracy. Context, 4). Flow 5). Culture

1) Clarity.
In communication, communicators should use simple and clear language, by choosing the
right vocabulary, so that the communicant easily accepts and is able to digest the
meaning of the information conveyed, so that he gets a good response from the
communicant.
2) Accuracy
Communicators convey accurate and reliable information, not hoaxes, choose the right
and correct vocabulary in conveying information so that the information can be well
received and understood by the communicant.
3) Context
The delivery of information is adjusted to the circumstances and the environment and
communication occurs, so that it can be understood and get a good response from the
 17

communicant, for example: When delivering information using Indonesian or the

National Language but the speaking partner does not understand the information, it needs
to be translated into a language that understood by the communicant.

4) Flow
The language and information to be conveyed should be arranged in a precise and clear
manner so that the communicant can understand the content of the information conveyed.

5) Culture
When communicating, it is very necessary to know the procedures for speaking well,
maintain language politeness, language ethics, which are adapted to the existing culture
in which the communication is carried out, taking into account the use of verbal and
nonverbal language speaking ethics to avoid misunderstanding the information conveyed.
There is good two-way communication and mutual understanding of the information
conveyed, this is The communication is tune, communication to be effective if;
a. Creating a mutually beneficial communication atmosphere
b. Use language that is easily understood by the communicant.
c. The message or information conveyed can arouse the attention and feelings of the
communicant
d.The message or information conveyed can improve good relations with the
communicant.(La Bella et al., 2021)
Communication can to be effective if it creates a pleasant atmosphere at the time
of communication and gives a good response to each other. Similarly, after the
communication can leave a good impression, and both, trust each other and provide
benefits.
Effective communication in education is needed to transfer knowledge, skills,
information that is very useful for students, so that it has a positive impact on changing
attitudes towards the better, with the addition of knowledge and skills it can increase
students' self-confidence.
Communication includes not only the messages we send, but also how we receive
them. Simply "listening" to what an individual says misses the sheer number of messages
addressed to us. Listening is an active process that involves analysis and processing.
There are important linguistic elements that can warn of an individual's emotions, such as
the rhythm of the voice, the specific words used, and the sound quality of the voice. In
addition to these linguistic indicators, there are also some non-verbal indicators such as
the body language mentioned above. It is important to consider both these non-verbal and
linguistic cues when listening. These lead to a true understanding of the message being
delivered..
When communication is effective, it satisfies all involved and makes them feel
achieved. Clearly delivering the message eliminates the possibility of misunderstandings
and tampering with the message and reduces the chance of conflict. In situations where
conflict it is benefits of effective communication arises, effective communication is an
 18

important factor in ensuring that the situation is resolved with respect. The way you
communicate can be a factor in your success or failure in securing a job, maintaining a
healthy relationship, and expressing yourself in a healthy way.

The Importance of Communication and Guidelines for Effective Communication

include some aspect such as :a) Growing in Size:, the necessity for effective
communication becomes increasingly important. b). Increasing Specialization: c).
communication through the media, newspapers, advertisements, and other means has
become critical. d) Regular information sharing, consultation with union leaders, and
other measures help to maintain strong connections between them .e). Human-to-Human
Relationships speak with one another in order to build mutual trust and confidence

C. Conclusion

Communication skill is the ability to communicate with the interlocutor, to

transfer ideas, ideas, feelings or data, both verbally and non-verbally with the aim of
being achieved, fostering healthy relationships, such as social environment, school,
business, work, etc. Good communication is a demand because it is used in various
aspects of life, being able to communicate effectively is very beneficial for our lives
because it can leave a good impression and improve good relations with the interlocutor.
Communication can be said to be effective if it creates a pleasant atmosphere at the time
of communication and gives a good response to each other. Similarly, after the
communication can leave a good impression, and please both, trust each other and
provide benefits and benefits to each other. Interpersonal communication skills in the
learning process are needed in communication, forming good relationships, paying
attention by using positive gestures, using polite language, choosing the right words,
prioritizing the accuracy of the information conveyed, the emergence of mutual trust and
positive responses between educators and participants. educate. In active listening,
through both words and nonverbal behavior, you convey these messages to the speaker, I
understand your problem , I know how you feel about it , I am interested in what you are
saying, and I am not judging you.

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