Reviewer by Engr.

AGP

ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY

SUM OF ALL INTEGERS

2 −34𝑥+240
(𝑥 2 − 17𝑥 + 71)𝑥 =1

For case 1: 2 roots

Equate the first equation into 1 and then equate to zero,
it will then be 70 and get the roots

For case 2: 1 root

Equate the exponent equation to zero and get the roots,
if a root is the same as the first one, do not include
when summing up

For case 3: 1 root

Equate the first equation into opposite sign of the
product side and equate to zero, then it will +72 and get
the roots

SUM OF ALL POSSIBLE VALUES OF X><0

1. Make an equation, assign x if applicable
2. Use the formula of Quadratic Equation

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 𝑛2

Then equate to x,

@ n = odd numbers, where x does not exceed the

given number. Sum up all the values.

QUADRATIC FORMULA
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

Nature of Roots:

D>0; real but distinct (if D is a perfect square, then the

roots are rational, else then the roots are irrational)
D=0; real and equal
D<0; complex conjugate

Relationships between roots

𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝐵
𝑥2 + 𝑥1 = −
𝐴

𝐶
𝑥1 𝑥2 =
𝐴

Equation whose roots are reciprocal of the roots of

the equation Assign 𝑦 = , 𝑥 =
1 1
𝑥 𝑦

If x equation is given, then after changing the assigned

variable, multiply both sides by 𝑦 2

Or

Try to calculate the roots of the given equation, and try

to compare with the choices

Value of k if equal roots

Use Quadratic Equation: Discriminant

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0

Correct Quadratic Equation 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚)𝑥 + (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡) = 0

Where sum is the linear term

Where product is the constant term

If mentioned that a specific term is incorrect, then

reciprocate

Cubic Equation
- An equation with respect to x that can be written in the form:
𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 0

Relationships between roots

𝐵
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −
𝐴

𝐶
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 𝑥3 =
𝐴

𝐷
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 = −
𝐴

If the equation is required given the roots

Get the sum and the product

𝐵 𝐷
𝐴𝑥 3 − (− )𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 − (− ) = 0
𝐴 𝐴
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Where B/A is the sum

And D/A is the product

Binomial Expansion
Pascal’s Triangle
- Is an array of numbers, in the shape of an
isosceles triangle, having a 1 at the top and
also at the end of each line.

If term in the expansion is required:

Rth term of (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑛

𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑦 𝑟−1
𝑛𝐶 𝑟−1𝑥

Term involving 1 variable

(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 ; 𝑦 𝑟

𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟 =

Find the term involving 3 variables

𝑛!
∙ 𝑎𝑥 𝑚 𝑏𝑦 𝑛 𝑐𝑧 𝑜
𝑎! 𝑏! 𝑐!

If the sum of coefficients of the expansion

Whole equation: (𝑥 + 𝑘)𝑛

@ x=1,

(1 + 𝑘)𝑛 − 𝑘 𝑛

Sum of all integers between two numbers divisible

by a specific number 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
(get the highest)
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
(get the lowest)
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

Then, ∑57
22(14𝑥) = 19,908

If total distance + rebound

𝑔1
𝑆∝ =
1−𝑟

𝑔1
Total distance fell =
1−𝑟

Where 𝑔1 is height
r is rebound

𝑔1 (𝑟)
Total distance rebound =
1−𝑟

Harmonic Progression
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

1
ℎ𝑛 =
𝑎𝑛

Opposite of arithmetic progression

Average speed

𝑛
𝐻𝑀 =
1 1 1
+ +
ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ3

Formulas: 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
tan(2𝜃) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

Sine Law 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

Area of Triangle

𝐴∆ = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2

1
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟 2 𝜃
2

Cosine Law:

𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

Area of curvilinear triangle formed by three circles;

1
𝐴𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 = 𝐴∆ − 𝑟 2 𝜃
2

Median
1
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = √2(𝑎𝑑𝑗1 2 − 𝑎𝑑𝑗2 2 ) − 𝑜𝑝𝑝 2
2
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

CALCULATOR TECHNIQUES

Arithmetic Sequence If requiring nth term,

Given the first term and common difference

𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥

x y
1 𝑎1
2 𝑎1 + 𝑑

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛ŷ

If sum:

𝑺𝒏 = ∑(𝒙ŷ, 𝟏, 𝐧)

Given two arithmetic terms

Requiring common difference, first term, and sum
𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥

x y
m 𝑎𝑚
n 𝑎𝑛

𝑑=𝐵
𝑎1 = 1ŷ

Geometric Sequence
If requiring nth term,
Given the first term and common difference

𝐴^𝐵𝑥

x y
1 𝑔1
2 𝑔1 ∙ 𝑟

𝑔𝑛 = 𝑛ŷ

If sum:

𝑺𝒏 = ∑(𝒙ŷ, 𝟏, 𝐧)

Given two arithmetic terms

Requiring common difference, first term, and sum
𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥

x y
m 𝑔𝑚
n 𝑔𝑛
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑟=𝐵
𝑎1 = 1ŷ

Remainder Theorem
- If polynomial P(x) is divided to x-r, then its Type the equation in the calculator:
remainder is equivalent to P(r)
For example, given the equation

2𝑥 4 − 𝑘𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 0

In calculator, it will be:

2𝑥 4 − 𝐴𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 0, 𝐴

Is divided by 𝑥 + 3

(get the opposite of the sign of the divisor), in this case

(+3)

Shift calc: 𝑥 = 3? Solve for A

Angle to Radians, Gradians If angle to radians:

1 rev = 360° Shift mode: Rad

7𝜋
= 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 Type the given angle, for example 126° = rad
10
= 400 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
= 6400 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑠 If angle to gradians:
Shift mode: Grad
Type the given angle, for example 126° = 140 grad

If given radians to angle:

Shift mode: Degrees

9𝜋
Type the given radians, for example 𝑟, where r is
5
radian symbol, it should be equal to 324°

If given radians to grad:

Shift mode: Grad

9𝜋
Type the given radians, for example 𝑟, where r is
5
radian symbol, it should be equal to 360 grads

Coterminal and Reference Angles (19-20) Counter-clockwise Coterminal 𝜽

𝜃𝑐 = 𝜃 + 360° ∙ 𝑟

Clockwise Coterminal 𝜽

𝜃𝑐 = 𝜃 − 360° ∙ 𝑟

Reference Angle
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝜃𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃|)

Length of a side in a Triangle

Given two angles 𝐴 and 𝐵, and one side (x) of the
triangle

Use the formula:

𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 0
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑥

If two sides are given and the included angle is given

For example,

𝑐 = |𝑎∠C − 𝑏|

= |𝑏∠C − 𝑎)

Given two points

The distance between the two given points:

For example: (2,5) and (-6, 2)

𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2, 𝑦2

Use Pol in calculator:

𝑃𝑜𝑙(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , 𝑦2 −𝑦1 )
r is the distance
𝜃 is the angle of inclination or alpha Y

Slope of the line, m

𝑚 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑖 = tan (𝑌)

Slope of the Line

Given two points, for example: (2,5) and (-6, 2)
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥2, 𝑦2

𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥

x y
𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2

x- intercept: = 0X̂
y-intercept: = 0ŷ
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Equation of the line:

𝑦 = 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴

Equation of the Circle

Equation:

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0

Given two points, for example: (2,5), (-1,6), and (-4, -3)

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
For (2,5)
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑐 = −22 − 52

The same with other two points;

3 equations, 3 unknowns:
Value for a, b, c is 2, -2, and 23, respectively.

Therefore,
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 23 = 0

Equation of the Vertical Parabola General form:

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

In calculator:

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ; _+𝑐𝑥 2

x y
𝑥1 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥3 𝑦3

Obtain the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 and substitute to the

equation.

Equation of the Horizontal Parabola In calculator:

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ; _+𝑐𝑥 2

x y
𝑦1 𝑥1
𝑦2 𝑥2
𝑦3 𝑥3

Obtain the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 and substitute to the

equation.
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Area of the Triangle Given three vertices:

𝑥1 𝑦1 0.5
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 0.5
𝑥3 𝑦3 0.5

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = det(𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐴)

Area of the Quadrilateral

Given four coordinates ; plot first, bisect two lines
Counter-clockwise, for matrix A, first bisection

𝑥1 𝑦1 0.5
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐴 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 0.5
𝑥3 𝑦3 0.5

Counter-clockwise, for matrix B, second bisection

𝑥1 𝑦1 0.5
𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝐵 = 𝑥2 𝑦2 0.5
𝑥3 𝑦3 0.5

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = det(𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐴) + det(𝑀𝑎𝑡 𝐵)

Equation of the Line Bisector of the Acute Angle Given the intersection of the lines (two equations)

For example;
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 24 = 0
5𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 30 = 0

Equate:
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 24 (eq. 1)
5𝑥 − 12𝑦 = −30 (eq. 2)

Solve for x and y. Obtaining the values of x and y,

substitute to the choices, and choose the corresponding
equation.

Rectangular to Polar Coordinates

Given the rectangular coordinate:

𝑃𝑜𝑙(𝑥, 𝑦)

Polar to Rectangular Coordinates Given the polar coordinates:

𝑅𝑒𝑐(𝑥, 𝑦 ∘)

Area of a Sector of a Circle

Given the central angle, radius of the circle;

1
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟 2
2
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝜃𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
=
360° 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒

𝜃𝑐 𝑥
= 2
360° 𝜋𝑟

Area of the Lune

Given the radius of the sphere, angle of the lune;

𝜃𝑐 𝐴𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑒
=
360° 𝑆𝐴𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝜃𝑙 𝑥
=
360° 4𝜋𝑟 2

Volume of the Spherical Wedge

Given the angle of the lune, radius of the sphere;

𝜃𝑙 𝑉𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒
=
360° 𝑉𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝜃𝑙 𝑥
=
360° 4𝜋 𝑟 3
3

Volume of a Spherical Cap

Given the altitude, and the radius;

In calculator:

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ; _+𝑐𝑥 2

X(r) Y(A)
0 0
r 𝜋𝑟 2
2r 0

Obtain the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 and substitute to the

equation:

𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑉=∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0
or
Formula:
𝜋ℎ2 (3𝑟 − ℎ)
𝑉=
3

Volume of the Frustum of a Cone

Given the altitude, and the upper and lower radii;

In calculator:
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ; _+𝑐𝑥 2

X(r) Y(A)
0 𝜋𝑟𝐿 2
ℎ 𝑟𝑈 + 𝑟𝐿 2
𝜋( )
2 2
h 𝜋𝑟𝑈 2

Obtain the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 and substitute to the

equation:

𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑉=∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0

Volume of the Frustum of a Pyramid

Given the altitude, and the upper base of L and W, and
lower base of L and W;

In calculator:

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 ; _+𝑐𝑥 2

X(r) Y(A)
0 𝑙𝐿 ∙ 𝑤𝐿
ℎ 𝑙 +𝑙𝑈 𝑤𝐿 +𝑤𝑈
(𝐿 )( )
2 2
2
h 𝑙𝑈 ∙ 𝑤𝑈

Obtain the values of 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 and substitute to the

equation:

𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝑉=∫ (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0

Limit
1. Change Rad Mode
2. Evaluate the choices’ answers
3. Type the equation of the limit
4. Calc?
5. Assign x as going to the positive or negative of
the “x approaches a number”

For example; x→ 1, therefore, make use of 0.99 or

1.0001

If limit approaches to ∞, assign x as 100, 1000, or

higher value
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Differential Calculus
1. Change to Rad Mode
2. Solve the equation by
𝑑
[𝑦(𝑥)]|𝑥=1.1
𝑑𝑥
3. Assign x as 1.1
4. From the choices, substitute directly in
calculator and assign x as 2 as well, calc? 2
5. The same answer from the choices will be the
correct answer

Differential Equation (𝒚′ ) For particular solution:

1. Check the value of x and y (disregard the

equation itself)
2. From the choices substitute the value of x, and
the choice that gives the value of y as given
will be the correct answer.

For example, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3, 3 should be the answer.

If it satisfies all choices then equate 𝑦 ′ , and substitute

the value of y, then in the choices, use:
𝑑
[𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐴]|𝑥=𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

The answer should be the same with the value of 𝑦 ′

If angle of subtended is at maximum

Provide 2 right angles
Use tangent function
Provide for 𝛼 and 𝛽

Assign x, from the values of the choices, and from there

you can obtain the angle. Substitute all the choices and
evaluate which gives the maximum angle.

or

𝑥 = √ℎ𝑒−ℎ . ℎ𝑒−𝑓

Rate of Speed
If given rate vertically and a height

ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 + 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑡) − (𝑎)

If given rate horizontally

𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑡) − (𝑏)

Make a right triangle

Assign x in the longest side (𝑐)

Then using Pythagorean theorem,

Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

Substitute c in

𝑑
[√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ] |𝑡=𝑛
𝑑𝑡

Indefinite Integral
Opposite of Differential Calculus

1. Evaluate first the value of the indefinite integral

equation, calc? 2
2. From the choices, substitute them one by one
by:
𝑑
[𝑦(𝑥)]|𝑥=2
𝑑𝑥
3. The answer that has the same value with the
value of the indefinite integral is the correct
choice

Triple Integral
Example

𝜋
1 2
2
∫ sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ∙ ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 ∙ ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
0 0 0

Rate Proportional
Newton’s Law of Cooling & Heating 1. Shift mode to 3 to 5 𝑒 𝑥
2. Make a table
X(time) Y(unit)
1 M
2 N

@𝑌𝑛 = 𝑛𝑦(𝑏𝑎𝑟)

(no. of strands)

2nd: Temperature
1. Shift mode to 3 to 5 𝑒 𝑥
2. Make a table
If 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑟

X(time) Y(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 )
A
B

Else 𝑇 < 𝑇𝑟

X(time) Y(𝑇𝑟 − 𝑇)
A
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

@𝑋𝑛 = (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑟 )(𝑥𝑏𝑎𝑟)

Integral
𝑑𝑄
= 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑖 − 𝑅𝑜 𝐶𝑜
𝑑𝑡

𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑖 + (𝑅𝑖 − 𝑅𝑜 )𝑡

𝑄
𝐶𝑜 =
𝑉(𝑡)
Integrate:

∫ 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑡

Economics
How much money must you deposit now at 6% interest
compounded quarterly in order to be able to withdraw
$3,000 at the end of each quarter year for two years?

Formula:
2(4)
0.06 −𝑥
𝑃 = 3000𝑥 ∑((1 + ) ) = 22,457.78
4
1

STRAIGHT LINE METHOD

𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉
𝑑=
𝐿

𝑛
𝐷𝑛 = 𝑛𝑑 = (𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉)
𝐿 𝑜

𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝐷𝑛

Shortcut using CALTECH:

A + Bx

X (Year) Y (BVn)
0 Co
L SV

AC → B = d (annual depreciation)
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝑛ŷ (book value at n)

If Co is not given, only SV (salvage value) and L (life

expectancy) are given, then we can make use of this
example:
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

However, if L and d are the only given, we can make

use of:

X (Year) Y (BVn)
L SV
L-1 SV + d

A commercial building has a salvage value of Php 1M

after 50 years. Annual depreciation is Php 2M. Using
the Straight Line Method, how many years after should
you sell the building for Php 30M?

X (Year) Y (SV)
50 1M
49 1M+2M

(30M)xbar = 35.5 years

SINKING FUND METHOD

(𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉)𝑖
𝑑=
(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1

(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝐷𝑛 = 𝑑
𝑖

DECLINING BALANCE METHOD

Constant Percentage Method

𝐿 𝑆𝑉 𝑛 𝐵𝑉𝑛
𝑘 =1− √ =1− √
𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑜

𝑆𝑉 𝑛
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − 𝑘)𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 ( )𝐿
𝐶𝑜

𝑆𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − 𝑘)𝐿

𝑑𝑛 = 𝑘𝐶𝑜 (1 − 𝑘)𝑛−1
Where k is the rate percent
Using CALTECH:
AB^x

X (Year) Y (BVn)
0 Co
L SV

AC → k = 1-B (annual depreciation)

𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝑛ŷ (book value at n)
𝑑𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝐵𝑉𝑛 (depreciation charge)
𝑑𝑛 = 0ŷ − 𝑛ŷ

DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE METHOD

Reviewer by Engr. AGP

2
𝑘=
𝐿

2
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − )𝑛
𝐿

2 2
𝑑𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − )𝑛−1
𝐿 𝐿

2
𝑆𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − )𝐿
𝐿

SUM-OF-YEARS-DIGIT

𝐿−𝑛+1
𝑑𝑛 = (𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉)
𝑆𝑌𝐷

𝐿(𝐿 + 1)
𝑆𝑌𝐷 =
2

𝑛 2𝐿 − 𝑛 + 1
𝐷𝑛 = (𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉) ( )
2 𝑆𝑌𝐷

Using CALTECH:

_+Cx^2

X (t) Y (BVn)
0 Co
L SV
L+1 SV

𝑑𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)ŷ − 𝑛ŷ
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝑛ŷ (book value at n)
𝑑𝑛 = 𝐵𝑉𝑛−1 − 𝐵𝑉𝑛 (depreciation charge)

Resultant
𝑅 = 𝐹1 ∠θ1 + 𝐹2 ∠θ2 + ⋯ + 𝐹𝑛 ∠θ𝑛

Mode → Complex

Magnitude of the Resultant Mode → Vector

If three forces;

VctA: 3 (input values) → Dim VctB: 3 (input values) →

VctC: 3 (input values)

AC → Abs (VctA + VctB + VctC) = (answer)

REFRESHER
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Age Problems
Rate
When tank is filled up and drained
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 Time is required
𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
1 1 1 1
= + −
𝑡 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

Where A and B is filling up

C is draining

For painting scenario:

If a first coworker starts earlier than the other one, and

they work together.

1 1 1
(𝑡 ) + ( + ) 𝑡 = 1
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐵

Where A is the days of worker A

B is the days of worker B

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑡𝐴 + 𝑡

Man-hour Analysis
(# 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠)(# 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

To complete a certain task with the same project:

Equate

For two trains leaving with the opposite direction

𝑥𝐴 𝑡 + 𝑥𝐵 𝑡 = 𝑑

Where 𝑥𝐴 is the velocity of A

𝑥𝐵 is the velocity of B
d is their distance apart
t is the time

if boat upstream and downstream;

Downstream:

(𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 + 𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 )𝑡𝑑 = 𝑑

Upstream:

(𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑡 − 𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 )𝑡𝑢 = 𝑑

Solve for d;
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑑 𝑑
+ =𝑡
𝑣𝑑 𝑣𝑢

Where t is the total time

Getting the specific time of the downstream or

upstream by:

𝑑
𝑡=
𝑣
Where d is the distance computed

Catching up problems:

If person A starts earlier with person B, and person B

has to catch up with person A, therefore,

𝑣𝐴 (𝑡 + 𝑛) = 𝑣𝐵 𝑡

Where n is the no. of hours that person A is advance

Clock Problems To watch on YT

Statistics and Probability

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑛

Simplify the equation if needed:

Equate a pattern, create an equation:

In the given pattern, give a combination.

Triangle Inequality
For acute triangle:

𝑐 2 < 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

For right triangle:

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

For obtuse triangle:

𝑐 2 > 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

Numerical Value
𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
2

1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
2

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
2

𝑒𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 − 1

𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 1

Trigonometric Identities
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

Quadrant
I. Add All are +
II. Sugar Only sin is +
III. To Only tan is +
IV. Coffee Only cos is +
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAWS

1. An act regulating the practice of chemical engineering and repealing for this purpose RA318, otherwise known
as “the chemical engineering law.”
a. Chemical Engineering Law
b. Chemical Engineering Law of 2002
c. Chemical Engineering Law of 2003
d. Chemical Engineering Law of 2004

2. The Chemical Engineering Law of 2004 is otherwise known as:

a. RA318
b. RA319
c. RA9297
d. RA9298

3. How many articles does RA9297 have?

a. 5
b. 6
c. 7
d. 8

4. How many sections does RA9297 have?

a. 38
b. 39
c. 40
d. 41

5. According to Section 35 of RA9297, “Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this Act shall be
guilty of misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine not less than _____ nor more than
_____ or imprisonment for a period of not less than 6 months nor more than 5 years or both at the discretion
of the Court.”
a. Php100; Php1,000
b. Php1,000; Php10,000
c. Php5,000; Php20,000
d. Php10,000; Php10,000,000

6. The Chemical Engineering Law of 2004 was approved on what date?

a. February 6, 2004
b. February 7, 2004
c. May 13, 2004
d. June 12, 2004

7. An Act to regulate the practice of chemical engineering in the Philippines, and for other purposes
a. Chemical Engineering Law
b. Chemical Engineering Law of 2002
c. Chemical Engineering Law of 2003
d. Chemical Engineering Law of 2004

8. The Chemical Engineering Law is otherwise known as:

Reviewer by Engr. AGP

a. RA318
b. RA319
c. RA9297
d. RA9298

9. How many articles does RA318 have?

a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d. 6

10. How many sections does RA318 have?

a. 30
b. 31
c. 32
d. 33

11. According to Section 3 of RA318, “Any person who shall violate any provision of this Act, shall be guilty of
misdemeanor and shall upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine of not less than _____ nor more than _____
or to suffer imprisonment for a period of not less than one month nor more than one year, or both, in the
discretion of the Court.”
a. Php100; Php1,000
b. Php1,000; Php10,000
c. Php5,000; Php20,000
d. Php10,000; Php1,000,000

12. An Act to control toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes, providing penalties for violations
thereof, and for other purposes.
a. DENR Modernization Law
b. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990
c. Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997
d. Chemical Engineering Law

13. Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 is otherwise known as
a. RA318
b. RA9297
c. RA6969
d. RA1234

14. RA6969 was approved on what date?

a. March 20, 1990
b. May 29, 1990
c. June 20, 1990
d. October 26, 1990

15. This regulation sets guidelines and target of solid waste avoidance volume reduction through source reduction
and waste minimization measures.
a. RA8749
b. RA9297
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

c. RA9003
d. RA6969
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

ENGINEERING ECONOMICS

Simple Interest
- Interest on an investment that is calculated Ordinary Simple Interest
once per period, usually annually, on the - a type of simple interest in which interest is
amount of the capital alone and not on any calculated as through each month had 30
interest already earned. days.
NOTE:

360 days = 1 banker’s year

365 days = ordinary year
366 days = leap year

𝐼 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛

𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖𝑛)

𝑟
Where 𝑖 = (n=days)
360

𝑟
𝑖= (n=months)
12

𝑖 = 𝑟 (n=years)

Exact Simple Interest

- it is a type of simple interest in which interest
is calculated on the basis of a year with 365
days rather than the conventional 360 days.
DATE GIVEN
𝐼 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛
*Same as ordinary simple interest but with exact date
given
Note: If a year is divisible by 4, then it is leap year.

Rate of Discount, d
- is the discount of one unit of principal per unit 𝑟
𝑑=
time 1+𝑟
- also referred as the banker’s discount
Where
d = rate of discount, r = rate of interest

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑= 𝑥100
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

Nominal Rate of Interest (r)

- is defined as the basic annual rate of interest. 𝑟
𝑖=
𝑚
Where i = interest per period
M = no. of interest per periods per year

Note:
m = 1 (annually)
= 2 (semi-annually)
= 4 (quarterly)
= 6 (bi-monthly)
= 12 (monthly)
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

= 52 (weekly)
= 360 (daily)

Effective Rate of Interest (ERI)

- is defined as the actual or exact rate of interest 𝑟 𝑚
𝐸𝑅𝐼 = (1 + ) −1
earned on the principal during one-year 𝑚
period.
Continuous Compounding: m is infinite

𝑟 𝑚
𝐸𝑅𝐼 = lim (1 + ) − 1 = 𝑒𝑟
𝑚→∞ 𝑚

Effective Rate of Money

𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛

𝑃 = 𝐹(1 + 𝑖)−𝑛

Compound Interest
𝑟 𝑚𝑡
𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + )
𝑚

𝑟 −𝑚𝑡
𝑃 = 𝐹(1 + )
𝑚

Continuously Compounding

𝐹 = 𝑃𝑒 𝑟𝑛
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑒 −𝑟𝑛

Single Payment Present Amount Factor (P/F)

= (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛

Single Payment Future Amount Factor (F/P)

= (1 + 𝑖)𝑛

Annuity
- is defined as a series of equal payments
occurring at equal interval of time. 𝐴(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝐹=
𝑖
Ordinary Annuity
- is a type of annuity where the payments are 𝐴[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃=
made at the end of each period beginning from 𝑖
the 1st period.

Uniform Series Factor Uniform Series Compound Amount Factor (F/A)

𝐴(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝐹=
𝑖

Uniform Series Sinking Fund Factor (A/F)

𝐴(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝐹=
𝑖
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Uniform Series Capital Recovery Factor (A/P)

𝐴[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃=
𝑖

Uniform Series Present Worth Factor

𝐴[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃=
𝑖

Annuity Due
- is a type of annuity where the payments are 𝐴[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃= (1 + 𝑖)
made at the beginning of each period starting 𝑖
from the 1st period.

Deferred Annuity
- is the type of annuity where the first payment 𝐴[1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ]
𝑃= (1 + 𝑖)−𝑑
is made later than the first or is made several 𝑖
periods after the beginning of the annuity.
Where d = no payment period

Note: Draw cash flow diagram to better understand

Perpetuity
- payments extend forever or continue 𝐴
𝑃=
indefinitely 𝑖

Uniform Arithmetic Gradient

- is a series of disbursements or receipts that Shortcut using CALTECH:
increases or decreases in each succeeding A + Bx
period by constant amount.
X (Year) Y (cost)
1 cost in year 1
2 cost in year 2

AC

𝑃 = ∑(𝑥ŷ (1 + 𝑖)−𝑥 , 1, 𝑛)

Where n = no. of years

Uniform Geometric Gradient

- is a series consisting of end-of-period Shortcut using CALTECH:
payments, where each payment increases or AB^x
decreases by a fixed percentage
X (Year) Y (cost)
1 cost
2 cost(1+r)

Where r is uniform rate

Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑃 = ∑(𝑥ŷ (1 + 𝑖)−𝑥 , 1, 𝑛)

Where i is interest rate

n is no. of years

Capitalized Cost
- refers to the present worth of a property that is Case 1: No replacement, only maintenance
assumed to last forever. The capitalized cost
of any property is the “sum of the first cost and 𝐴
𝐶𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 +
the present costs of perpetual replacement, 𝑖
operation and maintenance”.
Case 2: No maintenance, only replacement

𝑃
𝐶𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 +
(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1

Case 3: With maintenance and replacement

𝐴 𝑃
𝐶𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 + +
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1

Where CC is the capitalized cost

FC is the first cost
A is operating and maintenance cost
i is interest rate
n is the no. of years/useful life

or

𝐴 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉
𝐶𝐶 = 𝐹𝐶 + +
𝑖 (1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1

SV is the salvage value, if not stated SV=0

RC is the reconstruction cost

Depreciation
- is the decrease in the value of physical STRAIGHT LINE METHOD
property due to passage of time.
𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉
𝑑=
Where: 𝐿
d = annual depreciation
𝑛
C0 = first cost (first cost + other charges if 𝐷𝑛 = 𝑛𝑑 = (𝐶 − 𝑆𝑉)
given) 𝐿 𝑜
BV = book value before life expectancy (L)
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝐷𝑛
n = years before life expectancy (L)
SV = salvage value (trade-in value)
Shortcut using CALTECH:
Dn = total depreciation after year n
A + Bx
dn = depreciation charge on year n

X (Year) Y (BVn)
0 Co
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

N SV

AC → B = d (annual depreciation)
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝑛ŷ (book value at n)

SINKING FUND METHOD

(𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉)𝑖
𝑑=
(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1

(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 1
𝐷𝑛 = 𝑑
𝑖

DECLINING BALANCE METHOD

Constant Percentage Method

𝐿 𝑆𝑉 𝑛 𝐵𝑉𝑛
𝑘 =1− √ =1− √
𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝑜

𝑆𝑉 𝑛
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − 𝑘)𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 ( )𝐿
𝐶𝑜

𝑆𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − 𝑘)𝐿

𝑑𝑛 = 𝑘𝐶𝑜 (1 − 𝑘)𝑛−1
Where k is the rate percent
Using CALTECH:
AB^x

X (Year) Y (BVn)
0 Co
N SV

AC → k = 1-B (annual depreciation)

𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝑛ŷ (book value at n)
𝑑𝑛 = 𝐵𝑉𝑛−1 − 𝐵𝑉𝑛 (depreciation charge)
𝑑𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)ŷ − 𝑛ŷ

DOUBLE DECLINING BALANCE METHOD

2
𝑘=
𝐿

2
𝐵𝑉𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − )𝑛
𝐿

2 2
𝑑𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − )𝑛−1
𝐿 𝐿

2
𝑆𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜 (1 − )𝐿
𝐿

SUM-OF-YEARS-DIGIT
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝐿−𝑛+1
𝑑𝑛 = (𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉)
𝑆𝑌𝐷

𝐿(𝐿 + 1)
𝑆𝑌𝐷 =
2

𝑛 2𝐿 − 𝑛 + 1
𝐷𝑛 = (𝐶𝑜 − 𝑆𝑉) ( )
2 𝑆𝑌𝐷

Where L is the useful life

Using CALTECH:

_+Cx^2

X (t) Y (BVn)
0 Co
L SV
L+1 SV

𝑑𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)ŷ − 𝑛ŷ

𝐷𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝐵𝑉𝑛 OR
𝐷𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑛ŷ

Bond
- is a certificate of indebtedness of a corporation 𝐹𝑟
𝑃= (1 − (1 + 𝑖)−𝑛 ) + 𝐶(1 + 𝑖)−𝑛
usually for a period not less than ten years and 𝑖
guaranteed by a mortgage on certain assets of
the corporation or its subsidiaries where:
F = face, or par, value
C = redemption or disposal price (often equal to F)
r = bond rate per period
n = number of periods before redemption
i = investment rate per period
P= value of the bond n periods before redemption

Inflation
𝐹 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟𝑖 )−𝑛

Where 𝑟𝑖 is the inflation rate

Payment Factor
Payment Present Amount Factor

𝑃 = 𝐴 ∑(1 + 𝑖)−𝑥
𝑥=1

Payment Future Amount Factor

Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑛−1

𝐹 = 𝐴 ∑(1 + 𝑖)𝑥
𝑥=0

𝑟
Where 𝑖 =
𝑚

Breakeven Analysis Resale Price:

Cost = Net Income + Resale Price

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑛 − 𝐴 ∑(1 + 𝑖)𝑥

𝑥=0

Acid Test Ratio

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

If deposit & withdraw type of problem:

Draw Cashflow Diagram*

𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = ∑ 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡 − ∑ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑙

Example:
= 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑(1 + 𝑖)𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛−𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 −
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛(1 + 𝑖)𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛−𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑛

CONCEPTS

Engineering Economy It is the analysis and evaluation of the factors that will
affect the success of engineering projects to the end
that a recommendation be made which will ensure the
best use of capital.

Monopoly It is an economic or a market situation in which only a

single
seller or producer supplies a commodity or a service.

Oligopoly It is a market situation in which there are so few

suppliers of a
particular product that one supplier’s actions
significantly impact prices and supply.

Perfect Competition It is a market condition in which a product is traded

freely by
buyers and sellers in large numbers without any
individual
transaction affecting the price.
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Monopsony It is an economic or market situation in which a single

consumer or buyer buys a commodity or a service from
suppliers.

Oligopsony It is an economic or market situation in which there are

many
sellers or producers that supplies a commodity or a
service to very few consumers.

Capitalism It is an economic system based on the private

ownership of the means of production and distribution
of goods, characterized by a free competitive market
and motivation by profit.

Goods These are tangible things – things that you can touch –
that
satisfy human wants.

Services These are activities that people do for themselves or for

other people to satisfy their wants.

Necessities Products or services that are required to support human

life and activities, which will be purchased in somewhat
the same quantity even though the price varies
considerably.

Luxuries Products or services that are desired by humans and

will be
purchased if money is available after the required
necessities have been obtained.

Quantity Demanded (Demand) The quantity of a certain commodity that is bought at a

certain price at a given place and time.

Quantity Supplied (Supply) The quantity of a certain commodity that is offered for
sale at a certain price at a given place and time.

Law of Supply & Demand under conditions of perfect competition the price at
which a given product will be supplied and purchased is
the price that will result in the supply and the demand
being equal.

Law of Diminishing Returns When the use of one of the factors of production is
limited, either in increasing cost or by absolute quantity,
a point will be reached beyond which an increase in the
variable factors will result in a less that proportionate
increase in output.

Simple Interest Interest on an investment that is calculated once per

period, usually annually, on the amount of the capital
alone and not on any interest already earned.
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Types of Quantity
a. Scalar Quantity
- Magnitude only
- Temperature, mass, speed

b. Vector Quantity
- Magnitude and direction
- Weight, force, velocity

Length of the Vector For example (2,4,4)

|â| = √ai i + a2 j + a3 k
= (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 )

|â| = √a1 2 + a2 2 + a3 2

In this case,
|â| = √22 + 42 + 42

Forces in Equilibrium
Forces in Equilibrium
a. ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
b. ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
c. ∑ 𝑀 @𝑝𝑡. = 0

𝑎 = |𝑏∠A−𝑐|

Cosine Law:

𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

If three forces are given, and angle between two forces

is required:

𝑏2 + 𝑐2
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
2𝑏𝑐

Concurrent Forces 2 2
- Forces acting in a common point 𝑅 = √∑ 𝐹𝑥 + ∑ 𝐹𝑦

∑ 𝐹𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
∑ 𝐹𝑥

𝜃𝑐 = 360 + 𝜃

Or

𝑅 = √𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

a. ∑ 𝑑𝑥 = acos(𝐴) + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
b. ∑ 𝑑𝑦 = acos(𝐴) + 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝐵)
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∑ 𝑑𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
∑ 𝑑𝑥

Net Force
Given three forces; with force and angle

Complex Mode

𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑎∠A + b∠B + c∠C

Shift complex = r∠θ

Tension (watch youtube vids)

Draw free body diagram
Moment of the Couple

Static Friction Coefficient

𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑠 ∙ 𝐹𝑁
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑘 ∙ 𝐹𝑁

𝐹𝑥 − 𝐹𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎

Where 𝜇𝑠 is the static friction coefficient

𝜇𝑠 is the kinetic friction

If 𝐹𝑓 > 𝐹𝑥 , the acceleration is zero

If given an angle, draw free body diagram

1. Draw free body diagram

2. Solve for Frictional force using 𝐹𝑥 = 0
3. Solve for 𝐹𝑦 = 0, to get the F required
Minimum (-)
Maximum (+)

Tension in the Pulley

𝐹1
= 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝐹2
Where 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜇 is coefficient of friction

Two equations,
𝐹1 − 𝐹2 𝑒 𝜇𝜃
𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 𝑁

Where N is the tension in the pulley

Tension

𝑻 = 𝑭𝒓
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Where 𝐹 = |𝐹1 − 𝐹2 |
r is the radius

Power

𝑃 = 2𝜋𝑇𝑛

Where P is the Power

T is the tension
n is wheel speed (rev/s)

Truss
Moment of Inertia
Thin rod:

𝑚𝐿2
𝐼=
12

Where m is mass of the thin rod

L is the length

Sphere:

2𝑚𝑟 2
𝐼=
5

𝐼𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝐼 + 𝑚𝑟 2

Where m is mass of the sphere

Where r is the radius

Parallel Axis Theorem

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑑 + 2𝐼𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

Cylinder:

1
𝐼 = 𝑚𝑟 2
2

Long Uniform Rod

𝑚𝐿2
𝐼=
3
Rectangular Solid

1 2
𝐼= (𝑙 + 𝑤 2 )
12

Moment of Inertia with respect to x-axis TO REVIEW

Radius of Gyration with respect to x-axis
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

Moment of Inertia with respect to y-axis

Radius of Gyration with respect to y-axis

MECHANICS 2

Uniform Motion
𝑑
𝜈=
𝑡

Where v is velocity
d is distance
t is time

Uniformly Accelerated Motion

∆𝜈 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
𝑎= =
∆𝑡 𝑡
1. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡

1
2. 𝑑 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 ± 𝑎𝑡 2
2

𝑣𝑓 2 −𝑣1 2
3. 𝑑=
2𝑎

Where v is the velocity

a is the acceleration
d is the distance

Accelerates (+)
Decelerates (-)

Additional:

𝑑𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 ∙ 𝑡

Free Falling Body

1. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
𝑎→𝑔
1
2. ℎ = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 ± 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑑→ℎ
𝑣𝑓 2 −𝑣1 2
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣1 3. ℎ=
𝑔= 2𝑔
𝑡
Where v is the velocity
𝑚 𝑓𝑡
g is the gravitational acceleration, 9.81 , 32.17
𝑠2 𝑠2
h is the height

If time a person is in the air;

1
1. ℎ − ℎ𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 ± 𝑔𝑡 2
2

𝑣𝑓 2 −𝑣1 2
2. ℎ − ℎ𝑖 =
2𝑔
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use Quadratic Equation:

1
ℎ − ℎ𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 ± 𝑔𝑡 2
2

@1st condition, if height is required:

𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣1 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔

ℎ = ℎ𝑖 + ℎ𝑓
if time is required:

solve first for:

𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣1
𝑔=
𝑡

@2nd condition:
Solve for t, using:

1
ℎ = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 ± 𝑔𝑡 2
2
Where h is the total height

𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2

To solve for velocity:

𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣1 2
ℎ − ℎ𝑖 =
2𝑔

Centripetal Acceleration
𝜈2
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟

Where v is velocity
r is radius

Centripetal Force
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 =
𝑟

Uniform Angular Motion

𝜃
𝜔=
𝑑→𝜃 𝑡

𝜈→𝜔 Where 𝜔 is the angular velocity (rad/s)

𝜃 is the angular displacement (rev)
𝜃 t is the time
𝜔=
𝑡
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Relation of Angular Motion to Rectilinear Motion

𝑑 = 𝑟𝜃 𝜈 = 𝑟𝜔

𝜈 = 𝑟𝜔 Where v is the velocity

r is the radius
𝑎 = 𝑟𝛼

Where 𝛼 is the angular acceleration

Uniformly Accelerated Angular Motion

𝑑→𝜃 1. 𝜔𝑓 = 𝜔𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡

𝜈→𝜔 1
2. 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑖 𝑡 ± 𝛼𝑡 2
2

𝑎→𝛼 𝜔𝑓 −𝜔1 2
3. 𝜃=
2𝛼

If clockwise (-)
If counterclockwise (+)

Projectile Motion Horizontal Motion (Uniform Motion)

𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥 ∙ 𝑡
𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑡

Vertical Motion
(Free Falling Body)

𝑣𝑦 ′ = 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑔𝑡

1
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑦 ∙ 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2

1
*horizontal distance 𝑦 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
X – horizontal (distance)
Y – vertical (height) (𝑣𝑦 ′)2 − (𝑣𝑦 )2
𝑦=
2𝑔

If size of angle is required: (𝑅 →

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒)

𝑣 2 sin (2𝜃)
𝑅=
𝑔
If time of the flight is required:

𝑥
𝑡=
𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

2𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑅 =
𝑔
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If initial velocity is required, given horizontal distance

and height,

1. Solve for t using,

𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑡

2. Solve velocity, substitute t computed at step 1

1
𝑦 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∙ 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
Or

𝑔𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 −
2𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃)

For other case,

At point M and O, if given two angles:
Ex: A projectile is launched from point O at an angle of
22 with an initial velocity of 15 m/s up an incline plane
that makes an angle of 10 with the horizontal. The
projectile hits plane at point M. Find the distance OM.

𝑥 = 𝑂𝑀 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑂𝑀 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Using two important formulas

Banking Angle (Angle of Superelevation)

𝑣2
tan(𝜃𝑏 + 𝜃𝑓 ) =
𝑔𝑟

tan(𝜃𝑓 ) = 𝜇

Therefore,

𝑣2
tan(𝜃𝑏 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝜇)) =
𝑔𝑟

Where the 𝜃𝑏 is the banking angle

𝜇 is the coefficient of friction
v is the velocity
g is the gravitational acceleration
r is the radius

Optimum speed (frictionless)

Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑣2
tan(𝜃𝑏 ) =
𝑔𝑟

Total Mechanical Energy

𝑇𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

Work
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ 𝑑

Where F is the Force in N

W is work in J
d is the distance, m

in other cases,

𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
Given density and volume,

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔𝑑

𝑊 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔𝑑

Power
𝑊 𝐹𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑑 𝑚
𝑃= = = = (𝑎𝑑)
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

If Power is required given initial and final velocity,

𝑣𝑓 2 −𝑣1 2
1. 𝑑=
2𝑎

𝑣𝑓 2 −𝑣1 2
2. 𝑎𝑑 =
2

Therefore,

𝑚 𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣1 2
𝑃= ∙
𝑡 2

If load is required, given Power

𝑊 𝐹𝑑
𝑃= = = 𝑚𝑔𝑣
𝑡 𝑡
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1 hP = 746 W
2ND Law of Motion How large a force:

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎

∆𝑣
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚
∆𝑡

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∙ ∆𝑡 = 𝑚∆𝑣

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ∙ ∆𝑡 is impulse

𝑚∆𝑣 is momentum

Velocity For velocity: e.g bullet and wood

𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣′1 +𝑚2 𝑣′2

𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 )𝑣

For height and velocity;

Compute for the velocity first given the height,

𝑃𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥

1
𝑚𝑔ℎ = 𝑚𝑣 2
2

Compute for velocity required,

𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2 )𝑣

Coefficient of Restitution
∆𝑉𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉2 ′ − 𝑉1 ′ 𝑉1 ′ − 𝑉2 ′
𝑒=− =− =
∆𝑉𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑉2 − 𝑉1 𝑉2 − 𝑉1

𝐾𝐸𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0 (perfect inelastic collision)

𝑒 = 0 (perfect inelastic)

0 < 𝑒 < 1 (inelastic)

𝑒 = 1 (perfect elastic)

ℎ𝑟
𝑒=√
ℎ𝑜

Where ℎ𝑜 is the initial height

ℎ𝑟 is the height of rebound

If second rebound:
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

ℎ𝑟1
𝑒=√
ℎ𝑜

@n = time of rebound

→ ℎ𝑟𝑛 = 𝑒 2𝑛 ∙ ℎ𝑜
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Strength of Materials It deals with analyzing stresses and deflections in

materials under load.

Stress is defined as the internal force which is resisting the

external force per unit area.

Axial/Normal Stress
- is a stress that occurs when a member is 𝑃
𝜎=
loaded by an axial force. 𝐴

Where P is the applied load

A is the cross sectional area

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4

Shearing Stress
- is a force that causes layers or parts to slide 𝑃
𝜎𝑠 =
upon each other in opposite directions. 𝐴

For bolt: two holes, then Area is twice

Single Shear
- is load applied in one plane that would result in
the fastener being cut into two pieces.

Double Shear
- is load applied in one plane that would result in 𝑃
𝜎=
the fastener being cut into three pieces. ṅ𝐴

Punching Shear
- is a failure mechanism in structural members 𝑃
𝜎=
like slabs and foundation by shear under the 𝜋𝑑𝑡
action of concentrated loads. Where P is the applied force
d is the diameter
t is the thickness

Compressive Stress 𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

Where A is the cross sectional area

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑑
4

THIN-WALLED PRESSURED VESSELS

- A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a Tangential Stress (circumferential/girth/hoop)
pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which
resist bursting, developed across longitudinal For cylinder:
and transverse sections.
𝑃𝑖 𝐷 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑜
𝜎𝑡 = = 𝐷
2𝑡 2𝑡
For sphere:
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑜
𝜎𝑡 = 𝐷
4𝑡
Longitudinal Stress

𝑃𝑖 𝐷 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑜
𝜎𝐿 = = 𝐷
4𝑡 4𝑡

𝜎𝑡
𝜎𝐿 =
2

Where P is the internal pressure

t is the thickness
D is the diameter

Note:
For some cases, if a longitudinal stress exceeds the
limit of tangential stress, then it will be neglected.

Stress-Strain Diagram

Proportional Limit
- the endpoint of the stress-strain curve that is a straight line.

Hooke’s Law
- the stress is directly proportional to strain. 𝜎 𝛼 𝜀; 𝜎 = 𝑘𝜀

Where k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or Young’s

Modulus Y

𝜎 = 𝛾𝜀

Elastic Limit - is the limit beyond which the material will no

longer go back to its original shape when the
load is removed, or it is the maximum stress
that may e developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the
load is entirely removed.

Yield Point - is the point at which the material will have an

appreciable elongation or yielding without any
increase in load.

Ultimate Stress - the maximum ordinate in the stress-strain

diagram.
Rupture Point - is the strength of the material at rupture. This
is also known as the breaking strength.

Modulus of Resilience - is the work done on a unit volume of material

as the force is gradually increased from the
linear range, in 𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚3 . This may be
calculated as the area under the stress-strain
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

curve from the origin O to up to the elastic

limit. The resilience of the material is its ability
to absorb energy without creating a permanent
distortion.

Modulus of Toughness - is the work done on a unit volume of material

as the force is gradually increased from O to
R, in 𝑁 − 𝑚/𝑚3 .. This may be calculated as
the area under the entire stress-strain curve
(from O to R). The toughness of a material is
its ability to absorb energy without causing it to
break.

Working Stress - is defined as the actual stress of a material

under a given loading.

Allowable Stress - the maximum safe stress that a material can

carry.

Factor of Safety
- the ratio of this strength (ultimate or yield 𝜎𝑢
𝐹𝑜𝑆 =
strength) to allowable strength. 𝜎𝑎

Where 𝜎𝑢 is the ultimate stress

Elongation
𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸

Elongation due to its Weight

𝜌𝑔𝐿2 𝑚𝑔𝐿 𝛾𝐿2
𝛿= = =
2𝐸 2𝐴𝐸 2𝐸

Total Elongation
𝛿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛿 + 𝛿𝑤

Where 𝛿𝑤 is the elongation due to its weight

Shear Modulus - the ratio of the shear stress τ and the shear
strain γ

Poisson’s Ratio
- The ratio of the sidewise deformation (or
strain) to the longitudinal deformation (or −𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡
𝑣=
strain) 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛

Sidewise or Transverse Strain ∆𝑑

𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡 =
𝑑

Where ∆𝑑 is the change in diameter

d is the original diameter

Longitudinal Strain
Reviewer by Engr. AGP

𝑃 ∆𝐿
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛 = =
𝐴𝛾 𝐿

Where 𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛 is the longitudinal strain

P is the tension load
A is the area
𝛾 is the Young’s Modulus

Modulus of Rigidity
𝐸
𝐺=
2(1 + 𝑣)

Where E or 𝛾 is elasticity or Young’s Modulus

v is the Poisson’s ratio

Bulk’s Modulus, K
𝐸
𝐾=
3(1 − 2𝑣)

Where E or 𝛾 is elasticity or Young’s Modulus

v is the Poisson’s ratio

Thermal Stress
𝜎𝑇 = 𝛼𝛾∆𝑇

Where ∆𝑇 is the change in temperature

Yield Stress
𝜎 = 𝜎𝑇 + 𝜎𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

Where 𝜎 is the normal stress

Torsion - In solid mechanics, it is the twisting of an
object due to an applied torque
- In circular sections, the resultant shearing
stress is perpendicular to the radius.

Torsional Shearing Stress

𝑇𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝐽
Where T is torque
r is radius
J is the polar moment of inertia

Polar Moment of Inertia

Solid shaft:

𝜋𝐷4
𝐽=
32
Hollow shaft:
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𝜋
𝐽= (𝐷4 − 𝑑4 )
32

Where D is the outer diameter

d is the inner diameter

Angle of Twist
𝑇𝐿
𝜃= (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠)
𝐽𝐺

Power through Shaft

𝑃 = 𝑇𝜛 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑇

Where 𝜛 is rad/s
𝑓 is Hz or rev/s

Helical Spring
A.M Wahl’s Formula

16𝑃𝑅 4𝑚 − 1 0.615
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( + )
𝜋𝑑3 4𝑚 + 1 𝑚

Where m = D/d = 2R/d

A.M Wahl’s Factor

4𝑚 − 1 0.615
( + )
4𝑚 + 1 𝑚

Approximation Method:

16𝑃𝑅 𝑑
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3
(1 + )
𝜋𝑑 4𝑅

Spring Deflection
64𝑃𝑅3 𝑛
𝛿=
𝐺𝑑4

Where P is the load

𝛿 is the elongation
G is the modulus of rigidity
n is the no. of turns

Spring Constant In Series:

1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
𝑘 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑛
In Parallel:

𝑘 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛

Formula :
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𝐹 𝑃
𝑘= =
𝑥 𝛿

Cables: Parabolic Cable a) Tension at the supports

Uniformly Distributed Load along the Horizontal
𝜛𝐿
𝑇 = √( )2 + 𝐻 2
2

Where 𝜛 is load/horizontal length

L is length or span or spacing

b) Tension at the lowest point

𝜛𝐿2
𝐻=
8𝑑

Where 𝜛 is load per horizontal length

𝐻 is the tension at the lowest point
L is length or span
d is the diameter or sag

c) Approximate Length of Cable

8𝑑2 32𝑑4
𝑆=𝐿+ −
3𝐿 5𝐿3

Where S is the length of the cable

L is the distance apart
d is the sag
Cables: Catenary Cable
𝑥
𝑆 = 𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑐

Where S is the length of the power line

x is the distance apart
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ
𝑐

𝑦2 = 𝑆 2 + 𝑐2

𝑠𝑎𝑔 = 𝑦 − 𝑐

𝑊 = 𝜛𝑠

Where 𝜛 is load per horizontal length

𝑇 = 𝜛𝑦

Where 𝜛 is load per horizontal length

T is the tension (maximum)

𝐻 = 𝜛𝑐
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Where 𝜛 is load per horizontal length

H is the tension at the low point

Note: if two towers, two points, then S/2=S & x/2=x

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PHYSICS

Calculator shortcuts:

Constant NO.
03 𝑚𝑒
28 Speed of light (c)
06 Planck’s constant (h)
16 𝑅∞
23 Electron constant
24 Avogadro’s constant (𝑁𝐴 )
25 Boltzmann constant
27 Gas constant (R)
28 𝑐𝑜
39 G (discovered by Henry Cavendish)

Law of Universal Gravity 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺
𝑟2 − 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹𝑐 = 𝐺
𝑟
Escape velocity
𝐺𝑚
𝑣𝑒 = √
𝑟
Linear expansion
∆𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 𝛼∆𝑇

Sensible heat

∆𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇

a) Latent Heat of Vaporization

𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐽
𝑐 = 540 , 970 , 2260
𝑔 𝑙𝑏 𝑔

b) Latent Heat of Fusion

𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑇𝑈 𝐽
𝑐 = 80 , 144 , 334
𝑔 𝑙𝑏 𝑔

Temperature 5
℃= ℉
9

9
℉= ℃
5

∆℃ = ∆𝐾

∆℉ = ∆°𝑅
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
𝑃 = 𝜎𝑇 4 𝐴

Vibratory Motion
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a) Pendulum
𝐿
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔
1 1 𝑔
𝑓= = √
𝑇 2𝜋 𝐿

b) Simple Harmonic Motion

𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑘
1 1 𝑘
𝑓= = √
𝑇 2𝜋 𝑚
c) Spring

𝑓 = 𝑘𝑥

1
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2

Speed of Sound
a) In solid
𝑌
𝑣= √
𝜌
where 𝑌 = Young’s modulus

b) In liquid
𝐾
𝑣= √
𝜌
where 𝐾 = Bulk’s modulus

c) In gas
𝛾𝑅𝑇 𝛾𝑘𝑇
𝑣= √ = √
𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
where 𝛾 = specific heat ratio
k = Boltzmann constant

Open-end Air Column (All harmonics) 𝑣 2𝐿

𝜆= =
𝑓 ℎ

Close-end Air Column (Odd Harmonics) 𝑣 4𝐿

𝜆= =
𝑓 ℎ

Doppler Effect 𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑜
𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑠

Note: 𝑓𝑜 > 𝑓𝑠 , then 𝑓𝑜 = 𝑓𝑠 + ∆𝑓

where 𝑓𝑜 = observed frequency

𝑓𝑠 = source’s frequency
v = speed of sound
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𝑣𝑜 = speed of observer
𝑣𝑠 = speed of source

Note: −𝑣𝑠 = source is approaching

+𝑣𝑠 = source is moving away
−𝑣𝑜 = observer is approaching
+𝑣𝑜 = observer is moving away
Index of Refraction
1
𝑛=
𝑣𝑓

𝑣
𝑣𝑓 =
𝑐𝑜

where 𝑣𝑓 = velocity factor

𝑐𝑜
𝑛=
𝑣

Relative Permittivity 𝑣𝑓 = √𝜀𝑟

1
𝑛=
√𝜀𝑟

Snell’s Law
𝑛1 sin 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑛2 sin 𝜃𝑟
Total Internal Reflection
𝑛2
𝜃𝑟 = sin−1
𝑛1
Note: 𝑛2 < 𝑛1
𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1
𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.33

𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑛=
𝑑𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑛

Optics
a) Mirror Equation 1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖

b) Magnification ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
𝑀= =
ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜

c) Radius of Curvature 𝑅 = 2𝑓

Note: + f = concave mirror

- f = convex mirror
+𝑑𝑖 = real image
−𝑑𝑖 = virtual image
+M = erect
- M = inverted

Lens
a) Lens Equation
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1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖

b) Magnification
ℎ𝑖 −𝑑𝑖
𝑀= =
ℎ𝑜 𝑑𝑜

c) Radius of Curvature
𝑅 = 2𝑓

1 1 1
= (𝑛 − 1)( − )
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2

1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
𝑓𝑇 𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓𝑛

Relativity
• Special Relativity
• General Relativity
a. Lorentz Factor 1
𝛾=
𝑣
√1 − ( )2
𝑐

𝑢−𝑣
𝑢′ = 𝑢𝑣
b. Lorentz Velocity Transformation 1− 2
𝑐

𝑣
1 + ( )2
𝑓𝑜 = √ 𝑐
𝑣 ∙ 𝑓𝑠
1 − ( )2
c. Relativistic Doppler Shift 𝑐

𝑣
1 − ( )2
𝜆𝑜 = √ 𝑐
𝑣 ∙ 𝜆𝑠
1 + ( )2
𝑐
Momentum, P
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑣
Quantum Mechanics
𝛾𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 : 𝑣𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜
9
𝛽𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 : 𝑣𝛽 = 𝑐
10 𝑜
1
𝛼𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 : 𝑣𝛼 = 𝑐
20 𝑜
Planck’s Law
ℎ𝑐𝑜
𝐸𝑝 = ℎ𝑓 =
𝜆

ℎ
𝜆=
𝑚𝑣

Rydberg’s Formula
1 1 1
= 𝑍 2 𝑅∞ ( 2 − 2 )
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2
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𝑐𝑜
𝑓=
𝜆

Note: 𝑛2 > 𝑛1 (increased energy)

Z = atomic no.
Ohm’s Law
𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅

Resistors in Series
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝑅𝑛

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = ⋯ = 𝐼𝑛

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛

Additional:
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑛

Resistors in Parallel
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅 2 𝑅𝑛

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = ⋯ = 𝑉𝑛

Additional:
𝑅
𝑅𝑇 =
𝑛

Area Expansion
∆𝐴 = 𝐴𝑂 𝛼𝐴 ∆𝑇

𝛼𝐴 = 2𝛼𝐿

Volume Expansion
∆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑂 𝛼𝑉 ∆𝑇
𝛼𝑉 = 3𝛼𝐿

Transformers 𝑁1 𝐼2
=
𝑁2 𝐼1

𝑁1 𝑉1
=
𝑁2 𝑉2

𝑁1 2 𝑅1
( ) =
𝑁2 𝑅2

Amplitude of Oscillation 1
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑘𝑥 2
2
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1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
Intensity of Sound
𝑃
𝐼=
𝜋𝑟 2

Calorimetry
−𝑄𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛

−𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
Bernoulli Equation
1 1
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 = 𝑃2 + 𝜌𝑣2 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
2 1 2

Capacitors
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉

Capacitors in Series
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋯+
𝐶𝑇 𝐶1 𝐶 2 𝐶𝑛

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = ⋯ = 𝑄𝑛

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛

Capacitors in Parallel
𝐶𝑇 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛

𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + ⋯ + 𝑄𝑛

𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = ⋯ = 𝑉𝑛

ADDITIONAL FROM REFRESHER:

Pascal’s Principle 𝑃1 = 𝑃2

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2

Couple
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑑

Where F is force and d is distance

Observation of Two Immiscible Liquids ℎ1 ℎ2

ℎ𝑇 = +
𝑛1 𝑛2

Where h is height or depth

Force
𝑚𝑣
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 =
𝑡
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Angle
𝑟∙𝜃
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 =
𝑡

𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜃
=
𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 360°

𝑥2
Work
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑥
𝑥1

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑥