‫السالم عليكم‬

‫ ومعها اسئله ملف يزيد وملف عباس‬5 ‫ لشهر‬1‫ من شهر‬2022 ‫ده حل لكل االسئله‬
. ‫مع تصحيح االخطاء الموجودة‬
‫ المصادر كلها مراجع في الصيدلة‬،‫اسفل كل اجابة كاتبه المصدر‬
‫ برضو بكون اسفل اجابة السؤال‬، ‫اثناء دراستي كنت بذاكر الموضوع حول السؤال‬
. ‫عشان اغطي الموضوع كلو‬
‫ بس‬،‫انا باول شوفت ملف نوت ونون وقرايتهم مره واحدة وما رجعت ليهم تاني‬
‫ عشان تسهل حفظها‬systems ‫ركزت على االسئله دي حيث راتبتها حسب كل‬
.‫وذاكراتها في شهر‬
‫الحمد هلل فادتني في االمتحان وجيبت درجه عاليه‬
‫ وما توفيقي اال باهلل عليه‬،‫ وإن أسأت أو أخطأت فمن نفسي‬،‫فإن أحسنت فمن هللا‬
.‫توكلت واليه انيب‬
‫دعواتك لي‬
‫الشيماء مجاهد‬/‫د‬
Biochemistry:
Coenzyme A 🡪 Read about it
coenzyme A (CoASH) has a clearly defined role as a cofactor for a number of oxidative and
biosynthetic reactions in intermediary metabolism. Formation of acyl-CoA thioesters from organic
carboxylic acids activates the acid for further biotransformation reactions and facilitates enzyme
recognition
Coenzyme A help on what transport
It assists in transferring fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. A molecule of
coenzyme A carrying an acyl group is also referred to as acyl-CoA
Metabolism if triglycerides to fatty acid?‫يبغى االنزيم‬

Metabolism if triglycerides to fatty acid and mono glycerol?

-peptidase
-pancreatic lipase if duodenum
‫ الخيار الثالث كان‬tri ‫ ثم كلمة ثم‬lipase if stomach
‫بين الثاني والثالث‬

Electronic transfer?

Electron transport chain occur in *inner mitochondrial membrane

‫سؤال لصوره مش فاكره تفاصليها بس مش مركب وبيقولك انه عمل ليها ع السهم ‪ cyclization‬ودا زود ال‪ Activity‬ويزود‬
‫ال ‪(affinity to receptor binding‬‬
‫فهل دا هيزود‬
‫‪Rigidity‬‬
‫‪Stability‬‬
‫‪Flexibility‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬رسمه وكان يسال ايش هي ‪ flexibility‬او ‪ stability‬جواب‬

‫جات الرسمة حق ‪ flexibility‬الي هي اثنين قوالب اسطوانية وكان فية قالب يسقط من فوق الثاني اكيد‬
‫يقصد نوع القالب حديد وال بالستيك‬
•
Kinetic stability and unfolding cooperativity are linked to thermal
flexibility

•
Thermal flexibility is given by residue displacements due to a
temperature gradient

•
There are concerted effects among residues within a certain global
spatial context

•
Protein kinetic stability can be enhanced modifying its thermal
flexibility
 Biotin ..... ‫ الي فوق السهم‬vit ‫ وسأل علي الـ‬Melanoyl Co A ‫ رسمة الـ‬-

‫اخترت يدمج‬.. ‫ وظيفته شنو يدمج مادتين وال يحللهم‬synthetase ‫االنزيم‬

an enzyme that catalyzes the linking together of two molecules usually using the energy derived from
the concurrent splitting off of a pyrophosphate group from a triphosphate (such as ATP).
Under the original definition, synthases do not use energy from nucleoside triphosphates (such as ATP,
GTP, CTP, TTP, and UTP), whereas synthetases do use nucleoside triphosphate.
Cell can modify proteins by adding ubiquitin (?) on them, what's the fate of this protein?

(Stored- secreted- destroyed -repaired)

* Which Amino acid we give for anorexia: leucine

Non-Essential amino acid (proline )

o 9 Essential... I love toto very much and perhaps toto loves him
o 11 non-essential
‫ بنتحصل عليها من اي مصدر‬essential protein ‫ال‬

- plant

-animal

The best sources of amino acids are found in animal proteins such as beef, poultry and eggs.
Function of pyruvate decarboxylase
enzyme responsible for the non-oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde and carbon
dioxide.

●Reaction (NAD _ NADH+) give + 30 energy (exogenic - endogenic - Endothermic - exothermic)

exergonic
The dehydrogenase enzyme reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol, which is an endergonic (energy-requiring)
reaction: The reduction of acetaldehyde is coupled to the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, which is an exergonic
reaction.

how many ATP from 1 glucose molecule?

 ‫يقول التخليق من‬
L Glutamate .to D glutamate ..

‫الكاربوهيدرات اللي تحتاج كمية كبيرة من الطاقه عشان تتحلل‬

- Carrier molecule in Krebs cycle?

Oxaloacetate
#add sugar to protein ..glycosylation

What is the function of NAD?

Which one of carbohydrate is pentose?

# hexose sugar... glucose

 galactose ‫ اللي هو‬Monosacharide

POLYSACCHARIDE?

A- Glucose

b- glycogen

c- glucagon
Maltose by CTF contains 40 calories per 10 g serving.
Sucrose, as a pure carbohydrate, has an energy content of 3.94 kilocalories per gram

Dietary carbohydrates, which are absorbed as hexose, (glucose, fructose) have a caloric value
of 3.9 kcal/g.
Dna is deoxyribose

Restriction endonuclease act on ..?

Bacteria single strand
Double strand DNA
Restriction enzymes cleave DNA at specific nucleotide sequences. Restriction
endonucleases cleave double-stranded DNA. These enzymes are sequence specific, and each
enzyme acts at a limited number of sites in DNA called recognition, or cutting, sites

‫🧬 مين المسؤول عن نقل وكوبي واسماء االنزيمات‬dna ‫ مهم تعرفون ال‬-

 ‫ جه‬central dogma ‫تعريف‬

glycogenolysis ‫ ايش يعني‬glucagon degredation ‫جاب‬

Alanine to glucose——> gluconeogenesis

Which process does Insulin work on or increase? Glycogenesis
Insulin: Anabolic hormone, Fuel Storage, Response to Increase blood glucose or feeding
state:

Increase or stimulate :
Glycolysis

Glucogenesis
Lipogenesis
Decrease or inhibit :

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis

Lipolysis
Ketogenesis

Glucagon: anti insulin hormone. Response to decrease blood glucose or fasting state :

Increase or stimulate :
Glycogenolysis

Glyconeogenesis
Lipolysis

Ketogenesis
Decrease or inhibit :
Glycolysis

Lipogenesis
Cortisol Increase or stimulate :

Gluconeogenesis
Protein catabolism

Glycogenic amine acid

Decrease :
Glycolysis

Catecholamines or epinephrine
Increase :

Glycogenolysis
Decrease :

Lipogenesis

Growth hormone :
Block insulin action

Inhibit glucose uptake by cell.

‫جاب عن حمض اميني فالين نقصه ايش يسبب‬
Sickle cell anemia is caused by a single nucleotide mutation in DNA that changes just one amino acid in
the hemoglobin �-chains from a glutamic acid to a valine.

Deficiency may cause insomnia and reduced mental function*.

low level of valine cause :
Fatigue
Muscles pain

‫ السؤال بالتجميعات ما اذكره‬leucin ‫جاب عن‬

Glucose produce.. 38 atp

Longest sugar.. Dextran
Cysteine is important for hair
Interaction of pyruvic acid is Oxidative decarboxylation
 ‫اضافه هايدروجين او اختزال او نزع‬...dehydrogenase ‫سؤال ايش يعني‬

A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by reducing an electron

acceptor, usually facilitating the interconversion between alcohols and aldehydes
or ketones, accompanied by the reduction of the cofactor, nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD + to NADH). Indeed, alcohol dehydrogenases are isozymes
that catalyze the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes or
ketones, respectively with NAD + .