Time Management and Academic Performance of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences

Students S.Y 2023-2024

CHAPTER 1

Background of the study

For academics, effective time management significantly enhances a student’s experience, enabling them
to meet deadlines, adequately prepare for exams, participate in extra-curricular activities, and have time
for relaxation. Studies have found a positive correlation between effective time management and
academic success. Time management is the coordination of tasks and activities to maximize the
effectiveness of an individual's efforts. Essentially, the purpose of time management is to enable people
to get more and better work done in less time.Elements of time management include organization,
planning and scheduling to best take advantage of the time available. Time management techniques
also take into account an individual's particular situation and their relevant capabilities and
characteristics,(Lutkevich & Wigmore,2022).Academic performance, intelligence, and other indicators of
learning ability have been widely studied regarding their associations with criminal and antisocial
behavior,(Ellis & Hoskin, 2022).As the academic workload becomes heavier, effective time management
becomes crucial in ensuring academic success. This is especially true for Grade 12 Humanities and Social
Sciences students, who are often expected to juggle multiple essays, projects, and exams at the same
time. In this essay, I will explore the relationship between time management and academic
performance, supported by recent studies conducted between 2019 and 2023.

According to a study by Dahir, Ayala, and Chen (2020), effective time management skills are positively
correlated with academic performance. The study found that students who reported better time
management skills were more likely to achieve higher GPAs. This is supported by another study by
Maier, Weijers, and Lüftenegger (2019), which found that time management skills are a key predictor of
academic success.

Moreover, poor time management skills have been identified as a major obstacle to academic success
among Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students. In a study by Konts and Brūzina (2021),
students who struggled with time management reported significantly lower GPAs compared to their
peers. Similarly, a study by Zhou and Liu (2019) found that students who procrastinated were more
likely to experience stress and anxiety, which in turn negatively impacted their academic performance.

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In light of these studies, it is clear that effective time management is crucial for achieving academic
success. To improve time management skills, students can utilize a variety of strategies, such as creating
schedules, setting goals, prioritizing tasks, and utilizing time-saving tools such as apps and timers.

This study will also explore other variables that may affect time management and academic
performance, such as the influence of technology (e.g., social media usage) and extracurricular activities.
Furthermore, it would be important to consider potential demographic differences and examine if time
management practices vary among different student groups (e.g., gender, socioeconomic background,
grade level).To conduct the study, researchers could distribute surveys among the selected participants
to gather information on their time management habits, academic workload, study routines, and
personal factors that may impact their ability to manage time effectively. Time management is a huge
problem faced by the La Castellana National High School-Senior High School. Teachers are struggling to
let their students pass the given tasks on time for students are always asking extension for them to
finished it. Students always tend to say they have a lot of tasks but the truth is they cannot manage their
time well.

Overall, this study on time management and academic performance would contribute to the existing
body of knowledge on student success, providing evidence-based recommendations for effective time
management practices that can support students in achieving their educational goals.

Statement of the problem

The main objective of this study is to determine the level of time management and academic
performance of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students of La Castellana National High School-
Senior High, for School Year 2023-2024.

Specifically,this study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of Grade-12 Humanities and Social Sciences students in terms of:

1.1 sex

1.2. Section

2. What is the level of time management of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students in terms
of:

a. Socialization

b. Procrastination

c. Prioritization

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3.What is the first quarter average of Grade 12 Humanities and Social Sciences students?

4.Is there significant relationship between Time Management namely socialization, procrastination, and
prioritization and Academic Performance of Grade -12 Humanities and Social Sciences students?

Hypothesis:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the time management namely socialization,
procrastination and prioritization and academic performance of Grade-12 Humanities and Social
Sciences students.

Theoretical Framework

Understanding the importance of time management is essential for everyone. A conscious control when
imposed over the amount of time spent in doing day-to-day activities would enable you to divide your
priorities and set a deadline for them. Thus, you would be able to accomplish tasks within the set time
limit. Time management is possible by understanding the theories, principles, and techniques proposed
by scholars and philosophers who have understood its significance in life. Studying the time
management theories would help you to organize, plan, and schedule your responsibilities, activities,
and the most coveted goals of your life in the right manner. And then, you can channelize your energy
towards that specific direction to increase your productivity.

Parkinson’s Law is simple and straightforward: the time required to complete a particular task will
expand according to the amount of time it is allotted. Giving yourself less time to do something will lead
to faster completion. Slowly reduce the time allotted for any given task, and eventually, you’ll find the
sweet spot in which it gets completed without feeling rushed. Like the other theories, this changes the
way you approach using your time, illustrating that less time can lead to better, more effective
work.Cyril Northcote Parkinson was a British author who once observed this phenomenon firsthand.
Assigning two hours to complete a task that could be completed in less than one hour will result in the
two hours being consumed anyway, but with the excess hour spent on planning, worrying, and
agonizing. People will almost always fill all assigned time, but they fill it with changes if they have too
much excess.As you continue to allow yourself less time, you will likely begin prioritizing only those
emails that actually matter, skimming subject lines and dumping spam, advertisements, or other
meaningless messages. Your attention will zero in on the most important emails that must be addressed
immediately.This exercise helps people pare away unnecessary worrying, planning, and frivolousness,
finding the tasks that truly need to be completed. Parkinson’s Law should help you maintain awareness
of the essential time to complete any task or project. Try allowing yourself a little less time than you
think you need; the odds are good that you’ll only need the time you set aside.

Pickle Jar Theory

The pickle jar theory is very simple to understand and execute. The experiment is actually a time
management model, that will aid you in prioritizing your work and in reaching the milestones of your
life. To understand the concept, you can try it out practically. Take a pickle jar and fill it with rocks. You

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observe that the spaces in between the rick stones could be filled up with pebbles. The jar becomes
more compact after filling it with pebbles, but still there are inconspicuous spaces that can compacted
with sand. Now, pour water over it and close the lid.

The pickle jar is the replica of your life. The major responsibilities of your life or your goals are
represented by the rocks that occupy most of the space. This infers that, you should dedicate more time
to such goals. The chipped stones or the pebbles symbolize your hobbies, that require comparatively
lesser time than the important goals. Lastly, the daily chores of your life are the sand particles, that get
placed perfectly between your goals and hobbies. The distractive force in your life that takes away your
attention from the path of success is the water. Apart from teaching us the right way to manage time,
this theory also makes us aware of the fact that distractions that lead to mismanagement should be
avoided completely in order to follow the right track.

Conceptual framework

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Time Management

a. Socialization
Academic Performance
b. Procrastination

c. Prioritization

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the time management and academic performance of the study.

In this study, time management is being correlated with the academic performance of Grade-12
Humanities and Social Science students. According to some theories,having a time management will
surely lead you to faster and easier flow of activities given. The researcher will know what are some
factors that affect the time management of Grade-12 Humanities and Social Science students.

Scope and Delimitation

The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between time management and
academic performance of students.The study consider the personal information of students such as
name (Optional), sex, section.The researcher limited the study in grade 12 students in the school year
2023-2024 at the La Castellana National High School - Senior High School.The study was conducted from
October 2023 to January 2024.Each of the respondents given a questionnaire to answer.The study
selected came from different sections to prevent bias and get objective perceptions.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will give significant bearings to the following:

SCHOOL ADMINISTRATOR. This study will be used as the basis for implementing the raised curriculum
and on how to enhance the learning process for the 21st generation of learners.

TEACHERS. These research could help the teachers to lessen their stress and could see that the students
are improving in their academic performance.

PARENTS. This study will provide adequate information that could help and satisfy the parents of the
students for them to be aware on what improvement is happening and to give importance of their time.

STUDENTS. This study will provide some information and knowledge about this certain topic. It will also
give some strategies on how to manage their time effectively.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. The research will help them to give some data and information that will give
answer to some questions.

Definition of Terms

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Conceptually, Academic achievement or academic performance is the extent to which a student, teacher
or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals. Completion of educational
benchmarks such as secondary school diplomas and bachelor's degrees represent academic
achievement,(Wikipedia.com,2023).

In this study, academic performance is the average of the Grade-12 Humanities and Social Sciences
students for the first quarter.

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HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

Conceptually,the social sciences focuses on subjects like economics, psychology, and history, while the
humanities explore philosophy, languages and literature, and the arts. Students following this pathway
develop strong communication and critical thinking skills, as well as an understanding of cultural
differences,(Epps,2023).

In this study, Humanities and Social Science is the strand of the participants involved in the study that is
being given a questionnaire to answer.

PRIORITIZATION

Conceptually,prioritization is the process by which potential development items are ranked in order of
importance. In terms of product management, this means determining which themes, initiatives, or
features should get slotted into the product roadmap and the next set of upcoming product releases,
(productplan,2023).

In this study, prioritization is the action ordering and determining the task be taken first and last by the
Grade-12 Humanities and Social Science students.

PROCRASTINATION

Conceptually,procrastination is the act of delaying or putting off tasks until the last minute, or past their
deadline. Some researchers define procrastination as a "form of self-regulation failure characterized by
the irrational delay of tasks despite potentially negative consequence,(Cherry,2022).

In this study, procrastination is the avoidance or reasons of Grade-12 Humanities and Social Science
students why they are not doing their task right away.

SOCIALIZATION

Conceptually, socialization generally refers to the process of social influence through which a person
acquires the culture or subculture of their group, and in the course of acquiring these cultural elements
the individual's self and personality are shaped. Socialization, therefore, addresses two important
problems of social life: the problem of societal continuity and the problem of individual development,
(Parki & Morris, 2008).

In this study, socialization is one of the things that makes the activities of Grade-12 Humanities and
Social Science students slower to finish at a time.

TIME MANAGEMENT

Conceptually, time management is the process of organizing and planning how to divide your time
between different activities. Get it right, and you'll end up working smarter, not harder, to get more
done in less time – even when time is tight and pressures are high,(mindtools.com).

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In this study, time management refers to how the Grade-12 Humanities and Social Science students
spent their time on some leisures and other things rather than their priorities.

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The researchers will explain the relationship between the factors that affects time management and the
academic performance of the students by reviewing the literature and studies related to their topic.

Foreign Studies

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Effective time management, encompassing prioritization, overcoming procrastination, and balancing
socialization, is crucial for academic success as it enables students to optimize their productivity, focus
on important tasks, and maintain a healthy work-life balance, leading to improved academic
achievements. Thus, the present study tried to investigate the relationship between time management
in terms of prioritization, procrastination, and socialization and academic achievement. Using validated,
reliable and standardized questionnaire, the researchers surveyed 213 education students using simple
random technique. The study utilized quantitative approach, nonexperimental, descriptive-correlational
techniques. The study used mean, standard deviation and correlational analysis to analyzed the data.
Based on the findings, the overall level of time management is moderate. The level of academic
achievement is very good. In the test of correlation, the finding revealed that time management shows
insignificant association with academic achievement. Thus, the finding suggests that the effectiveness of
time management techniques in terms of the ability to prioritize tasks, the tendency to procrastinate,
and the level of socialization may not be strong predictors of academic success in this specific setting or
population under in this present investigation,(Julsar T Calonia, Dickson P Pagente, Daisy Jane C
Desierto, Rodrigo T Capio, Jeacelle Ann P Tembrevilla, Charish A Guzman, Ariel Jay S Nicor,2019).

Time management is a set of practices that work together to help you get more value out of your time
with the aim of improving the quality of your life. On the other hand, academic performance is the
outcome of education, that is, the extent to which, teacher and institution has achieved their
educational goals,(Adebayo, 2015).

Numerous articles and studies have explained that there is a link in time management with the students
academic performance. Some studied time management- academic performance alone and some
researchers included the factors affecting time management namely procrastination, prioritization, and
socialization. According to Adebayo, (2015), there is a positive relationship between academic
performances of students and the said factors affecting the time management. Many researchers have
supported this statement and proved that there is a significant relationship between the variables and
academic performances of students.

The first factor is socializing. Socializing influences the students schooling and their academic
performance, ( Goodman, Pascarella, and Saichaie, 2015). They explained that social interactions can be
a process to acquire skills and knowledge. In addition their study suggests that social interactions is one
of the primary influences students learning and development. Thus, this study supports that
socialization affects the cognition of the students leading their academic performance.

Academic achievement of the students is affected by many factors, (Abdulghani et al.,2014). According
to their study, prioritization is one of the factors or strategies that students have high intellectual
capacity are using to achieve their passing academic performance. As stated to their study, prioritizing
subjects that are out of your mastery should be one of your learning strategy. You have to identify your
learning needs to be able to achieve your good academic achievement.

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Likewise, Adebayo,(2015) suggests that prioritization of tasks may make studying and schoolwork less
overwhelming and more enjoyable. Through prioritization, worlkloads can be enjoyable without
cramming what things are needed to do or school demands that are needed to accomplish.

Correspondingly, Karima, Revina, and Van (2017) supported the studies embed above. Based on the
study they performed about the topic, the findings concluded that the time management has significant
relationship on academic performance . Some demographic variables also correlates to students
academic performance which in this study include educational degree and age of the respondents being
proven to be significantly correlated. Specifically, prioritization should be given due consideration by
students because it is proved to be a significant predictor of students better academic performance and
when the level of prioritizing is high it also connotes higher academic performance.

Next factor that affects time management is procrastination. Due to increasing demand of school,
students fail to perform well in their academic tasks. Students have a lot of tasks and different lectures
to satisfy. Faisal et al.,(2014) stated that there are a lot of students who are unsuccessful in academic
facing difficulties in their time management and complaint that they do not have sufficient time to
perform certain task and meet the timeline, leading them to get frustrated and stressed. Faisal et al.,
(2014) procrastination has something to do with this. Procrastination is delay in doing something,
especially from the habit of laizness and it affects everyone. It is a common phenomenon and occurs in
daily behaviors(Gatin & Geri, 2013). They stated that once in humans life people tend to procastinate,
no matter which occupation and work it is. Thus, everybody has procastination problem and each has
their own different levels and ways to procastinate. Students tend to procastinate and waste their time
and generally, and the last thing the student will do is studying. Students prefer to enjoy various of
entertainments along having with distractions first. However, it is the students responsibility to continue
the passion which drives students progress in their academic.

Academic procrastination can be predicted based on factors such as organization, self-control, planning,
and monitoring. Student achievement demands effective time management, which is something that
students need to acquire in order to be successful. Managing one’s time well is necessary for effective
performance (Alay & Kocak, 2003). The key to efficient management of one’s time is to organize one’s
tasks in descending order of importance and spend less time on those that are not as essential to
achieving one’s objectives (DeBeliso et al., 2022). Ineffective time management can affect both the
social and academic life of a student. Students’ performance suffers when there is poor time
management. The ability to better manage one’s time online may contribute to increased academic
success.Proper management of one’s time is considered an essential strength for students to cultivate if
they wish to boost their academic performance and progress. Students are expected to be able to make
effective use of their time, which requires them to create and adhere to a schedule, delegate
responsibilities, and make use of a variety of other time-management strategies (Desmond et al., 2022).

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On the other hand, a lot of people can have trouble effectively managing their time, which would
prevent them from attaining the goals that they have set for themselves. This is due to a variety of
factors, including difficulties at home, in the classroom, and in the wider community. Students regularly
mismanage time devoted to academic work, which is relatively prevalent among students, which is
sometimes caused, at least in part, by students’ inability to properly manage their time (Ocak & Boyraz,
2016).Procrastination in the classroom refers to the act of putting off essential work to such an extent
that it results in lateness, discomfort, and other negative outcomes (Solomon & Rothblum, 1988; Narci,
2022).Procrastination is a prevailing phenomenon in the academic settings with a range of negative
consequences (Goroshit, 2018) (Zacks & Hen, 2018). Procrastination in academics is a prevalentbehavior
among students that negatively influences the well-being and performance (Hen , 2018)people’s
delaying the things they are supposed to do is a very old human behavior and struggle for time
management by people dates back to ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics even 1400 B.C. In 1750s when time
and using it effectively became key terms due to developed production process, Dr. Samuel Johnson
who prepared the first comprehensive American English dictionary (1751) described “procrastination” as
““The folly of allowing ourselves to delay what we know cannot be finally escaped” (as cited in Janssen,
2015, p. 2)

In relation to this, according to Adebayo (2015), the truth is, everybody procastinates and everybody
has a way of daydreaming and a way of not respecting time but some do it to the extent of abandoning
urgent task. He further noted that procastination has eaten deep into the lives of the students. It has
consumed so much time that students were not able to meet the demands at school. With that, he
stated that procastination is a strong time management variable that affects the academic performances
of students.

According to Aduke,(2015) procastination and prioritization were strong indicators, which affected the
academic performance relative to time management. He indicated that both procastination and
prioritization are the common time management troubles for students who pursuit their academic.

Similarly, Bidayatul and Teng,(2017) conducted in their study that time management factors specifically
procastination and prioritization were large indicators that affects the academic performance of the
students.

Prioritization should be given due consideration by students because it is proved to be a significant

predictor of students’ better academic performance and when the level of prioritizing is high it also
connotes higher students’ academic performance.

According to an article on the priority matrix (n), priorities must be established in order to complete all
of the tasks that must be completed. Prioritization is important because it allows you to focus your
attention on tasks that are important and urgent so that you can later focus on tasks that are lower

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priority. If you do not take the time to prioritize, you will struggle to complete tasks on time, worry
about how you will complete everything on your to-do list, and be unproductive. These are the reasons
why prioritization is important. If you do not organize your schedule by priority, you might miss
important tasks that you should've put at the top of your list first.Scheduling,Scheduling plays a crucial
role in time management. An effective task and time allotment will greatly improve your time
management. As mentioned by Chapman, Rupured, Price, Carney, & Clews (2020), having an effective
schedule includes knowing the things that must be done within the allotted time frame. The challenging
tasks must be planned when a lot of energy is stored, and the most prioritized activities must be done
first. Schedule small tasks for the most basic activities, such as drafting an email or taking notes.

Local Literature and Studies

Robbins and Coulter, (2017) discussed that management involves coordinating,and overseeing work
activities with others so that their works are completed effeciently and effectively. Time management
ensures to complete the task in specific time through a responsibility of a persin to do activities
respectively.

The term procastination has its own translation in Filipino culture called mañana habit. It has been one
of the Filipino traits that is still present in the modern days. Wether you are employee or employee, you
certainly have experienced to procastinate. Most of the students nowadays procastinates because they
are confident that they can spend the time whatever they want. The students need to stop this kind of
laziness because it passes through generation and it can also be a bad habit that can affect their study.

According to Remulla, (2017) mañana habit is something that the Filipinos have learned from Spaniards.
The word mañana means "later" , "tomorrow", "mamaya na", or specified future time, also known as
procastination in plain English.

Little as it known, procastination becomes a habit but Remulla, (2015) that with a behavior that is
acquired through frequent repetition, no amount of planning, or preparation can change, that the only
way to change a habit is to replace it with another habit. The peope must know how to value the time
and make it more productive for the better and get ready someday in working in offices. Working in
office is so pressure because there are lot of things to finish. So, it is better if the students know how to
manage the time properly when he/she was young so that he/she can apply it.

With that, Remulla(2016) stresses that procastination can affect the things that needs to be done and
can disturb the study habits of students which can possibly affect their academic performance.

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On the other hand, prioritizing tasks that needs to be done is what (Lualhati,2019) proposes. He noted
that practicing goal setting, scheduling, managing paperwork's and prioritizing is challenge in managing
the time. However, according to him, to be able to complete a task, an individual must know what to
prioritize. They must learn how to manage their time productively so that they will not able to meet or
exceed on the deadline.

Similarly, Bocar and Daga-ang,(2019) supported the statement above. They stated that, students
regardless of status, would exercise managing their time wisely to achieve their goals. In order for the
students to attain their setting goals in life they must learn or practice on how to manage their time
effectively.

A study conducted by Laguador and Agena, (2013) states that the faculty members organizes what to
prioritize for a week or even for a day. The faculty members use checklist the night before going to sleep
and it turned out it worked for them. They have save their time and energy, and also, more duties are
able to accomplish. The researchers conclusion that a person should have the capability to avoid
procastination through controlling their idleness during work time period, identifying the causes of these
and start battling with these habits and setting their immediate goals. They have to stay focus in
obtaining their goals and always look forward towards the attainment of their personal objectives
anchored to the complete goal of the university.

This study explains that the person should know how to create a plan like to-do-list or checklist before
they forget what the tasks were. Creating a plan will help them avoid procastination and can also help
them prioritize the things that need to prioritize first. Through this conclusion, an individual can finish
works more than what to expect.

Generally, the conclusions above point that the time management have been one factors that affects
the students academic performance and achievements. Majority recommend that there should be a
proper time budgeting for them to be able to do their assigned tasks.

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 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter discusses the research design, subject and respondents of the study,the population and
sample size,sampling technique, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure and data analyses
procedure

Research Design

This study aims to determine the relationship between the time management and academic
performance of Grade-12 Humanities and Social Science students of La Castellana National High School-
Senior High School during the school year 2023-2024, thus correlational research design will be used for
the study.

The Subject and the Respondents of the Study

The subject and the respondents of the study are the Grade-12 students of La Castellana National High
School-Senior High School in the school year 2023-2024 in the Municipality of La Castellana, Negros
Occidental, Philippines.

Population and the Sample Size

Using the Slovin's Formula, the sample size was computed below.

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where: N= population size

n= sample size

e= margin of error (0.05)

The total population of Grade-12 students is three hundred forty-five(345) and using the Slovin's
Formula, is one hundred eighty-six (186) was the obtain sample size.

Sampling Technique

In determining the number of respondents in every section, stratefied random sampling technique will
be used.

Table 1 presents the distribution of the respondents per section.

SECTIONS POPULATION (N) SAMPLE SIZE (n)

Cognition 44 23

Aesthetics 44 24

Geography 42 23

Aristocracy 43 23

Demography 44 24

Linguistics 42 23

Jurisprudence 45 24

Anthropology 41 22

Total 345 186

Table 1: Distribution of respondents per sections of Grade 12 students of La Castellana National High
School-Senior High School.

Table 2 presents the distribution of the respondents per section in terms of sex.

SECTIONS MALE FEMALE SAMPLE SIZE (n)

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Cognition 8 15 23

Aesthetics 10 14 24

Geography 10 13 23

Aristocracy 9 14 23

Demography 10 14 24

Linguistics 12 11 23

Jurisprudence 13 11 24

Anthropology 10 12 22

Table 2: Distribution of respondents per sections in terms of sex of Grade-12 students of La Castellana
National High School-Senior High School.

Data Gathering Instrument

The instrument used was a researcher made questionnaire checklist to gather the needed data for the
respondent's profile. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researcher's previous
studies, readings, published and unpublished thesis relevant to the study and also professional
literature. In the preparation of the instrument, the requirements in the designing of good data
collection instrument were considered. For instance statement describing the situation or issues
pertaining was toned down to accommodate the knowledge preparedness of the respondent's. Open
ended options were provided to accommodate to free formatted views related to the topics or issues. In
this way, the instrument is authorized to obtain valid response of the respondent's. Preference for the
use of the structured questionnaire is premised on several research assumptions such as cost if being a
least expensive means of gathering data, avoidance of personal bias and less pressure for immediate
response and giving the respondent's a feeling of anoymity. In the end, it encourages open responses to
sensitive issues at hand.

This study primarily used the standardized questionnaire to gather information needed from the
research, the questionnaire was adopted from the research study of Sayari et. al. of Al-Zahra College of
Women (YEAR). The questionnaire is divided into two section contains the demographic profile of
the respondents, including age, and first semestral general average. The second section shows

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the question pertaining to the time management factors, namely prioritization, procrastination,
and socialization. The question is composed of 24 items using the Likert Scale Formula.

For Procastination Level, Prioritization and Socialization

1- Never

2- Rarely

3- Sometimes

4- Always

Questionnaire Part 1. This instrument was used to determine the profile of the respondents.

Questionnaire Part 2. This instrument was used to determine the time management of the respondents
in terms of procastination, prioritization, and socialization.

Questionnaire Part 3. This instrument was used to know the average of the respondents for the first
quarter.

Questionnaire Part 4. This instrument was used to determine the relationship between academic
performance and time management of the respondents.

Validity and Reliability Test of the Instrument

The research instrument was adopted from the research study of Sayari et. al. of Al-Zahra College of
Women (YEAR)about the relationship between academic performance and time management. So there
is no need for validity and reliability testing

Data Gathering Procedure

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A letter of request to conduct the study was prepared. The researcher adopted questionnaire from the
research study of Sayari et. al. of Al-Zahra College of Women (YEAR)about the correlation between
academic performance and time management, validated by the teacher of the subject then the
questionnaire checklists are distributed .The researcher conducts the research in La Castellana National
High School-Senior High, through survey, because of the advantages of the survey method. The
researchers explains to the respondents the importance of their response to the study. The researcher
clarifies some terms to the respondents so that the respondents can answer the questionnaire with full
knowledge of their responsibility as the subject of the study.The researcher requested the respondents
to answer with all honesty. In this study since the researchers goal is to determine the relationship of
time management and academic performance of grade 12 humss students in La Castellana National High
School-Senior High. The researcher believes that this method is the most appropriate in choosing the
sample for the research. After the respondents answered the questionnaire, the researcher collected
and tallied the data for interpretation.

Data Analyses

After the questionnaire were collected, the researcher tallied, tabulated and analyzed the data.

Ethical Consideration

Ethical considerations, are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. Scientists
and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people,
(Bhandari, 2021).

1.Voluntary participation.

Voluntary participation means that all research subjects are free to choose to participate without any
pressure or coercion.All participants are able to withdraw from, or leave, the study at any point without
feeling an obligation to continue. Your participants don’t need to provide a reason for leaving the
study.It’s important to make it clear to participants that there are no negative consequences or
repercussions to their refusal to participate. After all, they’re taking the time to help you in the research
process, so you should respect their decisions without trying to change their minds.

2. Informed consent.

Informed consent refers to a situation in which all potential participants receive and understand all the
information they need to decide whether they want to participate. This includes information about the
study’s benefits, risks, funding, and institutional approval.

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3. Anonymity.

Anonymity means that you don’t know who the participants are and you can’t link any individual
participant to their data.You can only guarantee anonymity by not collecting any personally identifying
information—for example, names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, physical
characteristics, photos, and videos.

4. Confidentiality.

Confidentiality means that you know who the participants are, but you remove all identifying
information from your report.All participants have a right to privacy, so you should protect their
personal data for as long as you store or use it. Even when you can’t collect data anonymously, you
should secure confidentiality whenever you can.

5. Potential for harm

As a researcher, you have to consider all possible sources of harm to participants. Harm can come in
many different forms.

Psychological harm: Sensitive questions or tasks may trigger negative emotions such as shame or
anxiety.

Social harm: Participation can involve social risks, public embarrassment, or stigma.

Physical harm: Pain or injury can result from the study procedures.

Legal harm: Reporting sensitive data could lead to legal risks or a breach of privacy.It’s best to consider
every possible source of harm in your study as well as concrete ways to mitigate them. Involve your
supervisor to discuss steps for harm reduction.

Make sure to disclose all possible risks of harm to participants before the study to get informed consent.
If there is a risk of harm, prepare to provide participants with resources or counseling or medical
services if needed.

6.Results communication

The way you communicate your research results can sometimes involve ethical issues. Good science
communication is honest, reliable, and credible. It’s best to make your results as transparent as possible.

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