CESTAT30

STATICS OF
RIGID BODIES
(1st Term – AY: 2023 – 2024 )
 LESSON 2: Structural Analysis

2.1 Force System Resultants

2.2 Equilibrium of Force Systems

2.3 Analysis of Structures

 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOs)
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:

• To show how to determine the forces in the members of a truss using the method of
joints and the method of sections.
2.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
• The analysis of a structure is the process by which we determine how the loads applied to a
structure are distributed throughout the structure.

TRUSS
• It is a structure, composed of
slender members joined
together at their end points.
The members commonly used
in construction consist of
wooden struts or metal bars.
2.3 TRUSS
Simple Truss
• To prevent collapse, the framework of a truss must be rigid.
• The simplest framework that is rigid or stable is a triangle.
2.3 TRUSS
Sample configuration of trusses

• Used for roofs of moderate span,

• Can be used to support short spans
about 60’ (18m) to 100’ (30m)
that require overhead clearance

• These trusses are used if larger spans are required to support

the roof, these trusses maybe built with a cambered bottom
cord.
2.3 TRUSS
Sample configuration of trusses

• Often used where column spacing is not objectionable

and uniform lighting is important.

• Can be used for flat roofs or nearly flat roof.

• Although relatively expensive this truss can be used

• Sometimes used for garages and small airplane for high rises and long spans such as field houses,
hangars such as textile mill gymnasiums
2.3 TRUSS
Sample configuration of trusses
2.3 TRUSS
Assumptions in the force Analysis of Trusses
• Several assumptions are made in the force analysis:

1. All members are two-force members.

2. The weight of any member is neglected.
3. Members are joined together by smooth pins.
4. All external forces are applied at the joints.
2.3 TRUSS
Assumptions for Design of Trusses:
1. All loadings are applied at the joints.
o This assumption is particularly applied for
bridges and roof trusses

2. The member are joined together by smooth pins.

o For steel trusses, their joints of the members are
bolted or welded into the gusset plate.
2.3 TRUSS
Assumptions in the force Analysis of Trusses
• Because of these assumptions, each truss member acts as an axial force member, and therefore
the forces acting at the ends of the members must be directed along the axis of the member.

1. If the force tends to elongate the member, it is a tensile force (T).

2. If the force tends to shorted the member, it is a compressive force (C).

2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
A. Method of Joints
• The assumption that all members of a truss are two-force members carrying axial loads means
that the free-body diagram of any joint is a concurrent force system in equilibrium.

1. This method consists of satisfying the conditions of equilibrium for the forces acting on the
connecting pin of each joint

2. This method therefore deals with the equilibrium of concurrent forces and only two
independent equilibrium equations are involved.
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example
o A Fink truss is loaded as shown below. Determine the force in each member of the truss
assuming them to be pin-connected.
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example • Reactions:
Due to symmetry:
+ Σ𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 + Σ𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
A𝑦 = 𝐷𝑦 𝐴𝑥 = 0
 2A𝑦 − 4 2 − 8 3 = 0
𝐴𝑥 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝒌𝑵
D𝑦
𝐴𝑦
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example • Reactions:
Due to symmetry:
+ Σ𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 + Σ𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
A𝑦 = 𝐷𝑦 𝐴𝑥 = 0
 2A𝑦 − 4 2 − 8 3 = 0
𝐴𝑥 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝒌𝑵
D𝑦
𝐴𝑦 𝒐𝒓
2 5 + Σ𝑴𝑨 = 𝟎;
4 4 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = = =
42+22 2 5 5 4
2 2 1 𝐷𝑦 8 − 4 8 − 8 8 − 5 cos 26.565° −8 4
sin = = =
42+22 2 5 5 −8 5 cos 26.565° = 0
2
 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
4
=26.565 𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝒌𝑵

26.565

5cos(26.565°)
 2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example • Reactions:
Due to symmetry:
+ Σ𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎 + Σ𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
A𝑦 = 𝐷𝑦 𝐴𝑥 = 0
 2A𝑦 − 4 2 − 8 3 = 0
𝐴𝑥 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑫𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔𝒌𝑵
D𝑦
𝐴𝑦 • @ Joint A
2 5 •+ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0
4 4 2 2 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = = = 4𝑘𝑁 16 − 4 + 𝐹𝐴𝐺 =0
42+22 2 5 5 4 5
2 2 1 𝐹𝐴𝐺
sin = = = 𝑭𝑨𝑮 = −𝟐𝟔. 𝟖𝟑 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
42+22 2 5 5
𝐹𝐴𝐵
 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
2
=26.565 16𝑘𝑁 • +Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0
4
2
𝐹𝐴𝐵 + 𝐹𝐴𝐺 =0
5
26.565 𝑭𝑨𝑩 = 𝟐𝟒𝒌𝑵 (𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example • Recall:
𝐹𝐴𝐺 = 𝐹𝐺𝐴 = −26.83 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)

• @ Joint G

•+ Σ𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝐴𝑥
D𝑦 1 1
𝐴𝑦 −8 + 𝐹𝐺𝐹 − 𝐹𝐺𝐵 sin 63.435 − −26.83 =0
5 5
4 4 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = = =
42+22 2 5 5 • + Σ𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
2 2 1
sin = = =
42+22 2 5 5 2 2
𝐹𝐺𝐹 + 𝐹𝐺𝐵 cos 63.435 − (−26.83) =0
2 5 5
8𝑘𝑁  = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 4
=26.565
𝐹𝐺𝐹 =? 𝑭𝑮𝑭 = −𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑵 (𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
63.435 𝑭𝑮𝑩 = −𝟕. 𝟏𝟓𝟓𝒌𝑵 (𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝐹𝐺𝐴 𝐹𝐺𝐵 =? 26.565
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example • Recall:
𝐹𝐺𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵𝐺 = −7.155 𝑘𝑁 (𝐶)
𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 24 𝑘𝑁 (𝑇)
• @ Joint B

•+ Σ𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
𝐴𝑥 2
D𝑦 𝐹𝐵𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛 53.13 + (−7.155) =0
𝐴𝑦
5

𝐹𝐵𝐺 𝑭𝑩𝑭 = 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒌𝑵 (𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)

𝐹𝐵𝐹 =?
𝐹𝐵𝐶 =? • + Σ𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
𝐹𝐵𝐴
−24 − (−7.155)𝑐𝑜𝑠 63.435 + 8.0 𝑐𝑜𝑠(53.13) + 𝐹𝐵𝐶 = 0
53.13
𝑭𝑩𝑪 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝒌𝑵 (𝑻𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏)
26.565 63.435
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example 𝑫𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈𝒆𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒚:
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 24.0 𝑘𝑁 𝑇
𝐹𝐸𝐹 = 𝐹𝐺𝐹 = 23.3 𝑘𝑁 𝐶
𝐹𝐷𝐸 = 𝐹𝐴𝐺 = 26.8 𝑘𝑁 𝐶
𝐹𝐸𝐶 = 𝐹𝐺𝐵 = 7.155 𝑘𝑁 𝐶
𝐹𝐶𝐹 = 𝐹𝐵𝐹 = 8.0 𝑘𝑁 𝑇
𝐴𝑥
D𝑦
𝐴𝑦
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
B. Method of Sections
• The principles of equilibrium of non-concurrent force system may also be applied to truss
analysis; the procedure is known as the method of sections.
• Its use permits us to determine directly the force in almost any member instead of proceeding
to that member by a joint-to-joint analysis.
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example
o Determine the force in members GJ and CO of the roof truss shown in the photo. The
dimensions and loadings are shown in the figure. State whether the members are in tension or
compression.
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example • Reactions:
Due to symmetry:
+ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 + Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0
I𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑥 = 0

2𝐼𝑦 − 500 − 2 150 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° − 6 300 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 = 1159.327 𝑙𝑏
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example • Reactions:
Due to symmetry:
+ Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0 + Σ𝐹𝑥 = 0
I𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑥 = 0

2𝐼𝑦 − 500 − 2 150 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° − 6 300 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° = 0

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 = 1159.327 𝑙𝑏

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑭𝑮𝑱 = 𝑭𝑱𝑮:

𝑭𝑩𝑫: 300 𝑙𝑏 + Σ𝑀 = 0;
𝐼
𝐽 150 𝑙𝑏 300(2 3) + 𝐹𝐽𝐺 𝑐𝑜𝑠60 3 + 𝐹𝐽𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑛60 3 =0
𝐹𝐽𝐺 =?
𝑭𝑱𝑮= -346.41 kN (Compression)
𝐼
1159.327 𝑙𝑏 or
2 3 300(2 3) + 𝐹𝐽𝐺 𝑐𝑜𝑠60(6) = 0
3 30 𝑭𝑱𝑮= -346.41 kN (Compression)
3
2.3 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
Example
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑭𝑪𝑶: :
+ Σ𝑀 = 0;
𝐴
𝐹𝐶𝑂 6 − 300 2 3 = 0
𝑭𝑪𝑶= 173.21 kN (Tension)

𝑭𝑩𝑫: 300 𝑙𝑏
150 𝑙𝑏
𝐹𝐶𝑂 =?

𝐴
2 3
30 3
3
Lecture Exercise A
PLATE # 2
2.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Method of Members
• If some or all members of a pin-connected structure are subjected to bending action, the
structure is called a frame.
• Since it is not feasible to pass a section through the members of such structure, they are
analyzed by considering the separate free-body diagram of each three-force member, the
procedure is called the method of members.

• The essential principle involved in drawing the free-body diagrams of the several members of
a frame is that of action and reaction. When separating the member for analysis, the force
exerted by the pins must be consistently represented as acting in opposite directions on the
separated members.
2.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Example
o The frame shown is supported by a hinge at A and a roller at E. Compute the horizontal and
vertical components of the hinge forces at B and C as they act upon member AC.
2.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Example
o The frame shown is supported by a hinge at A and a
roller at E. Compute the horizontal and vertical
components of the hinge forces at B and C as they act
upon member AC.

𝐴𝑥

𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦
2.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Example
o The frame shown is supported by a hinge at A and a
roller at E. Compute the horizontal and vertical
components of the hinge forces at B and C as they act
upon member AC.

𝐴𝑥

𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦

𝐵𝑥

𝐷𝑥

𝐵𝑦 𝐷𝑦
 2.3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
Example
o The frame shown is supported by a hinge at A and a
roller at E. Compute the horizontal and vertical
components of the hinge forces at B and C as they act
upon member AC.
𝐶𝑥
𝐴𝑥

𝐶𝑦
𝐴𝑦 𝐸𝑦

𝐵𝑥

𝐵𝑦 = 12𝑘𝑁

𝐴𝑥 = 0

𝐴𝑦 = 2.4𝑘𝑁
Lecture Exercise B
PLATE # 2

o The structure is hinged at A and C. Find the horizontal and vertical components of the hinge
force at B, C, and A.