Below staircase metals

Above staircase non metals

2
period
is 1
this this is period
r

hy
Periodic table tells us Na
Sidium
name of an element e.g sodium
Symbol e.g Na

Mass nucleon of an element

e.g 23
proton atomic 1 is it
e.g 11

Significance of groups

vertical columns of periodic table

group

group
no of valence E

outermost

I I VI

si
Be
if f
212 2,8 5 2 8,7
2,1

Mg
K 12
19 208,2

2,88,1
 Period I horizontal rows of periodil table

period
no of occupied é shells

I II VI

period2 812,6
2,1 2,2

Na mg S
period 16
11 12
4811 238,1 2,816

Q Element
phosphorous
3 occupied é shells i period

5 outermost e groys

Q Element Y

period 4
bromine
7 outermost é group
7
 Q Element 2

4 occupied é shelle paid I

i germanin
4 outermost e groy 4

Pure metals resistance pure

notify
I I III I I I VI

Em
15 I 2 3 3 2 1 EETalready
I stable

Trashges dblock

metalloid

General properties
Across the lefttoright metallic character decreases
1 period

nonmetalli character increases

2 Across the period lefttoright
3 Elements are arranged in increasing proton number

a Across the period sizeof an element decreases

sizeof an element
increases
Down the group
 Group I Alkali metals

can be cut with a knife

Soft metals

low melting point Low melting point as compared to

transition metals

melting point decreases as you go down

Reason attractive forces between positiveion f é gets weaker
down the grog

low to transition metals

density as compared

density increases down the grog

increases down the Interesting

reactivity grog 4
f nuclearfora
Li
size of element of attraction
increases down strong

thegrog

nuclearforce of K
attraction onvalence
nuclearform
e decreases

of
easier to remove attracti e weak

E
V
 Chemical reaction of alkali metal

with water H2O OH

metalhydroxide

Group 1 H2O Alkali

metal Hag
is 14
L min compound

Observation

1 bubbles of colorless will be observed effervescence

gas

2 group 1 metal floats on water

3 group 1 metal solid will disappear

K
potassium
bubbles ofgas

4
e.g

this 2H29 240 it

Balancing

noofatom no
on R ofany
 2 Na 2H20 NaOH H2
S 14 al cg

2K 2H20 2KOH He
Sit a 91

GroupVII Halogens

Element symbol she

L ftp.atco gtcolorLaeeon
Fluorine F Fz gas palegreen
Chlorine Cl U2 gas yellowgreen
colorless

Bromine BU Bre liquid redbrown orange

Iodine I Iz solid black brown

Atz solid black

Astatine At

exist as diatomic molecules

e.g X2
xx

O.ge
share e 9 get stable

Density increases down the group

color at v tip gets darker as

you go down the guy
 the grog
as
you go down
increases
melting point
Reason forces of attraction btw molecules
gets stronger

reactivity
decreases down the grog

xx
sin of atom
increases down I F the
the grog

nuclearforce of xx
attraction deerese

difficult to attract x de
X I
9 gain é x

xx

to
grog 7 elements gain le form anion
al s halides
eg a t é s
No
Displacement reactions of halogens

More reactive halogen

will replace less reactive
halogen from its saltsolution

2 Nacl 2 Naf t Az
Eg cast as a

Reason
a Kay
Iz is less
reactive than
chlorine

Mg I Mgaz Iz
a 91

stories
brown
Group VII Noble gases

Elements
state at r.by
Helium He

Neon ne Sase
Argon Ar

Krypton

exist as monoatomi molecules

Helium
gas s
Hey

they are unreactive inert

Reason 8é in their valence shell
they already have

complete stable configuration

noble
gas config
 Uses

less denser than air

Helium used to fill party balloons

Neon used in fluorescent tubes

Argon used in filament bulbs to provide inert

environment

Transition metals d block elements

Common metallin properties

a
shiny 9 lustrous

ductile
malleable

Conducts electricity
Reason free delusalised é

Physical properties of transition metals

high melting point 9 boiling point

high density
a hard metals
 Distinctive chemical properties of transition metals

Variable oxidation state

copper I oxide copper II oxide

e.g

Go Gro

i 620 Cuo

e.g Iron II sulfate Iron II sulfate

Fe son
Fe son
Fez son
i Feson

note All the chaff

e.g mini compound ad
41
47 zero
compounds carry zero charge
Potassium magnate VI
i
Cally
2 1 2 0
e.ge z8
x2 2 7 2
2n 14 2
2n 12
dichromate VI
n
transition metal has coloured compounds

transition metals 9 their componds act as good catalyst

e.g Haber process Fe

V205 Vanadium v oxide
Contact process