Method Year Input Types Output Advantages disadvantag Notable Details

Types es application
s
Convolutional Late Mammographics Binary - Hierarchical feature - Mammogram CNNs have become a
1990s images, classification learning. Computationally and cornerstone for image
Neural
Hispathological (benign/malig - Robust to spatial intensive. histopathology classification tasks. In breast
Networks slides nant) variations. - Requires large classification. cancer, they excel in capturing
CNNs datasets.
hierarchical features in
mammograms and
histopathological slides.
Transfer Mid- Medical images Binary or - Utilizes knowledge - Fine-tuning Diagnosis from Transfer learning leverages pre-
2010s (mammograms, multiclass from pre-trained requires careful limited labeled trained models, such as VGG,
learning histopathological classification models. - Effective adjustment. - data. ResNet, or Inception, on large
slides) with limited medical Dependency on datasets like ImageNet. Fine-
imaging data. pre-trained
tuning is then performed on
model relevance.
medical imaging data for
improved classification.
Ensemble Predictions from Combined - Improved - Increased Combining Ensemble methods combine the
2000s multiple models predictions, robustness and computational predictions for predictions of multiple models
learning (CNNs, SVMs, often binary generalization. - complexity. - better to enhance overall performance
etc.) classification Mitigates overfitting Ensemble choice accuracy. and robustness. Bagging and
and size impact
boosting are common
performance.
techniques.
Recurrent Decades Sequential or Binary or - Captures temporal - Challenges with Time-series RNNs and LSTMs are suitable for
Neural temporal data multiclass dependencies. - long-range analysis in capturing temporal
 Networks (time-series classification Suitable for dynamic dependencies. - mammograph dependencies in sequences of
mammography, medical imaging. Computationally y medical images. They have
RNNs
dynamic medical demanding. applications in dynamic medical
Long Short- imaging) imaging analysis.
Term Memory
LSTMs
Attention Late Medical images Binary or - Enhances - Adds Identif Attention mechanisms
2010s (mammograms, multiclass interpretability. - complexity to ying critical enhance model interpretability
Mechanisms histopathological classification Focuses on important model features in by focusing on important
slides) regions. architecture. - images. regions of the input, improving
Resource-
the model's ability to identify
intensive
critical features.
training.
Generative 2014 Real or synthetic Data - Generates realistic - GAN training Data GANs generate synthetic data to
medical images augmentation; synthetic data. - instability. - augmentation augment training sets,
Adversarial
improved Enhances training Realistic and synthetic enhancing the model's ability to
Networks training dataset quality. generation data generalize and reducing
GANs datasets challenging. generation.
overfitting.

Capsule Medical images, Binary or - Improved spatial Improved CapsNets are designed to
2017 Histopathological multiclass hierarchy capture. - - Limited spatial capture spatial hierarchies more
Networks
slides classification Potentially more practical relationships effectively than traditional
CapsNets robust to implementation. in images. CNNs, potentially improving
transformations. -Computational
robustness to spatial
complexity.
transformations.
Autoencoders Mid- Medical images Reconstructed - Efficient - Feature Autoencoders are used for
2000s images; unsupervised feature Hyperparameter learning and unsupervised learning, learning
learned learning. - tuning required. dimensionality efficient representations of input
features Dimensionality - Performance reduction. data, and reducing
reduction. depends on
dimensionality.
learned features.
Efficient Neural 2019 Mammographic Binary or - State-of-the-art - Computational High- EfficientNet balances
 Architectures images, multiclass performance with cost during performance model depth, width, and
Histopathological classification fewer parameters. - training. - image resolution to achieve state-of-
EfficientNet
slides Balances model Requires careful classification. the-art performance with fewer
characteristics. parameter parameters.
tuning.
Hybrid Models Conceptu Features from Binary or - Leverages strengths - Integration Enhancing Hybrid models integrate
al different multiclass of multiple complexity. - performance features from various
architectures classification approaches. - Requires through architectures to leverage their
(CNNs, attention Addresses individual experimentation combined complementary strengths,
mechanisms) model limitations. for optimization. features.
potentially improving overall
classification performance.
SSD (Single Shot 2016 Image of fixed Bounding Efficient single-shot May have lower General Efficient single-shot detection;
MultiBox size boxes and detection accuracy object multiple prediction layers for
Detector) class scores compared to detection, bounding boxes and class scores;
two-stage real-time default boxes for improved
detectors, prone applications localization
to false positives
Faster R-CNN 2015 Image of Bounding Improved accuracy Slower due to Object Improved accuracy with RPN;
(Region-based arbitrary size boxes and with RPN two-stage detection in region proposal network for
Convolutional class scores approach, various candidate object regions; RoI
Neural Networks) computationally domains, pooling or RoI align layers for
expensive including feature extraction
medical
imaging
Mask R-CNN 2017 Image of Bounding Instance Computationally Object Instance segmentation in addition
arbitrary size boxes, class segmentation in intensive, slower segmentation to object detection; precise
scores, addition to object compared to and feature extraction with RoI align
segmentation detection detectors localization, layers; mask prediction head
masks focused on image-to-
bounding box image
detection translation
RetinaNet 2017 Image of Bounding Addresses class May not General FPN for handling objects at
 arbitrary size boxes and imbalance with focal perform as well object various resolutions; anchors for
class scores loss in situations detection, prediction at different scales; focal
with extreme often used for loss for addressing class
class imbalance, scenarios with imbalance
multi-level imbalanced
feature pyramid datasets
can be
computationally
expensive
EfficientDet 2020 Image of Bounding High accuracy with May not reach Object Efficient scaling of depth, width,
arbitrary size boxes and fewer parameters, the same detection in and resolution; BiFPN for
class scores efficient scaling accuracy as resource- bidirectional feature
larger models, constrained enhancement; compound scaling
efficiency- environments coefficients
accuracy trade-
off
CenterNet 2019 Image of Bounding Simplifies object May struggle Object Simplified detection into
arbitrary size boxes and detection into a with crowded detection with a keypoint estimation problem;
object centers keypoint estimation scenes, accurate accurate localization with center-
problem performance object center ness prediction and bounding box
relies on localization regression
accurate center
predictions

Method Strengths Considerations

CNNs Effective in capturing spatial hierarchies and Computationally intensive, especially with
features in images. deep architectures.
Hierarchical feature learning. May require large datasets for optimal
performance.
Transfer learning Leverages pre-trained models for improved Fine-tuning requires careful adjustment of
 generalization.
Effective when limited labeled medical
imaging data is available.
Ensemble learning Improved robustness and generalization.
Reduces overfitting by combining multiple
models.
RNNs LSTMs Suitable for sequential or temporal data.
Can capture temporal dependencies in
dynamic medical imaging.
Attention Mechanisms Enhances interpretability by focusing on
important regions.
Effective for capturing fine-grained details.
GANs Useful for data augmentation.
Can generate synthetic data to supplement
training sets.
CapsNets Designed to capture spatial hierarchies more
effectively.
Potentially more robust to spatial
transformations.
Autoencoders Efficient in unsupervised feature learning.
Can help in reducing dimensionality and
noise.
EfficientNet Achieves state-of-the-art performance with
fewer parameters.
Balances model depth, width, and resolution.
Hybrid Models Combines complementary features of
different architectures.
hyperparameters.
The pre-trained model should be relevant to
the target task.
Increased computational complexity.
Ensemble methods may require additional
computational resources.
May face challenges in long-range
dependencies.
Training RNNs/LSTMs can be computationally
demanding.
Introducing complexity to the model
architecture.
Training with attention mechanisms can be
resource-intensive.
GAN training can be unstable.
Generated data should be realistic and
representative.
Limited practical implementation compared
to CNNs.
Computational complexity and training
challenges.
May require careful tuning of
hyperparameters.
Performance highly depends on the quality of
learned features.
Computational cost during training.
Requires careful adjustment of scaling
parameters.
Integration complexity.
May require extensive experimentation to
 Can address limitations of individual models. optimize performance.
SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector) Efficient single-shot detection; real-time May have lower accuracy on certain tasks;
applications prone to false positives in cluttered scenes
Faster R-CNN Improved accuracy with RPN; versatile Slower due to two-stage approach;
applications computationally expensive
Mask R-CNN Instance segmentation; precise localization Computationally intensive; slower compared to
detectors focused on bounding box detection
RetinaNet Address class imbalance with focal loss; high May not perform as well in situations with
accuracy extreme class imbalance; multi-level feature
pyramid can be computationally expensive
EfficientDet High accuracy with fewer parameters; efficient May not reach the same accuracy as larger
scaling models; efficiency-accuracy trade-off
CenterNet Simplified detection with keypoint estimation; May struggle with crowded scenes;
accurate localization performance relies on accurate center
predictions

Choosing the most suitable method depends on factors such as the nature of the dataset, computational resources, interpretability
requirements, and the specific goals of the breast cancer classification task. Researchers often conduct empirical evaluations to determine which
method or combination of methods performs optimally for their specific use case.