MEE2026

FLUID MECHANICS

− Chapter IV: Part 3 −

Bernoulli Equation

MA Ezan, A Erek, E Alptekin

Dokuz Eylül University Department of Mechanical Engineering
makina.deu.edu.tr
/school/deumak

Fluid Mechanics − Chapter IV: Part #III – Bernoulli Ezan, Erek, Alptekin
Content of the Course
Chapter 1: Foundations

Chapter 2: Fluid Properties

Chapter 3: Fluid Statics

Chapter 4 / Part I: Fluid in Rigid Body Motion

Chapter 4 / Part II: Flowing Fluids – Fluid Kinematics

Chapter 4 / Part III: Bernoulli Equation

Chapter 5: Control Volume Approach & Continuity

Chapter 6: Momentum Equation

Chapter 7: The Energy Equation

Chapter 8: Dimensional Analysis & Similitude

Chapter 9: Flow in Conduits

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Streamlines – Definition

EXAMPLE: Flow over an obstacle

The lines that are tangent to the

velocity vectors throughout the flow
field are called streamlines.

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Streamlines – Flow Visualization

Inward Solidification of Water inside Cavity Influence of Density Inversion

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Streamlines – Flow Visualization

Inward Melting of Ice inside Cylindrical Annulus Influence of Density Inversion

4°C 4°C

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Streamlines – Experiments

Water Channel Flow Visualization https://youtu.be/BQAVRxoO2Wc

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Streamlines – Experiments

Wind Tunnel Flow Visualization https://youtu.be/_q6ozALzkF4

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Streamlines – Experiments

Natural Convection of Air inside Cylindrical Annulus Smoke Visualization

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Bernoulli Equation Along a Streamline

1 1 2 1 2
P + V 2 +  gz = Constant P2 + V2 + gz2 = P1 + V1 + gz1
2 2 2
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Bernoulli Equation Along a Streamline

1
P + V 2 +  gz = Constant
2

1 2 1 2
P2 + V2 + gz2 = P1 + V1 + gz1
2 2

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Bernoulli Equation Along a Streamline

2 2 2
P3 V3 P V P V
+ + z3 = 2 + 2 + z 2 = 1 + 1 + z1
 2g  2g  2g

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Limitations of Bernoulli Equation

Steady flow / (2) Negligible viscous Effects / (3) No Shaft Work

(4) Negligible Heat Transfer / (5) Incompressible flow

Bernoulli’s Equation
cannot be used for these cases.

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Rotational vs. Irrotational Situations

Irrotational Flow Rotational Flow

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PROBLEM 1 – Bernoulli

Piezometric tubes are tapped into a venturi section as shown in the figure. The
liquid is incompressible. The upstream piezometric head is 1 m, and the
piezometric head at the throat is 0.5 m. The velocity in the throat section is twice
large as in the approach section.

Find the velocity in the throat section.

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PROBLEM 2 – Bernoulli

The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up.
The tank cover is airtight, and the air pressure above the water surface is 2 atm
gage. The system is at sea level.

Determine the maximum height to which the water stream could rise.

2 atm

20 m

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PROBLEM 3 – Bernoulli

A U-tube acts as a water siphon. The bend in the tube is 1 m above the water
surface; the tube outlet is 7 m below the water surface. The water issues from
the bottom of the siphon as a free jet at atmospheric pressure.

Determine (after listing the necessary assumptions) the speed of the free jet and
the minimum absolute pressure of the water in the bend.

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Stagnation Point

The stagnation pressure is the largest pressure obtainable along a given streamline.

It represents the conversion of all of the kinetic energy into a pressure rise.

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Static / Stagnation / Dynamic Pressure

Static Pressure:

Dynamic Pressure:

Stagnation Pressure: At Point (2) V2 = 0

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Measuring the Velocity – Stagnation Tube

Bernoulli equation between (0) and (1)

Point (1) is stagnation point (i.e., V1 = 0)

Static pressures at Point (0) & Point (1)

Stagnation tube equation

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PROBLEM 4 – Stagnation Tube

A pitot tube is inserted in an air flow to measure the flow speed. The tube is
inserted so that it points upstream into the flow and the pressure sensed by the
tube is the stagnation pressure. The static pressure is measured at the same
location in the flow, using a wall pressure tap.

If the pressure difference is 30 mm of mercury, determine the flow speed.

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Measuring the Velocity – Pitot-Static Tube

Bernoulli equation between (1) and (2)

Point (1) is stagnation point (i.e., V1 = 0)

(2)

(1)

(1)
(2)

(1) (2)

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Measuring the Velocity – Pitot-Static Tube

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Measuring the Velocity – Pitot-Static Tube

ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 14 - Measurement & Instruments, 1997

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Measuring the Velocity – Pitot-Static Tube
ASHRAE Fundamentals, Chapter 14 - Measurement & Instruments, 1997 Measuring Points for
Rectangular & Round Duct Traverse

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Measuring the Velocity – Pitot-Static Tube

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PROBLEM 5 – Pitot-Static Tube

A differential pressure gage is connected across the taps of a Pitot-static tube.

When this Pitot-static tube is used in a wind tunnel test, the gage indicates a
Δp of 730 Pa.

What is the air velocity in the tunnel?

The pressure and temperature in the tunnel are 98 kPa absolute and 20°C,
respectively

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PROBLEM 6 – Pitot-Static Tube

Two Pitot-static tubes are shown. The one at the left is used to measure the
velocity of air, and it is connected to an air-water manometer as shown. The one
at the right is used to measure the velocity of water, and it too is connected to an
air-water manometer as shown.

If the deflection h is the same for both manometers, then one can conclude that
(a) VA = Vw
(b) VA > Vw
(c) VA < Vw

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PROBLEM 7 – Pitot-Static Tube

Ideal flow theory will yield a flow pattern past an airfoil similar to that shown. If
the approach air velocity V0 is 80 m/s, what is the pressure difference between
the bottom and the top of this airfoil at points where the velocities are V1 = 85
m/s and V2 = 75 m/s. Assume ρair is uniform at 1.2 kg/m3.

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Flow Around Circular Cylinder – Inviscid

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Flow Around Circular Cylinder – Inviscid

Bernoulli Equation

Velocity at any angular position:

Surface pressure (ps):

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Flow Around Circular Cylinder – Inviscid

Surface pressure (ps):

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Flow Around Circular Cylinder – Viscous

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Viscous Fluid Flow Behaviors

Flow around bodies

Flow inside pipe with orifice plate

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