Solution Manual for Fundamentals of Business Math Canadian 3rd Edition

by Jerome Shemko ISBN 1259370151 9781259370151

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2 Review and Applications of Algebra

Exercise 2.1
Basic Problems
1. (– p) + (– 3p) + 4p = – p – 3p + 4p = 0
2. (5s – 2t) – (2s – 4t) = 5s – 2t – 2s + 4t = 3s + 2t
3. 4x2y+ (– 3x2y) – ( – 5x2y) = 4x2y – 3x2y + 5x2y = 6x2y
4. 1 – (7e2 – 5 + 3e – e3) = 1 – 7e2 + 5 – 3e + e3 = e3 –7e2 –3e + 6
5. (6x2 – 3xy + 4y2) – (8y2 – 10xy – x2) = 6x2 – 3xy + 4y2 – 8y2 + 10xy + x2
= 7x2 –4y2 + 7xy
6. 6a – 3a – 2(2b – a) = 6a – 3a – 4b + 2a = 5a - 4b
3y
7. 1.2
+ 6.42y - 4y + 7 = 2.5y + 6.42y - 4y + 7 = 4.92y + 7
2.8t
8. 13.2 + 7.4t – 3.6 + 0.4
= 13.2 + 7.4t – 3.6 + 7t = 14.4t + 9.6

Intermediate Problems
9. 4a(3ab – 5a + 6b) = 12a2b –20a2 + 24ab
10. 9k(4 – 8k + 7k2) = 36k –72k2 + 63k3
11. – 5xy(2x2 – xy – 3y2) = –10x3y + 5x2y2 + 15xy3
12. (3p2 – 5p)(– 4p + 2) = – 12p3 + 6p2 + 20p2 – 10p = –12p3 + 26p2 –10p
13. 3(a – 2)(4a + 1) – 5(2a + 3)(a – 7) = 3(4a 2 + a – 8a – 2) – 5(2a2 – 14a + 3a – 21)
= 12a2 – 21a – 6 – 10a2 + 55a + 105
= 2a2 + 34a + 99
14. 5(2x – y)(y + 3x) – 6x(x – 5y) = 5(2xy + 6x2 – y2 – 3xy) – 6x2 + 30xy
= – 5xy + 30x2 – 5y2 – 6x2 + 30xy
= 24x2 + 25xy –5y2
18 x 2
15. = 6x
3x
6a 2 b a
16. = 3
 2ab 2 b

22 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 22
 x 2 y xy 2
17.  x –y
xy

4x 10x 2 6x 3

18. = 8 –20x + 12x2
0.5x

12x 3 24x 2 36x x 2 2x 3

19. 
48x 4

Exercise 2.1 (continued)

120 1 i 2  180 1 i 3 21 i   31 i 
2
20. 
360 1 i  6

21. 3d2 – 4d + 15 = 3(2.5)2 – 4(2.5) + 15

= 18.75 – 10 + 15
= 23.75
22. 15g – 9h + 3 = 15(14) – 9(15) + 3 = 78
23. 7x(4y – 8) = 7(3.2)(4  1.5 – 8) = 22.4(6 – 8) = –44.8
24. (1 + i)m – 1 = (1 + 0.0225)4 – 1 = 0.093083
$13.75
25. I ÷ Pr = = 0.250
$500  0.11

N $89.10
26.  = $99.00

1 d 1 0.10

 223 
27. P(1 + rt) = $770 1 0.013   = $770(1.0079425) = $776.12
 365 

S $2500 $2500
28.   = $2430.38
1 rt 1 0.085 123
365
1.028644

29. P(1 + i)n = $1280(1 + 0.025)3 = $1378.42

S $850 $850
30.   = $812.73
1  i  n
1  0.0075 6 1.045852

Advanced Problems
2x + 9
31.  1.2x  1 = 0.5x + 2.25 – 1.2x + 1.2 = –0.7x + 3.45
4
23 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e
Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 23
 x 4 4 1
32.  x2   0.2x 2  x+ = 0.5x – x2 + 0.8 – 0.2x2 – 0.8x + 0.5
2 5 5 2
= –1.2x2 –0.3x + 1.3

 0.54.6x  17  = 16x + 0.5x + 2.3x – 8.5 = 18.8x –8.5

8x 5.5x
33. 
0.5 11

24 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 24
 2x 2.016 x x
34.   = 1.9139x – 0.6720x + 0.5x = 1.7419x
1.045 3 2

1 i  1
n
 1.085 3

1   0.2772891  
   
35. R   $550  $550   = $1794.22
 
i  0.085    0.085 

Exercise 2.1 (continued)

 1 i n  1  1.1038129 4  1 
36. R  1 i   $910    1.1038129 
i  
 0.1038129 

 0.4845057 
 $910  1.1038129 
 0.1038129 
= $4687.97

R   1   $630   1 
37. 1   1  = $1071.77
  2
i  1 i n  0.115  1.115 

Exercise 2.2

Basic Problems
1. I = Prt
$6.25 = P(0.05)0.25
$6.25 = 0.0125P
$6.25
P= = $500.00
0.0125

PMT
2. PV =
i
$900
$150,000 
i
$150,000i = $900
$900
i= = 0.00600
$150,000
3. S = P(1 + rt)

$3626 = P(1 + 0.0049)

$3626 = 1.036P
$3626
P= = $3500.00
1.036
25 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e
Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 25
 4. N = L(1 – d)
$891 = L(1 – 0.10)
$891 = 0.90L

26 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 26
 $891
L= = $990.00
0.90

5. N = L(1 – d)
$410.85 = $498(1 – d)
$410 .85
=1–d
$498
0.825 = 1 – d
d = 1 – 0.825 = 0.175

Exercise 2.2 (continued)

6. S = P(1 + rt)
$5100 = $5000(1 + 0.0025t)
$5100 = $5000 + $12.5t
$5100 – $5000 = $12.5t
$100
t= = 8.00
$12.5

7. NI = (CM )X – FC
$15,000 = CM(5000) – $60,000
$15,000 + $60,000 = 5000CM
$75,000
CM = = $15.00
5000

8. NI = (CM )X – FC
– $542.50 = ($13.50)X – $18,970
$18,970 – $542.50 = ($13.50)X
$18,427 .50
X= = 1365
$13.50
9. N  L 1 d1 1 d 2 1 d 3 

$1468.80 = L(1 – 0.20)(1 – 0.15)(1 – 0.10)

$1468.80 = L(0.80)(0.85)(0.90)
$1468 .80
L= = $2400.00
0.6120

V f Vi
10. c 
Vi
V f  $6700
0.12 
$6700

0.12($6700) = Vf – $6700

$804 + $6700 = Vf
Vf = $7504.00

27 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 27
 V f Vi
11. c 
Vi

28 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 28
 $1850 Vi
0.07 
Vi
0.07Vi=$1850 - Vi
0.07Vi + Vi = $1850
1.07Vi = $1850
$1850
Vi = 1.07
Vi = $1728.97

Exercise 2.2 (continued)

Intermediate Problems
12. a2  a3 = a5
13. (x6)(x-4) = x2

14. b10 ÷ b6 = b10 – 6 = b4

15. h7 ÷ h– 4 = h7 – (– 4) = h11
16. (1 + i)4  (1 + i)9 = (1 + i)13
17. (1 + i)  (1 + i)n = (1 + i)n+1
18. (x4)7 = x4x7 = x28
19. (y3)3 = y9
1
20.  
t6 3 = t2

21. (n0.5)8 = n4

x x 
5 6
569 2
22. x x
x9

  5
x
6 569 21

23. x   x
x9

24. 21 i 2 = 4(1+i) 2

 1 i 
3
1 i  3
25.   
3i  27i 3

4
4  1 
26. 8 3  8 3   2 4  16
 

29 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 29
 2
 27
2  1 
27. 3  27 3   9
 

30 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 30
 3
 2
28.    0.4 3  0.064
 5 

-3
29. 5 4
 5  0.75  0.299070

30. (0.001)– 2 = 1,000,000

12 0.5
31. 0.893  0.893  1.05822

32. (1.0085)5(1.0085)3 = 1.00858 = 1.07006

33. (1.005)3(1.005)– 6 = 1.005–3 = 0.985149
Exercise 2.2 (continued)
34. 3
1.03  1.03 0.3  1.00990

35. 6 1.05  1.00816

Advanced Problems
4r 5 t 6 4r 5 t 6 r 5  6 t 6 3 t 3
  
2r t 
36.
2 3
8r 6 t 3 2 2r

r 2r  3 4


r 3 16 r 4  4r 34 4 
 4 r 11
2r 
37. 4
2 2 4r

2 3 5 10 15
(3x y ) 243x y
38.   243x 103 y156  243x 7 y 9

xy  2 3 x 3y6

6(3xy ) 4 6(81x 4 y 4 ) 486x 4 y 4

39.    54x 4(6) y 4  54x 10 y 4

 3x  3 2 9x 6 9x 6

 3   33 
  
3
44
40. 4 4 3 3     4
   3 
 4  33  4 
2
 2 4 4

31 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 31
   
41. 3 3 4 256  3.16049
          

     
 4   4   3 81
3 2 3 3 2 3 3
    
2 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 16
42.                    0.197531

             
 3   2   2   3   2   3  3 3 81

. 16 
103 1
43.  20.1569
0.03

32 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 32
 1 1.0225 20 0.3591835
44.   15.9637
0.0225 0.0225
45. 1 0.055 1 6 – 1 = 0.00896339

Exercise 2.3

Basic Problems
1. 10a + 10 = 12 + 9a
10a – 9a = 12 – 10
a=2

Exercise 2.3 (continued)

2. 29 – 4y = 2y – 7
36 = 6y
y=6

3. 0.5 (x – 3) = 20
x – 3 = 40
x = 43

4. 3
1
x  2   4
x – 2 = 12
x = 14

5. y = 192 + 0.04y
y – 0.04y = 192
192
y=  200
0.96
6. x – 0.025x = 341.25
0.975x = 341.25
341 .25
x=  350
0.975
7. 12x – 4(2x – 1) =6(x + 1) – 3
12x – 8x + 4 = 6x + 6 – 3
– 2x = – 1
x = 0.5
8. 3y – 4 = 3(y + 6) – 2(y + 3)
= 3y + 18 – 2y – 6
2y = 16
y=8
9. 8 – 0.5(x + 3) = 0.25(x – 1)
8 – 0.5x – 1.5 = 0.25x – 0.25
– 0.75x = – 6.75
x=9
10. 5(2 – c) = 10(2c – 4) – 6(3c + 1)
33 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e
Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 33
 10 – 5c = 20c – 40 – 18c – 6
– 7c = – 56
c=8

34 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 34
Exercise 2.3 (continued)

Intermediate Problems
11. x–y= 2 
3x + 4y = 20 
  3: 3x –3y = 6
Subtract: 7y = 14
y= 2
Substitute into equation :
x–2= 2
x= 4
(x, y) = (4, 2)
Check: LHS of  = 3(4) + 4(2) = 20 = RHS of 

12. y – 3x = 11 
– 4y + 5x = –30 
  4: 4y –12x = 44
Add: –7x = 14
x= –2
Substitute into equation :
y – 3(– 2) = 11
y = 11 – 6 = 5
(x, y) = (–2, 5)
Check: LHS of  = – 4(5) + 5(–2) = –30= RHS of 
13. 7p – 3q = 23 
–2p –3q = 5 
Subtract: 9p = 18
p= 2
Substitute into equation :
7(2) – 3q = 23
3q = –23 + 14
q = –3
(p, q) = (2, –3)
Check: LHS of  = –2(2) –3(–3) = 5 = RHS of 
14. y= 2x 
7x –y = 35 
Add: 7x = 2x + 35
5x = 35
x= 7

Substitute into :
y = 2(7) = 14
(x, y) = (7, 14)
Check: LHS of  = 7(7) – 14 = 49 – 14 = 35 = RHS of 

35 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 35
Exercise 2.3 (continued)

15. –3c + d =– 500 

0.7c + 0.2d = 550 
To eliminate d,
  0.2: –0.6c + 0.2d = –100
: 0.7c + 0.2d = 550
Subtract: –1.3c + 0 = –650
c= 500
Substitute into : d = 3(500) – 500 = 1000
(c, d) = (500, 1000)
Check: LHS of  = 0.7(500) + 0.2(1000) = 550 = RHS of 

16. 0.03x + 0.05y = 51 

0.8x – 0.7y = 140 
To eliminate y,
  0.7: 0.021x + 0.035y = 35.7
  0.05: 0.04x –0.035y = 7
Add: 0.061x + 0 = 42.7
x = 700
Substitute into :
0.8(700) – 0.7y = 140
–0.7y = – 420
y= 600
(x, y) = (700, 600)
Check: LHS of  = 0.03(700) + 0.05(600) = 51 = RHS of 

17. 2v + 6w = 1 
10v – 9w = 18 
To eliminate v,
  10: 20v + 60w = 10
  2: 20v –18w = 36
Subtract: 0 + 78w = –26
w =  31
Substitute into :

 31 = 1
2v + 6 
2v = 1 + 2
v = 32
23 , 31 
(v, w) =

Check: LHS of  = 10 3   9 1  = 18 = RHS of 

2 3

36 Fundamentals of Business Mathematics in Canada, 3/e

Chapter 2: Review and Applications of Algebra 36
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 E.
Ea est accipienda interpretatio quæ vitio caret.
That interpretation is to be received which is not
defective.

Ea quæ dari impossibilia sunt, vel quæ in rerum natura non sunt, pro
non adjectis habentur.
Those things which cannot possibly be given, or which
have no existence in the nature of things, are
considered as things not included.

Ea quæ raro accidunt, non temere in agendis negotiis computantur.

Those things which seldom happen are not rashly to
be computed in transacting business.

Ea sola deportationis sententia aufert, quæ ad fiscum pervenerit.

A sentence of transportation takes away those things
alone which come to the treasury.

Eadem mens uniuscujusque præsumitur quæ est juris, quæque esse

debeat, præsertim in dubiis.
The intention of every one is presumed to be the same
as that of the law, and as it ought to be, especially in
dubious cases.

Ecclesia ecclesiæ decimas solvere non debet.

 The church cannot pay tithes to the church.

Ecclesia semper in regis est tutela.

The church is always under the protection of the king.

Effectus sequitur causam.

The effect follows the cause.

Ejus est non nolle, qui potest velle.

It does not belong to him to refuse who can be willing.

Emptio et venditio contrahitur, simulatque de pretio convenerit.

Buying and selling is contracted as soon as the price is
agreed upon.

Eodem modo quo quid constituitur, eodem modo dissolvitur,—

destruitur.
In the same way in which any thing is constituted, in
the same way it is dissolved—destroyed.

Ephemeris annua pars legis Anglicanæ.

An annual diary is a part of the English law.

Equitas naturam rei non mutat.

Equity does not change the nature of a thing.

Error placitandi æquitatem non tollit.

The error in writing does not take away equity.
Error, qui non resistitur, approbatur.
The error which is not resisted, is approved.

Est boni judicis ampliare jurisdictionem.

It is the duty of a good judge to extend his jurisdiction.

Et est pactio duorum pluriumve in idem placitum consensus.

The agreement of two or more in the same will,
constitutes an agreement.

Excambium non potest esse rerum diversæ qualitatis; neque

excambium inter tres partes datur.
Excambion, or exchange, cannot be of things of a
different quality; nor is it granted among three parties.

Exceptio probat regulam, de rebus non exceptis.

An exception makes good the rule about the things
that are not excepted.

Exceptio quæ firmat legem, exponit legem.

An exception which strengthens the law, expounds the
law.

Excessus in re qualibet jure reprobatur communi.

Excess in any thing is reprobated by common law.

Ex diuturnitate temporis omnia præsumuntur solemniter acta.

 From the length of time, all things are presumed to be
done by usage.

Ex facto jus oritur.

Right or law arises from deed—fact.

Ex frequenti delicto augetur pœna.

Punishment is increased from the frequency of a
transgression.

Ex judiciorum publicorum admissis, non alias transeunt adversus

hæredes pœnæ bonorum ademptionis, quam si lis contestata et
condemnatio fuerit secuta; excepto majestatis judicio.
On account of admissions made at public trials, the
punishment of confiscation of goods does not
otherwise pass against heirs, than if a contested suit
and condemnation followed; excepting in the case of
high treason.

Ex maleficio non oritur contractus.

Contract does not arise from injury.

Ex malis moribus bonæ leges oriuntur.

Good laws take their origin from bad practices.

Ex nuda submissione non oritur actio.

An action does not arise from a bare submission.

Ex nudo pacto non oritur actio.

 An action does not arise from a bare agreement.

Executio est executio legis secundum judicium.

Execution is the performance of the law according to
judgment.

Expressa nocent, non expressa non nocent.

Things expressed hurt; those not expressed do not
hurt.

Expressio unius est exclusio alterius.

The expression of one is the exclusion of another.

Expressio illorum quæ tacite insunt nihil operatur.

The expression of those things which are tacitly
implied, is unnecessary.

Ex qua persona quis lucrum capit, ejus factum præstare debet.

From whatever calling any one derives profit, he ought
to discharge the duty of that calling.

Expressum facit cessare tacitum.

What is expressed makes what is silent to cease.

Exterus non habet terras, habet res suas, et vitam, et libertatem.

A foreigner has no lands, he has his own effects, his
life and liberty.
Extinguitur obligatio quæ rite constiterit, si in eum casum inciderit, a
quo incipere non potuit.
An obligation which has been sealed in due form, is
extinguished if it fall into that situation from which it
cannot arise.

Extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur. Idem est, et si supra
jurisdictionem suam velit jus dicere.
One cannot with impunity obey one executing justice,
beyond his province; the same happens if one
presumes to administer justice beyond his own
jurisdiction.

Extrema potius pati, quam turpia facere.

Rather suffer extremities, than do infamous things.
 F.
Factum a judice quod ad officium ejus non pertinet, ratum non est.
An act of a judge which does not belong to his office, is
not binding.

Facultas probationum non est angustanda.

The faculty of furnishing proofs, is not to be
circumscribed.

Falsa orthographia, sive falsa grammatica, non vitiat concessionem.

Erroneous orthography, or grammatical errors, do not
vitiate a grant.

Fama est constans virorum bonorum de re aliqua opinio.

Fame is the constant opinion of good men concerning
any thing.

Fatetur facinus qui judicium fugit.

He confesses the crime who avoids the trial.

Favorabiliores rei potius, quam actores habentur.

Accused persons are held more favourable than the
accusers.

Feodum simplex ex feodo simplici pendere non potest.

 A simple feu cannot depend on a simple feu.

Fere in omnibus pœnalibus judiciis, et ætati et imprudentiæ

succurritur.
Almost in all penal trials allowance is made for youth
and imprudence.

Fiat justitia, ruat cœlum.

Let justice be done, if the sky should fall.

Fictio cedit veritati.

Fiction yields to truth.

Fictio juris non est ubi veritas.

There is no supposition of right where the truth is
evident.

Filiatio non potest probari.

Filiation cannot be proved.

Flumina et portus publica sunt.

Rivers and harbours are public.

Flumina pene omnia, et portus, publica sunt.

Almost all rivers and harbours are public.

Fœminæ ab omnibus officiis civilibus vel publicis remotæ sunt. Item

impubes omnibus civilibus officiis debet abstinere.
 Women are removed from all civil and public offices.—
Likewise those under age ought to abstain from all civil
offices.

Fœminis et infantibus per vicarium multis muneribus licet fungi.

It is lawful for women and children to discharge offices
by proxy or substitute.

Fortior et posterior est dispositio legis quam hominis.

The disposal of the law is stronger and later than that
of a man.

Fractionem diei non recipit lex.

The law does not admit of the fractional part of a day.

Fraus adstringit non dissolvit perjuriam.

Fraud binds—does not dissolve perjury.

Fraus æquitati præjudicat.

Fraud is prejudicial to equity.

Fraus est celare fraudem.

To conceal fraud is fraud.

Fraus est odiosa et non præsumenda.

Fraud is odious, and not to be presumed.

Fraus et dolus nemini debent patrocinari.

 Fraud and craft ought to be a protection to none.

Fraus legibus invisissima.

Fraud is most odious to the laws.

Fraudis interpretatio semper in jure civili non ex eventu duntaxat, sed

ex concilio quoque desideratur.
The interpretation of fraud in the civil law is not always
desired from the event merely, but likewise from the
intention.

Frustra expectatur cujus effectus nullus sequitur.

That is expected in vain of which no effect follows.

Frustra legis auxilium implorat qui leges ipsas subvertere conatur.

He implores the assistance of the law in vain, who
endeavours to subvert the laws themselves.

Frustra probatur quod probatum non relevat.

That thing is proved in vain, which, when proved, is not
relevant.

Fundi non debent inalienabiles esse.

Farms ought not to be unalienable.

Furiosi, vel ejus cui bonis interdictum sit, nulla voluntas est.
The will of a madman, or of him who is interdicted from
the administration of his goods, is nothing.
Furiosus solo furore punitur.
A madman is punished only by his own madness.
 G.
Generale dictum, generaliter est intelligendum.
A thing said in a general sense, is to be understood in
a general sense.

Generale dictum generaliter est interpretandum. Generalia verba

sunt generaliter intelligenda.
A general saying is to be interpreted in general.—
General words are to be so interpreted.

Generalia præcedunt, specialia sequuntur.

General things precede, special things follow.

Generalia specialibus non derogant.

General things are not derogatory to special.

Generalia sunt præponenda singularibus.

General things are to be preferred to single things.

Generalibus specialia derogant.

Special things are derogatory to general.

Generalis gratia proditionem et homicidium non excipit pœna.

General favour does not exempt treason and homicide
from punishment.
Generaliter, cum de fraude disputatur, non quid habeat actor, sed
quid per adversarium habere non potuerit, considerandum est.
When there is a dispute concerning fraud, we are to
consider in general, not what the actor may have, but
what he could not have had by his opponent.

Generaliter probandum est, ubicunque in bonæ fidei judiciis

confertur, in arbitrium domini aut procuratoris ejus, conditio, pro boni
viri arbitrio hoc habendum est.
We ought to prove in general, that in whatever case a
condition is imposed upon the will of a master or his
agent, in bona fide trials, this is to be considered
according to the judgment of a good man.

Grammatica falsa non vitiat chartam.

False grammar does not vitiate a writing.

Gravius est alternam quam temporalem lædere majestatem.

It is more grievous to hurt an alternate, than a
temporary authority.
 H.
Habendum in charta vel auget vel restringit, sed non novum inducit.
What is to be regarded in writing, either increases or
restricts; but it does not induce any thing new.

Hæredi favetur.
Favour is shewn to an heir.

Hæreditas, alia corporalis, alia incorporalis: Corporalis est, quæ

tangi potest et videri: Incorporalis, quæ tangi non potest nec videri.
Inheritance, one kind is substantial, and another
unsubstantial—the substantial is what can be touched
and seen—the unsubstantial, what cannot be touched
nor seen.

Hæreditas est successio in universum jus quod defunctus habuerit.

Inheritance is the succession to the universal right
which the deceased had.

Hæreditas ex dimidio sanguine non datur.

Inheritance is not granted from half-blood.

Hæreditas nihil aliud est, quam successio in universum jus quod

defunctus habuerit.
Inheritance is nothing else than the succession to the
whole right which the deceased may have had.
Hæreditates recta linea debent descendere, sed non ascendunt.
Inheritances ought to descend in a direct line; but do
not ascend.

Hæres est aut jure proprietatis, aut jure representationis.

One is an heir either by right of property, or by right of
representation.

Hæres est eadem persona cum antecessore,—pars antecessoris.

An heir is the same person with his predecessor—a
part of that predecessor.

Hæres legitimus est quem nuptiæ demonstrant.

He is the lawful heir whom the marriage demonstrates
to be so.

Hæres est nomen juris; filius est nomen naturæ.

An heir is the name of right—son is the name of
nature.

Hæres non tenetur in Anglia ad debita antecessoris reddenda, nisi

per antecessorem ad hoc fuerit obligatus, præterquam debita regis
tantum.
The heir is not bound in England to pay the debts of
his predecessor, unless he hath been obliged to this by
his predecessor, except only what is due to the king.

Hæredem ejusdem potestatis jurisque esse, cujus fuit defunctis,

constat.
 It is certain that an heir hath the same power and
privilege which belonged to the deceased.

Hæres hæredis mei est meus hæres.

The heir of my heir is my heir.

Humanum est errare.

Man is liable to error; or, to err is inherent to human
nature.
 I.
Ibi semper debet fieri Triatio, ubi juratores meliorem possunt habere
notitiam.
Trial must take place, where the jury may obtain better
information. [See Transcriber’s Note.]

Id certum est quod certum reddi potest, sed id magis certum est
quod de semetipso est certum.
That is certain which can be rendered certain, but that
is more certain which is certain of itself.

Id perfectum est quod ex omnibus suis partibus constat; et nihil

perfectum est dum aliquid restat agendum.
That is complete which consists of all its parts; and
nothing is perfect while any thing remains to be done.

Id quod est magis remotum, non trahit ad se quod est magis

junctum, sed e contrario in omni casu.
That which is more remote does not draw to itself that
which is more closely joined; but the contrary in every
case.

Id quod nostrum est, sine facto nostro ad alium transferri non potest.
That which is ours cannot be transferred to another
without our own deed.

Idem agens et patiens esse non potest.

 The same person cannot be both the agent and
patient.

Idem est facere et non prohibere cum possis, et qui non prohibet
cum prohibere possit, in culpa est.
It is the same to do and not to prohibit when you can;
and he who does not prohibit when he can prohibit, is
in fault.

Idem est nihil dicere et insufficienter dicere.

It is the same thing to speak nothing, and to speak
insufficiently.

Idem est non esse et non apparere.

Not to be, and not to appear is the same.

Idem semper antecedenti proximo refertur.

The same thing is always referred to the nearest
antecedent.

Ignorantia facti excusat.

Ignorance of a fact or deed excuses.

Ignorantia judicis est calamitas innocentis.

The ignorance of a judge is the calamity of the
innocent.

Ignorantia juris non excusat.

Ignorance of the law does not excuse.
Ignorantia juris sui non præjudicat juri.
Ignorance of ones own right is not prejudicial to that
right.

Ignorantia legum neminem excusat, omnes enim præsumuntur eas

nosse quibus omnes consentiant.
Ignorance of the law excuses no body, for all are
presumed to know those things on which all agree.

Ignorantia non excusat legem.

Ignorance does not excuse the law.

Illud quod alias licitum non est, necessitas facit licitum; et necessitas
inducit privilegium quod jure privatur.
That which is not lawful in another case, necessity
makes lawful; and necessity induces a privilege which
is taken away by the law.

Imaginaria venditio non est pretio accedente.

It is not an imaginary sale when the price is paid.

Imperator noster servis rescripsit, in ambiguitatibus quæ ex legibus

proficiscuntur, consuetudinem, aut rerum perpetuo similiter
judicatarum auctoritatem, vim legis obtinere.
Our emperor wrote back to his subjects that in the
ambiguities, which proceed from the laws, the custom,
or the authority of cases constantly decided in the
same manner, should obtain the force of laws.
Imperitia culpæ adnumeratur.
Unskilfulness is reckoned a fault.

Impersonalitas non concludit nec ligat.

Impersonality is neither conclusive nor binding.

Impius et crudelis judicandus est qui libertati non favet.

He is to be considered a wicked and cruel person who
does not favour liberty.

Improbi rumores, dissipati sunto.

Let wicked reports be silenced.

Impotentia excusat legem.

Inability excuses law.

Impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat.

Impunity always is an inducement to do worse.

Impossibilium nulla obligatio est.

There is no obligation to things impossible; none is
obliged to do impossibilities.

In actis publicis collegii sive corporis alicujus corporati consensus,

est voluntas multorum ad quos res pertinet simul juncta.
In public acts of a college or any incorporated body,
the will of many to whom the matter belongs joined
together, is the consent.