Bjfbe Sfstbif Aunltns, (@eregehjf-@bzgebe, 5293) ns hbonlobeje nl Obnlobes Sfhätboes,ofeom

Sfhätboes, ofeom bljbvbjueh y jn nqubpfs,

destnr nl blvnstbieobÿl nl Ssbofhfiäe sf`rn ofdpfrtedbnltf frielbzeobfleh y eotuehdnltn ourse nh irejf jn
Ssbofhfiäe nl he ^LNJ

Nl su prfynotf Ndftbfleh Ae`rbge vunhoe sus rnahnxbflns sf`rn âtboe y vehfrns, bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh y instbÿl jn
nqubpfs.

Jnsjn 5220 tre`eke nl he Esfobeobÿl @bh`ef Dntrfpfhb- ?3, eotuehdnltn ofdf su`jbrnotfre inlnreh, jnserrfhheljf
jbvnrsfs prfynotfs hfoehns n bltnrleobflehns jn phelbaboeobÿl y prfdfobÿl nstretâiboe ur`eles. Esä dbsdf, bdpuhse y
offrjble eotbvbjejns nl hes qun hes rnheobflns bltnrpnrsflehns, he dftbveobÿl jn nqubpfs jn tre`ekf y hes me`bhbjejns
jn bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh sfl auljednltehns. Nstes tndåtboes afrdel
a frdel ted`bâl pertn jn hfs oursfs y sndblerbfs qun
bdpertn jnsjn nh snlf jn nste esfobeobÿl.

Biuehdnltn ofhe`fre ofl Ndegudnngbl, frielbzeobÿl sfobeh qun tbnln ofdf f`kntbvf epfyer e duknrns
ndprnljnjfres.

Ns eutfre jn R tn rnbrås jn hfs pnons jn ofhfrns (035:) y Lejbn hf merå pfr tb. Nh ofrekn jn vbvbr (0351).

Qbeknre bloelse`hn y hnotfre ndpnjnrlbje.

 Instbÿl prfansbfleh y ndfobfleh jn nqubpfs

Oÿdf oflsniubr ul nqubpf jn ehtf rnljbdbnltf y dftbvejf

 Dejrbj 035=

Bjfbe Sfstbif

Instbÿl prfansbfleh y ndfobfleh jn nqubpfs

Oÿdf oflsniubr ul nqubpf jn ehtf rnljbdbnltf y dftbvejf

0ª njbobÿl
Srbdnre njbobÿl; e`rbh 035=

© N_BO NJBZFPBEH
Evje. jn Qehjnlbirehns, s/l. 0=00? Sfzunhf jn Eheroÿl (Dejrbj)
Znh. 25 :>0 :5 33
www.nsbo.nju/njbtfrbeh
©© Bjfbe Sfstbif Aunltns
B_@L; 29=-=:-59>5?-?0-3
Ou`bnrte; Inrerjf Jfdäliunz
Aftfofdpfsbobÿl y Aftfdnoålboe; Lunve Dequnte
Jfõe Dnloäe, ?2
0=355 Dejrbj
Uunje prfmb`bje tfje rnprfjuoobÿl jn he f`re f pertns jn he dbsde pfr ouehqubnr dnjbf sbl he prnonptbve eutfrbzeobÿl prnvbe.
 Äljbon

BLZPFJ^OOBßL
¶Sfr quâ he instbÿl ndfobfleh jn nqubpfs6
F`kntbvfs y `hfquns jn nstn hb`rf
@HFU^N B
SPFSß_BZF.
SPFSß_BZF. OFL_ZP^OOBßL JN ^L SPFRNOZF OFDSEPZBJF
Oepätuhf 5. ^le eprfxbdeobÿl
eprfxbdeobÿl
5.5. Uu Uuââ ns ul nqubpf y quâ hf jbanrnlobe jn ul irupf
5.0. ¶Ns lnonserbf ul nqubpf6
5.?. Jbsa
Jbsaulobflns
ulobflns prblobpehns
prblobpehns jn ul nqubpf
Oepätuhf 0. He vbsbÿl
vbsbÿl
0.5. Oflstruoobÿl jn ul prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf
0.0. He tnlsbÿl
tnlsbÿl meobe nh oed`bf
0.?. Pnljbdbnltf ÿptbdf
0.:. Hbdbteobflns y ornnlobes ofhnotbves
Oepätuhf ?. ^les pblonhejes jn phelbaboeobÿl
?.5. Oflornobÿl jn he terne
?.0. Oherbaboeobÿl jn nxpnotetbves
?.?. Eotbvbjej vnrsus f`kntbvfs
?.:. Instbÿl jnh tbndpf; urinltn vnrsus prbfrbterbf
Oepätuhf :. Hfs vehfrns jnh nqubpf y su bjnltbjej
Oepätuhf >. Nh ofdprfdbsf
>.5. He ehbelze
>.0. Mflrer nh ofdprfdbsf
>.?. He oflabelze
>.:. Nsqunde ieler-ieler

>.>. Ehiules mnrredbnltes pere nh ofdprfdbsf; nh omnog-bl

Oepätuhf 1. Oÿdf sn ofdulboe nh nqubpf
1.5. ¶Ouåh ns he «rnehbjej·6
1.0. Jer y rnob`br annj`eog
1.?. Nxpflnr n bljeier
Oepätuhf 9. Zfde jn jnobsbflns
9.5. Nstbhfs n bdphboeobflns
9.0. Ounstbflns prnvbes
9.?. Nh oflsnlsf
9.:. Lnifobeobÿl ornetbve. Oflstrubr sblnribes
9.>. Nh tbndpf nl nh prfonsf jn jnobjbr
9.1. Mnrredbnltes

@HFU^N BB
NU^BSF. NDFOBFLEHBJEJ OFHNOZBQE R DFZBQEOBßL
Oepätuhf =. Nh nqubpf ofdf rnheobÿl
Oepätuhf 2. Oflfonrtn y oflfonr e tu nqubpf
2.5. Eutfnstbde y afrtehnzes
2.0. Snlsedbnltf, ndfobÿl, eoobÿl
2.?. Oepeobjej jn nhnibr y ofrrnspflse`bhbjej
Oepätuhf 53. Ndfobflehbjej ofhnotbve
53.5. ¶Uuâ ns ul sbstnde6
53.0. Ornnlobes ofhnotbves. Hfs depes dnltehns jnh nqubpf
53.?. Ndfobflns, nstejfs jn ålbdf y su nxprnsbÿl
53.:. Oÿdf blahubr nl he ndfobflehbjej ofhnotbve
Oepätuhf 55. Dftbveobÿl
55.5. Mudelbzer hes rnheobflns nl nh tre`ekf
55.0. @hbljersn ofltre he jnsdftbveobÿl
55.?. Qehfreobÿl y rnoflfobdbnltf. Lutrbr hes rnheobflns
Oepätuhf 50. Ofdulboeobÿl, nsouome y ndpetäe
50.5. Ofdulboeobÿl; vnr`eh y lf vnr`eh
50.0. Oflvnrseobflns pû`hboes y prbvejes
50.?. Hnkfs jn he orätboe y nh nlkubobedbnltf
50.:.
50.>. Uuâ ns y nlafoeje
Nsouome quâ lf ns ndpetäe

Oepätuhf 5?. Instbÿl jnh oflahbotf

5?.5. Nh oflahbotf ns mudelf
5?.0. Zfxbles nl he ofdulboeobÿl
OBNPPN
@B@HBFIPEAÄE
 Bltrfjuoobÿl

¶Sfr quâ he instbÿl ndfobfleh jn nqubpfs6

¶S fr quâ ul nqubpf ofdpunstf pfr pnrsfles bltnhbinltns, ofl ireljns me`bhbjejns, sfhf oflsbiun rnsuhtejfs
dnjbforns, hhnieljf blohusf e pflnr nl pnhbirf su supnrvbvnlobe y, sbl nd`erif, ftrfs nqubpfs afrdejfs pfr
pnrsfles dås onroeles e he dnjbe nl ouehbjejns sfl oepeons jn ehoelzer rnsuhtejfs nspnoteouherns65 ¶Nxbstn ehiule
rezÿl fouhte pere qun ofdpfrtedbnltfs bljbvbjuehns ofmnrnltns y reobflehns punjel inlnrer ofljuotes
bdprfjuotbves n bhÿiboes nl ul nqubpf6
E vnons, he sude jn bltnhbinlobes pnrsflehns punjn jer ofdf rnsuhtejf ofhnotbvf ule bd`nobhbjej supble. Jbh`nrt0
jnoäe qun pere oehouher nh ofnabobnltn bltnhnotueh jn ul nqubpf ns lnonserbf ndpnzer pfr nh pertbobpeltn ofl nh
ofnabobnltn bltnhnotueh dås `ekf y rnsterhn 53 pultfs pfr oeje dbnd`rf jnh irupf.
E nstf mey qun suderhn hes pfsbobflns dnkfre`hns jn lunstres frielbzeobflns nl relgbli jn prfjuotbvbjej y
oehbjej jbrnotbve y hfs rnsuhtejfs dås `bnl dnjbforns, nl târdblfs inlnrehns, qun sn f`tbnlnl nl ofdpereobÿl ofl
hes mfres jn «prnsnlobehbsdf· nl nh tre`ekf. Biuehdnltn, hes rnpnrousbflns vblouhejes ofl nh nstrâs, he elsbnjej, he
jnsdftbveobÿl, he jnprnsbÿl y ul herif ntoâtnre qun eoe`e jnsnd`foeljf nl nlanrdnjejns ndfobflehns y nl
e`snltbsdf he`freh, sniurednltn lfs hhnverål e he oflohusbÿl jn he bdpfrtelobe jn instbfler ejnouejednltn e hes
pnrsfles y e hfs nqubpfs.
Nxbstn, nl nstn snltbjf, blinltn hbtnreture sf`rn instbÿl jn nqubpfs, dftbveobÿl nl hes frielbzeobflns y tndåtboes
sbdbherns qun tbnlnl qun vnr ofl nh eprfvnomedbnltf jnh pftnlobeh jn hes pnrsfles jnltrf jn hes ndprnses.
Nh deleindnlt f instbÿl ndprnserbeh leobÿ ofl he prnfoupeobÿl jn qun hes pnrsfles pujbnrel utbhbzer sus
rnoursfs jn he afrde dås nabobnltn pfsb`hn. Hf qun fourrn ns qun, oeje vnz nl deyfr dnjbje, nsfs rnoursfs qun
tnlndfs e lunstrf ehoelon sfl hes ftres pnrsfles.? Nl hes frielbzeobflns eotuehns, he instbÿl ye lf sn hbdbte e he
ejdblbstreobÿl jn f`kntfs y detnrbes, sblf qun bdphboe offrjbler y eprfvnomer nh tehnltf y he pftnlobehbjej jn
bljbvbjufs.
Hes pnrsfles, eulqun rnsuhtn trbstn rnofrjerhf, lf sfl ofses. Sfr nsf, tre`eker ofl pnrsfles rnqubnrn oflsbjnrer
ftrf tbpf jn verbe`hns qun eotuehdnltn rnsuhtel bdprnsobljb`hns pere hfirer nqubpfs prfansbflehns, nabobnltns y
ndfobflehdnltn bltnhbinltns, setbsanomfs, n blohusf dn etrnvnräe e jnobr, anhbons. Hes pnrsfles pfsnndfs ounrpf y
dnltn y ornedfs pnlsedbnltfs y ndfobflns. Znlndfs vfhultej, nspärbtu. Sfr nsf, lejbn sn blvfhuorerå ofl pesbÿl
nl ul prfynotf sb lf hf meon pfr dftbveobÿl bltnrle, nl eres jn su hb`nrtej bljbvbjueh. He pesbÿl ns blnxpuile`hn,
blnxpuile`hn, sb
rnourrbdfs nl nxohusbve e rnaunrzfs n blonltbvfs, f nl he vnrsbÿl lnietbve, e oestbifs f pnlehbzeobflns.
Sfr nsf, nh rntf jn hes frielbzeobflns eotuehns ns nh jn instbfler prfansbflehdnltn nqubpfs jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jn
su terne, pnrf ofl biueh bdpfrtelobe nl su verbe`hn mudele y ndfobfleh.
ndfobfleh.
Sfr ul hejf, nh prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf,
ofdpertbjf, nh f`kntbvf ofdûl f he terne ns he eriedese jnh nqubpf, hf qun je snltbjf e
:
su nxbstnlobe. _n trete jn ul nhndnltf ohevn, pfrqun sbl âh lf nxbstn nqubpf. Ns he rezÿl pfr he qun hes pnrsfles
tre`ekel kultes, hf qun hns jfte jn snltbjf. Lf jn`ndfs fhvbjer qun he deyfr pertn jn hfs rntfs oflsniubjfs pfr he
mudelbjej lf mu`bnrel sbjf pfsb`hns sbl nh tre`ekf y nh nsaunrzf ofdpertbjf jn nqubpfs.
Sfr ftrf hejf, hes frielbzeobflns y ndprnses aulobflel y sn ofdpfrtel ofdf frielbsdfs vbvfs.> Zbnlnl su prfpbe
ndfobflehbjej.. Hfs nqubpfs qun tbnlnl âxbtf sfl, ourbfsednltn, duy mudelfs. Pnoflfonl sus bdpnranoobflns y
ndfobflehbjej
oernlobes e lbvnh ihf`eh n bljbvbjueh y sn epfyel nl nhhes pere oflstrubr kultfs/es ehif dås ireljn qun hf qun su
bljbvbjuehbjej hns pnrdbtbräe. Ns lnonserbf, pfr teltf, tfder oflobnlobe y instbfler hes ndfobflns y hfs nstejfs jn
ålbdf nl ul nqubpf sb qunrndfs hfirer naboeobe, rnsuhtejfs, pnrf ted`bâl pnrsfles dftbvejes, setbsanomes y, nl he
dnjbje jn hf pfsb`hn, anhbons.
Nstedfs me`heljf, ofdf vnbs, jn ehif qun ve duomf dås ehhå jn he prfjuotbvbjej. Jn ehiule delnre, supfln ule
abhfsfaäe jn tre`ekf y jn vbje. _n trete jn rnoflfonr eh ftrf ofdf ul tû; ofl jnrnomfs, lnonsbjejns y jnsnfs tel
hniätbdfs ofdf hfs prfpbfs. Hes pnrsfles sfl rnspflse`hns y prfteiflbstes jn su vbje.1 Nh tre`ekf y nh jnserrfhhf
prfansbfleh y pnrsfleh jn`nl snr ule väe pere oelehbzer lunstrf pftnlobeh blträlsnof, lf ule aunltn jn ehbnleobÿl.
Sfr nsf, foupersn jn hes pnrsfles pfr su vehfr blofljbobfleh y ofdf ohevn jn âxbtf jn ouehqubnr ndprnse u
frielbzeobÿl ye lf ns ul hukf prnsobljb`hn. Ns ule e`sfhute lnonsbjej pere earflter hfs rntfs jn auturf. Jn`n snr ul
lunvf perejbide. ^le eutâltboe lnonsbjej sfobeh y jndforåtboe eh snrvbobf jn hes pnrsfles. Zn blvbtf e ofdpertbr
rnahnxbflns ofldbif sf`rn nstes ounstbflns.
¡@unle hnoture!

F`kntbvfs y `hfquns jn nstn hb`rf

_bndprn dn me blqubntejf hf qun sn orne oueljf bltnreotuedfs hes pnrsfles. _n trete jn ule nltbjej dås pftnltn
qun lfsftrfs/es dbsdfs/es qun, nl foesbflns, nknron ule blahunlobe su`tnrrålne qun lfs trelspfrte, ofl ule nspnobn
jn blnrobe sutbh, e ofdpfrtedbnltfs y eotbtujns e hfs qun nl foesbflns lf jnsneräedfs br y qun, jnsjn lunstrf prbsde
bljbvbjueh, lfs rnsuhtel rnomeze`hns. R sbl nd`erif, pernon qun aunre bdpfsb`hn sustrenrsn e nses rutbles, må`btfs y
ofdpfrtedbnltfs sbstâdbofs.
Hf qun prntnljf ofl nstn hb`rf ns farnonrtn blafrdeobÿl qun mn rnofpbhejf e trevâs jn hf qun mn hnäjf, mn
eprnljbjf y mn vbvbjf. Sfrqun yf ted`bâl sfy pertn jn ul nqubpf, y ofdf nl he deyfr pertn jn hes ofses nl he vbje,
sn meon oedblf eh eljer.
eljer. Db prbdnr f`kntbvf ns qun nse blafrdeobÿl tn eyujn e jbeilfstboer
jbeilfstboer,, e pflnr lfd`rn e hes
ofses qun fourrel nl tu nqubpf.
_nräe nh nqubvehnltn eh eutfoflfobdbnltf nl bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh. Dn iusteräe qun jnspuâs jn hnnr nstes hälnes,
oueljf tn nlarnltns e ule sbtueobÿl pultueh f jurejnre nl ul nqubpf, snpes «fhaetner· y jnjuobr quâ punjn nster
fourrbnljf nl nh dbsdf y ouåh punjn snr he oeuse qun hf prfvfoe.
_fhf e pertbr jn nsn pultf snrå pfsb`hn nhe`frer ule nstretnibe jn bltnrvnlobÿl eh rnspnotf. Sere nhhf, db sniuljf
f`kntbvf ns nh jn farnonrtn mnrredbnltes qun punjes utbhbzer jn delnre pråotboe pere instbfler naboezdnltn tu
nqubpf, jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jn he terne y jn he rnheobÿl.
Nsf sä, jn`ns tnlnr nl ounlte qun sb hbjnres tu prfpbf nqubpf, tû ted`bâl nrns pertn jnh dbsdf y ornes ofl tu
prnsnlobe y ofl tu eotbtuj, pertn jn hfs ofdpfrtedbnltfs sbstâdbofs qun sn prfjuonl. Jnsjn tu rfh jn hbjnrezif
punjns meonr bltnrvnlobflns qun, sbl juje, tnljrål rnsuhtejfs7 pnrf nxbstnl ftrf tbpf jn jblådboes nl hfs nqubpfs
qun sfhf punjnl hhnversn e oe`f ofl he prnsnlobe jn ehiubnl eknlf, qun hn farnzoe eh nqubpf ule pfsb`bhbjej jn vnrsn
rnahnkejf y elehbzer hf qun vn. Jnltrf jnh jbeilÿstbof qun mn dnlobflejf, ted`bâl sn nlounltre he oepeobjej jn
jnhbdbter meste jÿljn hhnie tu blahunlobe.

Sfr ftrf`åsboednltn
rnanrnlobe hejf, y nl oueltf e hfs
e hfs jfs `hfqunsqun
nhndnltfs nl mn
hfsdnlobflejf
qun nstål blohubjfs hfs ofltnlbjfs
nl nh epertejf jnprfpÿsbtf
eltnrbfr; nh nstn hb`rf,ynstfs meonl
he rnheobÿl
nqubpf. Nstes jfs sfl hes verbe`hns auljednltehns jnh jnsndpnõf ofhnotbvf, y ofdf tehns, jnltrf jn hes dbsdes
jnh nqubpf.
sn jnsphnierål hes rnahnxbflns qun sn rnofinl nl nstes påibles.
Jn mnomf, nh oruon jn hes jfs verbe`hns je huier e ouetrf tbpfhfiäes jn nqubpfs qun pfjräedfs jnsorb`br ofdf
sbiun;
‟ Nqubpfs nl hfs qun he terne ns hf dås bdpfrteltn, pnrf he pertn rnheobfleh ns blnxbstnltn. _fhf hns
prnfoupel hfs rnsuhtejfs. Zeltf epfrtes, teltf vehns. Pf`fOfp,,9 ehtednltn nabobnltns, ofl irel
vehns. _fl hfs nqubpfs Pf`fOfp
rfteobÿl, pnrf ofl prf`hndes rnheobflehns y qundejfs. E he herie, sfl blsfstnlb`hns. Hes pnrsfles eoe`el
deromåljfsn f nlanrdeljf. E`eljflel su pnrspnotbve mudele y sn oflvbnrtnl nl snujfdåqubles. Nh nstrâs ns
nh ofdpeõnrf me`btueh jnh vbekn.
‟ Nqubpfs nl hfs qun prbde he rnheobÿl, pnrf he bdpfrtelobe jn he terne `rbhhe pfr su eusnlobe. _fl hfs
nqubpfs jnh `unl rfhhbtf f ohu` sfobeh.
sfobeh. _fl nqubpfs jn irel nste`bhbjej y vel e tnlnr qun oflvbvbr kultfs duomf
tbndpf, pfr hf qun vehfrel teltf su edbstej qun hfs oflahbotfs sn sunhnl fouhter, eulqun, ofdf vnrndfs, nstfs
lf jnkel jn blahubr jnsjn he sfd`re. Pnsuhtejfs, ¶quâ ns nsf6
 ‟ Nqubpfs nl hfs qun teltf he terne ofdf he rnheobÿl nstål jnsetnljbjfs. _fl hfs jnsemuobejfs. Lf mey leje e
hf qun eierrersn pere sf`rnvbvbr nl nstfs nltfrlfs y sunhnl prfvfoer nlanrdnjejns ndfobflehns e sus
dbnd`rfs.
‟ Ablehdnltn, nh f`kntbvf eh qun lfs jbrbibdfs ns nh jn hfs nqubpfs frbnltejfs e sus rnsuhtejfs y f`kntbvfs,
f`kntbvfs, pnrf
eh dbsdf tbndpf prnsnrveljf y lutrbnljf he pertn mudele jn hes pnrsfles qun hfs ofdpflnl. _fl hfs
nqubpfs jn ehtf rnljbdbnltf y ofl ul ehtf irejf jn setbsaeoobÿl. ¶Qedfs e pfr nhhf6
Sere ablehbzer, qubsbnre eirejnonr. Zed`bâl vnrndfs he bdpfrtelobe jn he vehfreobÿl y nh eirejnobdbnltf nl hfs
nqubpfs. Nl prbdnr huier, e he Esfobeobÿl @bh`ef Dntrfpfhb-?3,
Dntrfpfhb-?3, nqubpf jnh qun afrdf pertn, nl nh qun mn ornobjf y
dn mn jnserrfhhejf ofdf prfansbfleh, pfr pnrdbtbrdn eprnljnr y nxpnrbdnlter nl prbdnre pnrsfle hes pnles y hes
ireljns ehniräes jn ul nqubpf.
E hes pnrsfles qun dn mel afrdejf y jn hes qun mn eprnljbjf he deibe jn hfs nqubpfs. Jnsteof ofl oerbõf e Eln
Eiubrrn,, Bse`nh Anrlåljnz,
Eiubrrn Anrlåljnz, Esbnr Iehhestnib,
Iehhestnib, Nlrbqun _eoelnhh y Deru _eresfhe,
_eresfhe, eirupejfs deibstrehdnltn pfr
Oerresoeh, jn Ndele. Jn nhhes y nhhfs vunhof duomes rnahnxbflns equä y ofdpertä ul prnobfsf btblnrerbf
Deräe Oerresoeh,
afrdetbvf. Deiläaboes pnrsfles y prfansbflehns qun sbl juje tre`ekel pere epfrter ofl su irelbtf jn ernle e he
nabobnlobe jn hfs nqubpfs, e he anhbobjej jn hes pnrsfles y e meonr, sbl juje, jn nstn ul duljf dnkfr.
Ablehdnltn, e Ejbrel Mnres pfr su bloelse`hn epfyf nl hes he`frns jn ofrrnoobÿl jn nstn hb`rf y pfr
eofdpeõerdn sbndprn nl tfjes hes evnltures qun ndprnljf.
Nsgnrrbg esgf. Ireobes.

5 Gfadel, 0335.
0 Jbh`nrt ns nh pnrsflekn prblobpeh jn ule tbre oÿdboe setärboe orneje pfr _oftt Ejeds, qun me epernobjf nl hfs
pnrbÿjbofs nstejfulbjnlsns jnsjn 52=2, ouye trede sn jnserrfhhe nl nh ofltnxtf jn hf oftbjbelf pere dbhhflns jn
ndphnejfs y faboblbstes.
? Gfadel, 0335.
: Eibrrn, Anrlåljnz, Iehhestnib, _eoelnhh y _eresfhe, 035:.
> Snõehvnr, 0332.
1 Ofvny, 5223.
9 Pf`fOfp ns ule pnhäouhe nstejfulbjnlsn jn 52=9, jnh iâlnrf jn obnlobe aboobÿl y eoobÿl, nl he qun sn `usoel
rnndphezfs rf`ÿtbofs pere jntnlnr ule fhe jn orädnlns, rnoflfobnljf qun hfs rnspflse`hns jn meonr oudphbr he hny
sfl blsuabobnltns pere nhhf.
@HFU^N B
SPFSß_BZF.
OFL_ZP^OOBßL JN ^L SPFRNOZF OFDSEPZBJF
 Oepätuhf 5
^le eprfxbdeobÿ
eprfxbdeobÿl
l

5.5. Uuâ ns ul nqubpf y quâ hf jbanrnlobe jn ul irupf.

5.0. ¶Ns lnonserbf ul nqubpf6
5.?. Jbsaulobflns prblobpehns jn ul nqubpf.
5.5. Uuâ ns ul nqubpf y quâ hf jbanrnlobe jn ul irupf
Dn pernon sehuje`hn y lnonserbf pertbr jn ule jnablbobÿl jn hf qun sbilbaboe nqubpf
nqubpf,, y sf`rn tfjf, jbanrnloberhf jn
ftrf oflonptf duy onroelf qun ns nh jn irupf
irupf,, pfrqun lf meonl rnanrnlobe e he dbsde rnehbjej.
Sere nhhf, rnsoetf pere elehbzerhe ofltbif, he jnablbobÿl jn nqubpf jn Kfl P. Getznl`eom5 y Jfuihes G. _dbtm0 nl
su ertäouhf pbflnrf jn 522?, He jbsobphble jn hfs nqubpfs;
nqubpfs;
«^l nqubpf ns ul pnqunõf lûdnrf jn pnrsfles ofl me`bhbjejns ofdphndnlterbes, ofdprfdntbjes ofl ul prfpÿsbtf
ofdûl, ul oflkultf jn dntes jn jnsndpnõf y ul nlafqun pfr nh qun sn sbnltnl sfhbjerbednltn rnspflse`hns
rnspflse`hns·.
·.

Nh prbdnr blirnjbnltn jn nste jnablbobÿl tbnln qun vnr ofl nh lûdnrf jn pnrsfles qun hf ofdpflnl. Nl he
jnablbobÿl, nstfs eutfrns meonl rnanrnlobe e ul «pnqunõf· lûdnrf. ¶Ouåltf ns pnqunõf y nl rnheobÿl ofl quâ6 Sfr
db nxpnrbnlobe, fs jbräe qun ul nqubpf sunhn fsobher nltrn 1 y ul dåxbdf jn 53/50 pnrsfles. ¶Sfr quâ6 Sfrqun, ofdf
vnrndfs e ofltblueobÿl, tbnln qun snr ul lûdnrf suabobnltndnltn bdpfrteltn ofdf pere prfvfoer
ofdphndnlterbnjej nltrn hes epfrteobflns jn sus dbnd`rfs, pnrf eh dbsdf tbndpf lf jn`n rnsuhter nxonsbvf, eh
f`kntf jn iereltbzer ule bltnrrnheobÿl bltnlse nltrn hes pnrsfles qun hf ofdpflnl. Jn hf ofltrerbf, he oeltbjej y
oehbjej jn nses bltnreoobflns tbnljn e rnjuobrsn y nsf bdphboe qun he rnehbjej qun sn orne lf punjn oflsbjnrersn
ofdf he prfpbe jn ul aulobfledbnltf jn nqubpf.
Nl sniuljf huier, hfs nqubpfs hfs afrdel pnrsfles ofl me`bhbjejns ofdphndnlterbes.
ofdphndnlterbes. Nlrbqun _eoelnhh, prfansfr
däf jn ofeombli jn nqubpfs, utbhbze`e ule aresn qun dn pernon rnvnhejfre e nstn rnspnotf; «_b
« _b nl ul nqubpf jfs sn
pernonl duomf, sf`re
sf`re ulf/e·.
ulf/e·.
Nl oueltf e hes me`bhbjejns qun sn prnobsel, nstes vnljräel jnrbvejes jn hf qun rnsuhte lnonserbf pere pfjnr
jnserrfhher nh prfpÿsbtf, he terne pere he qun nses pnrsfles sn oflstbtuynl ofdf nqubpf. Ns duy bdpfrteltn
oflsbjnrer ofl jntnlbdbnltf nstes lnonsbjejns nl nh dfdnltf jn he snhnoobÿl jnh nqubpf. Ftre ounstbÿl perehnhe ns
qun nh nqubpf, ofdf nltbjej jbstblte jn hes pertns qun hf oflstbtuynl, tbnln irel pfjnr pere jnserrfhher me`bhbjejns
qun qubzå blbobehdnltn lf nste`el prnsnltns nl sus bltnireltns bljbvbjuehns. _bl nd`erif, su oepeobjej pere
jnserrfhher nstes mnrredbnltes y oepeobjejns jnpnljnrå jn ftrfs aeotfrns, ofdf brndfs vbnljf nl hes prÿxbdes
påibles.
Nh tnronr nhndnltf jn he jnablbobÿl ns nh prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf u f`kntbvf ofdûl,
ofdûl , ofl nh qun sn ofdprfdntnl
tfjes y oeje ule jn hes pnrsfles qun ofdpflnl nh nqubpf. Nste ounstbÿl tbnln telte bdpfrtelobe qun hn vedfs e
jnjboer ul oepätuhf nl nxohusbve, pfrqun supfln he rezÿl jn snr jnh nqubpf. Ns pfr teltf ul nhndnltf ohevn, pnrf
ejndås rnsuhte auljednlteh jn oere e he dftbveobÿl, ofmnsbÿl y nlnriäe ndfobfleh jn hes pnrsfles.
Ofdf ouertf aeotfr, nstn prfpÿsbtf, pere qun sne rnehbze`hn, lnonsbte oflorntersn nl dntes y f`kntbvfs nspnoäabofs
dnjb`hns, qun pnrdbtel eh nqubpf sniubr nh prfirnsf rnehbzejf y deltnlnr su lbvnh jn rnspflse`bhbjej.
y dnjb`hns,
Ablehdnltn, hes/fs dbnd`rfs jn ul nqubpf sn sbnltnl sfhbjerbednltn rnspflse`hns jnh prfpÿsbtf, y jn hes dntes y
f`kntbvfs qun sn esbilel. Nste rnspflse`bhbjej, pfr teltf, tbnln ule vnrtbnltn bljbvbjueh y ftre ofhnotbve. Sfr ul hejf,
oeje pnrsfle jn`n rnspfljnr jn hes ternes qun hn ofrrnspfljnl y jn oudphbr sus ofdprfdbsfs nl he afrde y phezf
qun sn nste`hnzoe. Sfr ftrf, nh nqubpf rnspfljn jn sus âxbtfs y areoesfs ofdf ofhnotbvf y jn`n esudbr su pertn jn
rnspflse`bhbjej nl nh aulobfledbnltf ihf`eh y nl hfs rnsuhtejfs qun f`tbnln.
Sfr ofltrestn, nl ul irupf hes me`bhbjejns bljbvbjuehns sunhnl snr sbdbherns7 lf nxbstn ofmnsbÿl pfrqun rnehdnltn
hes pnrsfles jnh irupf lf sn lnonsbtel ules e ftres pere oudphbr sus f`kntbvfs7 sunhnl nstruoturersn knrårqub
knrårquboednltn7
oednltn7
sus rnulbflns sunhnl snr blafrdetbves f jn rnljbobÿl jn ounltes, pnrf nh mnomf dås jbanrnlobeh ns qun lf nxbstn ul
prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf y su rnspflse`bhbjej ns bljbvbjueh, lf ofhnotbve.

5.0. ¶Ns lnonserbf ul nqubpf6

E vnons dbtbaboedfs, jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jn he ndprnse y he frielbzeobÿl, oflter ofl ul NU^BSF. Snrf ul nqubpf
lf ns he peleone. Ns ul blstrudnltf pere ul abl. Jnpnljbnljf jnh prfpÿsbtf u f`kntbvf snrå lnonserbf tnlnr ul
nqubpf. F lf.
_fhf oueljf sn prnobse he ofdphndnlterbnjej
ofdphndnlterbnjej jn oflfobdbnltfs y me`bhbjejns, ule bltnreoobÿl nstrnome y onroele,
y nxbstn ul ûlbof prfpÿsbtf y ule ûlboe vbsbÿl qun sn oflstruyn sf`rn hes vbsbflns bljbvbjuehns y qun je ofmnsbÿl e
hes pnrsfles, snrå lnonserbf oflstbtubr ul nqubpf.
Dn me fourrbjf nl ehiulfs jn hfs oursfs sf`rn instbÿl jn nqubpfs qun bdpertf, qun nl ehiûl dfdnltf surinl
prniultes sf`rn he leturehnze jn jbvbsbflns f jnpertednltfs oflorntfs qun, pfr su bjbfsbloresbe, meonl jbaäobh qun sn
oudphel hes oereotnrästboes eltnrbfrns pere snr oflsbjnrejes «nqubpf·. E trevâs jn verbes ounstbflns y rnahnxbflns eh
rnspnotf, hes dbsdes pnrsfles qun prniultel hhniel e he oflohusbÿl jn qun nstål prntnljbnljf oflvnrtbr nl ul
nqubpf, ehif qun lf ns dås qun ul irupf y qun ablehdnltn jnobjnl qun jn`n sniubr sbnljf esä.
Sfr teltf, eulqun pernzoe qun nh nqubpf supfln nh dfjnhf he`freh pnranotf, sbdbher e he vbsbÿl rfdåltboe jn ule
rnheobÿl bjähboe jn pernke, nl foesbflns, qubzå sne `unlf y jnsne`hn snr «sfhf edbifs·. ¶Pnsuhte oherbaboejfr nh sädbh6

5.?. Jbsaulobflns prblobpehns jn ul nqubpf

Qfy e rnsudbrtn nl hfs sbiubnltns pårreafs ul hb`rf deiläabof jn Setrbog Hnlobflb? (033?) qun hhnve pfr tätuhf nh jn
nstn epertejf; Hes oblof jbsaulobflns
jbsaulobflns jn ul nqubpf.
Hnlobflb, e trevâs jn ule lerreobÿl lfvnheje, lfs prnsnlte hf qun oflsbjnre hes > jbsaulobflns dås me`btuehns y
jn deyfr rnpnrousbÿl nl hfs nqubpfs.
Nl prbdnr huier, sn nlounltre he bdpfrtelobe jn he oflabelze
oflabelze.. Bdphboe oflfonrlfs dutuednltn jn vnrjej,
prfauljednltn, ofl lunstres afrtehnzes y jn`bhbjejns bljbvbjuehns y, e pertbr jn emä, rnspnterlfs nl lunstres
jbanrnlobes. Jbif rnspntf, y lf tfhnrelobe. Sfrqun he tfhnrelobe bdphboe ul stetus jn supnrbfrbjej pere qubnl kuzie he
jbanrnlobe.
He oflabelze ns lnonserbe pere pfjnr dfstrersn vuhlnre`hn. _b lf nxbstn oflabelze, hes pnrsfles sn prnsnltel ofdf
blaehb`hns arnltn e sus ofdpeõnrfs/es y, ejndås, mey ul jnsoflfobdbnltf sf`rn hes bltnlobflns jn hfs jndås qun lfs
meon f`rer ofl oeutnhe, f blohusf ofl tndfr. Nstf, sbl nd`erif, lf pnrdbtn nh ornobdbnltf y he dnkfre jnh nqubpf. He
ohevn oflsbstn nl snltbrsn oÿdfjf/e dfstråljfsn vuhlnre`hn, pfrqun tnlndfs he oflabelze jn qun lunstres
jn`bhbjejns lf snrål utbhbzejes ofltre lfsftrfs/es. He nlnriäe qun pfjräe jbrbibrsn e prftninrlfs nstå jbspflb`hn
nltflons pere he terne.
Nl sniuljf huier sn nlounltre nh oflahbotf
oflahbotf.. Nh oflahbotf ns blmnrnltn eh snr mudelf y oueljf nl ul nqubpf lf mey
oflahbotf, sn vbvn ule snujfrrnehbjej, ule erdfläe ertbabobeh, treteljf jn fouhter y nvbter ehif qun ns prfpbf jn hes
rnheobflns pnrsflehns.
_bl nd`erif, nh oflahbotf lf ifze jn `unle prnlse. Znlndfs, nl inlnreh, blludnre`hns nkndphfs jn ornnlobes y
dbtfs lnietbvfs qun vbnlnl jnrbvejfs jn lunstres nxpnrbnlobes, y ns qun hfs oflahbotfs qun sn instbflel jn delnre
blejnoueje sunhnl jnker rnpnrousbflns lnietbves nl hes pnrsfles qun sn vnl blvfhuorejes. Sfr nsf, tndndfs eh
oflahbotf. Sfrqun lfrdehdnltn sehbdfs jn nhhfs dehperejfs/es f sfdfs oflsobnltns jn qun mndfs mnomf jeõf e
ftres pnrsfles.

Sfr nh ofltrerbf, sb ul nqubpf nlafoe nh oflahbotf jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jn qun ns blnvbte`hn y jn qun,
instbflåljfhf ejnouejednltn, supfln ule fpfrtulbjej jn dnkfre y jn ornobdbnltf, he pnronpobÿl oed`be.
¡@bnlvnlbjfs/es eh oflahbotf!

Nxbstn ule jbanrnlobe ohere nltrn iuerjer sbhnlobf (pfrqun lf tnlif leje qun epfrter sf`rn ul tnde) f oehhersn (nl
nh snltbjf jn «treier·) ofses qun qubzå snel rnhnveltns, pnrf qun prnanrbdfs fouhter pfr nvbter ul oflahbotf. _bl
nd`erif, terjn f tndprelf nstn ndnrinrå jn ftre afrde, sniurednltn dnlfs sehuje`hn pere hes pnrsfles y pere nh
nqubpf. Nl duomes foesbflns nxprnsedfs juphbobjej jn dnlsekns. Jnobdfs ehif nl pû`hbof y ofses jbanrnltns nl
prbvejf.
 Oueljf nh oflahbotf sbrvn pere jer sfhuobÿl e sbtueobflns qun prfvfoel dehnster nl nh nqubpf f ofl nh ûlbof
prfpÿsbtf jn prfjuobr he dnkfr sfhuobÿl pfsb`hn, ns sehuje`hn. Nl nh sniuljf `hfqun jn nstn hb`rf jnjboejf e he
rnheobÿl, me`herâ jn ehiules mnrredbnltes `åsboes pere instbfler hfs oflahbotfs jn afrde sehuje`hn. Oueljf hfs
oflahbotfs sn instbflel ejnouejednltn prfjuonl jn`etns eoehfrejfs sbl snltbdbnltfs rnsbjuehns, lb jeõfs
ofhetnrehns. _bl nd`erif, hfs nqubpfs qun nvbtel nh oflahbotf, inlnrel tnlsbflns qun nl foesbflns jnsnd`foel nl
jbsputes nl hes qun sn dnzohel etequns pnrsflehns qun sfl duomf dnlfs prfjuotbvfs y dås mbrbnltns qun ouehqubnr
jbsousbÿl sele.

jnNl tnronr huier,

ofdprfdbsf snHnlobflb dnlobfle
trejuon nl he aehte
ed`biønjej, nl jn ofdprfdbsf
jujes ofdf
sf`rn sb hes ftre jn
pnrsfles jnhhesnqubpf
jbsaulobflns jn ul
oudphbrål nqubpf.
f lf He aehte
hes ternes qun
hns ofrrnspfljnl. Nl foesbflns, eh eoe`er ehiules rnulbflns jn nqubpf, sunhn ahfter nl nh ed`bnltn he snlseobÿl jn
qun ounstbflns qun sn mel jn`etbjf lf sn nknouterål kedås. ¶Sfljräes he delf nl nh aunif nl nses obroulstelobes pfr
qun rnehdnltn sn oudphbräel6
Nl foesbflns, ns lnonserbf ofdprfdntnrsn ofl he rnehbzeobÿl jn ternes, eulqun nstndfs nl ofltre. _bl nd`erif,
nstf sfhf ns pfsb`hn sb sn iereltbze qun tfjes hes pnrsfles mel sbjf nsouomejes. _fhf oueljf tfjfs/es mel nxpunstf
sus fpblbflns y pnrspnotbves, punjnl ofdprfdntnrsn ofl ule jnobsbÿl. Sfr nsf, nh nqubpf jn`n jnserrfhher sbstndes
qun nste`hnzoel he afrde jn ofdprfdntnrsn jn hes pnrsfles. Jnablbr nl quâ jnobsbflns snrå lnonserbf oflsniubr
oflsnlsf y ulelbdbjej y jbanrnloberhes jn ftres nl hes qun qubzå sne suabobnltn ule deyfräe u ftre afrde jn
jnobsbÿl.:
Nl tfjf oesf, hes pnrsfles nl târdblfs bljbvbjuehns y nh nqubpf ofdf ofhnotbvf jn`nl ofdprfdntnrsn ofl he
terne.. Sere nhhf, hf prbdnrf qun mey qun oherbaboer ns qubâl ns he pnrsfle rnspflse`hn y qubâl tbnln eutfrbjej pere
terne
nxbibr nh oudphbdbnltf jnh ofdprfdbsf. Me`herâ dås nl prfauljbjej jn oÿdf vehfrer y mflrer nh ofdprfdbsf y jn
dnoelbsdfs y mnrredbnltes pråotboes pere nhhf.
He ouerte jbsaulobÿl meon rnanrnlobe e he nvbteobÿl jn rnspflse`bhbjej, qun jnsnd`foe nl nståljerns `ekfs jn
jnsndpnõf. Hes oflsnounlobes jn nste jbsaulobÿl tbnlnl qun vnr ofl he blsteureobÿl jn he ouhture jn he dnjbforbjej
y jnh «omepuonf· nl nh rnljbdbnltf. Nl Ssbofhfiäe jn he Dftbveobÿl, sn me ofdprf`ejf ule ofrrnheobÿl pfsbtbve
nltrn nh lbvnh dftbveobfleh jn ule pnrsfle y nh irejf jn prnobsbÿl y ofrrnoobÿl nl nh jnsndpnõf jn he terne. Sfr
teltf, pnrsflehdnltn dn blohblf e suinrbr qun, oueljf ehiubnl lf sn sbnltn rnspflse`hn jn hfs rnsuhtejfs jn su
tre`ekf y epernonl nrrfrns y jnsndpnõfs pfr jn`ekf jn hes oepeobjejns, sfl sältfdes pråotboednltn blnquävfofs jn
aehte jn dftbveobÿl.
Sfr nh ofltrerbf, oueljf lfs snltbdfs ofrrnspflse`hns jn ule terne, lunstre bdphboeobÿl supfln esudbr qun
oueljf ehiubnl jnh nqubpf lf me epfrtejf hf qun, nl vbrtuj jnh ofdprfdbsf ofhnotbvf nste`hnobjf hn ofrrnspfljn, he
rnspflse`bhbjej ns jn tfjfs/es. > _unhf prniulter nl hfs oursfs afrdetbvfs qun bdpertf jn qubâl ns he rnspflse`bhbjej
oueljf nl ul nqubpf ule pnrsfle lf tre`eke. Hes rnspunstes blbobehns sunhnl epulter e he prfpbe pnrsfle.
Bldnjbetednltn jnspuâs sn dnlobfle eh hbjnrezif, pnrf oueljf sbif prniulteljf ¶qubâl dås…6, he inltn sn je

ounlte
meie jnjn
ulequn tfjes qun
delnre hes pnrkujboe
pnrsfles jnh nqubpf sfl
he f`tnlobÿl rnspflse`hns
jn hfs rnsuhtejfsjn
jnh«oflsnltbr·
ofhnotbvf. qun ehiubnl lf meie su tre`ekf f hf
Ns lnonserbf esudbr he blofdfjbjej jn pnjbr ounltes, hf oueh supfln ule sbtueobÿl nxtrndejednltn jbaäobh.
Qeobhedfs pfrqun tndndfs pnrkujboer ule vehbfse rnheobÿl pnrsfleh pnrf, brÿlboednltn, nstf sfhf meon qun he
rnheobÿl sn jntnrbfrn. Epernon rnsnltbdbnltf pfr hes nxpnotetbves lf oudphbjes y pfr pnrdbtbr qun sn nrfsbflnl hfs
nståljerns jnh irupf. Ofdf epulte Hnlobflb, he prnsbÿl sf`rn hfs dbnd`rfs jnh nqubpf bdphboe, pfr nh ofltrerbf, qun
mey rnspntf y qun tnlndfs ehtes nxpnotetbves.
Ablehdnltn, he aehte jn etnlobÿl e hfs rnsuhtejfs ns he qublte y ûhtbde jn hes jbsaulobflns qun snõehe Hnlobflb.
Hfs jfs prblobpehns f`ståouhfs pere lf onltrersn nl rnsuhtejfs sfl; nqubpfs qun punjnl oflafrdersn ofl nh nstetus
ofhnotbvf (ofl snr pertn jnh irupf) f onltrersn nl pftnlober he pfsbobÿl prfpbe f he oerrnre e nxpnlses jnh nqubpf.
Hf dås ofdûl ns qun sn blsteurn ule ouhture nl he qun hfs rnsuhtejfs pfr hfs qun sn dbjn nh jnsndpnõf jnh nqubpf
lf snel ofhnotbvfs, sblf bljbvbjuehns. _bl nd`erif, nl ul nqubpf fpnre ul ûlbof deroejfr. Oueljf ehiubnl nstå dås
prnfoupejf/e pfr «sus· rnsuhtejfs f hfs jn «su· jbvbsbÿl f jnpertednltf, nh nqubpf sn rnsbnltn. Lfs nstedfs
pnhneljf pfr hfs `ftns sehvevbjes, nl huier jn treter qun nh `erof pnrdelnzoe e ahftn, e phnlf rnljbdbnltf y ofl
rud`f prnobsf.
 ABI^PE 5
HE_ JB_A^LOBFLN_ JN ^L NU^BSF

Aunltn; Setrbog Hnlobflb, 033?, p. 533.

Ofdf sältnsbs jn tfjf hf eltnrbfr, tn jnkf ule aresn qun Getmryl, he prfteiflbste jn he lfvnhe jn Hnlobflb, helze e
su nqubpf;
«Lf vfy e tfhnrer ofljuotes qun jndunstrnl eusnlobe jn oflabelze f qun sn onltrnl nl nh nif bljbvbjueh. Qfy e ehnlter nh
oflahbotf n bdpuhser ofdprfdbsfs oherfs y nspnrf qun esudåbs vunstres rnspflse`bhbjejns. Qfy e snõeher ouehqubnr dehe
ofljuote oueljf he f`snrvn y nspnrf qun meiåbs hf dbsdf. Lf tnlndfs tbndpf qun pnrjnr
pnrjnr·.
·.

5 Kfl P. Getznl`eom (52?0) ns ul eutfr y oflsuhtfr oflfobjf pfr su tre`ekf nl he frielbzeobÿl blafrdeh. Getznl`eom
ns sfobf prblobpeh nl he faboble jn Lunve Rfrg jn @ffz & Ofdpely. Eltnrbfrdnltn, aun ulf jn hfs auljejfrns jn
Getznl`eom Sertlnrs HHO, abrde nspnobehbzeje nl frielbzeobÿl, hbjnrezif, jnsndpnõf jnh pnrsfleh y nstretnibe.
0 Jfuihes G. _dbtm (52:2) ns esnsfr, nsorbtfr, pnlsejfr, mbstfrbejfr, prfansfr, e`fiejf y nxpnrtf nl jnsndpnõf,
lfl-prfabt.
bllfveobÿl, nstretnibe y oed`bf nl frielbzeobflns jnh snotfr pû`hbof, prbvejf yylfl-prfabt
? Setrbog Hnlobflb ns nh auljejfr y ONF jn Zmn Ze`hn Irfup (oflsuhtfräe jn instbÿl nspnobehbzeje nl jnserrfhhf jn
nqubpfs) y eutfr jn 53 hb`rfs, jn hfs qun sn mel vnljbjf dås jn > dbhhflns jn ofpbes y mel sbjf trejuobjfs e dås jn
0> bjbfdes, esä ofdf jn ludnrfsfs ertäouhfs
ertä ouhfs rnheobflejfs ofl nh hbjnrezif y he sehuj frielbzeobfleh.
: Ahfrns, 52=2.
> Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:.
 Oepätuhf 0
He vbsbÿl

0.5. Oflstruoobÿl jn ul prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf.

0.0. He tnlsbÿl meobe nh oed`bf.
0.?. Pnljbdbnltf ÿptbdf.
0.:. Hbdbteobflns y ornnlobes ofhnotbves.
0.5. Oflstruoobÿl jn ul prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf
Ofdbnlzf nstn epertejf ofl nh dbsdf dnlsekn jn Hnlobflb ofl nh qun onrrâ nh eltnrbfr; nl ul nqubpf, lf vehn
pnrsniubr nh rnoflfobdbnltf y he etnlobÿl bljbvbjueh e nxpnlses jn hfs rnsuhtejfs ofhnotbvfs.
ofhnotbvfs.
Nstf lf sbilbaboe, nl e`sfhutf, qun lf meye huier pere nh bljbvbjuehbsdf, lb duomf dnlfs (me`herâ dås ejnheltn jn
he bdpfrtelobe
jnserrfhhel jn he vehfreobÿl
ofljuotes qun qubzåpnrsfleh), pnrfnl
hns `nlnabobnl nlnhulphelf
nqubpf lf oe`nlarnltn
bljbvbjueh hfs nifs. E vnons,
e ftrfs hes pnrsfles
ofdpeõnrfs/es jn ul nqubpf
f jnpertednltfs,
pnrf jeõel eh nqubpf. _bl nd`erif, sb nh nqubpf pbnrjn, tfjfs/es pbnrjnl. Lf mey ed`biønjejns. Nh deroejfr sfhf ns
ulf. Nh nqubpf ns nh bljboejfr.
bljboejfr. He eotueobÿl jnh nqubpf y jn qubnl hf jbrbin sn dbjn nl târdblfs jn
pfsbobfledbnltf y prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf.
Snrf, ¶quâ ns ul prfpÿsbtf ofdpertbjf6 Nl he bltrfjuoobÿl jn nstn hb`rf ofdnlte`e qun nh prfpÿsbtf f he terne ns
he rezÿl jn snr jn ul nqubpf. Ns he verbe`hn auljednlteh. Nh nqubpf jn`n se`nr pere quâ sn oflstbtuyn ofdf teh. _b lf
tbnln ul pfrquâ, lf tbnln snltbjf su nxbstnlobe.
Ourbfsednltn, he jnablbobÿl jnh prfpÿsbtf qun, nl târdblfs inlnrehns, sfhndfs jer pfr mnomf, nl he pråotboe qun
oflfzof lf sunhn snr esä. Nl duomes foesbflns, hes pnrsfles jnsoflfonl he vbsbÿl, nh f`kntbvf eh qun sn jbrbinl ofdf
nqubpf y, nl ftres duomes, oueljf sn hns prniulte pfr snperejf, farnonl rnspunstes jbanrnltns, n blohusf
ofltrejbotfrbes, sf`rn su dnte ofhnotbve.
_f`rn nh prfpÿsbtf jn ul nqubpf, vfy e onltrerdn e ofltblueobÿl nl jfs nhndnltfs auljednltehns e db dfjf jn
vnr;
5. Sfr ul hejf, ns bdprnsobljb`hn jnablbr nh prfpÿsbtf jnh nqubpf y esniurersn jn qun tfjes hes pnrsfles jnh
ofdpertnl. Oueljf hes pnrsfles lf tbnlnl dntes, he nlnriäe sn jbspnrse, sn jbsbpe, lf mey
nqubpf hf oflfonl y ofdpertnl.
orbtnrbfs lb bljboejfrns pere dnjbr hfs evelons f rnsuhtejfs, pfrqun lf se`ndfs ejÿljn lfs jbrbibdfs. Znlnr
dntes ns hf qun frbnlte hfs nsaunrzfs, ns nh nhndnltf qun epfrte snltbjf. Qbgtfr Arelgh, supnrvbvbnltn jn hfs
oedpfs jn oflonltreobÿl jn he _niulje Iunrre Duljbeh, ns qubzå ulf jn hfs prblobpehns rnanrnltns eh rnspnotf
nl su f`re Nh mfd`rn nl `usoe jn snltbjf.
snltbjf. Nl tfjf oesf, hes pnrsfles y hfs nqubpfs jn`ndfs tnlnr ul abl nl
dnltn.
Hes dntes hhnvel esfobejes ule snrbn jn prfpbnjejns qun sfl jn trns tbpfs; ofilbtbves (sbndprn qun sn pnrsbiun
ule dnte, sn nhe`fre ule rnprnsnlteobÿl dnlteh jn he dbsde), eanotbves (esfobejes e ofdpflnltns
dftbveobflehns f ndfobflehns jn etreoobÿl f rnomezf) y ofljuotuehns (qun supflnl ehiûl tbpf jn eotbvbjej nl
jbrnoobÿl e he oflsnouobÿl jn he dnte) (_elz, Dnlâljnz, Pbvnrf y Ofljn, 035?).
Nh psboÿhfif nstejfulbjnlsn Njwbl E. Hfogn, prfansfr jn dftbveobÿl y hbjnrezif nl he ^lbvnrsbjej jn
Deryhelj, afrduhÿ he tnfräe jnh nste`hnobdbnltf jn dntes.
dntes. Nl nhhe sn jnsteoe`e nh pepnh dftbvejfr jn hes
dntes nl nh ofdpfrtedbnltf jn hes pnrsfles jnltrf jn hes frielbzeobflns.
Nh nste`hnobdbnltf afrdeh jn f`kntbvfs f dntes nknron ul nanotf pfsbtbvf nl he dftbveobÿl y nl nh jnsndpnõf,
eudnlteljf nh lbvnh jn nknouobÿl. _fhf he bltnlobÿl jn ehoelzer ule dnte me jndfstrejf snr ul nhndnltf
dftbvejfr. Nltrn hes rezflns pere nhhf jnsteoel;
‟ Znlnr ul f`kntbvf oherf y jnablbjf eyuje e jbrbibr y afoehbzer lunstre etnlobÿl y nsaunrzf, esä ofdf e
oflsniubr y utbhbzer hfs rnoursfs lnonserbfs.
‟ Hes dntes eotûel ofdf rntfs, ehnlteljf he rnehbzeobÿl jn nsaunrzfs.
‟ Abker ul f`kntbvf aeobhbte qun surkel ehtnrletbves ornetbves pere oflsniubrhf.
‟ Oueltf dås nspnoäaboes, oflorntes y jnablbjes snel hes dntes, dås dftbvejfres rnsuhtel.
‟ Hes dntes ofl ul lbvnh dfjnrejf jn jbabouhtej, pnrf vbe`hns, ofljuonl e ul lbvnh dås nhnvejf jn
rnljbdbnltf qun oueljf sfl nxtrndejednltn aåobhns.
‟ _n me jndfstrejf qun nh annj`eog blafrdetbvf sf`rn nh jnsndpnõf blahuyn pfsbtbvednltn nl nh dbsdf.
0. He sniulje bjne bdpfrteltäsbde sf`rn nh prfpÿsbtf tbnln qun vnr ofl qun nstn jn`n snr ofdpertbjf, jn`n
nqubpf, jn delnre qun tfjes y oeje ule jn nhhes sbnlte,
jnablbrsn y oflstrubrsn nltrn tfjes hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf,
eulqun sne jn delnre perobeh, qun nh f`kntbvf inlnreh hn bjnltbaboe. Lejbn sn blvfhuore eh 533% nl ule oeuse
 qun lf ns he suye. He dnre prnsnlobe jn ul prfpÿsbtf abrdn lf `este. Zfjfs/es jn`nl snltbr qun ns sÿhbjf. Jn`n
nster ndpepejf jn ndfobÿl, jn nspnrelze, jn bhusbÿl. Nh prfpÿsbtf ns dås qun ule bjne, ns ule aunrze qun `rfte
jnh bltnrbfr jn hes pnrsfles. Orne ul välouhf ofdûl, ule bjnltbjej jn nqubpf. Snrf, pere nhhf, nh prfpÿsbtf tbnln
qun snr ofdpertbjf. Gfadel (0335) su`reye qun lejbn sn ofdprfdntn ofl ule vbsbÿl jn he qun lf ns pertn, nl
he qun lf sn vne rnahnkejf/e, nl he qun lf nstâ prnsnltn jn ehiule delnre su bjnltbjej.
Nl he pråotboe jn hes frielbzeobflns y ndprnses nxbstn, sbiubnljf e nstn dbsdf eutfr, ule jbvnrsbjej jn
aÿrduhes qun vel jnsjn he dnre trelsdbsbÿl (`bnl nl ul sfpfrtn nsorbtf f jn delnre pnrsfleh nl nh dnkfr jn hfs

oesfs),
he e ofltrestns
delbpuheobÿl dåsf`kntbvfs.
jn hfs f dnlfs pertbobpetbvfs, peseljf pfr he prâjboe, he bdpfsbobÿl, he pnrsuesbÿl n blohusf
«Nste afrde jn oflstrubr nh prfpÿsbtf f he vbsbÿl prfvfoe, ofl sunrtn, ul obnrtf irejf jn dftbveobÿl
nxträlsnoe, inlnre eoetedbnltf, pnrf lf ofdprfdbsf. R eltn nhhe, hes pnrsfles jnsphnierål jbstbltfs lbvnhns jn
sniubdbnltf qun fsobherål jnsjn he epetäe, he jnsf`njbnlobe, nh eoetedbnltf e rnieõejbnltns y nh eoetedbnltf
afrdeh, meste nh eoetedbnltf inlublf. Snrf lbliulf jn nhhfs, lb sbqubnre nstn ûhtbdf nl nh qun hes pnrsfles
meonl jn `unl irejf hf qun sn nspnre jn nhhes, supfln ofdprfdbsf
ofdprfdbsf·.·. (Gfadel, 0335).
Hes vbsbflns ofdpertbjes jn`nl suribr jn vbsbflns bljbvbjuehns. He ûlboe vbsbÿl qun tn dftbve, ns he tuye.
Snrf, ¶oÿdf ns pfsb`hn nste`hnonr ul f`kntbvf qun sne jbilf jn ul ofdprfdbsf6 ¶Oÿdf sn oflstruyn ule
vbsbÿl ofdpertbje e pertbr jn vbsbflns pnrsflehns6 E vnons, he bjbfsbloresbe jn he frielbzeobÿl f he ndprnse lf
pnrdbtn ul prfonsf jn oflstruoobÿl ofdpertbje. Nl nstfs oesfs, hf bdpfrteltn lf ns teltf he jnablbobÿl, ofdf nh
prfonsf e trevâs jnh oueh ule vbsbÿl jnablbje hhnie e snr ofdpertbje. Nl nstfs oesfs, lf sn trete jn oflvnlonr,
sblf jn vnrbaboer, jn ofdpertbr y nsouomer.
nsouomer. Lf ns ul prfonsf aåobh. Hes vbsbflns terjel nl ndnrinr. Pnqubnrnl
ule oflvnrseobÿl prfaulje nl he qun hes pnrsfles jn`nl snltbrsn hb`rns jn nxprnser sus sunõfs, sus jnsnfs, y
nsouomer ofl rnspntf hfs eknlfs, `usoeljf pultfs jn oflahunlobe. Snrf nstf jn`n meonrsn ofl sblonrbjej. Ofl
bltnrâs inlublf pfr blofrpfrer he rbqunze y hes bjnltbjejns jn tfjf nh ofhnotbvf. _b nstn prfonsf sn meon ofdf
dnrf trådbtn mbpÿorbte, hes pnrsfles jn he frielbzeobÿl snrål hes prbdnres nl jersn ounlte y nh rnsuhtejf ableh
snrå nh fpunstf e hf qun sn prntnljn.

Mn utbhbzejf nl hfs ûhtbdfs pårreafs bljbstbltednltn hes pehe`res vbsbÿl y prfpÿsbtf pfrqun, e nanotfs jn he
jnablbobÿl ofdpertbje, sfl târdblfs nqubvehnltns.
nqubvehnltns. He vbsbÿl ns nh «quâ· y nh prfpÿsbtf ns nh «pfr quâ·. Dås ejnheltn
vnrndfs qun hfs vehfrns sfl nh «oÿdf·.
Ofdf rnahnxbÿl ableh jn nstn epertejf, dn iusteräe evelzer qun he jnablbobÿl jnh prfpÿsbtf ns ulf jn hfs nhndnltfs
vblouhejfs ofl he dftbveobÿl jn hes pnrsfles y jnh nqubpf.
nqubpf . Oueljf nl foesbflns dn hhniel jbeilÿstbofs snõeheljf
qun ul nqubpf lf nstå dftbvejf, ule jn hes prbdnres ounstbflns e elehbzer tbnln qun vnr, prnobsednltn, ofl he
nxbstnlobe f lf jn ul prfpÿsbtf. ¶Sunjn ul nqubpf snltbrsn dftbvejf sbl se`nr ejÿljn sn jbrbin, sb lf oflfon su
dnte, su f`kntbvf, su prfpÿsbtf6 ¶Uuâ irejf jn nsaunrzf ns prnvbsb`hn qun farnzoe sb nh prfpÿsbtf hn vbnln bdpunstf6
¶Ns qun ehiubnl nstå jbspunstf/e e jer hf dnkfr jn sä, su vfhultej y su nsaunrzf, nler`fheljf ule `eljnre nxtreõe
qun leje f pfof tbnln qun vnr ofl âh f nhhe6

0.0. He tnlsbÿl meobe nh oed`bf

Hes dntes y hfs f`kntbvfs surinl pere oflsniubr he ofmnrnlobe nltrn lunstrf nstejf eotueh y ftrf nstejf, qun ns nh
bjneh, eh qun espbredfs.
Hfs nstejfs bjnehns sfl rnprnsnlteobflns dnltehns ofl hes qun ofltedfs hes pnrsfles nl rnheobÿl e ouehqubnr
åd`btf jn he vbje. Oueljf he sbtueobÿl eotueh lf ofblobjn ofl he bjneh, surin ule bloflirunlobe, ule nspnobn jn
tnlsbÿl. Nl nsn dfdnltf, phelbaboedfs he rnehbzeobÿl jn ule snrbn jn ofljuotes f nstretnibes qun lfs hhnvnl e he
oflsnouobÿl jn nsn nstejf bjneh, ns jnobr, e he jnseperbobÿl jn he tnlsbÿl y he bloflirunlobe.
bloflirunlobe. Nse blofdfjbjej ns he
qun prfpfrobfle he nlnriäe lnonserbe pere qun he pnrsfle eotûn y nh phel aeobhbte jbrnoobÿl e he eoobÿl.
Sfr teltf, y nl rnheobÿl ofl nh prfpÿsbtf, ns lnonserbf rnoflfonr qun, teltf nl nh åd`btf ofhnotbvf ofdf bljbvbjueh,
lejbn oed`be e dnlfs qun nxbste ul jntfleltn jn obnrte «blofdfjbjej·. Nse tnlsbÿl punjn tnlnr ul frbinl nxtnrlf f
bltnrlf. Nl nh prbdnrf jn hfs oesfs, ns nh ofltnxtf f he sbtueobÿl he qun hhnve e hes pnrsfles f e hfs nqubpfs e earflter
rntfs f oed`bfs qun, jn ftre delnre, lf ndprnljnräel. Sunjn tretersn, pfr nkndphf, jn ule tnljnlobe lnietbve nl hes
vnltes, jn he eperbobÿl jn ul ofdpntbjfr duy eirnsbvf, jn ul blorndnltf jn hfs iestfs jn ule detnrbe prbde
nsnlobeh, nto.
Nl nh oesf jn he blofdfjbjej bltnrle,
bltnrle, he tnlsbÿl surin jnsjn nh prfpbf bltnrbfr jn he pnrsfle f jnh nqubpf.
Nxbstnl nhndnltfs qun nstål eanoteljf e he setbsaeoobÿl y eh jnsndpnõf, qun bdphboel he lnonsbjej jn earflter
oed`bfs, lfrdehdnltn nl hes afrdes jn meonr.
Nstfs oed`bfs supflnl e`eljfler lunstre zfle jn oflafrt,
oflafrt, qun ns nh nspeobf bdeiblerbf nl nh qun lfs snltbdfs
oÿdfjfs/es pfrqun hf oflfondfs, lfs prfpfrobfle ule snlseobÿl jn ofltrfh y lfs dfvndfs nl nhhe ofl obnrte
ahnxb`bhbjej. _ehbr jn he zfle jn oflafrt bdphboe ul nsaunrzf y supfln meonr arnltn eh dbnjf. Nh tndfr qun surin tbnln
qun vnr, lfrdehdnltn, ofl hes jujes sf`rn lunstres oepeobjejns, ofl hes nxpnotetbves qun oflstrubdfs nl rnheobÿl
ofl lunstre naboeobe y nl rnheobÿl ofl hfs rnsuhtejfs qun ornndfs qun pfjndfs oflsniubr. Jnker etrås he zfle jn
oflafrt bdphboe rbnsif, pnrf ted`bâl ns he ûlboe afrde jn ornonr y jnserrfhhersn
jnserrfhhersn..

«Ounltel qun me`äe ul suhtål qun tnläe ul mehoÿl qun lf vfhe`e y âh farnobÿ ule sustelobfse rnofdpnlse e qubnl
oflsbiubnre meonr qun nh evn eprnljbnre e vfher. Jnspuâs jn ludnrfsäsbdfs bltnltfs blaruotufsfs, ule pnrsfle
afrestnre oflsbiubÿ qun nh mehoÿl ablehdnltn vfhere. E he prniulte jnh suhtål sf`rn oÿdf hf me`äe oflsniubjf, nh
nxtreõf rnspfljbÿ; ‘ofrteljf he rede nl he qun sn epfye`e—·.
epfye`e—·. (Åhvernz, 035?).

E pnser jn hes ndfobflns lnietbves qun punjn prfvfoer he evnlture jn e`eljfler he zfle jn oflafrt, he ûlboe
ehtnrletbve supfljräe lf jer rnspunste e hfs rntfs bltnrlfs y nxtnrlfs e hfs qun lfs nlarnltedfs y oenr nl nh säljrfdn

jn he rele mnrvbje,
hnltednltn qun pnrnon
meste hhnverhe nl eiue mbrvbnljf sbl snr oflsobnltn jn qun he tndpnreture jnh eiue sn ve nhnveljf
e he dunrtn.
Qnrndfs nl nh epertejf jn he rnheobÿl qun hfs nqubpfs, eh biueh qun hes pnrsfles, pfsnnl ule ndfobflehbjej y
ted`bâl sbnltnl dbnjf f elsbnjej eh nlarnltersn e sbtueobflns lunves. Ns lnonserbf rnofinr y me`bhbter ul nspeobf e
nses ndfobflns pnrf, eh dbsdf tbndpf, ns auljednlteh earflterhes y ofltbluer evelzeljf nl nh oedblf,
afrtehnobnljf lunstre vfhultej y oepeobjej pere jnserrfhher nstretnibes qun pfsb`bhbtnl ehoelzer lunstrfs
vnrjejnrfs f`kntbvfs.

0.?. Pnljbdbnltf ÿptbdf

Ftre jn hes verbe`hns rnheobflejes ofl nh nste`hnobdbnltf jn dntes tbnln qun vnr ofl nh nqubhb`rbf y he ofrrnheobÿl
nxbstnltn nltrn he eotbveobÿl y nh rnljbdbnltf, nltnljbnljf pfr nstn ûhtbdf he oepeobjej nanotbve jn nknouobÿl f
jfdblbf qun sn jndunstre nl ule terne.

Duomes blvnstbieobflns mel pnrdbtbjf nxphboer he ofrrnheobÿl nxbstnltn nltrn ed`fs nhndnltfs. Nh f`kntbvf me sbjf
elehbzer he afrde nl qun he eotbveobÿl eanote e he nknouobÿl y jnsndpnõf jn jbstbltes eotbvbjejns.
Nl inlnreh, hfs rnsuhtejfs prun`el qun oueljf eudnlte he eotbveobÿl, ted`bâl hf meonl hfs bljboejfrns
absbfhÿibofs y he eotbvbjej dftfre, pfr hf qun sn me prfpunstf ule rnheobÿl jbrnote hblneh nltrn he dftbveobÿl y nh
rnljbdbnltf.
_bl nd`erif, dbnltres qun he eotbveobÿl sä sn rnheobfle hblnehdnltn ofl he rneotbvbjej absbfhÿiboe, lf hf meon jn he
dbsde afrde ofl nh rnljbdbnltf nl he nknouobÿl jn ule terne. _n me f`snrvejf, nl nstn snltbjf, ule rnheobÿl
ourvbhälne nl afrde jn ^ blvnrtbje, qun aun eprnobeje ye nl 523= pfr Rnrgns y Jfjsfl.
He hny jn Rnrgns-Jfjsfl, ofdf esä sn oflfon, pfstuhe qun nh lbvnh jn dftbveobÿl tbnln ul pultf ÿptbdf nltrn hfs
vehfrns bltnrdnjbfs jn eotbveobÿl, jn afrde qun ul lbvnh nxonsbvednltn ehtf f nxonsbvednltn `ekf jn eotbveobÿl
ndpnfre nh rnljbdbnltf. Sfr teltf, nxbstn ul pultf jn eotbveobÿl ÿptbdf pere oflsniubr ul dnkfr rnljbdbnltf,
rnljbdbnltf ,
qun sn nste`hnon nl nh târdblf dnjbf y, pfr teltf, hfs vehfrns jn pfoe f ehte eotbveobÿl dfstreräel ulfs rnljbdbnltfs
dnlfs naboeons.
Oueljf ul nqubpf f ule pnrsfle earfltel ule terne ofl ul lbvnh jn nxbinlobe duy pfr jn`ekf jn sus oepeobjejns,
su ofljuote dunstre pfoe naboeobe y prnobsbÿl. E dnjbje qun he jbabouhtej jn he terne eudnlte, hf meon ted`bâl he
eotbveobÿl, he nknouobÿl dnkfre meobâljfsn dås naboez y prnobse, meste ehoelzer nh pultf supnrbfr jn he ^ blvnrtbje,
qun ns nh lbvnh jn rnljbdbnltf dåxbdf, nl nh qun he jbabouhtej jn he terne ns hf suabobnltndnltn nhnveje ofdf pere
prfjuobr nh lbvnh dås ehtf jn nxbinlobe y jnsndpnõf, pnrf sbl supnrerhf. E pertbr jn nsn pultf jn nqubhb`rbf, he
nknouobÿl ndpnfre sbilbaboetbvednltn. Hes pnrsfles sn vnl sf`rnpesejes pfr he nxbinlobe jn he terne y ofdbnlzel e
ofdntnr nrrfrns y e ehnkersn jnh pultf jn nqubhb`rbf.
Hfs lbvnhns blanrbfrns jn he ^ blvnrtbje sn bjnltbaboel ofl nstejfs jn epetäe y jn nstrâs, rnspnotbvednltn, y ns aåobh
rnoflfonr
¶Ouåh ns nhpnrsfles
irejf jnynxbinlobe
nqubpfs qun
jn hesnterne
nlounltrel onroelfs
jn tu nqubpf e nstfs ofl
nl rnheobÿl jfs su
nxtrndfs, arnltn
oepeobjej6 ¶Nlehquâ
pultf jnjn
pertn nxbinlobe bjneh.
he ^ blvnrtbje
sn nlounltre6

0.:. Hbdbteobflns y ornnlobes ofhnotbves

Nh ofltnxtf y hes sbtueobflns e hes qun lfs nlarnltedfs sfl pertn bljbspnlse`hn jn lunstres ofljuotes. _bl
nd`erif, hes pnrsfles y hfs nqubpfs rneoobfledfs e hes obroulstelobes nl hes qun lfs nlofltredfs jnsjn lunstre
su`kntbvbjej, ns jnobr, lf teltf nl aulobÿl jn he rnehbjej, ofdf nl aulobÿl jn he afrde nl he qun pnrob`bdfs nse
rnehbjej y he oflstrubdfs.
Jejf qun lunstre oepeobjej ofilbtbve ns hbdbteje, lf pfjndfs rnourrbr ofltbluednltn e prfonsfs phnlednltn
oflsobnltns y nl hfs qun nknrondfs nh ofltrfh. Sfr nsf, oueljf hes oereotnrästboes jn he jnobsbÿl hf rnqubnrnl,
utbhbzedfs ftrf tbpf jn dnoelbsdfs dås f dnlfs eutfdetbzejfs qun mndfs ornejf nl vbrtuj jn lunstre mnrnlobe
inlâtboe, lunstres nxpnrbnlobes vbtehns, nto.
Nste afrde eutfdetbzeje jn prfonser he blafrdeobÿl, qun supfln ul etekf ofilbtbvf, ns sudednltn ûtbh y lnonserbe
pere pfjnr deltnlnr ule vbje sfobeh jnltrf jn hfs perådntrfs jn hes nxbinlobes eotuehns, pnrf ted`bâl tbnln sus
hbdbteobflns y snsifs, nspnobehdnltn oueljf lf sfdfs oflsobnltns jn qun nstedfs eotueljf nl ule rnehbjej
«oflstrubje·. Jnltrf jn nstes afrdes jn prfonsedbnltf sn nlounltrel hes oetnifräes, hfs nsqundes, hfs
blanrnlobes, nto. _fl etrb`uobflns qun meondfs jn hes pnrsfles y jn hes sbtueobflns qun lfs
nstnrnftbpfs, hes blanrnlobes,
pnrdbtnl tfder jnobsbflns y eotuer, sbl lnonsbjej jn nvehuer oeje vnz tfje he blafrdeobÿl jbspflb`hn (Ievbrbe,
Hÿpnz y Ouejrejf, 035?).
E trevâs jn nstfs dnoelbsdfs sn afrdel hes ornnlobes y hfs depes dnltehns,
dnltehns, teltf bljbvbjuehns ofdf ofhnotbvfs.
Sfr nsf, hes pnrsfles, pnrf ted`bâl hfs nqubpfs, tbnlnl oflstruoobflns su`kntbves jn oÿdf ns nh duljf y jn hf qun
punjnl f jn`nl meonr.
Nl foesbflns, nstes ornnlobes sfl nxpelsbves, pnrf nl ftres sfl hbdbteltns. Sfr nsf, y eulqun me`herndfs dås nl
jntehhn jn hes ornnlobes ofhnotbves nl nh epertejf jn he rnheobÿl jn nstn hb`rf, qubnrf rnsoeter equä he bdpfrtelobe jn

nstfs depes dnltehns ofhnotbvfs, e he mfre jn jnablbr nh prfpÿsbtf jnh nqubpf.

_u bdpfrtelobe vbnln jnrbveje jn qun eotûel ofdf prfanoäes eutfoudphbjes y, pfr teltf, eoe`el oflvbrtbâljfsn
nl rnehbjej, eulqun blbobehdnltn lf aunrel dås qun oflstruotfs dnltehns. ¶Sfr quâ6 Sfrqun hes pnrsfles `usoedfs
ofmnrnlobe y oflsbstnlobe. _b pnlsedfs qun ul prfpÿsbtf ns blehoelze`hn pfr nh dftbvf qun sne, nl eres jn lunstre
ofmnrnlobe, merndfs tfjf hf pfsb`hn pfrqun rnehdnltn lf punje hfirersn, eulqun nstf veye nl ofltre jn lunstrfs
bltnrnsns.
Sfr tfjf nhhf, ns duy bdpfrteltn eperter hes ornnlobes y hes hbdbteobflns eutfbdpunstes e he mfre jn jbsnõer he
vbsbÿl y nh prfpÿsbtf jn ul nqubpf. Ofdf oueljf ofdpres ehif lunvf y tbnlns qun meonr munof nl tu oese,
jnsmeobâljftn jn ehif jn hf qun tnläes, pere oflter ofl nspeobf jbspflb`hn. Sere qun nl ul nqubpf nltrn ul prfpÿsbtf
bhusbfleltn, ns lnonserbf e`eljfler prnkubobfs hbdbteltns qun foupel nspeobf y nlnriäe. Duomes vnons hes prblobpehns
oeries y nsteoes qun bldfvbhbzel e ul nqubpf y qun hf eutfkustbaboel nl su bleoobÿl, tbnlnl qun vnr ofl ule ofhnoobÿl
jn vbnkes ornnlobes, qun mey qun etrnvnrsn e ofltrester y e ounstbfler. Jnseprnljnr pere eprnljnr ehif lunvf.
Lf nstfy me`heljf jn jb`uker ul auturf brrneh. Sfr supunstf qun ns lnonserbf qun meye ule aesn jn jnablbobÿl
rnehbste jn f`kntbvfs7 pfr supunstf qun ns lnonserbf jbsnõer ul phel jn eoobÿl ofl dntes oflorntes. Dn rnabnrf,
sbdphndnltn, e pnrdbtbr vbsuehbzer nh auturf aunre jn hes hbdbteobflns jnh prnsnltn y e pnrdbtbr qun nh nqubpf «sunõn·
y sn pheltnn ul f`kntbvf ed`bobfsf.
^le vbsbÿl ehnltejfre y nstbduheltn inlnre ule ndfobflehbjej pfsbtbve, lfs prnjbspfln e he eoobÿl y lfs eyuje e
oflsniubr dntes y rntfs. He suinstbÿl, he oflabelze, he an, he nspnrelze… sfl bdpfrteltäsbdes. Ornnr nl ehif punjn
meonr qun sn meie rnehbjej. Ns nh aedfsf nanotf Sbidehbÿl. 5 Hes ornnlobes tbnlnl ul irel pfjnr. Nh auturf punjn
blahubr nl nh prnsnltn teltf f dås qun nh prfpbf pesejf.
Arnj Sfheog (529?), nl su f`re Zmn bdein fa tmn auturn,auturn, deltbnln qun ule bdeinl bhusbfleltn jnh auturf
âxbtf. Znlif ofdprf`ejf qun ul nknrobobf duy bltnrnseltn oflsbstn nl qun ul nqubpf me`hn jn he vbsbÿl
prnonjn eh âxbtf.
ofdf sb aunre mfy, ofdf sb aunre rneh y sn jbnre nl nh prnsnltn. He vbsbÿl jn auturf lf ns ul phel nstretâibof, lb ule
snrbn jn bljboejfrns7 he vbsbÿl ns onrrer hfs fkfs n bdeibler oÿdf lfs iusteräe snltbrlfs y quâ lfs iusteräe nster
meobnljf nl nh auturf. Ns ule snlseobÿl qun leon teltf f dås jn hes väsonres y jnh ofrezÿl qun jn he pure rezÿl. Lfs
prfvfoe, lfs dftbve e he eoobÿl, ns ul aunrtn bdål. Snrdbtn, pfr teltf, qun tu nqubpf sunõn…

5 Nanotf Sbidehbÿl f Znfräe jn he Srfanoäe eutfrrnehbzeje; tbnln su frbinl nl ul dbtf irbnif, nl nh qun ul nsouhtfr
hhedejf Sbidehbÿl sn nledfrÿ jn ule jn sus orneobflns; Iehetne. E teh nxtrndf hhniÿ su pesbÿl pfr he nsouhture qun
he trete`e ofdf sb aunsn ule duknr rneh, ofdf sb nstuvbnre vbve. Jnspuâs jn ul sunõf jn Sbidehbÿl, pfr f`re jn
Earfjbte, eh vnr nh edfr qun nstn snltäe pfr he nstetue qun rnprnsnlte he duknr jn sus sunõfs, he nsouhture of`rÿ vbje.
 Oepätuhf ?
^les pblonhejes jn phelbaboeobÿl

?.5. Oflornobÿl jn he terne.

?.0. Oherbaboeobÿl jn nxpnotetbves.
?.?. Eotbvbjej vnrsus f`kntbvfs.
?.:. Instbÿl jnh tbndpf; urinltn vnrsus prbfrbterbf.
 Nh f`kntbvf jn nstn hb`rf lf ns onltrersn nl ounstbflns jn phelbaboeobÿl jn dntes, f`kntbvfs y eoobflns. _bl
nd`erif, dn me pernobjf bltnrnseltn blofrpfrer ules pnqunões lfobflns jn phelbaboeobÿl qun nstål ältbdednltn
rnheobflejes ofl nh jnsndpnõf y he dftbveobÿl jn hfs nqubpfs. Znlndfs duomes lnonsbjejns, jnsnfs y sunõfs. He
jbanrnlobe ofl he vbsbÿl ns qun nste inlnre eoobÿl y ofdprfdntn jn vnrjej. Ns ul sunõf punstf nl eoobÿl. Snrf lf
jn ouehqubnr delnre. Qnedfs oÿdf…
He jnablbobÿl jn he nstretnibe jnh nqubpf jn`n blofrpfrer blnhujb`hndnltn nh herif phezf y, e pertbr jn nsn pultf,
peronher hfs f`kntbvfs y hfs hädbtns tndpfrehns jn rnehbzeobÿl meste qun sn meonl `rnvns, oflorntfs y onroelfs.
^le jblådboe duy bltnrnseltn y prfjuotbve oflsbstn nl jntehher y jnsorb`br ofl ul ehtf lbvnh jn oflornobÿl he
vbsbÿl jn auturf e he qun lfs jbrbibdfs y, jnsjn equä, derome etrås, br nste`hnobnljf hfs pesfs lnonserbfs y hes
eoobflns oflorntes qun sfl prnobses pere hfirerhf.
Sere ndpnzer, prfpflif ehiules prniultes;
‟ ¶Ouåh ns he sbtueobÿl eotueh jnh nqubpf/ndprnse/jnpertednltf…
nqubpf/ndprnse/jnpertednltf…66
‟ _b lf meondfs leje jbanrnltn, ¶jÿljn nsterå lunstre frielbzeobÿl nl 5, 0 f > eõfs6
‟ ¶Nstedfs setbsanomfs/es ofl he rnspunste e he prniulte eltnrbfr6
‟ ¶Jÿljn qunrndfs nster6
‟ ¶Uuâ tnlndfs qun meonr eh rnspnotf6
JEAF,5 nl nh qun sn rnofinl hes
Nl he jnablbobÿl jn he sbtueobÿl eotueh ns rnofdnlje`hn rnehbzer ul elåhbsbs JEAF,
jn`bhbjejns, ednlezes, afrtehnzes y fpfrtulbjejns jnh nqubpf e lbvnh bltnrlf y nl rnheobÿl ofl su nltfrlf y årne jn
blahunlobe.
Nh tre`ekf jn phelbaboeobÿl qun jbvbjn nh prfpÿsbtf inlnreh nl jbvbsbflns suonsbves, meste qun hhnie e hes eoobflns
oflorntes, pfjräe sbltntbzersn jn he sbiubnltn delnre (Fjbfrln, 0355);
‟ Srfpÿsbtf; _n trete jnh f`kntbvf inlnreh jnltrf jn ul ofltnxtf jejf y hf mndfs e`frjejf nl nh epertejf
eltnrbfr.
‟ Dntes; Hes dntes sfl jbrnoobflehns, pnrf ofl ableh e`bnrtf. Sfr nkndphf; jbvnrsbaboer lunstre eotbvbjej, edphber
dnroejfs, nto.
‟ F`kntbvfs ofl bljboejfrns jn dnjbobÿl. Jn`nl snr _DEPZ. Nstn eorÿlbdf blihâs sbilbaboe; nspnoäabofs,
dnjb`hns, vbe`hns, rntejfrns y eoftejfs nl nh tbndpf. Hfs f`kntbvfs sfl, pfr teltf, dntes qun tbnlnl ul ableh
onrrejf y qun ejndås blofrpfrel ule afrde jn nvehueobÿl. Sfr nkndphf; blorndnlter hfs ohbnltns jn ul frbinl
oflorntf nl ul pfronltekn, eudnlter hes pu`hboeobflns rnheobflejes ofl fanrtes jn 0 e : dnlsuehdnltn, nto.
‟ Eoobflns ofl anome jn rnehbzeobÿl oflornte. _n trete jn ternes jnablbjes y oflorntes qun nh nqubpf ve e rnehbzer
pere oflsniubr hfs f`kntbvfs prnvbstfs. Lfrdehdnltn sbiunl ule snounlobe.
Nl târdblfs inlnrehns, he nstretnibe jn phelbaboeobÿl supfln jnablbr hfs rnsuhtejfs jn ul dfjf hf `esteltn snlobhhf
ofdf pere qun sn ofdprnljel ofl aeobhbjej y jn afrde suabobnltndnltn nspnoäaboe pere qun sn punjel oflvnrtbr nl
eoobflns.
?.5. Oflornobÿl jn he terne
E pertbr jn he jnablbobÿl jn dntes, f`kntbvfs y ternes, ns lnonserbf qun oeje pnrsfle sn rnspflse`bhbon jn hes
eoobflns oflorntes qun hn ofrrnspfljnl. Nl nstn epertejf, y nl vbrtuj jn hfs jbeilÿstbofs qun nsouomf nl foesbflns,
sunhn fourrbr qun he esbileobÿl jn ternes, ofdf suonjäe nl he jnablbobÿl jnh prfpÿsbtf, ns ul aeotfr qun, dås
me`btuehdnltn jn hf jnsne`hn, sn je pfr mnomf.
Nh hbjnrezif sunhn esudbr qun hes pnrsfles jn su nqubpf se`nl ouåh ns su terne, su rnspflse`bhbjej, sus årnes jn
blahunlobe nxohusbve y ofdpertbje, nto. _bl nd`erif, nl foesbflns surinl arboobflns nl hfs nqubpfs foesbflejes pfr
he bljnablbobÿl
bljnablbobÿl,, pfr hfs hädbtns `frrfsfs, pfr ternes jn hes qun lejbn sn meon oerif, pfr prfynotfs qun verbes pnrsfles
oflsbjnrel qun hns «pnrtnlnonl· f pfr blbobetbves nl hes qun, eûl instbflåljfsn jn afrde ofdpertbje, sn jnsoflfonl
ouåhns sfl hfs hädbtns jn eotueobÿl prfpbfs y jÿljn ofdbnlzel hfs jn ftre pnrsfle jnh nqubpf u ftrf einltn nxtnrlf.
Sfr teltf, y ofdf aeotfr prbdfrjbeh jn dftbveobÿl, ns lnonserbf su`reyer he bdpfrtelobe jn ule oflvnrseobÿl jn
nqubpf, pnrf ted`bâl jn ule oflvnrseobÿl nltrn nh hbjnrezif y oeje ule jn hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf nl he qun sn
nste`hnzoel, jn ofdûl eounrjf y tnlbnljf nl ounlte oetnifräes prfansbflehns y pnrabhns, sus dntes, f`kntbvfs, ternes
y rnspflse`bhbjejns bljbvbjuehns (Fjbfrln, 0355). Nltrn hfs nhndnltfs e tnlnr nl ounlte nl nse oflvnrseobÿl,
pfjräedfs dnlobfler hfs sbiubnltns;
‟ Oflfonr e he pnrsfle, su oepeobjej, sus bltnrnsns, sus lnonsbjejns…
‟ Jnablbr oflkultednltn hfs orbtnrbfs jn jnsndpnõf.
‟ Nxbinlobe nhnveje.
‟ Oflabelze nl he oepeobjej.
‟ Ahnxb`bhbjej.
‟ Herif phezf.
‟ Ofdphndnlterbnjej
Ofdphndnlterbn jej ofl nh rnstf jnh nqubpf.
‟ Qehfreobÿl kuste pfr sus epfrteobflns.
‟ Pnofdpnlse e su rnljbdbnltf.
_n trete jn ule oflvnrseobÿl pnrsfleh, nl prbvejf, pere trelsafrder f`kntbvfs nstretâibofs nl fpnreobflehns,
oflabrdeljf he rnspflse`bhbjej jn he pnrsfle y su ofdprfdbsf nl prfjuobr hfs rnsuhtejfs nspnoäabofs jnablbjfs. Ofl
oflsnlsf y sbl ed`biønjej. Ns bdprnsobljb`hn qun oeje pnrsfle jnh nqubpf sne oflsobnltn jn su epfrteobÿl jn vehfr
eh oflkultf y e he oflsnouobÿl jnh prfpÿsbtf inlnreh.

?.0. Oherbaboeobÿl jn nxpnotetbves

 He oflornobÿl jn hes ternes ns sfhf ule pertn jn nste oflvnrseobÿl pnrsfleh. Kultf ofl he terne ns lnonserbf
biuehdnltn jnablbr oflkultednltn hes nxpnotetbves eh rnspnotf y hfs nståljerns n bljboejfrns e trevâs jn hfs ouehns sn
ve e vehfrer nh jnsndpnõf jn nse pnrsfle. Zfjf equnhhf qun ounlte ofl bljboejfrns punjn instbflersn. Nl oesf
ofltrerbf, nh nqubpf y hes pnrsfles sbdphndnltn jned`uhel…
Nl nstn ofltnxtf, hednlte`hndnltn lf ns nxtreõf jnspnjbr e pnrsfles, `ekf he kustbaboeobÿl jn qun lf ehoelzel
nståljerns qun he inrnlobe lf hns me trelsdbtbjf f, hf qun ns pnfr, qun lb sbqubnre he inrnlobe oflfon y, eûl dnlfs,
hfs/hes prfansbflehns jnspnjbjfs/es.
Sfr nste rezÿl, ns prnobsf su`reyer qun ofltedfs ofl nh hhedejf tnst jn ofdulboeobÿl jn f`kntbvfs,
f`kntbvfs, nl nh qun sn
prniulte e he inrnlobe pfr ul hejf y e he pnrsfle prfansbfleh pfr ftrf sf`rn hes nxpnotetbves jn su oerif, eh f`kntf jn
dnjbr nh pfronltekn jn eounrjf. _b, nl ul oesf mbpftâtbof, nh eounrjf jn ed`es pertns aunre, pfr nkndphf, jnh 93%,
eulqun he pnrsfle farnobnre nh 533% jn su nsaunrzf, nh dåxbdf âxbtf qun oflsniubräe nl he ndprnse f nl he
frielbzeobÿl snräe jnh 93%.
Sfr nsf, ns bdprnsobljb`hn nludnrer hes årnes jn rnspflse`bhbjej, jnablbr hfs f`kntbvfs jnltrf jn nhhes n bjnltbaboer
orbtnrbfs jn nvehueobÿl, oflstruynljf tfjf nhhf ofl oflsnlsf y eounrjf.
Lf nxbstn afrde f`kntbve jn se`nr oÿdf deroer f`kntbvfs y oeries jn tre`ekf. Zedpfof ns aåobh oflfonr hfs hädbtns
jn oepeobjej jn ehiubnl meste qun, hednlte`hndnltn, sn trespesel. _bl nd`erif, ns lnonserbf pheltner ternes y
f`kntbvfs ed`bobfsfs y nspnrer y ofltrester he rnspunste, deltnlbâljfsn sbndprn ehnrte sf`rn pfsb`hns jnsnqubhb`rbfs
f rnpnrousbflns lnietbves eh rnspnotf. Zeh ofdf mndfs vbstf nl he Hny jn Rnrgns-Jfjsfl, teltf hes ternes
nxtrndejednltn snlobhhes ofdf equnhhes ftres pfr nlobde jn hes oepeobjejns rnsuhtel jnsehnltejfres. Sfr nsf, ns
prnobsf eonroersn eh pultf juhon jn nqubhb`rbf nltrn nxbinlobe y vbe`bhbjej
vbe`bhbjej..
Jn ehiule delnre, ns lnonserbf pertbr jn ule jfsbs inlnrfse jn oflabelze nl hes oepeobjejns jn hes pnrsfles.
Ofdf mndfs ofdnltejf nl nh nanotf Sbidehbÿl, ule bdeinl pfjnrfse rnpnroutbrå sbl juje jn delnre pfsbtbve nl he
dftbveobÿl y nl nh nsaunrzf jn hes pnrsfles.

?.?. Eotbvbjej vnrsus f`kntbvfs

Nl nstn epertejf qubnrf dnlobfler ule sbtueobÿl prfpbe jn hes etrb`uobflns bljbvbjuehns jn ternes qun punjn
f`steouhbzer he oflsnouobÿl jn f`kntbvfs e lbvnh jnh nqubpf. Nh dnlsekn jbstfrsbflejfr pfjräe sbltntbzersn ofl he
sbiubnltn aresn; «Db punstf ns dås bdpfrteltn qun he rezÿl jn me`nrhf ornejf·
ornejf· (Fjbfrln, 0355). Dn nxphbof. Mey
pnrsfles qun mel jnserrfhhejf ule bjnltbaboeobÿl e`sfhute ofl he terne qun hns ofrrnspfljn, jn teh delnre qun mel
pnrjbjf jn vbste jn quâ delnre su epfrteobÿl ofltrb`uyn e he vbsbÿl y eh f`kntbvf inlnreh jnh irupf.
Nstn onhf prfansbfleh pfr jnserrfhher he terne teh ofdf sn ornn qun jn`n rnehbzersn supfln onltrersn pfr ofdphntf
nl nh «quâ·
«quâ· y e`eljfler nh «pere
«pere quâ· jn nse he`fr. Nstf punjn jer huier e sbtueobflns surrnehbstes y lf pfr nhhf
pfof me`btuehns, nl hes qun jbvnrsfs punstfs f pnrsfles oflorntes jnh nqubpf sn oflvbnrtnl nl vnrjejnrfs f`ståouhfs
pere nh jnsndpnõf ofhnotbvf.
Nstes pnrsfles sn bjnltbaboel ofl su punstf. Jnsorb`nl su tre`ekf y sus ternes, pnrf sn fhvbjel jn oÿdf nhhf afrde
pertn jn ul prfpÿsbtf deyfr;
deyfr; nh jnh nqubpf, he frielbzeobÿl f he ndprnse. _n vnl ofdf sb lf nknrobnrel lbliule
blahunlobe nl nh nltfrlf eh qun pnrtnlnonl. Qnl sus rnspflse`bhbjejns hbdbtejes eh punstf qun foupel.
_b nstn ns nh jbeilÿstbof, nh eltäjftf pese pfr jfs pfsb`hns eoobflns; pfr ul hejf, rnoupnrer y afrtehnonr nh f`kntbvf
ofdûl y jnablbr oflkultednltn ouåh ns he epfrteobÿl jn oeje terne e nsn prfpÿsbtf ofhnotbvf7 y/f, pfr ftrf hejf,
rnblsteurer nh deroejfr jn nqubpf ofdf ûlbof bljboejfr jnh jnsndpnõf jn hes pnrsfles, suprbdbnljf
nxprnsednltn ouehqubnr pfsb`hn rnaunrzf jnrbvejf jn he terne bljbvbjueh.

?.:. Instbÿl jnh tbndpf; urinltn vnrsus prbfrbterbf

Lf ns lnonserbf
nljâdbof nxtnljnrsn
jnh qun lfs qunkedfsduomf pere prnsnlter
oflsteltndnltn ns nh jnnstn epertejf.
he aehte Nl lunstre
jn tbndpf.
tbndpf sfobnjej
. Znlndfs duomfeotueh, sb nxbstn
qun meonr ul deh
y 0: mfres eh
jäe lf lfs pernonl suabobnltns. ¡Lnonsbtedfs
¡Lnonsbtedfs dås!
Nh tbndpf ns jndforåtbof, biueh pere tfjf nh duljf. Nl rnehbjej lf «pfsnndfs· tbndpf. Nh tbndpf lf sn punjn
rnoupnrer. Nh tbndpf ns, nh tbndpf pese. Sfr teltf, he ohevn jn su eprfvnomedbnltf rnsbjn auljednltehdnltn nl he
frielbzeobÿl y prbfrbzeobÿl jn hes eotbvbjejns e hes qun jnobjedfs lunstrf nsaunrzf y nlnriäe.
Qehfrer lunstre nabobnlobe pnrsfleh y ofhnotbve lf supfln oflsniubr qun sn meiel ul irel lûdnrf jn ternes, sblf
qun sn meiel hes ternes ejnouejes (Fjbfrln, 0355). _b yf sfy duy råpbje su`bnljf nsoehnres, pnrf jnsoflfzof
ejÿljn dn hhnve he nsoehnre, he repbjnz lf ns ul nhndnltf nstretâibof. ¶Jn quâ dn sbrvn su`br he prbdnre, sb lf sâ
pere quâ qubnrf nster errb`e6
Nstedfs me`heljf, ofdf vnbs, jn he ntnrle jbsqubsbobÿl nltrn nabobnlobe y naboeobe
naboeobe.. He nabobnlobe tbnln qun vnr ofl
hfs rnoursfs, dbnltres qun he naboeobe tbnln qun vnr ofl hfs f`kntbvfs.
¶Uuâ f`kntbvf tbnln ule einlje rnphnte jn ofdprfdbsfs y eotbvbjejns qun lf ornel vehfr6 Nstfy sniure jn qun
oflfondfs duomfs nkndphfs jn pnrsfles y nqubpfs qun nstål sudednltn foupejfs y, sbl nd`erif, rnsuhte dås qun
jujfse su epfrteobÿl jn vehfr y, hf qun ns pnfr, qun lf dfjbaboel leje jn su eotbvbjej prntnljbnljf qun hfs
rnsuhtejfs snel jbanrnltns. ¶Uuâ meon ule pnrsfle qun jnserrfhhe he`frns ofdnrobehns y qun meon ouetrf vbsbtes eh
jäe, pnrf lf vnljn6 Nl duomfs oesfs, dås vbsbtes. _bl nd`erif, hf bjneh snräe elehbzer hfs rnsuhtejfs y phelbaboer
eoobflns duy oflorntes qun pnrdbtel oflonltrer nh nsaunrzf y nh tbndpf nl verbe`hns qun prfjuzoel nh rnsuhtejf qun
sn prntnljn.
Nl vbste jn tfjf nstf, nh prbdnr nhndnltf pere instbfler ejnouejednltn nh tbndpf bljbvbjueh y ofhnotbvf nstå
rnheobflejf blnhujb`hndnltn ofl nh epertejf eltnrbfr jn nstn hb`rf; ns lnonserbf qun nxbstel «lfrtns· nl he
frielbzeobÿl y nl nh nqubpf. Ns lnonserbf jftersn jn f`kntbvfs
f`kntbvfs.. Duomfs nqubpfs jnsoflfonl sus dntes y, sbl
nd`erif, tfjfs sus dbnd`rfs jnsphbniel ule eotbvbjej arnlâtboe. He prniulte ns meobe jÿljn hns hhnve nse eotbvbjej,
sb lf nstå jnablbje y ofdpertbje.
Ofdf sniuljf blirnjbnltn pere he instbÿl ejnoueje jnh tbndpf, ns prnobsf prbfrbzer lunstres eoobflns y ternes, jn
eounrjf ofl lunstrfs ofdprfdbsfs y nl aulobÿl jn jfs verbe`hns dås qun oflfobjes y prfpunstes pfr _tnpmnl P.
Ofvny (52=2), qubnl jnjboe e nstn epertejf leje dnlfs qun ulf jn sus 9 må`btfs pere pnrsfles ehtednltn nanotbves.
_n trete jn he bdpfrtelobe y he urinlobe
urinlobe.. Ofvny orne ul ouejreltn ofl nstes jfs verbe`hns qun je huier e ouetrf
perejbides jn instbÿl jnh tbndpf.
Ehiulfs jn nstfs perejbides sfl blnanotbvfs, ofdf oueljf hes pnrsfles y hfs nqubpfs sn jnjboel e meonr sbndprn
hes ofses urinltns y sn pesel he vbje «epeieljf aunifs·. Nl nstn nsonlerbf, nh ofltrfh jn he eotbvbjej ns nxtnrlf. Lf
bdpfrte qun sn tretn jn ofses bdpfrteltns, nh mnomf ns qun nses ounstbflns bdpfrteltns y urinltns nl ehiûl dfdnltf
nstuvbnrfl nl nh ouejreltn jn bdpfrteltns y lf urinltns, y pfr ehiûl dftbvf, mndfs jnkejf qun hhniunl eh ouejreltn
jn hf qun eprndbe (Ofvny, 5223).
Sfr nsf, nh f`kntbvf ns oflsniubr qun nh ouejreltn jn hf bdpfrteltn y urinltn sne oeje vnz dnlfr y, jnsjn hunif,
e`eljfler nl he dnjbje jn hf pfsb`hn hfs jfs ouejreltns jn ternes lf bdpfrteltns, pfrqun nstes oflstbtuynl ul `elof
jn lbn`he qun lfs obnie arnltn e lunstre vnrjejnre epfrteobÿl jn vehfr.
_b hes pnrsfles y hfs nqubpfs auâredfs oepeons jn dfvnrlfs deyfrbterbednltn nl nh ouejreltn jn hf bdpfrteltn
y lf urinltn y, pfr teltf, prbfrbzer y frielbzer lunstrf nsaunrzf y nlnriäe nl aulobÿl jn lunstrfs dntes y f`kntbvfs
prnabkejfs, vbvbräedfs ofl `esteltn dnlfs nstrâs y elsbnjej, ofl snlseobÿl jn ofltrfh y, pfr supunstf, ofl duome
dås bltnirbjej y ofmnrnlobe nl rnheobÿl ofl hf qun ns bdpfrteltn nl lunstre vbje.
Sfr ftrf hejf, instbfler lunstres eotbvbjejns nl aulobÿl jnh rnhfk ns ul nrrfr oueljf e`frjedfs eoobflns qun sn
rbinl pfr nh rbtdf jn he vbje. ¶Ouåltf tbndpf jn`f jnjboer e nsouomer y epfyer e ul/e ofdpeõnrf/e qun tbnln ul
prf`hnde6 ¶Ouåltf jn`n jurer ule rnulbÿl ofl ule ndprnse ohbnltn pftnlobeh pere esniurerdn jn qun mn
ofdprnljbjf `bnl hf qun lnonsbtel y jn qun mn trelsdbtbjf ejnouejednltn nh nspärbtu jn lunstre pfsb`hn
ofhe`freobÿl6 E ofltblueobÿl blohuyf ehiules rnahnxbflns sf`rn espnotfs oflorntfs jnh jäe e jäe jn ul nqubpf.
‟ Nl nh åd`btf jn frielbzeobÿl, sb tu rfh ns nh jn instbfler ul nqubpf,
nqubpf, jn`ns tnlnr nl ounlte qun tu prbfrbjej
auljednlteh ns farnonr e hes pnrsfles jn nsn nqubpf nh sfpfrtn aäsbof y ndfobfleh qun lnonsbtel pere qun
punjel jnserrfhher su oepeobjej y tehnltf eh snrvbobf jn he frielbzeobÿl. ¶Oflfons pnrsfles rnspflse`hns jn
nqubpf qun lf tbnlnl tbndpf pere nster ofl su inltn6
 ‟ Ftre ounstbÿl vblouheje ofl nh tbndpf meon rnanrnlobe e he instbÿl jn hes rnulbflns,
rnulbflns, qun treterâ nl nh epertejf
jn he tfde jn jnobsbflns jnh nqubpf, pnrf jn he qun lf punjf rnsbstbrdn e jnker equä ul per jn rnahnxbflns;
¶ouåltf tbndpf jn he rnulbÿl me sbjf prfjuotbvf6, ¶quâ ounstbflns sn mel jnobjbjf6, ¶oÿdf sn me frielbzejf nh
tbndpf nl he rnulbÿl6
‟ Bdpfrtelobe jn trejuobr tbndpf pnrjbjf nl ofstns noflÿdbofs, oflsbjnreljf tbndpf pnrjbjf equnh qun
jn`nräedfs me`nr jnjboejf e esultfs bdpfrteltns. He jnablbobÿl jn hes ternes bdpfrteltns tbnln qun vnr ofl he
dbsbÿl y hfs rfhns jnh nqubpf y jn hes pnrsfles. Sfr pflnr ul nkndphf, sb nl lunstrf nqubpf he vfoeobÿl jn

ysnrvbobf
etnljnrehehohbnltn
ohbnltnnssne
pertn jn lunstre
älabdf dbsbÿl,
nl rnheobÿl ofllfsfhuobfler
punjn fourrbr qun nh pfronltekn
prf`hndes jn hfs
jnrbvejfs jn tbndpf jnjboejf
phezfs e nsouomer
jn nltrnie jn hes
detnrbes prbdes ofl ul prfvnnjfr snouljerbf.
Jnsjn ule pnrspnotbve pnrsfleh, sb delbanstedfs pû`hboednltn qun lunstre aedbhbe ns ulf jn hfs nhndnltfs dås
bdpfrteltns jn lunstre vbje, lf punjn suonjnr qun nh tbndpf qun hn jnjbqundfs nstâ jnltrf jnh ouejreltn jn ofses
lf bdpfrteltns y lf urinltns. Dåxbdn oueljf `åsboednltn mndfs jnsaehhnobjf, jnspuâs jn me`nr farnobjf hf dnkfr
jn lunstre nlnriäe y nsaunrzf e ounstbflns he`frehns f jn ftre äljfhn. Oueljf vbvbdfs duomf tbndpf nl nh ouejreltn
jn bdpfrteltn y urinltn, hfs nxonsfs sn ofdpnlsel pfr eiftedbnltf. Jedfs e qubnlns dås lfs bdpfrtel he pnfr
pertn jn lfsftrfs/es; «Db dnkfr sflrbse pere hfs ohbnltns y db pnfr oere pere db oese·. Dn nstfy rnabrbnljf e
mfrerbfs qun vel ofltre he vbje y ofltre hf qun hes pnrsfles jnobjnl qun ns bdpfrteltn. Nl sude, me`hedfs jn
oflobhber he vbje he`freh y he vbje aedbhber jn afrde sele, nstbduheltn, nabobnltn y ndfobflehdnltn bltnhbinlt
bltnhbinltn.
n.
Ns, pfr teltf, auljednlteh oflsbjnrer dbs prbfrbjejns nl oueltf e dbs rfhns pere lf oenr nl jnsnqubhb`rbfs. Ofvny
(5223) jnlfdble e nstf «jnablbr
«jnablbr tus ireljns rfoes·.
rfoes·. Srbdnrf mey qun jnobjbr nh snltbjf jn tu vbje, pere pfjnr hunif
jnobjbr ouåhns sfl tus elohekns vnrtn`rejfrns nsnlobehns.
‟ He ûhtbde rnahnxbÿl tbnln qun vnr ofl qun jnltrf jnh ouejreltn jn ounstbflns bdpfrteltns y lf urinltns sn
nlounltre he bdpfrtelobe jn oubjersn ofdf pnrsfle y ofdf nqubpf.
nqubpf. Hes eoobflns qun tbnlnl ofdf f`kntbvf
prfpbober nh `bnlnster jn hes pnrsfles y nqubpfs sfl bdprnsobljb`hns. Ofvny jnlfdble e nstes eoobflns « eabher
he sbnrre·.
sbnrre·.
Ofdf rnsudnl jn hes ounstbflns eltnrbfrns, lunstrf f`kntbvf oflsbstbräe nl phelbaboer nl aulobÿl jn prbfrbjejns, lf
jn munofs jbspflb`hns, y qun he einlje rnofke hfs rnsuhtejfs qun sn prntnljnl y lf eotbvbjejns sbl dås. Epulter
f`kntbvfs. Dn etrnvnräe e sbltntbzerhf prfpflbnljf qun he deyfr pertn jn lunstres eotbvbjejns sn instbflesnl ofl
`rûkuhe, nl huier jn ofl orflÿdntrf.

5 Nh elåhbsbs JEAF ns ule dntfjfhfiäe nl he qun e trevâs jn ule detrbz sn blofrpfrel hes oereotnrästboes bltnrles
(jn`bhbjejns y afrtehnzes) y nh ofltnxtf nxtnrlf (ednlezes y fpfrtulbjejns) jnh nhndnltf f`kntf jn nstujbf. _us
(_trnlitms, Yneglnssns, Fppfrtulbtbns y Zmrnets
blbobehns nl blihâs _YFZ (_trnlitms, Zmrnets).
).
 Oepätuhf :
Hfs vehfrns jnh nqubpf y su bjnltbjej
 Eltns jn nltrer e elehbzer he bdpfrtelobe jn jnablbr n bjnltbaboer hfs vehfrns jn ul nqubpf, dn iusteräe eõejbr
ehiules rnahnxbflns sf`rn he bdpfrtelobe nl inlnreh jn hfs vehfrns.
vehfrns.
Nh ofltnxtf eotueh, ejndås jn jnker nl nvbjnlobe ireljns nrrfrns jn oeråotnr nstretâibof, trejuon ofl orujnze hes
oflsnounlobes jn he aehte jn vehfrns qun meonl qun hfs tbndpfs qun vbvbdfs lf meyel oflsniubjf supnrer
hbdbteobflns `åsboes jnh snr mudelf, e pnser jnh jnserrfhhf, he rbqunze y nh ornobdbnltf ornejfs. Duy eh ofltrerbf,
sfobehdnltn sfdfs tnstbifs y prfteiflbstes jn ule eusnlobe nvbjnltn jn nhndnltfs âtbofs ofdf he ofdpesbÿl, he
oflabelze, he rnspflse`bhbjej, he rnobprfobjej, nh rnoflfobdbnltf y nh herif phezf (Ofrtble, 035?).
He orbsbs qun eotuehdnltn lfs eanote pfln sf`rn he dnse he rnehbjej jn qun lf nxbstnl hes fpfrtulbjejns pnranotes f
hfs tbndpfs e`sfhutednltn aevfre`hns pere hes pnrsfles y pere qun nstes jnserrfhhnl su snltbjf âtbof. _bl nd`erif,
tfjeväe mey pnrsfles qun nspnrel e qun nste tfrdnlte nsoedpn pere ofdnlzer e ofdpfrtersn bljbvbjuehdnltn nl
ofmnrnlobe ofl hf qun su nsnlobe mudele nxbin.
Sfr nhhf, ofdf Ofrtble (035?) nlaetbze, ns lnonserbf, y emfre dås qun luloe, meonrlfs oflsobnltns jn he e`sfhute
lnonsbjej jn afrtehnonr nsfs vehfrns y jn esudbr he rnspflse`bhbjej nl nh åd`btf bljbvbjueh, frielbzeobfleh y
sfobeh qun e oeje pnrsfle ofrrnspfljn7 pfrqun jntrås jn nsfs nltns elÿlbdfs qun jnlfdbledfs dnroejfs,
blstbtuobflns, ndprnses, nto., mey pnrsfles ofl lfd`rn y epnhhbjf qun oeje jäe tfdel jnobsbflns y qun oflstruynl
ofl nhhes hf qun sfdfs ofdf ofhnotbvf.
Ns tbndpf, pfr teltf, jn rnbvbljboer he e`sfhute y lnonserbe rnspflse`bhbjej jn deltnlnr ul ofdpfrtedbnltf âtbof
y jn jnker jn nhujbr he oepeobjej blträlsnoe ofl qun ofltedfs hes pnrsfles jn nhnibr lunstre ofljuote. Lf qunje dås
rndnjbf qun tfdersn nl snrbf nse oepeobjej jn nhnoobÿl, nse rnspflse`bhbjej sf`rn hes jnobsbflns qun tfdedfs y
sf`rn hes oflsnounlobes qun tbnlnl hes dbsdes jn delnre ofhnotbve sf`rn hes jndås pnrsfles y sf`rn lunstre
ofdulbjej.
Ofl rnspnotf eh nqubpf, he jnablbobÿl jn sus vehfrns bdphboe leje dås y leje dnlfs qun jnablbr hfs pbherns sf`rn
hfs qun nh nqubpf ve e `eser su jnsndpnõf. He vbsbÿl ns nh «quâ·, nh prfpÿsbtf ns nh «pere quâ·, hfs vehfrns sfl nh
«oÿdf·..
«oÿdf·
Hfs vehfrns jn ul nqubpf sfl ule pertn nsnlobeh jn su bjnltbjej,
bjnltbjej, teh ofdf fourrn ofl hes pnrsfles. He
bdpfrtelobe nstretâiboe jn su jnablbobÿl jnrbve jn qun sn punjn tre`eker sf`rn nhhfs, sn punjn dnjbr meste quâ pultf
nstål prnsnltns nl nh nqubpf f punjnl snrvbr pere elehbzer hfs prf`hndes jnh nqubpf jnsjn su pnrspnotbve.
Nl ouehqubnr oesf, su tresonljnlobe jnrbve jn qun hfs vehfrns jn ul nqubpf jnablnl he afrde nl he qun nsn nqubpf
sn ofdpfrte. Afrtehnonl he oflnxbÿl y ofmnsbÿl ndfobfleh jnh nqubpf sb sn vblouhel ofl hfs bljbvbjuehns. ¶Sfr quâ6
Sfrqun, eh biueh qun fourräe ofl he jnablbobÿl jnh prfpÿsbtf, hfs vehfrns jnh nqubpf jn`nl rnahnker, jn ehiule delnre,
hfs vehfrns jn hes pnrsfles qun afrdel pertn jn âh.
Sere oflstrubr hfs vehfrns jnh nqubpf, hes pnrsfles tbnlnl qun rnlulober e ehif blnhujb`hndnltn. Ns prnobsf
nlofltrer nh pultf jn nqubhb`rbf, nl nh qun oeje pnrsfle sbnlte qun hfs vehfrns nste`hnobjfs hn rnprnsnltel jn ehiule
delnre eulqun lf snel nxohusbvednltn hfs suyfs. Sere hhnier e ul oflsnlsf ns lnonserbf jbanrnlober hf elnojÿtbof f
supnrabobeh jn hf bdpfrteltn y tresonljnltn y sbndprn bdphboe ule obnrte rnlulobe, pnrf deltnlbnljf he
bjnltbaboeobÿl pnrsfleh ofl nh prfynotf.
Sfr teltf, hfs vehfrns jnh nqubpf sn f`tnljrål e trevâs jnh oflsnlsf sf`rn quâ vehfrns bljbvbjuehns jn hes pnrsfles
jnh nqubpf snhnoobfledfs pere qun rnprnsnltnl eh ofhnotbvf. Ofdf prbdnr pesf, ns lnonserbf nltflons qun nxbste ule
jnablbobÿl jn hfs vehfrns jn hes pnrsfles.
pnrsfles.
Eulqun oeje pnrsfle sunhn oflter `åsboednltn, ofl ule obnrte bltubobÿl sf`rn ouåhns sfl sus vehfrns f dftfrns
bltnrlfs, punjn utbhbzersn, e nstn rnspnotf, ule jblådboe qun sunhn snr duy oherbaboejfre y qun oflsbstn nl qun oeje
pnrsfle rnoupnrn jn su treynotfrbe vbteh, ule nxpnrbnlobe f sbtueobÿl nl he qun sn meye snltbjf phnle f setbsanome.
Zed`bâl sunhn snr rnvnhejfr elehbzer quâ ounstbflns sfl hes qun hn nxespnrel f «seoel jn qubobf·, pfrqun
lfrdehdnltn sunhnl «eteoer· e ehiûl vehfr nsnlobeh jn he pnrsfle. Biuehdnltn, punjn utbhbzersn he jnsorbpobÿl jn ule
pnrsfle e he qun sn ejdbrn y pfr quâ. E trevâs jn nstes jblådboes, nh rnstf jnh nqubpf punjn prfpflnr ule pnqunõe
rnheobÿl jn vehfrns, qun he pnrsfle jn`n eonpter, dfjbaboer, detbzer f rnomezer, meste qun ounltn ofl ule hbste jn >/1
nhndnltfs qun sbnlte qun hn jnablnl nl su nsnlobe.
E pertbr jn nsn pultf, sn trete jn pflnr nl ofdûl he hbste jn tfjfs hfs vehfrns jn oeje pnrsfle jnh nqubpf y, nl
aulobÿl jnh orbtnrbf qun sn jnobje (lûdnrf jn pnrsfles qun hf mel snhnoobflejf, detbzeobflns, oflahunlobes,
jbvnrinlobes, nto.), nhe`frer nh hbstejf jn vehfrns jnh nqubpf ofdf ofhnotbvf, sehveiuerjeljf, ofdf mn dnlobflejf,
qun he snhnoobÿl ableh rnprnsnltn jn ehiule delnre e oeje pnrsfle.
Nstn prfonsf ted`bâl punjn meonrsn jn delnre ofhnotbve y jn ule afrde dås råpbje. Oflsbstn nl qun nh nqubpf, nl
su oflkultf, prnsnltn y jn`ete sus vehfrns e pertbr jn ouåh me sbjf su dnkfr nxpnrbnlobe jn tre`ekf nl nqubpf y jn hf
qun oflsbjnrel bdprnsobljb`hn pere tre`eker nl nqubpf.
Snrf he jnablbobÿl lf ns dås qun he prbdnre pertn jnh oedblf. E pertbr jn nsn pultf, ns lnonserbf jnablbr nl quâ
ofdpfrtedbnltfs oflorntfs jnh nqubpf vel e nster prnsnltns nsfs vehfrns. Sfr nkndphf, sb ul nqubpf jnabln he
ofmnrnlobe ofdf vehfr, snrå lnonserbf qun hes pnrsfles jbiel y meiel hf qun pbnlsel y sbnltnl, oudphel sus
ofdprfdbsfs, prnjbqunl ofl nh nkndphf, nto. Lf sbrvn jn leje oflter ofl ule hbste jn etreotbvfs vehfrns qun lf sn
sustelobe nl ofdpfrtedbnltfs ofmnrnltns y oflorntfs. Nsf supfljräe ule bdpfsture y ule mbpfornsäe.
Nl nste pertn jn oflornobÿl jn hfs vehfrns, rnsuhte bltnrnseltn pnlser nl verbes ounstbflns ofdf nstes; meste quâ
pultf nstål nsfs vehfrns prnsnltns nl lunstrf nqubpf7 jn quâ delnre lfs ofdpfrtedfs jn eounrjf ofl nhhfs7 quâ
peseräe sb tfjfs sn ofdpfrtesnl jn nse delnre7 oÿdf snräe nh nqubpf…
Zeltf nl nh åd`btf bljbvbjueh, ofdf nl nh jnh nqubpf, vbvbr jn eounrjf ofl lunstrfs vehfrns lfs je phnlbtuj,
ofmnrnlobe n bltnirbjej, eulqun nl foesbflns rnsuhtn bloÿdfjf f jbaäobh. Lunstrfs vehfrns rnspfljnl e he prniulte
jn qubâlns sfdfs. _fl lunstre bjnltbjej.
Sfr nsf, ns bdprnsobljb`hn qun ul nqubpf tnlie jnablbjfs sus vehfrns y qun meye nste`hnobjf hfs ofdpfrtedbnltfs
f ofljuotes qun etnstbiuel qun, nanotbvednltn, nsfs vehfrns nstål prnsnltns. Ablehdnltn, punjn rnsudbr su bjnltbjej
nl ule aresn qun sbrve pere ehblner eh nqubpf, pere sfhuobfler oflahbotfs y prf`hndes, y pere inlnrer dftbveobÿl
(Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).
Nse aresn rnsudnl jn he bjnltbjej jnh nqubpf ns he sehveiuerje jn su nsnlobe pere hfs dfdnltfs jn orbsbs y pere
earflter hfs rntfs y f`ståouhfs qun surkel nl su jnsndpnõf n biuehdnltn nl hes sbtueobflns jn âxbtf y onhn`reobÿl.
‟ ¶Uubâlns sfdfs ofdf nqubpf6 Lunstre vbsbÿl.
‟ ¶Sere quâ nstedfs nl nstn nqubpf6 Lunstrf prfpÿsbtf.
‟ ¶Oÿdf vedfs e oflsniubr lunstrf f`kntbvf6 Lunstrfs vehfrns.
 Oepätuhf >
Nh ofdprfdbsf
>.5. He ehbelze.
>.0. Mflrer nh ofdprfdbsf.
>.?. He oflabelze.
>.:. Nsqunde ieler-ieler.
>.>. Ehiules mnrredbnltes pere nh ofdprfdbsf; nh omnog-bl.
 Jnltrf jnh f`kntbvf qun lfs prfpfläedfs eh prblobpbf jn nstn hb`rf sf`rn ieler nl oepeobjej jn jbeilfsbs, he
prbdnre prniulte jn rnahnxbÿl qun qubnrf helzertn ns; ¶oÿdf sn se`n qun nl ul nqubpf nxbstn ofdprfdbsf6
_bl juje, nxbstnl ofdpfrtedbnltfs f`snrve`hns qun, jn ehiule delnre, trejuonl ofdprfdbsf n bltnrâs pfr pertn
jn hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf; he inltn bltnrvbnln7 me`hel nl prbdnre pnrsfle jnh phureh pnrf qunje oherf qubâl ns nh/he
rnspflse`hn jn oeje terne7 ofdpertnl jbabouhtejns7 tbnlnl ul hnliuekn ofdûl nl sbltfläe7 oudphnl7 sn pbjnl
rnspflse`bhbjejns7 lf jnkel peser hfs bloudphbdbnltfs7 mey bltnrrnheobÿl y epfyf eltns jnh bloudphbdbnltf7 nstål
prnsnltns y etnltfs/es e hf qun fourrn7 dunstrel jntnrdbleobÿl, vfhultej7 nltrel nl prfauljbjej nl hfs tndes…
Zfjf nstf pfjräe sbltntbzersn, nl hnliuekn jn ofeombli jn nqubpfs, nl qun he terne dn bdpfrte, dn snjuon, dn
bloud`n… (Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).
Nl eotbvbjejns dnoålboes nh ofdprfdbsf eanote dnlfs, pnrf nl ternes ofdphnkes punjn eanoter sustelobehdnltn.
Oueljf lf nstfy ofdprfdntbjf/e epfrtf hf kustf pere lf pnrjnr. Dbnltres qun oueljf mey ofdprfdbsf, pflif db
pesbÿl.
Jnspuâs jn hf qun mndfs evelzejf nl hfs epertejfs eltnrbfrns, pertbdfs jn he prndbse jn qun pere qun nxbste
ofdprfdbsf, nl prbdnr huier, ns prnobsf qun nxbste ul prfpÿsbtf, qun nstn sne ofdpertbjf, qun oeje pnrsfle jnh
nqubpf snpe ouåh ns su epfrteobÿl jn vehfr eh oflkultf y qun hfs vehfrns jnh nqubpf rnahnknl hes bjnltbjejns
pnrsflehns. _b ehiule jn nstes verbe`hns lf nstå hf suabobnltndnltn esnlteje, ns duy prf`e`hn qun nh ofdprfdbsf
`rbhhn jn ehiule delnre pfr su eusnlobe, ofl jbstbltes irejueobflns, pfr supunstf.
_bl nd`erif y jn delnre bljnpnljbnltn e hf evelzejf meste emfre, vedfs e elehbzer e ofltblueobÿl ftrfs
nhndnltfs qun biuehdnltn punjnl ofltrb`ubr e afrtehnonr nh ofdprfdbsf nl ul nqubpf.

>.5. He ehbelze
E hf qun dn rnabnrf oueljf me`hf jn «ehbelze· ns e ule nspnobn jn peotf jn nqubpf. Ofdf sb sn tretesn jn ule
te`he jn ofdprfdbsfs sf`rn hes ounstbflns y ofdpfrtedbnltfs oflorntfs qun nh nqubpf oflsbjnre bdpfrteltns
(Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:). _nräe ehif esä ofdf hes lfrdes `åsboes jn ofljuote jnh nqubpf y jeräe rnspunste e he
prniulte jn «oÿdf vedfs e jnserrfhher lunstre terne jn delnre oflornte, nl nh jäe e jäe·. Ofdf mndfs vbstf nl nh
epertejf eltnrbfr, nstn peotf f ehbelze jn ehiule delnre jn`nräe tnlnr rnheobÿl ofl hfs vehfrns jnh nqubpf. Hfs
vehfrns eotueräel ofdf pbherns bjnltbterbfs sf`rn hfs qun sn epfye he he`fr jnh nqubpf y he ehbelze snräe he afrde nl
qun nsfs vehfrns sn phesdel nl nh ofdpfrtedbnltf jnh dbsdf.
Nh peotf f ehbelze tbnln ofdf f`kntbvf hfirer he bltnirbjej ofhnotbve, nl nh snltbjf jn ofmnrnlobe nltrn hf qun nh
nqubpf pbnlse, sbnltn y nl oÿdf eotûe. _fhf ul eounrjf vfhulterbf inlnre ofdprfdbsf rneh. Ns lnonserbf qun nh
nqubpf sn jftn jn eounrjfs jn ofljuote eonptejfs qun iuänl nh ofdpfrtedbnltf, pnrdbtel nvehuer su bltnirbjej y
jnablbr nh årne jn eotueobflns qun qunje aunre jn sus hädbtns. E dnlfs qun meye ul eounrjf eh rnspnotf, epfyejf nl
vehfrns ofdpertbjfs pfr nh nqubpf, snrå jbaäobh deltnlnr nh ofdpfrtedbnltf qun sn prntnljn.
Sere jnablbr nse ehbelze, hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf jn`nl dnlobfler equnhhf qun lnonsbtel jnh rnstf pere rnehbzer su
terne y quâ nstål jbspunstes e farnonr nhhes dbsdes. E ofltblueobÿl fs prfpflif ehiules prniultes e hes qun nh
nqubpf punjn jer rnspunste y qun punjnl snrvbr jn `esn pere nh jbåhfif, jnh qun sn nxtrebie he ehbelze;
‟ ¶Uuâ ohbde qunrâbs orner nl vunstrf nqubpf6
‟ ¶Uuâ pfjräe eyujer eh nqubpf e ehoelzer su pftnlobeh6
‟ ¶Uuâ lnonsbtåbs ofdf nqubpf6 ¶Uuâ ns hf qun tû ofdf pnrsfle lnonsbtes pere tre`eker6
‟ ¶Oÿdf se`râbs qun hf me`âbs ornejf6 ¶Nl quâ ofdpfrtedbnltfs oflorntfs sn ve e pfjnr f`snrver nste ehbelze6
‟ ¶E quâ sn ofdprfdntn oeje pnrsfle6 ¶Meste quâ pfronltekn tn ofdprfdntns6
‟ _niubdbnltf. ¶Uuâ merndfs oueljf lf sn oudphe6
^le vnz qun nh nqubpf jn`etn y oflsnlsûe ule prfpunste jn ehbelze, ns prnobsf qun oeje pnrsfle jnh nqubpf, jnsjn
nh åd`btf bljbvbjueh,
nxphäobtf. Lf sbrvnl sn ofdprfdnte
sbhnlobfs pû`hboednltn
f jujfses ofl nses
eprf`eobflns peutesjnjndnlsekns
e trevâs ofdpfrtedbnltf. Nh ofdprfdbsf
lf vnr`ehns jn`npfof
jn sbilbaboejf snr
oherbaboejfr. Nstn pesf ns duy bdpfrteltn, pfrqun sf`rn âh ve e jnsoelser he pfsb`bhbjej jn pnjbr nxphboeobflns eltn
pfsb`hns bloudphbdbnltfs f jn rnvbser nl nh auturf hes ounstbflns eofrjejes. Ofdf vnbs, leje ns f`vbf, leje jn`n
jersn pfr mnomf.
Nl nstn snltbjf, punjn snr våhbjf qun meye jbstbltfs pfronltekns jn ofdprfdbsf nl nh nqubpf, pfrqun nh
ofdprfdbsf bljbvbjueh y he blvfhuoreobÿl ofl nh nqubpf jn`n oflstrubrsn eofdpeseljf jbstbltes lnonsbjejns y
rnehbjejns.. Dn nxphbof. Lf tbnln pfr quâ snr lnonserbf qun tfjes hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf sn ofdprfdntel eh 533%
rnehbjejns
ofl oeje ule jn hes peutes qun afrdel he ehbelze. Hf qun sä snräe jnsne`hn ns qun oeje pnrsfle vnr`ehbon nl quâ
pfronltekn
ns nstå jbspunste
prnobsf `usoer e ofdprfdntnrsn
ftres ehtnrletbves y qun nh nhnqubpf
qun iereltbonl vehfrn sbqun
sniubdbnltf nsnsnofdprfdbsf ns suabobnltn
nspnre (Eibrrn nt eh., pere he
eh., 035:). _b,ehbelze f
e prbfrb,
ehiule pnrsfle jnh nqubpf ns oflsobnltn jn qun lf ve e pfjnr oudphbr ehiule verbe`hn jnh ofdprfdbsf, ns prnobsf
qun hf delbabnstn y, nl nsn oesf, nh nqubpf jn`n orner ftrf eounrjf. «¶Uuâ ns hf qun sä punjns oudphbr6·. «¶Uuâ
eounrjf ns nh qun pfjndfs rnspnter6·.
Kultf ofl nh ofdprfdbsf nxphäobtf jn hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf, ns auljednlteh biuehdnltn blofrpfrer he verbe`hn
sniubdbnltf. Ns lnonserbf rnvbser hfs ofdprfdbsfs y oflabrder qun hfs nstedfs oudphbnljf. _b, eh rnehbzer he
jnh sniubdbnltf.
vehfreobÿl, hfs rnsuhtejfs lf nstuvbnrel jn eounrjf ofl hf nspnrejf, ns prnobsf qun nh nqubpf elehbon hes rezflns pfr
hes qun lf sn oudphnl, hfs f`ståouhfs qun hf nstål bdpbjbnljf y `usqun jn delnre oflkulte sfhuobflns f
ehtnrletbves. Hfs eounrjfs aulobflel oueljf sn rnpesel y sn oudphnl. Sfr nsf, nl nh dfdnltf jn he jnablbobÿl jn he
ehbelze, nh nqubpf jn`n nste`hnonr biuehdnltn nl quâ dfdnltf prfonjnrå e he rnvbsbÿl jnh sniubdbnltf y nhe`frer
ule nstretnibe pere nh oesf jn qun lf sn oudphe. Hes ehbelzes sfl rnvbse`hns y ejepte`hns.
He verbe`hn jnh sniubdbnltf ns tresonljnlteh pfrqun, oueljf ofdbnlzel e suribr bloudphbdbnltfs sf`rn hfs
ofdpfrtedbnltfs oftbjbelfs qun lf sn e`frjel, jnkel jn oudphbrsn ftres rnspflse`bhbjejns y nh ofdprfdbsf sn
jbaudble. ^l eounrjf ns ul prfonsf, lf ul eofltnobdbnltf pultueh nl he vbje jnh nqubpf. Ns ul prnsnltn, y ted`bâl
ul auturf. ^l oedblf meobe nh eprnljbzekn ofhnotbvf.
Nste terne jn oflstrubr ul nqubpf ns ul oedblf qun, eulqun epesbfleltn, lf sn nlounltre nxnltf jn jbabouhtejns.
¶Sfr quâ6 Sfrqun, eulqun hes pnrsfles ornndfs nl obnrtes ofses, nl ehiulfs dfdnltfs lf hes oudphbdfs. Nh
f`ståouhf lf rnsbjn nl nh bloudphbdbnltf pultueh, qun ns mudelf, sblf nl he bloepeobjej f nl he aehte jn dftbveobÿl
pere pflnrhf sf`rn he dnse, elehbzåljfhf y mflråljfhf, ns jnobr, rnspfljbnljf jn âh, ofdf vnrndfs nl nh prÿxbdf
epertejf. Sfr ftrf hejf, lf tfjf nh duljf tbnln he dbsde aeobhbjej pere blvfhuorersn y pere ofdpertbr. Instbfler
pnrsfles y rnheobflns lf sbilbaboe ulbaboer, sblf eprfvnomer hfs pftnlobehns bljbvbjuehns y vblouherhfs meobe nh
prfpÿsbtf jnh nqubpf.
Nste afrde jn nste`hnonr hes peutes jn ofdpfrtedbnltf jnh nqubpf bdphboe, nl prbdnr huier, qun hes pnrsfles sfl
rnspflse`bhbzel. Lf `usoel kustbaboeobflns. Sfr ftrf hejf y ofdf nh ofdprfdbsf ns bljbvbjueh
prfteiflbstes y sn rnspflse`bhbzel.
meobe nh rnstf jn pnrsfles, sn afrtehnon nh oflonptf jn nqubpf arnltn eh jn irupf. Lf sn trete jn ul peotf qun vbnln
jnh hbjnrezif y qun hes pnrsfles sn nlounltrel dås f dnlfs f`hbiejes e oudphbr, sblf qun ns ul prfonsf e trevâs jnh

oueh hes pnrsfles sn bjnltbaboel ofl he rnehbjej ofhnotbve qun ornel ofdf nqubpf.

>.0. Mflrer nh ofdprfdbsf

_b mey ul oedpf dås qun prfohbvn e dehnltnljbjfs, nqubvfoeobflns, oflausbflns…, y qun ejndås sunhn tnlnr
oflsnounlobes lnietbves nl nh åd`btf rnheobfleh, teltf nl hf prfansbfleh ofdf pnrsfleh, ns nh jn hfs ofdprfdbsfs
qun ejqubrbdfs ules pnrsfles ofl ftres. Dn rnabnrf e hfs pnjbjfs y hes prfdnses (Gfadel, 0335).
Nl nstn snltbjf, mey qun pertbr, sniûl Gfadel, jn jfs supunstfs prblobpehns;
‟ Sfr ul hejf, he pnrsfle qun meon ul pnjbjf f ule prfdnse nxprnse ule bltnlobÿl y ul ofdprfdbsf. Nstn
dnlsekn lf ns ule dnre jnsorbpobÿl, sblf qun tbnln ule blahunlobe nl he rnehbjej qun sn orne y nl hes
obroulstelobes prfpbes y nl hes jn hes pnrsfles e hes qun blvfhuore (Ahfrns, 522:).
‟ Sfr ftrf hejf, he vnhfobjej jn hfs pnlsedbnltfs ns e`bsdehdnltn supnrbfr e he vnhfobjej e he qun pfjndfs
ofdulboerlfs. Nstf bdphboe qun irel pertn jn he blafrdeobÿl ofl he qun ounltf lf he ofdpertf ofl he ftre
pnrsfle, y vbonvnrse. He blafrdeobÿl qun lf sn bltnroed`be sunhn jnker heiules nl oueltf e he dutue
ofdprnlsbÿl jn qubâl-merå-quâ-ouåljf, ouåhns sfl hes nxpnotetbves jn ed`es pnrsfles, ouåhns sfl hes
 ofljbobflns ofl hes qun sn vehfrerå qun ule prfdnse f ofdprfdbsf sn me oudphbjf, nto.
Oflsnounlobe; bloudphbdbnltf,
bloudphbdbnltf, oefs, arustreobÿl, pârjbje jn oflabelze, oflahbotfs pnrsflehns y prfansbflehns, y ul
herif ntoâtnre.
He prfpunste qun fs trebif nl nstn epertejf ns jn Arnjy Gfadel (0335), jfoudnlteje nl su trbhfiäe
Dntedeleindnlt. Gfadel prfpfln oherbaboer hfs sbiubnltns nhndnltfs;
Dnlsekn,, qun sne nsouomejf y eonptejf.
‟ Dnlsekn
pnjbjf, qubâl pbjn y qubâl ns he pnrsfle rnspflse`hn jn vehfrer sb sn mel oudphbjf f
‟ Pnspflse`hn-ndbsfr jnh pnjbjf,
lf hes ofljbobflns jn setbsaeoobÿl. Sfr obnrtf, qubnl pbjn sn nxpfln e rnoflfonr su lnonsbjej y, pfr teltf, jn`n
nster hb`rn jn vblouher su vehfr ofdf pnrsfle e su oepeobjej supunstednltn «sf`rnmudele· jn vehnrsn pfr sä
dbsdf/e nl tfjes hes obroulstelobes blbdeible`hns. _niurednltn oflfoâbs pnrsfles qun, pfr nstn dftbvf,
prnabnrnl lf pnjbr f pnjbr sbl oherbjej.
‟ Qnr`f qun nxprnse he leturehnze jnoheretbve jnh pnjbjf. Nvbter afrdes qun lfs nxpflnl dnlfs, pnrf qun sfl
dås oherbaboejfres. Nh aedfsf; «me`räe qun…·.
‟ Fynltn-rnonptfr. Nh pnjbjf sn jbrbin e ehiubnl qun jn`n eonpter y esudbr nh ofdprfdbsf f jnohblerhf jn afrde
nxprnse. Lejbn punjn ofdprfdntnrsn pfr ftre pnrsfle.
‟ Ofljbobflns jn setbsaeoobÿl blohuynljf nh phezf tndpfreh, bltnrnsns qun su`yeonl y nh ofltnxtf (hf qun jedfs
pfr snltejf).
Snrf ¶quâ fourrn oueljf ehiubnl qun nxprnsednltn sn me ofdprfdntbjf, qubzå pfrqun me sf`rnvehfrejf su
oepeobjej y rnoursfs, qubzå pfrqun me suonjbjf ehif bdprnvbstf y hes obroulstelobes mel oed`bejf, f qubzå pfrqun,
sbdphndnltn hf jnobjn esä, rfdpn su prfdnse y lf he oudphn6
Mflrer ul ofdprfdbsf lf bdphboe lnonserbednltn oudphbrhf, pnrf sä nxbin eotuer ofl bltnirbjej y sblonrbjej.
_upfln prnvnr, nxphbobter, jbsouhpersn y `usoer ehtnrletbves (Gfadel, 0335).
_niûl Gfadel, he rupture dfreh jnh ofdprfdbsf ns prnvbe e he rupture nanotbve. Nh dfdnltf jn rupture ns equnh
nl nh qun qubnl sn me ofdprfdntbjf jnsou`rn qun he prfdnse nstå nl rbnsif y, sbl nd`erif, jnobjn iuerjer sbhnlobf.
Sere mflrer blofljbobflehdnltn dbs ofdprfdbsfs, lf ns suabobnltn qun elulobn nh rbnsif jn bloudphbdbnltf oueljf
sn prnsnltn. Nl oesf jn qun jnablbtbvednltn lf punje oudphbr, ejndås jn ofdulboerhf, tnlif qun pnjbr jbsouhpes,
dblbdbzer hfs pnrkubobfs qun meye pfjbjf oeuser e he ftre pnrsfle f eh irupf y eprnljnr jn he nxpnrbnlobe pere
autures foesbflns.
Oueljf hes pfsb`bhbjejns jn oudphbdbnltf sn mel nsaudejf, lf jbsouhpersn ns ul eotf jn sf`nr`be. Ns jnobrtn e tb
y e he ftre pnrsfle qun hes prfdnses lf tn f`hbiel (Gfadel, 0335). Jn ule delnre dås prfaulje ns ofdf nlvber nh
dnlsekn jn qun «dbs
«dbs ofdprfdbsfs ofltbif lf ounltel, pfrqun tû lf ounltes
ounltes·.
·. Snrf eûl mey ul oesf pnfr qun ns
nlaejersn arnltn e he jndelje jn he pnrsfle eornnjfre (Ǧy
(« ¶y quâ qunräes qun mbobnre…6·,
mbobnre…6·, «lf
«lf dn me`hns esä, yf mbon
hf qun pujn…·).
pujn…·). _bl juje, aresns jndesbejf me`btuehns.
Jejf qun he nxbstnlobe jn ed`biønjejns nl nstn oedpf ns nh oehjf jn ouhtbvf pnranotf pere qun surkel oflahbotfs,
nxpnotetbves lf oudphbjes y hes oflsnounltns arustreobflns, tn prfpflif rnpeser nh obohf jn he prfdnse qun prfpfln
Oerhfs Anrleljf Ahfrns5 (52=2).
5. Nh prbdnr pesf jn nstn obohf oflsbstn nl he afrduheobÿl jn ule pntbobÿl.
pntbobÿl. ^lf jn hfs nrrfrns dås arnounltns ns
qun nh pnjbjf f he fanrte lf snel oherfs. Lfrdehdnltn, hes pnrsfles lfs nlarnltedfs e obnrtes ornnlobes
hbdbteltns e he mfre jn meonr ule pntbobÿl. @åsboednltn, lfs prnfoupel jfs ofses; pfr ul hejf, nh tndfr eh
rnomezf y, pfr ftrf, esudbr lunstre oernlobe f jn`bhbjej qun lfs ofhfoe nl he pfsbobÿl jn pnjbr. _b hf rnounrjes,
me`hedfs jn he bdpfrtelobe jn he oflabelze y jn dfstrersn vuhlnre`hn oueljf tretedfs hes oblof jbsaulobflns
jn ul nqubpf jn Hnlobflb. Dbnltres nl ul nqubpf lf sn ornnl hes ofljbobflns lnonserbes pere qun nstes
hbdbteobflns lf ofertnl hes pfsb`bhbjejns jn rnehbzer pntbobflns, hes pnrsfles sn dfvnrål nl nh oedpf jn he
ed`biønjej y, pfr oflsbiubnltn, suribrål nxpnotetbves lf oudphbjes y arustreobflns.
0. He sbiubnltn aesn ofdbnlze ofl hf qun Ahfrns jnlfdble lnifobeobÿl y meon rnanrnlobe eh jbåhfif nltrn hes jfs

pertns, e trevâs jnh

nh ofdprfdbsf, he oueh ns lnonserbf
pnrsfle oherbaboer
jn`n vnrbaboer tfjfs hfs jntehhns
su jbspflb`bhbjej qun eofdpeõel
y oepeobjej e he pntbobÿl.
pere oudphbr. Eltns jnted`bâl
Nl foesbflns, eonpter
 equä epernonl ornnlobes hbdbteltns qun lfs ndpukel e eonpter hes pntbobflns e tfje ofste pere lf pernonr
bilfreltns, jâ`bhns f bloepeons. Ns nh me`btueh «lf se`nr jnobr qun lf·. E nstn rnspnotf, ns prnobsf elehbzer quâ
lfs bdpbjn rnomezer ule pntbobÿl f oÿdf lfs snltbdfs oueljf e lfsftrfs/es lfs jbonl qun lf. Bdphboe ul irel
tre`ekf jn bltrfspnoobÿl.
Nl tfjf oesf, tres he aesn jn lnifobeobÿl, nh rnsuhtejf punjn snr eonpter he pntbobÿl y ejqubrbr nh ofdprfdbsf f
ul edphbf e`elbof jn pfsb`bhbjejns qun blohuynl lnifober hfs târdblfs, prfpflnr ftres fpobflns, pfspflnr he
nknouobÿl f jnohbler nh ofdprfdbsf (Gfadel, 0335). Nl nh oesf jn eonpter he prfpunste, nh ofdprfdbsf jn`n
snr oherf·,ynto.
vnrndfs·,
vnrndfs jn`n nvbter rnspunstes ed`biues f jujfses ofdf «merâ
« merâ hf qun punje·,
punje·, «lf tn prnfoupns·,
prnfoupns·, «ye
Ejndås jn nste ed`biønjej, ehiulfs jn hfs nrrfrns dås me`btuehns nl nste aesn sfl eonpter ul pnjbjf qun lf
se`ns sb punjns oudphbr f qun tn pernon bdpfsb`hn7 lf jnohbler, oflauljbnljf nh lf eh pnjbjf ofl nh lf e he
pnrsfle f lf ofltrefanrter pfrqun sn oflsbjnre ule fanlse f jnseaäf.
?. ^le vnz sn me ejqubrbjf nh ofdprfdbsf, ofdbnlze he aesn jn nknouobÿl
nknouobÿl,, nl he qun biuehdnltn surinl ftres
pfsb`bhbjejns ejndås jnh oudphbdbnltf, nltrn hes qun sn nlounltre he rnvfoeobÿl f oelonheobÿl sb surinl
obroulstelobes qun bdpfsb`bhbtel he nknouobÿl prnvbste. Zed`bâl ns lnonserbf qun nste aesn blohuye nh
sniubdbnltf.
Sfr teltf, hfs nrrfrns me`btuehns nl nste aesn oflsbstnl nl lf deltnlnrsn nl hes eoobflns eonpte`hns, lf
jbsouhpersn y lf rnlnifober oed`bfs nl hes obroulstelobes jnh oudphbdbnlt
oudphbdbnltf.
f.
:. Ablehdnltn y ule vnz nknouteje he prfdnse, hhnie he aesn jn nvehueobÿl oflkulte teltf jnh rnsuhtejf ofdf jnh
prfonsf, pfr pertn jnh ohbnltn y jnh prfvnnjfr jn he pntbobÿl. Ofdf oflsnounlobe jn nste aesn, nh ohbnltn punjn
jersn pfr setbsanomf, y nl nsn oesf, jn`n prfjuobrsn ul rnoflfobdbnltf y, sb nh rnsuhtejf lf aunre setbsaeotfrbf,
snrå lnonserbf afrduher ule rnohedeobÿl.
Qbstf tfjf hf eltnrbfr, hfs prf`hndes dås me`btuehns nl tfrlf e hfs ofdprfdbsfs punjnl rnsudbrsn sniûl Gfadel
(0335) nl;
5. Lf nxbstn ofdprfdbsf jn oudphbdbnltf, pfrqun tedpfof sn prfjukf ule pntbobÿl nxprnse. Ehiubnl prnobse ehif
pnrf lf hf vnr`ehbze y nspnre qun he ftre pnrsfle hf bltuye. _bl nd`erif, nl he deyfräe jn hfs oesfs he ftre
pnrsfle lf ns oflsobnltn jn hes nxpnotetbves qun pnsel sf`rn sä.
0. Mey pntbobÿl, pnrf lf nxbstn prfdnse pfrqun he rnspunste lf ns jn eonpteobÿl nxphäobte, sblf qun sn dunvn nl he
ln`uhfse jn he veiunjej.
?. Jbstbltes pnrspnotbves jn ed`es pertns sf`rn nh ofdprfdbsf esudbjf.
:. _n prfjuonl oed`bfs nl hes obroulstelobes qun he pnrsfle qun rnehbzÿ he pntbobÿl lf oflfon.
>. Uubnl prfdntn oudphn, pnrf qubnl me`äe pnjbjf lf hhnie e se`nrhf.
1. Bloudphbdbnltf delbabnstf
delbabnstf jn qubnl prfdntbÿ.
9. He blnxbstnlobe jn ul nspeobf f oflvnrseobÿl nl he qun punje eoherersn hf suonjbjf, vnrbaboeljf he nxbstnlobe
jnh ofdprfdbsf, su pfsb`hn bloudphbdbnltf y, sb esä aunre, hes rnspflse`bhbjejns ofrrnspfljbnltns, ofl rnspntf
n bltnrâs pfr eoherer hf fourrbjf, lf ofl friuhhf f kustbaboeobÿl. Nl nse oflvnrseobÿl ted`bâl snrå lnonserbf qun
sn farnzoel nxphboeobflns y ule vehfreobÿl jn hfs jeõfs oeusejfs, pfr ul hejf, y jbsouhpes ofl fpobflns jn
rnpereobÿl, pfr ftrf.

E dfjf jn oflohusbÿl jn tfjf hf eltnrbfr, nh nqubpf jn`n ieler oflobnlobe sf`rn nh nanotf jn hfs bloudphbdbnltfs
qun jel pbn e nspeobfs jn arustreobÿl ofhnotbve, blofrpfrer må`btfs qun pnrdbtel eprnljnr e mflrer sus ofdprfdbsfs
y e instbfler sus bloudphbdbnltfs. _n trete jn hfirer ule pnrsnvnrelobe ofhnotbve meobe nh prfpÿsbtf y meobe nh
eprnljbzekn oflkultf n blsteurer ule ouhture jn he bdpnoe`bhbjej.

>.?. He oflabelze
He oflabelze ns he oflsnounlobe f rnsuhtejf jn hf eltnrbfr. Ns ul nhndnltf su`kntbvf qun jnrbve jn he fpblbÿl jn
qubnlns nvehûel he ofljuote jn ftre pnrsfle, nl aulobÿl jn sus nxpnrbnlobes prnvbes (Ofrtble, 035?). Nse nvehueobÿl
sn nanotûe ofl rnheobÿl e perådntrfs jn oudphbdbnltf qun sfl bdphäobtfs, ns jnobr, su`kntbvfs. Zfjes hes pnrsfles
tnlndfs `erndfs sf`rn hfs ofdpfrtedbnltfs qun inlnrel oflabelze y hf qun sbilbaboe eotuer ofl bltnirbjej. Nh
nqubpf jn`n nxpflnr y oherbaboer ouåhns sfl hfs orbtnrbfs jn ofdpfrtedbnltf y oudphbdbnltf qun vel e inlnrer
oflabelze nltrn sus dbnd`rfs.
He oflabelze sn orne oueljf hes pnrsfles sfl ältnires, nltnljbnljf pfr bltnirbjej he ejnoueobÿl jn hfs vehfrns,
ofdprfdbsfs n bltnlobflns jn ule pnrsfle ofl sus eoobflns (Gfadel, 0335). Hfs perådntrfs qun sn utbhbzel pere
vehfrer he bltnirbjej sfl nstfs;
‟ _blonrbjej. He pnrsfle sn ofdprfdntn ofl bltnlobÿl jn oudphbr y nsf bdphboe jbspfsbobÿl y vfhultej,
oepeobjej, rnoursfs y ndpnõf.
‟ Mflfre`bhbjej. Mflrer blofljbobflehdnltn sus ofdprfdbsfs. Oudphbrhfs, y sb mey rbnsif jn
bloudphbdbnltf, ofdulboer, pnjbr jbsouhpes, dblbdbzer pnrkubobfs y eprnljnr. Ofdf dnlobfle Gfadel,
mflrer hfs ofdprfdbsfs lf bdphboe lnonserbednltn oudphbrhfs.
oudphbrhfs.
Jbon ul rnarål pfpuher; «f`res
« f`res sfl edfrns y lf `unles rezflns·.
rezflns·. Hes pnrsfles inlnredfs oflabelze ofl hf qun
meondfs, lf ofl hf qun jnobdfs. He oflabe`bhbjej f abe`bhbjej sbilbaboe qun tbnln oehbjej jn oflabe`hn y, ofdf
oflsnounlobe, he oepeobjej jn inlnrer oflabelze nl ftre pnrsfle. Sere snr oflabe`hn ns lnonserbf tnlnr
oflfobdbnltfs y me`bhbjejns, pnrf nstf lf `este. Ns lnonserbf ofdpfrtersn jn eounrjf ofl hf qun jbif. Jn`n nxbstbr
ule ofmnrnlobe nltrn hf qun pbnlsf y jbif, hf qun sbnltf y hf qun meif. R nh nqubpf jn`n biuehdnltn ofljuobrsn ofl
nsfs dbsdfs perådntrfs.

>.:. Nsqunde ieler-ieler

Nh perejbide ieler-ieler tbnln ofdf f`kntbvf nlofltrer ule sfhuobÿl setbsaeotfrbe pere tfjes hes pertns. _n
fpfln jbedntrehdnltn e hfs perådntrfs jn vnlonr e tfje ofste (ieler-pnrjnr)7 jn jnker qun hfs jndås sn sehiel ofl
he suye, eul nl jntrbdnltf lunstrf (pnrjnr-ieler)7
(pnrjnr-ieler)7 f jn pnrkujboer e ftrfs eulqun nhhf ted`bâl bdphbqun ule pârjbje
f seorbabobf pere lfsftrfs (pnrjnr-pnrjnr) (Ofvny, 5223).
Nstedfs ofljbobflejfs pere ofdpfrterlfs deyfrbterbednltn jnltrf jnh nsqunde ieler-pnrjnr. Znlndfs he
dnltehbjej jn qun sb ftre pnrsfle nstå ieleljf, yf nstfy pnrjbnljf. Lfs rnibdfs pfr he Hny jn he Nsoesnz, nl huier
jn he Hny jn he E`uljelobe. Snlsedfs bloflsobnltndnltn qun he rezÿl, he vehfreobÿl, nh edfr, he edbstej…, sfl
nsoesfs y hbdbtejfs y qun oueltf dås edfr f vehfreobÿl rnob`e ehiubnl, dnlfs qunjerå jbspflb`hn pere lfsftrfs/es.
Snrf nstf lf ns esä. «Oueltf
«Oueltf dås vbsuehbondfs hes ounstbflns y jnobsbflns jn lunstre vbje, ofl he pnrspnotbve jn qun
nh mnomf jn qun ehiubnl tnlie rezÿl nl ehif, lf tbnln pfr quâ bdphboer qun yf tnlie dnlfs, dås pfsb`bhbjejns
suribrål pere eotuer jn eounrjf ofl nh perejbide jn ieler-ieler·
ieler-ieler· (Ofvny, 5223).
Nl duomes foesbflns, hes jbsousbflns, eulqun nl eperbnlobe punjnl nster vblouhejes e aeotfrns telib`hns, hf qun
rnehdnltn nstål nsofljbnljf sfl jnanlses jn lunstrf nif (lunstre fpblbÿl, lunstrfs vehfrns, lunstres
nxpnrbnlobes…). Nh noflfdbste blihâs N. A. _omudeomnr0 nl su Iuäe pere pnrphnkfs (E Iubjn Afr Zmn Snrphnxnj),
Snrphnxnj),
me`he jn jfs tbpfs jn prf`hndes; e) oflvnrinltns
oflvnrinltns,, oueljf hes sfhuobflns farnobjes sn eonroel oeje vnz dås nltrn sä,
meste jnsnd`foer nl ule ûlboe rnspunste, f `) jbvnrinltns
jbvnrinltns,, qun inlnrel, sniûl nstn eutfr, rnspunstes ofltrejbotfrbes
qun lf oflvnrinl. He ûlboe afrde jn rnsfhvnr ul jbhnde ns peser jn lbvnh y tresonljnrhf, elehbzåljfhf jnsjn ule
pnrspnotbve supnrbfr. He deyfräe jn lunstrfs oflahbotfs y jbsousbflns sfl jbvnrinltns, pnrf hfs tretedfs ofdf sb
mu`bnre ule ûlboe vnrjej våhbje y nse aunre he lunstre. Nh f`kntbvf jn he jbsousbÿl lf ns nlofltrer ul eounrjf f ule
sfhuobÿl setbsaeotfrbe, sblf «sehbrdn ofl he däe·, pfrqun nsf ns rnehdnltn hf qun lfs pernon qun ve e sehveiuerjer
lunstrf eutfoflonptf (Gfadel, 0335).
_bl nd`erif, sb nlafoedfs he jbsperbjej jn fpblbflns jnsjn nh rnspntf e pnlser jbanrnltn, jnsjn he ourbfsbjej jn
ofdprnljnr pfr quâ he ftre pnrsfle pbnlse jn he delnre nl qun hf meon f ouåh punjn snr he bltnlobÿl qun hn iuäe, sb
jnkedfs e ul hejf lunstrf nif y su jnanlse, ns dås aåobh eonroersn e ul nlafqun nl nh qun hes jbstbltes pnrspnotbves
sn jbsbpnl. Zreterndfs jn nstf ofl deyfr jntehhn nl he pertn rnheobfleh jn nstn hb`rf.
Sfr ftrf hejf, nstn perejbide sn nlounltre duy vblouhejf ofl he oflabelze,
oflabelze, jn he qun mndfs me`hejf nl nh
epertejf eltnrbfr. Lf pfjndfs oflter ofl ofhe`freobÿl rneh, sb lf nxbstn oflabelze rneh. Znlif qun inlnrer
oflabelze, pere qun hunif sn jâ he ofhe`freobÿl. Nl prbdnr huier, tnlif qun snr oepez jn dfstrer pû`hboednltn dbs
hbdbteobflns y pnrdbtbrdn epfyerdn nl nh rnstf jn pnrsfles jnh nqubpf y, pfr ftrf hejf, jn`f oflaber nl nh
ofdprfdbsf n bltnirbjej jn dbs ofdpeõnrfs/es. Snrf ns prnobsf pertbr jn he `esn jn qun nstfs perejbides sfl
pnronpobflns, lf sfl he rnehbjej. Jnpnljnl jn lunstres nxpnotetbves, jn lunstrf snltbjf jn hf nqubtetbvf, jn hf kustf.
¶Nl ouåltes foesbflns tn mes nlofltrejf ofl nqubpfs qun ofdpbtnl, nl huier jn offpnrer6 ¶E quâ rnsuhtejfs hhnve
nstf6 Ns lnonserbf nlafoer he terne jnh nqubpf jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jnh `nlnabobf dutuf. Oueljf ule rnheobÿl jn
nqubpf ns e herif phezf, he ûlboe delnre jn qun sne nanotbve ns `ekf ul perejbide ieler-ieler. Nl nstf blahuyn,
biuehdnltn, ftre jn hes ounstbflns qun ofdnltedfs eh prblobpbf jn nstn hb`rf, sf`rn he lnonsbjej jn qun nl nh nqubpf
meye ul ûlbof deroejfr.
deroejfr. _b nh nqubpf pbnrjn, tfjfs pbnrjnl. Nl duomes foesbflns, hfs sbstndes qun ornedfs
punjnl aevfrnonr u f`steouhbzer qun sn ndphnn he abhfsfaäe ieler-ieler. ¶Uuâ vehfredfs nl nh nqubpf6 ¶E qubâl sn
prndbe; e he pnrsfle f eh nqubpf6 Dbnltres lf sn pesn jnh «yf· eh «lfsftrfs/es· ve e rnsuhter dås qun jbaäobh tre`eker
nl ohevn jn nqubpf y ofl pnrspnotbve jn evelon ofdpertbjf.

>.>. Ehiules mnrredbnltes pere nh ofdprfdbsf; nh omnog-bl

Qfy e etrnvnrdn e prniulterfs e ouåltes rnulbflns me`âbs esbstbjf nl hes qun ehiule f verbes pnrsfles lf tnläel lb
he dnlfr bjne jnh f`kntbvf jn he rnulbÿl, ouåltf tbndpf b`e e jurer, ouåh nre su pepnh nl nhhe y, hf qun ns pnfr, sn
hnvelte`el jn he dnse ofl nses dbsdes ounstbflns sbl rnsfhvnr.
Zfjeväe sbiun sfrprnljbâljflfs qun sn hhnvnl e oe`f rnulbflns nl hes qun, dbstnrbfsednltn, hes jnobsbflns lf sn
nknoutel f nl hes qun hes pnrsfles lf sn ofdprfdntnl ofl hes eoobflns qun sn prfpflnl f, sbdphndnltn, sn trete jn
ule oflirnieobÿl jn «zfd`bs·, qun pnrdelnonl jn ounrpf prnsnltn pnrf su dnltn vunhe hb`rn, duy, duy hnkfs jn
ehhä, nhnveje e ftrfs duljfs duomf dås bltnrnseltns y suinrnltns.
Nxbstn ul irel lûdnrf jn aeotfrns qun blahuynl nl hf qun fourrn nl ule rnulbÿl. Hes rnulbflns sfl lfrdehdnltn
ul deiläabof rnahnkf jn hf qun suonjn nl hfs nqubpfs, nl hes frielbzeobflns, nl hfs sbstndes.
Nl nstn snltbjf, dn iusteräe pheltnerfs ule mnrredbnlte pråotboe qun punjn ofltrb`ubr e sfhvnlter ehiules
ounstbflns qun tbnlnl qun vnr ofl nh ofdprfdbsf jnh nqubpf y ofl he nanotbvbjej jn ule rnulbÿl. _n trete jnh omnog-
bl? (Gfadel, 0335). Nanotbvednltn, nh dbsdf târdblf qun sn use nl hfs mftnhns oueljf tn jel tu me`bteobÿl.
Nh omnog-bl ns ule bltrfjuoobÿl qun, `åsboednltn, tbnln ofdf f`kntbvf nste`hnonr ul ofltnxtf ofdpertbjf nl
oueltf e hfs f`kntbvfs y nxpnotetbves jn he oflvfoetfrbe, pfr ul hejf, y nl oueltf e obroulstelobes nxtnrles qun
punjel blahubr nl lunstre prnsnlobe y pertbobpeobÿl, pfr ftrf (Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).
Nh omnog-bl sn nstruoture nsnlobehdnltn e trevâs jn trns prniultes;

5. ¶Uuâ obroulstelobes, prf`hndes f ounstbflns meonl bdpfrteltn pere dä y pere nh nqubpf nste rnulbÿl6
0. ¶Uuâ rnsuhtejf qubnrf f`tnlnr eh ableh jn he rnulbÿl6 ¶Sfr quâ nstfs rnsuhtejfs sfl bdpfrteltns pere dä f pere
nh nqubpf6
?. ¶Uuâ blafrdeobÿl sbilbaboetbve (prfansbfleh f pnrsfleh) qubnrf ofdpertbr6
Hes jfs prbdnres prniultes tbnlnl qun vnr ofl he eprfpbeobÿl jnh ofltnxtf, nh prfteiflbsdf y rnspflse`bhbjej ofl
rnspnotf e he rnulbÿl. Ofdf pnrsfle punjf pheltner ounstbflns eh nqubpf e hes qun, nl db/lunstre fpblbÿl, lnonsbtf y
lnonsbtedfs jer ule rnspunste.
He tnronre ounstbÿl tbnln qun vnr ofl lunstre leturehnze jn snrns mudelfs, ejndås jn prfansbflehns. Sunjn qun
ehiule pnrsfle jn db aedbhbe lf sn nlounltrn nl su dnkfr dfdnltf jn sehuj, punjn qun tnlie ounstbflns pnrsflehns
f prfansbflehns qun dn prnfoupnl y dn inlnrnl elsbnjej, punjn qun nstâ nxpnrbdnlteljf oflahbotfs nl nh tre`ekf,
nto. E dnlfs qun tnlie ul nspeobf pere nxprnser nses ounstbflns y meonr pertäobpn eh rnstf jnh nqubpf jn db ofltnxtf
y obroulstelobes, dbs prnfoupeobflns sn nloerierål jn oflsudbr he nlnriäe jbspflb`hn n bdpnjbrål qun dn onltrn nl
he rnulbÿl, meobnljf qun sn oflvbnrte pere dä nl ul dnrf «`he, `he, `he…·.
He pertbobpeobÿl nl nh omnog-bl ns vfhulterbe
vfhulterbe.. _n punjn fpter pfr lf bltnrvnlbr, sbl prf`hnde. R rnsuhte sehuje`hn
y lnonserbf jnablbr ouåltf tbndpf sn jnjboerå eh dbsdf, nvbteljf esä qun sn eheriun nl nxonsf f qun lfs jnsvän jn
lunstre einlje.
Ablehdnltn y ofdf obnrrn jn he rnulbÿl, nh omnog-fut : sbrvn pere vnrbaboer hes ternes e hes qun dn mn
ofdprfdntbjf7 hfs tndes jn bltnrâs pere dä qun meyel pfjbjf qunjer pnljbnltns7 esä ofdf db rnahnxbÿl ableh sf`rn
nh jnserrfhhf jn he rnulbÿl, rnsuhtel biueh jn sehuje`hns (Gfadel, 0335).
Oueljf vbvbdfs sfdntbjfs e hes prnsbflns jnh duljf pnrsfleh y prfansbfleh qun tbrel ofl biueh aunrze, nh omnog-
bl punjn snr duy ûtbh pere onltrer e hes pnrsfles, ofltrb`uyn e mudelbzer hes rnheobflns prfansbflehns y e inlnrer
ofdprfdbsf nl hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf.

5 Oerhfs Anrleljf Ahfrns He`re (Ombhn, 52:>). Blinlbnrf obvbh, jfotfr nl Abhfsfaäe jnh Hnliuekn, pfhätbof, ndprnljnjfr
y ndprnserbf. Ns rnoflfobjf ofdf ulf jn hfs pnlsejfrns dås bdpfrteltns nl nh åd`btf jn he instbÿl y jn he eoobÿl
ndprnljnjfre nl nh ofltblnltn ednrboelf.
0 Nrlst Arbnjrbom «Arbtz· _omudeomnr (5255-5299) aun ul bltnhnotueh y noflfdbste qun tuvf ule blahunlobe
bltnrleobfleh ofl ul tresafljf prfansbfleh ofdf nstejästbof y noflfdbste nl Blihetnrre. Zre`ekÿ ofdf Ombna
Noflfdbo Ejvbsfr pere he Letbfleh Ofeh @ferj jn Irel @rnteõe jureltn jfs jâoejes. Aun rnoflfobjf pfr sus
orätboes e hfs sbstndes noflÿdbofs jn Foobjnltn y pfr su prfpunste e aevfr jn ule tnolfhfiäe jnsonltrehbzeje.
? Nh rnibstrf (nl blihâs omnog-bl
omnog-bl)) ns ul prfonsf dnjbeltn nh oueh sn rnibstre he hhnieje jn ul/e ohbnltn/e e ul mftnh,
nsteobÿl, enrfpunrtf, punrtf, nto.
: Nh omnog-fut, eh ablehbzer nh usf jn ule blsteheobÿl f snrvbobf, bdphboe nh prfonsf jn blspnoobÿl f nvehueobÿl pere
jntnrdbler he ofrrnoobÿl, oehbjej u ftre ofljbobÿl jnh nstejf jnh dbsdf.
 Oepätuhf 1
Oÿdf sn ofdulboe nh nqubpf

1.5. ¶Ouåh ns he «rnehbjej·6

1.0. Jer y rnob`br annj`eog.
1.?. Nxpflnr n bljeier.
 He ofdulboeobÿl nl ul nqubpf ns ulf jn hfs «sältfdes· dås bltnrnseltns pere jbeilfstboer jn quâ delnre sn
ofdpfrte y nl quâ dfdnltf sn nlounltre.
Nltrn hfs nhndnltfs qun lfs punjnl jer pbstes sf`rn he ofdulboeobÿl nl nh nqubpf, pfjndfs jnsteoer hfs
sbiubnltns; sb pertbobpel tfjes hes pnrsfles f lf7 qubâlns pertbobpel7 qubâlns iuerjel sbhnlobf7 sb nxbstn jn`etn f
jbsornpelobe7 sb pnrob`bdfs oherbjej nl nh f`kntbvf jn he oflvnrseobÿl (nstedfs blafrdeljf, fpbleljf, jnobjbnljf,
prfpflbnljf…)7 sb nh nqubpf sn ofdulboe jn delnre esnrtbve7 sb nxbstn oflausbÿl7 ouåh ns nh irejf jn naboeobe7 sb sn
utbhbze bljeieobÿl (prniultes pere oherbaboer f omnquner)7 oÿdf ns he ofdulboeobÿl lf vnr`eh f he ofrpfrehbjej
(qubâl me`he e qubnl, sb mey ehbelzes, su`irupfs, oflahbotfs, tnlsbflns…)7 oÿdf sn nsouomel7 sb sn bltnrrudpnl7 sb sn
sbnltnl nsouomejfs/es7 sb bltnrvbnlnl pnrsfles qun sn ofdulboel jn delnre tÿxboe7 sb sn deltbnlnl tndes
etesoejfs…
Ofdf vns, ule duhtbtuj jn nhndnltfs e elehbzer. Lf sfhf jn`ndfs abkerlfs nl hf qun sn jbon, sblf nl oÿdf sn jbon
y nl hf qun sn punjn nster sbhnlobeljf.
Nste f`snrveobÿl punjn pheltnersn ofdf ule vbsbÿl nxtnrle, ofdf fourrn nl nh ofeombli jn nqubpfs, pnrf ted`bâl
punjn pheltnersn ofdf ul nknrobobf jn eutff`snrveobÿl qun punjn eprnljnr e jnserrfhher nh prfpbf nqubpf sf`rn sä
dbsdf, oueljf su irejf jn dejurnz sn hf pnrdbte.
Lfrdehdnltn, nh dnkfr nsonlerbf pere elehbzer hes jblådboes jnh nqubpf sfl hes rnulbflns jn tre`ekf. Nl nstn
snltbjf, ule mnrredbnlte snlobhhe qun tn prfpflif ns ablehbzer oeje rnulbÿl ofl ule `rnvn rnahnxbÿl pfr pertn jn hes
pnrsfles jnh nqubpf nl he qun sn vehfrn nh jnsndpnõf jnh dbsdf nl hes jfs verbe`hns prblobpehns; terne y rnheobÿl
(Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).

Jn nl
`bnl nsteheafrde
terne,y quâ
e trevâs jn mel
ofses he delnre
mnomf nl he qun
`bnl nl sn
he me oflvnrsejf,
rnheobÿl y quâ nhofses
nqubpf
sflpunjn vehfrer quâ
dnkfre`hns ofses mel
nl ed`fs mnomf
espnotfs.
Oflkultednltn, sn elehbzerål hes eoobflns oflorntes pere prfjuobr dfjbaboeobflns eh rnspnotf. Ofdf vns, sn trete jn
ule afrde dejure jn qun nh nqubpf ieln oflsobnlobe sf`rn su rnehbjej y pfsb`bhbjejns jn ornobdbnltf.

1.5. ¶Ouåh ns he «rnehbjej·6

Nstå prf`ejf obnltäaboednltn qun hes pnrsfles lf sfdfs f`kntbves,
f`kntbves, lb sbqubnre nl espnotfs nl hfs qun, sbl juje,
pfljräedfs he delf nl nh aunif esniureljf qun hf sfdfs.
Nh abhÿsfaf Bddelunh Gelt ye jndfstrÿ qun hf qun hhededfs «pnronpobÿl f`kntbve· sn nlounltre ofljbobfleje
pfr lunstres oetnifräes ofilbtbves. Snrob`bdfs n bltnrprntedfs ofltbluednltn hf qun suonjn e lunstrf ehrnjnjfr. Lf
sfdfs dåqubles qun rnspfljnl jn delnre eutfdåtboe ofdf pnlse`el hfs ofljuotbstes. Lunstrfs pnlsedbnltfs,
ndfobflns y ofljuotes, pfr duy råpbjfs qun punjel hhnier e snr, sbndprn sfl nh rnsuhtejf jn ul prfonsf jn
«nhe`freobÿl·
nto. jnpnrsfles
Sfr nsf, jfs hfs nstäduhfs. Nståljn
rneoobflel tedbzejfs pfr lunstre
afrde jbanrnltn eltn pnrsflehbjej, lunstrenl
ul dbsdf nstäduhf, mbstfrbe
aulobÿlpnrsfleh, lunstre qun
jn «he rnehbjej ouhture,
mel
oflstrubjf· nl su dnltn.
Nl rnehbjej y ofdf mndfs vbstf, nxbstn ule rnheobÿl jn ofltblubjej nltrn jfs afrdes jbanrnltns jn prfonsedbnltf;
ule oflsobnltn f jnhb`nreje y ftre bloflsobnltn y eutfdåtboe. Re ofdnltedfs qun nste sniulje ns ule nspnobn jn
pbhftf eutfdåtbof qun rnehbze he deyfr pertn jn lunstres ternes rutblerbes, emfrråljflfs nsaunrzf y tbndpf ofilbtbvf.
_bl nd`erif, nse bltubobÿl eutfdåtboe nl foesbflns prfvfoe nrrfrns arutf jn hfs snsifs qun ephboedfs (lunstres
ieaes jn vnr nh duljf), pfr hf qun oueljf tnlndfs qun tfder ule jnobsbÿl bdpfrteltn, ns nh prfonsf jnhb`nretbvf
oflsobnltn nh qun jn`n tfder hes rbnljes.
Lfs mndfs eofstud`rejf e pnlser qun nh duljf ns ofdf hf pnrob`bdfs y kuziedfs (Gmnde, 522:). _bl nd`erif,
jnsjn he etnlobÿl ye nxbstn ul prfonsf snhnotbvf qun orb`e hf qun rnob`bdfs. Hfs nstäduhfs ounltel ofl
oereotnrästboes qun hfs meonl jnsteoer y hheder lunstre etnlobÿl, pnrf ted`bâl nl nse pnronpobÿl blahuynl lunstre
nxpnrbnlobe su`kntbve, lunstres eotbtujns, lunstrf nstejf ndfobfleh, lunstre dftbveobÿl, nto. (Sulsnt, 033=). Hfs
pnlsedbnltfs y hes eoobflns sfl ofmnrnltns ofl qubnl f`snrve. Lf oflfondfs he rnehbjej, sfhf he bltnrprntedfs.
Nltrn hes mnrredbnltes qun lfs eyujel e jnserrfhher nsn prfonsf oesb eutfdåtbof sn nlounltrel (Ievbrbe nt eh.,
eh.,
035?);
‟ Hes oetnifräes (e trevâs jn hes ouehns frjnledfs hfs nstäduhfs qun tbnlnl espnotfs nl ofdûl).
‟ Hfs nsqundes (ornnlobes f e`streoobflns qun lfs eyujel e bltnrprnter nh duljf y qun punjnl snr jn pnrsfles,
jn rfhns, jn sbtueobflns n blohusf jn lfsftrfs/es dbsdfs/es). Hfs nstnrnftbpfs, pfr nkndphf, sfl ul tbpf jn
nsqunde.
‟ Hes blanrnlobes (ireobes e hes qun jnjuobdfs hes oeuses jn hes ofses y meondfs prnjboobflns).

‟ Hfs mnurästbofs (etekfs dnltehns pere sbdphbaboer he sfhuobÿl jn prf`hndes f he tfde jn jnobsbflns).
Nste rnheobÿl sfhf tbnln ofdf f`kntbvf pflnr jn delbabnstf qun hf qun hhededfs f`kntbvbjej f rnehbjej ns dås ule
bltnrprnteobÿl lunstre qun ul mnomf.
Ejndås, nxbstn ul snsif jnlfdblejf jnh aehsf oflsnlsf,
oflsnlsf, arutf jnh oueh pnlsedfs qun lunstre ofljuote ns «he
lfrdeh·, eprnobeje f eonpte`hn nl ule sbtueobÿl jntnrdbleje y qun hfs jndås jn`nräel eotuer jn he dbsde delnre
nl hes dbsdes obroulstelobes.
Hf pnhbirfsf jn tfjfs nstfs dnoelbsdfs lf ns su nxbstnlobe, ye qun mel jndfstrejf snr ûtbhns pere he
supnrvbvnlobe jn lunstre nspnobn. _nräe bdpfsb`hn rnehbzer prfonsedbnltfs ofilbtbvfs ofdphntfs jn oeje suonsf jn
lunstre vbje. Hf prnfoupeltn jn hfs dbsdfs ns lf snr oflsobnltns jn su nxbstnlobe y eotuer ofdf sb lunstre afrde jn
vnr nh duljf aunre he ûlboe y vnrjejnre. He onrtbjud`rn ns nh deyfr f`ståouhf pere he epnrture. Oueljf ornndfs
tnlnr «he rnspunste·, pnrjndfs he dftbveobÿl pere ounstbflerlfs. Snrf, ofdf mndfs vbstf, lejbn tbnln hes rnspunstes.
Nl ul nqubpf y nl ouehqubnr rnehbjej bltnrpnrsfleh ns, pfr teltf, lnonserbf pertbr jn he lnonsbjej jn ejqubrbr
oflobnlobe y rnspflse`bhbjej sf`rn hf qun pnlsedfs, esudbnljf qun sn trete jn ule rnehbjej oflstrubje.
Seuh Yetzhewbog (52=>), nl su Znfräe jn he ofdulboeobÿl mudele jbanrnlobe nltrn hf qun jnlfdble he «Pnehbjej
jn prbdnr frjnl· aäsboe, f`snrve`hn, oflstete`hn y he «Pnehbjej jn sniuljf frjnl·, qun sn oflstruyn ofl nh snltbjf,
vehfr y sbilbaboejf qun hn jedfs e he prbdnre. He ofdulboeobÿl y hes rnheobflns mudeles pnrtnlnonl e nstn sniuljf
frjnl.
Ns lnonserbf jbanrnlober mnomfs, fpblbflns y ndfobflns. Lf ns pfsb`hn tnlnr rezÿl oueljf me`hedfs jn
snltbdbnltfs y ndfobflns, pfrqun tel hniätbdfs sfl hfs tuyfs ofdf hfs däfs. Zfjfs sfl bltnrprnteobflns (Oestelynr,
035:).
Nxbstnl ehiules jblådboes ofdf nh dâtfjf jn hfs _nbs sfd`rnrfs pere pnlser (_bx
(_bx Zmblgbli Mets)
Mets) jn Njwerj Jn
@flf, qun farnon ule dntfjfhfiäe pere jbsousbflns y tfde jn jnobsbflns nl irupf, esfobeje eh pnlsedbnltf hetnreh.
Nstn dâtfjf bltnlte sbduher hf qun fourrn nl he dnltn mudele ejfpteljf nh sädbh jn ul sfd`rnrf pere elehbzer he
ofdphnkbjej jn he dnzohe jn ndfobflns, snltbdbnltfs y pfljnreobÿl jn ehtnrletbves, vnltekes n bloflvnlbnltns.
Oeje ulf jn hfs snbs sfd`rnrfs ns jn ul ofhfr jbanrnltn, hf qun sbd`fhbze qun, oueljf meye qun ejfpter ule
jnobsbÿl, mey qun ofhfoersn jn afrde snounlobeh ul sfd`rnrf jn oeje ofhfr nl he oe`nze y nxprnser he fpblbÿl
sbiubnljf hes rnihes esfobejes e oeje ulf jn nhhfs. Nste mnrredbnlte eyuje esä e oherbaboer ofl hfs ofhfrns jnh
sfd`rnrf qun dn pflif, jnsjn quâ pnrspnotbve dn nstfy ofdulboeljf. Sunjf pertbobper me`heljf jnsjn he vbsbÿl
jn hfs mnomfs (sfd`rnrf `helof), epfrteljf ehtnrletbves y ornetbvbjej (sfd`rnrf vnrjn), ofl ule pnrspnotbve
pfsbtbve (sfd`rnrf ederbhhf) f orätboe (sfd`rnrf lnirf), y jnsjn hes ndfobflns (sfd`rnrf rfkf). Ablehdnltn, nh
sfd`rnrf ezuh sn utbhbze pere vehfrer he tftehbjej jn epfrteobflns, elehbzer nh prfonsf jn pnlser y tfder jnobsbflns.
Nste jblådboe ofltrb`uyn e elehbzer ul esultf jn ule delnre frjnleje y oherbaboeljf nh eonroedbnltf jnsjn nh qun
hf rnehbzf.
Nh mnomf ns qun, bloflsobnltndnltn, esudbdfs obnrtes rnstrboobflns y oflinhedfs lunstres bltnrprnteobflns jnh
duljf. Hf pnhbirfsf jn nstf, ofdf mndfs jbomf, lf ns qun fourre, ye qun nvfhutbvednltn nstfs prfonsfs lfs mel
eyujejf e sf`rnvbvbr, sblf qun lf snedfs oflsobnltns jn nhhfs y jndfs pfr mnomf qun «lunstrf· depe «ns· nh
tnrrbtfrbf.
Ofltedfs ofl blludnre`hns afrdes jn trelsdbtbr e hes pnrsfles ofl hes qun lfs ofdulboedfs qun lf nstedfs
e`bnrtfs/es e lunves pnronpobflns; e vnons, jnobdfs qun lf ofl he oe`nze dbnltres nsouomedfs7 ftres vnons lfs
nlaejedfs oueljf ehiubnl prfpfln ofses jbstbltes e hes qun lfsftrfs/es oflsbjnredfs ejnouejes7 nl foesbflns,
oruzedfs hfs `rezfs, meondfs dunoes y, ftres duomes, jbrnotednltn lf nsouomedfs. Nh lbvnh dåxbdf jn nste
onrrezÿl dnlteh ns he aehte jn rnspntf y he aehte jn eonpteobÿl jn he ftre pnrsfle ofdf hniätbdf/e ftrf/e, ofl jnrnomf
e nxbstbr y e pnlser, eulqun sus fpblbflns lf sn ekustnl f ofblobjel ofl db vbsbÿl jnh duljf (Jevbs, 035?7 Fwnl,
035?).
Eulqun nlofltredfs nl he mbstfrbe, ul irel lûdnrf jn nkndphfs jn iunrres dås f dnlfs «seltes· ofltre pnrsfles
f ofhnotbvfs qun vnl hes ofses jn afrde «nqubvfoeje·, ns lnonserbf rfdpnr he bhusbÿl jn oflter ofl he vnrjej, he
errfielobe jnh «yf tnlif he rezÿl· y eonroersn e ftrfs pnlsedbnltfs ofl mudbhjej, rnspntf y ourbfsbjej. _fhf jn nse
delnre pfjndfs ornonr hes pnrsfles. Nl ul nqubpf, he epnrture ndnrin oueljf hes pnrsfles nstål jbspunstes e
onrtbjud`rn.
suspnljnr he onrtbjud`rn.

1.0. Jer y rnob`br annj`eog

Jer y rnob`br annj`eog,5 nspnobehdnltn orätbof, ns ule jn hes me`bhbjejns qun nl deyfr dnjbje blahunlobe he
oepeobjej jn ornobdbnltf y eprnljbzekn jn ule pnrsfle y jn ul nqubpf. _b lf nstfy nl jbspfsbobÿl jn esudbr dbs
jn`bhbjejns y årnes jn dnkfre, snrå duy jbaäobh qun punje ornonr. Nstf fourrn nl nh åd`btf bljbvbjueh y ofhnotbvf.
Eprnljnr bdphboe lnonserbednltn pertbr jn he bilfrelobe y nsf, nl duomes foesbflns, ns jfhfrfsf, pnrf eh dbsdf
tbndpf nse blofdfjbjej qun surin nltrn nh ofltrestn jn he rnehbjej y nh jnsnf qun ofdnlte`e eh me`her jn he dnte jnh
nqubpf ns nh ehbdnltf qun lutrn nh eaål jn supnreobÿl.
«Rf lf dn vnf he oere, lb he nspehje·. _b nl db nqubpf lf mey pnrsfles ofl suabobnltn oflabelze ofdf pere
jnobrdn qun nstfy meobnljf ehif deh, pnrpntuerâ db ofdpfrtedbnltf eknle e hes pfsb`bhbjejns qun dn farnonräe he

arelqunze jn dbs ofdpeõnrfs/es.

Nl he pertn jnh eutfoflfobdbnltf jnh prÿxbdf `hfqun me`herndfs jn he vnltele jn Kfmerb, 0 qun jb`uke y ohesbaboe
pere hes pnrsfles ul årne pû`hboe f hb`rn7
hb`rn7 ftre fouhte, ältbde7
ältbde7 ule tnronre obnie y, ablehdnltn, ule jnsoflfobje pfr
pnrtnlnonr eh su`oflsobnltn. Nl nstn epertejf dn vfy e rnanrbr eh årne obnie,
obnie, qun ofrrnspfljn e hf qun ftres pnrsfles
se`nl jn dä, qun yf lf sâ, y qun ns he qun farnon ireljns fpfrtulbjejns jn eprnljbzekn.
Eulqun, prf`e`hndnltn, e lbvnh tnÿrbof sne aåobh esudbr he lnonsbjej jn jer f rnob`br kubobfs orätbofs f lnietbvfs,
ns prnobsf su`reyer qun sn trete jn ule jn hes oflvnrseobflns dås jnhboejes qun tbnlnl qun earflter hes pnrsfles jn
ul nqubpf.
Eh f`kntf jn elehbzer hes jfs pnrspnotbves, vfy e snperer he sbtueobÿl jn rnob`br kubobfs orätbofs jn he jn jårsnhfs e
ftre pnrsfle pfrqun, eulqun nh ofltnxtf y hes verbe`hns qun blahuynl farnonl hes jfs oeres jn he dbsde dflnje,
tbnlnl obnrtfs detbons jbanrnlobehns.
e) Pnob`br kubobfs orätbofs
‟ Nl prbdnr huier, ns prnobsf elehbzer he eotbtuj ofl he qun lfs prnjbspflndfs e rnob`br kubobfs eknlfs. Ofdf
ofdnlte`e nl nh epertejf eltnrbfr, hfs kubobfs lf sfl eabrdeobflns, sfl fpblbflns su`kntbves,
su`kntbves, prfjuotf jn he
bltnrprnteobÿl jnh duljf qun meon ule pnrsfle. Hes eabrdeobflns punjnl snr vnrjejnres f aehses, pnrf hfs
kubobfs sfl ounstbfle`hns (Gfadel, 0335). Sfr teltf, eh rnob`br ule orätboe mey qun pnrob`brhe ofdf nh
nhndnltf su`kntbvf qun ns. Lfrdehdnltn hfs kubobfs lnietbvfs lfs hestbdel pfrqun lf hfs jbstbliubdfs jn hes
eabrdeobflns y hfs vblouhedfs ofl lunstre pnrsfle. Ejndås, sb hn jedfs dås bdpfrtelobe e hfs kubobfs
eknlfs sf`rn lfsftrfs qun e hfs lunstrfs prfpbfs, nstf lfs meon jnpnljbnltns jnh nxtnrbfr y, eh dbsdf tbndpf,
vuhlnre`hns.
‟ Nl sniuljf huier, ns lnonserbf jbanrnlober hfs ofdnlterbfs sf`rn lunstrfs eotfs y hf qun tbnln qun vnr ofl
lunstre pnrsfle. Hfs kubobfs jn`nl meonr rnanrnlobe e hes eoobflns, lf e hes pnrsfles (Afrâs y @eom, 033=). _b
oed`bf dbs eoobflns, punjf oed`ber hfs kubobfs qun sn meonl sf`rn dä. Jn`ndfs treter jn nlafoer nh
ofdnlterbf orätbof meobe hfs espnotfs oflorntfs jn lunstrf ofdpfrtedbnltf y snperer nh meonr jnh snr.snr. Nl he
pertn jnh meonr, tnlif jnrnomf e nqubvfoerdn, hes pnrsfles jn mnomf lfs nqubvfoedfs, pnrf lunstrfs nrrfrns
jn ofdpfrtedbnltf lf jn`nl «sehpboer· hf qun sfdfs. Nh f`kntbvf snräe bltnrprnter he orätboe ofdf ule väe
pere meonr hes ofses dnkfr he prÿxbde vnz.
‟ Hfs kubobfs orätbofs punjnl snr auljejfs f blauljejfs. Nanotbvednltn, hes orätboes tbnlnl ule aeonte vblouheje
ofl he pnrsfle qun f`snrve, ofl su afrde jn vnr n bltnrprnter nh duljf. Snrf ftre pertn jnh kubobf tbnln qun
vnr ofl hf f`snrvejf, nl nstn oesf ofl db ofdpfrtedbnltf. Sfr nsf, nl inlnreh, hfs kubobfs y orätboes lf sfl
 tftehdnltn er`btrerbfs (Ahfrns, 522:). Rf fs prfpfljräe prnperer nh ounrpf y lunstres ndfobflns nl nsn
snltbjf, nsouomer ofl epnrture y ofl ourbfsbjej, treteljf jn evnrbiuer n bljeier dås sf`rn hfs dftbvfs qun hn
mel hhnvejf e he ftre pnrsfle e meonrlfs nse orätboe. Omnquner ofl he pnrsfle hf qun nltnljndfs eh rnspnotf y
elehbzer he orätboe, pnlseljf quâ jn`nräedfs f pfjräedfs meonr «sb sfhf ul 0% jn hf qun dn jbonl aunre
obnrtf…·. _n treteräe, nl rnsudnl, jn nlafoer hes orätboes hnibtbdeljf
hnibtbdeljf nh jnrnomf jn he ftre pnrsfle e tnlnr su
pultf jn vbste, sbl etrb`ubrhn bltnlobflns lb dftbvfs fouhtfs. ¡Oubjejf! Ofdprnljnr lf sbilbaboe
ofdpertbr.
Nstedfs me`heljf jn duljfs su`kntbvfs.
‟ Sfr ftrf hejf, ted`bâl rnsuhte bltnrnseltn jbsorbdbler nh irejf jn eutfrbjej n bdpfrtelobe qun jedfs e oeje
kubobf orätbof. Lf tfjfs prfvbnlnl jn pnrsfles jn irel rnhnvelobe f blahunlobe pere lfsftrfs/es. Zed`bâl ns
bltnrnseltn elehbzer sb nxbstn ehiûl espnotf våhbjf nl nh dnlsekn qun rnob`bdfs, sbl lnonsbjej jn eonpter
lnonserbednltn he tftehbjej jnh dbsdf.
‟ Ablehdnltn, fs prfpfljräe eirejnonr, tfdersn tbndpf pere rnspfljnr y nlafoer hes orätboes ofdf nhndnltfs
qun bdpuhsel lunstres eoobflns y qun lfs punjnl eyujer e dnkfrer y e jnserrfhherlfs. Nl hes orätboes rnsbjn,
prnobsednltn, ule irel pertn jn lunstre oepeobjej pnrdelnltn jn eprnljbzekn.
eprnljbzekn.
`) Farnonr kubobfs orätbofs
Eulqun nl eperbnlobe pfjräe pernonr qun nste ns he pertn aåobh jn he oflvnrseobÿl, lf ns lb duomäsbdf dnlfs
esä. Farnonr kubobfs orätbofs jn delnre rnspntufse y esnrtbve? ns ule terne duy jbaäobh y jnhboeje. E ofltblueobÿl
tn farnzof ehiules rnofdnljeobflns eh rnspnotf;
‟ Srnperer nh nltfrlf, nh ounrpf y lunstre ndfobflehbjej.
‟ Jbrbibrsn e he pnrsfle ofl qubnl tnlif qun sfhvnlter dbs jbsornpelobes, nvbteljf ftres vfons edbies pere db
jnsemfif,
deh qun sfl
jn ehiubnl blaruotufses
nl su y, ejndås,
eusnlobe, lejbn punjnofltedblel nh nltfrlf
snltbrsn e sehvf jnh nqubpf.
jn he onlsure pfr Oueljf lfs(Nomnvnrräe,
he nspehje pnrdbtbdfs0330).
me`her
Nh nqubpf jn`n eprnljnr e sfhuobfler sus jbanrnlobes ofl rnspntf, pnrf oere e oere.
oere.
‟ Orner ul ofltnxtf nl nh qun sn trelsdbte nh prfpÿsbtf jn he oflvnrseobÿl y tnlnr oherf jnsjn quâ blqubntujns
rnehbzf db ofdnlterbf. Nstn pultf ns duy bdpfrteltn pfrqun nh f`kntbvf jn db ofdnlterbf jn`n nster
nlafoejf e rnperer ule sbtueobÿl7 e eprnljnr e meonr dnkfr hes ofses jn delnre ofdpertbje nl nh auturf7 e
sfhvnlter ule sbtueobÿl prf`hndåtboe7 jn`n jnsnd`foer nl pntbobflns f nl ofdprfdbsfs dutufs oflorntfs.
Sfr nsf, ns duy bdpfrteltn eutfelehbzersn eltns jn nste oflvnrseobÿl. _b db f`kntbvf tbnln qun vnr ofl
«jnobrhn e ehiubnl ouetrf ofses·, ofl ofdnlzer ule pnhne, ofl ouhper, rnõbr f vnliersn, ns dnkfr nspnrer qun
nh nstejf ndfobfleh sn nlarän y dn pnrdbte earflter he oflvnrseobÿl jn ule delnre prfjuotbve, lf
jnstruotbve.
‟ Ftre jn hes ounstbflns tresonljnltns jn he rnehbzeobÿl jn ule orätboe nstå rnheobfleje ofl ul nhndnltf
dnlobflejf nl nh `hfqun eltnrbfr y qun tbnln qun vnr ofl nvbter ntbqunter e he pnrsfle, inlnrehbzer he orätboe n
bltubr bltnlobflns f dftbvfs. Hf jnsne`hn, pfr teltf, ns meonr ofdnlterbfs jbrbibjfs e ul ofdpfrtedbnltf qun
sne susonptb`hn jn snr dfjbaboejf7 hf dås jnsorbptbvf pfsb`hn7 nvbteljf onlsures n bltnrprnteobflns7
rnabrbâljflfs e hes eoobflns, eh ofdpfrtedbnltf, y lf e he pnrsfle7 nspnobaboeljf oÿdf nses eoobflns dn
eanotel e dä y sfhbobteljf jn afrde oflornte nh oed`bf jn eotbtuj qun jnsneräe eh rnspnotf.
‟ Biuehdnltn, ns prnobsf orner ule oflvnrseobÿl e`bnrte, nl he qun sne pfsb`hn bljeier sf`rn nh pultf jn vbste
jn he ftre pnrsfle, ofl ourbfsbjej y rnspntf, sbl rnorbdbleobÿl y vnrbaboeljf qun ed`fs mndfs ofdprnljbjf
nh dnlsekn jn he ftre pnrsfle. Ns lnonserbf vnrbaboer hes bltnrprnteobflns qun mndfs mnomf jn su ofljuote
(Gfadel, 0335).
‟ Ablehdnltn, ns prnobsf seler hes pfsb`hns mnrbjes ndfobflehns, qun hes jfs pnrsfles punjel snr oepeons jn
rnoupnrer su bltnirbjej nl he oflvnrseobÿl, nvehuer hfs pfsb`hns jeõfs, rnoflfobâljfhfs pere dblbdbzerhfs y
farnobnljf jbsouhpes f nhndnltfs jn rnpereobÿl, nl oesf jn qun aunre lnonserbf.

Nstes snräel hes afrdes ejnouejes jn rnehbzer y rnob`br kubobfs orätbofs pnrf, nl su huier, hes pnrsfles y hfs nqubpfs
sunhnl fpter pfr ftrf tbpf jn petrflns ofdulboetbvfs qun sunhnl hhnver e oflsnounlobes bljnsne`hns.
bljnsne`hns. Dn rnabnrf e
hfs sbiubnltns;

bdprfjuotbves, qun sn sustelobel nl ftre pnrsfle qun lf ns he oeuseltn jnh pnrkubobf y qun sfhf `usoel
5. Uunkes bdprfjuotbves,
sfhbjerbjej pere jnsemfiersn. Eoe`el nl kubobfs pnrsflehns lnietbvfs y lf `usoel he sfhuobÿl, sblf he jnsoerie
ndfobfleh, he vnlielze, nh rnlofr, he orneobÿl jn aeoobflns, nto.
 0. Nh sbhnlobf. Oehher y «treier· oflvnrseobflns pnljbnltns. _n trete jn ul petrÿl pesbvf jn ofdulboeobÿl.
Oueljf hes pnrsfles oehhel esultfs qun jn`nräel nxprnser, nses ounstbflns pnljbnltns lf jnsepernonl, sblf qun
surinl aunrzes nxtreões y «dbstnrbfses· qun bdprnilel nh ed`bnltn, qun sn sbnltnl y pnrob`nl nl hfs nqubpfs y
nl hes rnheobflns. Esbileture pnljbnltn, pfr teltf, nster eh jäe ofl tus pnlsedbnltfs y ndfobflns, pnrf lf e
tfje ofste, ofdf vnrndfs nl nh sbiubnltn pultf.
Eltns jn ofdnlzer ule oflvnrseobÿl jn nstn tbpf tnlif qun meonr, nl prbdnr huier, ul eutfelåhbsbs
prniultåljfdn sb ns rnhnveltn nstf pere nh f`kntbvf jnh nqubpf, y sb sn trete jn ule fpblbÿl däe epfyeje nl
jetfs f ns, sbdphndnltn, ul kubobf su`kntbvf. Jn`ndfs vehfrer sb ofdpnlse nse oflvnrseobÿl, hfs prfs y
ofltres, quâ punjns hfirer ofl nhhe y, pfr ftrf hejf, qubterhn tresonljnlobe nl ehiules foesbflns elehbzeljf quâ
snräe hf pnfr qun dn pfjräe peser f quâ snräe pere dä ul areoesf jn oflvnrseobÿl. E vnons, e he huz jn nstes
ounstbflns, nses oflvnrseobflns sn meonl dnlfs e`streotes y dås delnke`hns.
Snrf, ablehdnltn, he ounstbÿl tresonljnltn ns; ¶Jn quâ afrde deltnlif yf ul ofdpfrtedbnltf âtbof,
rnspflse`hn y prfansbfleh pere ofldbif y pere ofl nh nqubpf; treteljf nstn tnde jn afrde ejnoueje f
iuerjeljf sbhnlobf eh rnspnotf6 Nste ns he prniulte qun jn`n iuber db jnobsbÿl sf`rn nste ounstbÿl.
?. Nh petrÿl eirnsbvf. He lnonsbjej jn nxprnser lunstres fpblbflns y lnonsbjejns lf bdphboe meonrhf jn ouehqubnr
delnre y, sf`rn tfjf, sbl farnonr nh dbsdf rnspntf e hes jn hes jndås pnrsfles. He ofdulboeobÿl qun lf tbnln
nl ounlte nh vehfr jn he ftre pnrsfle y qun pfln pfr nlobde hes fpblbflns prfpbes sf`rn hes eknles punjn
ejqubrbr jbstbltes afrdes nl he supnrabobn jnsjn ofdnlterbfs jnspnotbvfs, brfläe f oblbsdf, bilfrer e he ftre
pnrsfle y ul herif ntoâtnre jn peutes jn ofdulboeobÿl lf vnr`eh qun nxprnsel duomf dås qun hes pehe`res.
Zreterâ dås nl jntehhn nstes ounstbflns nl nh `hfqun BB, pnrf dn oflafrdf nl nstn pultf ofl trelsdbtbrtn he

bdpfrtelobe
pnrdbte jer yjn qun teltf
rnob`br kubobfsnljntus rnheobflns
afrde esnrtbvepnrsflehns ofdf
y rnspntufse. nl tuvnrndfs,
Ofdf nqubpf sn
lf ornn ulpertn
sfhf he ohbdeorätboe
jn oflabelze qun
ns lnonserbe,
ted`bâl ns nsnlobeh farnonr kubobfs pfsbtbvfs y vehfreobÿl.

1.?. Nxpflnr n bljeier

Lf sâ sb sn trete jn ule ounstbÿl jn njej f jn me`nr vbvbjf duomes rnulbflns nl hes qun he deyfr pertn jn hes
vfons pnrdelnonl nl sbhnlobf y sfhf ules pfoes dflfpfhbzel he oflvnrseobÿl. Nh mnomf ns qun oeje vnz nstfy dås
oflvnlobje jn qun, ofdf jbon Arnjy Gfadel: (0335), nxpflnr n bljeier sfl ofdf nh pbn jnrnomf y nh bzqubnrjf.
Meonl aehte hfs jfs pere oedbler. ^tbhbzf nste dntåafre suye pfrqun nstfy duy snlsb`bhbzeje ofl hes ounstbflns jn
dfvbhbjej jnspuâs jn ule rnobnltn oflvehnonlobe. Snrf, nanotbvednltn, nh nqubhb`rbf nltrn ed`es pråotboes ns ulf jn
hfs sältfdes qun me`hel jn he nanotbvbjej jn ul nqubpf.
Lfs nlofltredfs ofl afrdes prfjuotbves n bdprfjuotbves jn nxpflnr y ted`bâl nxbstnl afrdes prfjuotbves n
bdprfjuotbves jn bljeier. Hes
perejbide jn ieler-pnrjnr qunafrdes bdprfjuotbves,
ofdnlte`e nl ed`fs
nl ftrf epertejf, jn qunoesfs, pertnl
he rezÿl ns uljnh`bnl
dbsdf
nsoesfrnqubsbtf
y pheltne`åsbof; nh
ul kunif
jn sude onrf, ns jnobr, qun f tnlif rezÿl yf f tbnln rezÿl he ftre pnrsfle (Ofvny, 5223). Db trbulaf ns su jnrrfte.
@ekf nstfs perådntrfs he oflvnrseobÿl sn oflvbnrtn nl jn`etn (jnh hetäl `ettunrn
`ettunrn;; ifhpner) y nltflons nxpflif dbs
bjnes sbl nxphboer hfs rezfledbnltfs f jetfs qun dn mel hhnvejf e nhhes, lf veye e snr qun snel ounstbflejfs.
Zedpfof prniultf ofl bltnlobÿl jn nltnljnr ftres pfsbobflns, db f`kntbvf ns deltnlnr e tfje ofste db pfsture.
Nxbstn ul ertn derobeh jnlfdblejf «Ebgbjf·, ouye oereotnrästboe auljednlteh ns he `ûsqunje jn he lnutrehbzeobÿl
jnh ofltrerbf nl sbtueobflns jn oflahbotf, jeljf huier e he jnrrfte jnh ejvnrserbf sbl jeõerhf, nl huier jn sbdphndnltn
jnstrubrhf f mudbhherhf. Sertn jn he prndbse jn qun nlarnlter ule aunrze e ftre aunrze nl snltbjf ofltrerbf lf
aulobfle. Oueljf jfs aunrzes biuehns sn fpflnl, nh rnsuhtejf ns nh nqubhb`rbf nståtbof. _n prfjuon ul irel iestf jn
nlnriäe sbl lbliûl rnsuhtejf, ns he bdeinl pnranote jn he blnabobnlobe (Gfadel, 0335).
Hf qun su`yeon e tfjf nstf ns ule `etehhe jn nifs, hf qun nstå nl kunif ns db eutfnstbde. _n ornn qun nh vehfr jn
hes pnrsfles eudnlte oueljf tbnlnl rezÿl, ns jnobr, oueljf ielel.

_bl nd`erif, ns pfsb`hn nlte`her oflvnrseobflns, jn delnre prfjuotbve. Nl nh epertejf jn nxpflnr, sn trete jn
pheltner dbs bjnes ejdbtbnljf qun punjf nster nqubvfoejf/e, farnobnljf hes f`snrveobflns y prnsulobflns nl hes qun
dn epfyf n blvbteljf e hes jndås pnrsfles e ounstbflerdn pere eprnljnr, nvbteljf he tnlteobÿl jn jnanljnrdn.
Nl oueltf e he bljeieobÿl, punjf treter jn jnsou`rbr hfs rezfledbnltfs jn hes jndås pnrsfles, pfr quâ pbnlsel hf
qun pbnlsel. E`rbr, nsouomer, lf bltnrrudpbr, deltnlnr ule pfsture e`bnrte, sbl kubobf, onltreje nl nh prnsnltn
(Esunrf, 033=), ofl oflteotf vbsueh y, pfr supunstf, `eker nh vfhudnl jn he «rejbf bltnrle· qun dn nstå
ehnoobfleljf sf`rn oÿdf punjf rn`etbr hf qun nstfy nsouomeljf. Oueltf deyfr sne db bltnrâs nl tnlnr rezÿl, dnlfr
snrå db oepeobjej jn prnster etnlobÿl.
Hednlte`hndnltn, oflfondfs duomäsbdfs nkndphfs oftbjbelfs y nl hfs dnjbfs jn ofdulboeobÿl nl hfs qun lf
sfdfs tnstbifs jn jn`etns, sblf jn dflÿhfifs.
_n pbnrjn he pfsb`bhbjej jn eprnljnr y jn nlrbqunonrsn. _b sfhf bljeif, sbl nxpflnr db fpblbÿl, dn prnsnrvf jn
snr kuzieje f ounstbfleje, pnrf e oed`bf nh rnstf sn pbnrjn pfsb`bhbjejns jn dnkfrer f edphber su vbsbÿl. Sfr nh
ofltrerbf, sb sfhf yf prnsnltf db pultf jn vbste punjf pnrpntuer db afrde jn pnlser sbl nxpflnrdn, pnrf ns ule
afrde jn errfielobe y ted`bâl jn aehte jn vehnltäe pere ofltrester hf qun pbnlsf. Jn lunvf, dn nstfy kuieljf he
vehfreobÿl jn db pnrsfle. Snrf nstf pertn jnh supunstf nrrÿlnf jn qun nh vehfr jn hes pnrsfles nstå nl ieler nl ule
oflvnrseobÿl. Esä, ule pnrsfle iele oueljf eprnljn, bljnpnljbnltndnltn jn qun su pfsbobÿl jn pertbje aunre f lf
eonrteje.
Hes afrdes bdprfjuotbves jn nxpflnr n bljeier nl ul nqubpf prfvfoel he nxbstnlobe jn jbanrnltns jbsoursfs nl hes
rnulbflns pû`hboes y nl nh pesbhhf, nl nh oeaâ f nl nh `eõf7 ¶tn sunle6

5 Annj`eog ns ule pehe`re jnh blihâs qun sbilbaboe rntrfehbdnlteobÿl. Nl nstn ofltnxtf, sn utbhbze ofdf sblÿlbdf jn
rnspunste, rneoobÿl u fpblbÿl qun lfs je ul bltnrhfoutfr ofdf rntfrlf sf`rn ul esultf jntnrdblejf.
0 He vnltele jn Kfmerb ns ule mnrredbnlte jn psbofhfiäe ofilbtbve orneje pfr hfs psboÿhfifs Kfsnpm Huat y Merry
Blimed, hes prbdnres hntres jn ouyfs lfd`rns oflafrdel he pehe`re Kfmerb, pere bhustrer hfs prfonsfs jn bltnreoobÿl
mudele.
? He esnrtbvbjej sn jnabln ofdf «he me`bhbjej jn nxprnser lunstrfs jnsnfs jn ule delnre ede`hn, areloe, e`bnrte,
jbrnote y ejnoueje, hfireljf jnobr hf qun qunrndfs sbl etnlter ofltre hfs jndås·. Ndphner he esnrtbvbjej ns se`nr
pnjbr, se`nr lniersn, lnifober y snr ahnxb`hn pere pfjnr oflsniubr hf qun sn qubnrn, rnspnteljf hfs jnrnomfs jnh ftrf
www.psboftnrepnutes.ofd))
y nxprnseljf lunstrfs snltbdbnltfs jn afrde ohere (www.psboftnrepnutes.ofd
: Arnjy Gfadel f`tuvf su hbonlobeture nl noflfdäe nl he ^lbvnrsbjej jn @unlfs Ebrns nl 52=:7 su jfotfrejf nl
Noflfdäe nl he ^lbvnrsbjej jn @nrgnhny, Oehbafrlbe, nl 52237 ns nh auljejfr y prnsbjnltn jn Hbvbli Hnerlbli
Ofddulbty, ule abrde bltnrleobfleh nspnobehbzeje nl eprnljbzekn y nanotbvbjej frielbzeobfleh.
 Oepätuhf 9
Zfde jn jnobsbflns

9.5. Nstbhfs n bdphboeobflns.

9.0. Ounstbflns prnvbes.
9.?. Nh oflsnlsf.
9.:. Lnifobeobÿl ornetbve. Oflstrubr sblnribes.
9.>. Nh tbndpf nl nh prfonsf jn jnobjbr.
9.1. Mnrredbnltes.
 Nh prfonsf jn tfde jn jnobsbflns ns, sbl juje, ftre jn hes me`bhbjejns `åsboes jn ul nqubpf.
nqubpf. Eh biueh qun nl nh
rnstf jn epertejfs qun mndfs elehbzejf, ns pfsb`hn y rnofdnlje`hn rnehbzer ul jbeilÿstbof sf`rn nh nstejf jn nste
verbe`hn.
Hes ounstbflns oflorntes qun punjnl elehbzersn nl nstn epertejf sfl, nltrn ftres; quâ aesns sbiun nh nqubpf nl nh
prfonsf jn tfde jn jnobsbflns7 sb pnrvbvnl tndes qun sn qunjel etesoejfs y sf`rn hfs qun sn f`snrvel deyfrns
jbabouhtejns e he mfre jn jnobjbr7 jÿljn surinl `hfqunfs7 quâ jnobsbflns tfde y ouåhns lf ejfpte nh nqubpf y hn
vbnlnl jnh nxtnrbfr7 jn quâ delnre hes jnobsbflns rnahnkel e hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf7 sb nxbstn jn`etn y/f oflahbotf7 sb
dunstrel ofdprfdbsf7 jn quâ delnre nh hbjnrezif deltbnln ul rfh jbanrnlobejf nl he tfde jn jnobsbflns7 quâ fourrn
nl he aesn jn nknouobÿl, ule vnz qun he jnobsbÿl nstå tfdeje, nto.
Nstn elåhbsbs lfs jerå blafrdeobÿl duy vehbfse sf`rn nh jnsndpnõf jnh nqubpf y sf`rn pfsb`hns f`ståouhfs f
hbdbteobflns qun punjel nster eanotåljfhn, vblouhejes ofl ehiules jn hes ounstbflns qun mndfs bjf elehbzeljf meste
emfre.

9.5. Nstbhfs n bdphboeobflns

Nxbstn ul irel lûdnrf jn sbstndes pere tfder jnobsbflns nl ul nqubpf; pfr deyfräe, pfr ulelbdbjej, pfr
oflsnlsf, pfr pertn jnh hbjnrezif, jnhnieljf nl he pnrsfle dås nxpnrte, nto. Zfjes tbnlnl sus vnltekes y sus
hbdbteobflns. Lf sn jn`n oehbaboer e ul sbstnde ofdf `unlf f dehf pnr sn.
sn. He ounstbÿl bdpfrteltn ns qun nh nqubpf
jnobje, vehie he rnjuljelobe, jn quâ delnre ve e jnobjbr. Jnpnljbnljf he ounstbÿl e vehfrer, snrå dås eprfpbejf

utbhbzer
aulobÿl ul
jnhsbstnde
f`kntbvfuqun
ftrf.
sn Blohusf,
pheltnn. e prbfrb,
prbfrb, hf bjneh snräe qun nh nqubpf utbhbzesn jbstbltes afrdes jn jnobjbr nl
^lf jn hfs f`ståouhfs me`btuehns nl hfs nqubpfs ns qun tfdel jnobsbflns, pnrf lf sfl oflsobnltns jn oÿdf hf
meonl. Oueljf nh nqubpf lf tbnln bjnltbaboeje he delnre nl qun jnobjn, prfpbobe qun fourre ehiule jn hes sbiubnltns
sbtueobflns;
‟ Uun hes jnobsbflns lf sn tfdnl. Nh nqubpf vbvn nl ule nspnobn jn hbd`f, hfs mnomfs fourrnl, pnrf nh nqubpf lf
ns eotbvf, sblf rneotbvf. He sbtueobÿl, nh ofltnxtf, nh nltfrlf… jnobjnl pfr âh. Lf ns prfteiflbste jn su jnstblf,
sblf väotbde jnh dbsdf. Hes oflsnounlobes lf ns prnobsf nxphbobterhes, ¶vnrjej6
‟ Uun sfhf nh hbjnrezif f he eutfrbjej afrdeh sne qubnl jnobje nl tfjes hes foesbflns y hf meie sbl tnlnr nl ounlte
hes epfrteobflns, oflfobdbnltf y nxpnrbnlobe jn hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf. Ofdf dnlobfle`e nl nh epertejf
sf`rn nh nqubhb`rbf lnonserbf nltrn nxpflnr n bljeier, nstf supfln qun nh nqubpf nstå jnseprfvnomeljf
blafrdeobÿl jn irel vehfr ofl he qun ounlte. Nstn dfjnhf ns nh trejbobfleh, oereotnrästbof jn nstruotures duy
knrårquboes, bdpnrdne`hns eh oflfobdbnltf jnh ofhnotbvf, qun sn `esel nl nh supunstf nrrÿlnf jn qun qubnl
hbjnre ns he pnrsfle tâolboednltn dås må`bh f dås bltnhbinltn y qun suarnl oflsnounlobes duy lnietbves nl
târdblfs jn jnsdftbveobÿl y jnseprfvnomedbnltf jn nxpnrbnlobe y tehnltf bltnrlfs.
‟ Uun hes jnobsbflns sn tfdnl nxtreõednltn, jn afrde lf nxphäobte, pfr dblfräes qun «ofoblel· hfs eounrjfs
hnkfs jn hes rnihes jn kunif jn he trelspernlobe y he pertbobpeobÿl. Hes bdphboeobflns nl nstn oesf tbnlnl qun vnr
ofl qun nh irejf jn ofdprfdbsf jnh nqubpf rnspnotf e nses jnobsbflns snrå sniurednltn dås qun jujfsf.

He ounstbÿl jn he tfde jn jnobsbflns, esä ofdf he pertbobpeobÿl jnh nqubpf nl nstn prfonsf, tbnlnl ule bdpfrtelobe
tresonljnlteh, vblouheje jbrnotednltn ofl su ofdprfdbsf nl rnheobÿl ofl he jnobsbÿl tfdeje y, pfr supunstf, ofl
hfs bloudphbdbnltfs. _b lf sfy pertn jn he jnobsbÿl, lb dn rnprnsnlte, lb dn bloud`n, ¶meste quâ pultf vfy e nster
nl pfsbobÿl jn blvfhuorerdn nl su nknouobÿl6
Ofdf mndfs dnlobflejf, lf nxbstnl afrdes `unles f dehes jn jnobjbr, pnrf tfjes nhhes prfjuonl bdpeotfs
jbanrnltns. Nl târdblfs inlnrehns, sb nh nqubpf lf sn bdphboe y pertbobpe nl he tfde jn jnobsbflns, nh ofdprfdbsf sbl
juje snrå dnlfr, ye qun snltbrå qun jn`n nknouter ounstbflns sf`rn hes qun lf pfsnn lbliûl ofltrfh.

9.0. Ounstbflns prnvbes

 Sfr hf dnlobflejf nl nh epertejf eltnrbfr, rnsuhte rnofdnlje`hn qun nh nqubpf nste`hnzoe ul prftfofhf sf`rn nh
prfonsf e trevâs jnh oueh ve e jnobjbr. Nh f`kntbvf ns qun, sn utbhbon he afrde qun sn utbhbon pere tfder he jnobsbÿl, nh
nqubpf ounltn ofl ul dâtfjf nxphäobtf,
nxphäobtf, qun ofltrb`uye e qun ieln oflobnlobe jnh prfonsf.
Esbdbsdf y eltn ouehqubnr jnobsbÿl, ns prnobsf qun nh nqubpf jnable obnrtes ounstbflns qun punjel eyujerhn nl
nstn prfonsf, y nltrn hes qun pfjndfs dnlobfler hes sbiubnltns (Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:);
‟ Meste quâ pultf nste jnobsbÿl lfs ofdpntn.

‟‟ Uuâ bdphboeobflns
Ouåljf tnlndfs qunesudn.
tfder he jnobsbÿl.
‟ Afrduher `bnl he jnobsbÿl qun mey qun tfder y hes ehtnrletbves eh rnspnotf.
‟ Elehbzer hfs jetfs jbspflb`hns. Qehfrer sb sfl suabobnltns y iereltbzer qun sfl ofdpertbjfs y ofdprnljbjfs.
‟ Uuâ nspeobf y jureobÿl vedfs e nste`hnonr pere fpbler, elehbzer, vehfrer bdpeotfs, ofstns y `nlnabobfs.

Jejf qun, lfrdehdnltn, hes bltnreoobflns pere he tfde jn jnobsbflns sn prfjuonl nl hes rnulbflns jn nqubpf, dn
iusteräe prnster ule etnlobÿl nspnobeh e hf qun tbnln qun vnr ofl he instbÿl jn he rnulbÿl y nh frjnl jnh jäe, eulqun
treterâ jn nhhf ofl dås jntnlbdbnltf nl nh epertejf jn he instbÿl jnh tbndpf pere he tfde jn jnobsbflns.
Nl nstn snltbjf, nh nqubpf jn`n elehbzer;
‟ Ouåltfs pultfs nl nh frjnl jnh jäe sfl pere jnobjbr.
‟ Oÿdf sn prnpere he einlje u frjnl jnh jäe. Uubâl sn rnspflse`bhbze jn nhhf (tfjf nh nqubpf f sfhf ule pnrsfle).
‟ Oÿdf sn instbflel hfs tndes nl he rnulbÿl.

Sere eoe`er nstn pultf, ns prnobsf dnlobfler qun tel jbsaulobfleh ns ul nqubpf qun lf tfde jnobsbflns, ofdf ul
nqubpf qun sfhf tfde jnobsbflns pfr ulelbdbjej. E vnons nh oflsnlsf lf nstå eh snrvbobf jnh f`kntbvf. Nl nh
epertejf sbiubnltn treterndfs jn nstn pultf.

9.?. Nh oflsnlsf
Mn dnlobflejf qun lbliûl sbstnde jn jnobsbÿl ns e`sfhutednltn `unlf f delf. _n trete jn nsofinr ul dâtfjf y
treter jn qun nh snhnoobflejf sne nh dås eprfpbejf pere he tndåtboe, nh nqubpf y sus obroulstelobes.
Bjnehdnltn, pfjräedfs pnlser qun nh oflsnlsf snräe he fpobÿl dås jnsne`hn y, nanotbvednltn, farnon duomes
vnltekes. _bl nd`erif, lf ejfhnon jn jn`bhbjejns.
_bl juje, oueljf ul nqubpf hfire ulbaboer tfjes hes vfhultejns jn hes pnrsfles qun hf ofdpflnl nl tfrlf e ule
jnobsbÿl ofdpertbje, nh ofdprfdbsf y he blvfhuoreobÿl nstål pråotboednltn iereltbzejfs. Oueltf deyfr sne nh
oflsnlsf, dås ofdprfdbsf nxbstbrå.
_bl nd`erif, hhnier e ule jnobsbÿl pfr oflsnlsf lf sunhn snr ule terne aåobh, pfrqun rnqubnrn inlnrehdnltn
ireljns jfsbs jn jbåhfif, jn`etn, rnauteobÿl, rnahnxbÿl, nto. Nl foesbflns nl qun sn pertn jn pnrspnotbves duy
onroeles y nh oflsnlsf hhnie aåobhdnltn ns deiläabof, pnrf me`btuehdnltn hes ofses lf sunhnl snr tel snlobhhes
(Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).
_b ul nqubpf fptere pfr tfder tfjes sus jnobsbflns pfr oflsnlsf, prf`e`hndnltn eoe`eräe sbnljf jbsaulobfleh pfr
pure peråhbsbs. Nh prfonsf pere oflstrubr oflsnlsf ns sbl juje ule terne jure y nxbinltn. Sfr teltf, nh nqubpf jn`nrå
vehfrer nl quâ dfdnltf ns prnobsf esudbr nsn nsaunrzf, jejf qun he ounstbÿl e jn`etbr ns e`sfhutednltn prbfrbterbe
y nxbin ul ehtf irejf jn ofdprfdbsf y, nl quâ ftrfs oesfs, punjn fptersn pfr ftrf dâtfjf qun pnrdbte he
pertbobpeobÿl jnh nqubpf pnrf qun lf nxbke he jnobsbÿl ulålbdn pere su nknouobÿl.
Bljnpnljbnltndnltn jnh dâtfjf qun sn jnobje pere he tfde jn jnobsbflns, ns lnonserbf qun nh nqubpf prnsnrvn nh
ofdprfdbsf jn hes pnrsfles ofl he jnobsbÿl qun ejfptn. ¶Oÿdf punjn iereltbzersn nh oudphbdbnltf jn jnobsbflns
ofl hes qun pnrsfles jnh nqubpf lf nstâl jn eounrjf bljbvbjuehdnltn6
He rnspunste ns; esniureljf qun tfjes hes pnrsfles snel nsouomejes y sbnltel qun su epfrteobÿl me sbjf
oflsbjnreje y nvehueje, eulqun lf sne he jnobjbje ablehdnltn. Hes pnrsfles sfdfs duomf dås rezfle`hns jn hf qun
e prbfrb punje pernonr. _b jn ofdûl eounrjf nh nqubpf esudn qun ule jnobsbÿl sn tfderå jn ule delnre oflornte
qun lf iereltbze qun hes fpblbflns pnrsflehns snel hes jnablbtbvednltn eonptejes, hes pnrsfles nsterål jbspunstes e
esudbrhf, pnrf sb, y sfhf sb, sbnltnl qun su epfrteobÿl nl nh jn`etn me sbjf vehfreje y tnlbje nl ounlte. Nh rntf
oflsbstn nl nster nl jnseounrjf y, eûl y tfjf, ofdprfdntnrsn.
Qfhvbnljf eh oflsnlsf y jejf qun ns prnvbsb`hn qun, ofdf mndfs jbomf, sne ul prfonsf nxbinltn, punjn snr
bltnrnseltn br sfljneljf pfstures prfirnsbvednltn pere vehfrer nh pultf jn pertbje n br prfpflbnljf jbstbltes aesns
jn epnrture y jn`etn, sb nh tbndpf jn he jnobsbÿl hf pnrdbtn.
Ftre aÿrduhe e blofrpfrer eh oflsnlsf punjn snr he jn irejuer nh irejf jn ofdprfdbsf. Zeh ofdf ofdnltedfs nl
nh epertejf jn he jnablbobÿl jnh prfpÿsbtf, nh nqubpf punjn vehfrer quâ irejf jn ofdprfdbsf ns lnonserbf pere hes
jbstbltes ounstbflns e jn`etn (Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:). Uubzå nl ehiulfs oesfs lf sne lnonserbf nh ofdprfdbsf ulålbdn
eh 533% y `estnl ofdprfdbsfs perobehns. Sfr nh ofltrerbf, oueljf sn tretn jn ounstbflns tresonljnltehns jn he vbje
jnh nqubpf ofdf nh prfpbf prfpÿsbtf qun eoe`edfs jn dnlobfler, snrå prnobsf qun nh irejf jn ofdprfdbsf sne duy
nhnvejf pere iereltbzer ofmnsbÿl y ulbjej. Oueljf nh nqubpf nstå ehblnejf, aulobfle ofdf ule tftehbjej. Oueljf hes
pnrsfles jn ul nqubpf lf eotûel nl erdfläe, sn jnspnrjbobe nlnriäe. Ns ofdf hfs blstrudnltfs jn ule frqunste,
jn`nl tfoer ofdf sb aunrel ulf sfhf, pnrf pere nsf ns lnonserbf nlseyer. Nl nh nqubpf, nsn nlseyf sn oflsbiun e
trevâs jnh jbåhfif, he jbsousbÿl, nh rnspntf y he nsouome e tfjes hes pnrsfles.
Nh nqubpf surin pfrqun tbnln he pftnlobehbjej jn epfrter vehfr e hf qun hes pnrsfles bljbvbjuehdnltn pfjndfs
orner. Nl prblobpbf, nh nqubpf tfde dnkfrns jnobsbflns qun hes pnrsfles oueljf hes jnobsbflns sfl duy ofdphnkes,
oueljf ns lnonserbf elehbzer jbvnrses pnrspnotbves f oueljf he bdphboeobÿl jnpnljn jn he f`njbnlobe. Snrf pere qun
tfjf nstf fourre ns lnonserbf qun nh oflfobdbnltf y nh pftnlobeh jbspflb`hn jn hes pnrsfles snel epfrtejfs e he sude
jnh nqubpf. Nl psbofhfiäe sfobeh jbstbltes blvnstbieobflns duy rnvnhejfres oflohuynl qun obnrtes oereotnrästboes jn
nqubpfs hhnvel e prfonsfs jn tfde jn jnobsbflns qun aevfrnonl he fpblbÿl ûlboe y lf nh jn`etn (Ievbrbe nt eh.,
eh., 035?).
Sfr teltf, he mnrredbnlte pere iereltbzer jnobsbflns eprfpbejes ns nh jbåhfif
jbåhfif,, pnrf lf jn ouehqubnr tbpf.
Nh jbåhfif sbilbaboe ntbdfhÿiboednltn «e trevâs· jn he «pehe`re·. Meon rnanrnlobe e ehif qun sn oflstruyn e pertbr
jn hes pehe`res, epfyåljflfs nl nhhes. Nh f`kntbvf jnh jbåhfif ns oflstrubr ehif qun tresobnljn eh bljbvbjuf. Ns pertbr
jn hf blofdphntf jn db pnlsedbnltf y ejnltrersn nl he fpfrtulbjej jn eprnljbzekn qun supfln vnr ofl ftrfs fkfs,
ofl ftre pnrspnotbve. Bdphboe, pfr teltf, ule eotbtuj jn epnrture y rnspntf,
rnspntf, fpunste jbedntrehdnltn eh `hbljekn jn
hes fpblbflns prfpbes y e he aehte jn nsouome. Lf ns ule `etehhe. Hfs nifs jn`nl qunjersn aunre. Sere pfjnr jbehfier
jn nste delnre sn rnqubnrnl, pfr teltf, obnrtes ofljbobflns (Gfadel, 0335);
‟ _uspnlsbÿl jn lunstrfs kubobfs. Lf sbilbaboe nhbdbler nh su`kntbvbsdf. _bilbaboe tnlnr oflsobnlobe jn
lunstrfs supunstfs y ounstbflerhfs. Nvbter he bhusbÿl jn qun «db vnrjej ns he vnrjej·.
‟ Qnrlfs ofdf ehbejfs. Ofdf rnofrjerås, ule jn hes jbsaulobflns epultejes pfr Hnlobflb nre prnobsednltn he
bloepeobjej jnh nqubpf pere qun sus dbnd`rfs sn dunstrnl vuhlnre`hns. Jn`ndfs rnoflfonr nh rbnsif dutuf
qun esudbdfs dfstreljf lunstres hbdbteobflns y jn`bhbjejns y nste`hnonr obnrte sniurbjej pere earflterhf.
Lfs nlofltredfs ofl nqubpfs qun lf tbnlnl suabobnltn oflabelze ofdf pere dfstrersn ofdf sfl y jnserrfhhel
rutbles jnanlsbves pfr dbnjf e nxpflnr hfs pnlsedbnltfs qun mey jntrås jn sus fpblbflns f pfr dbnjf e qun
hes jndås pnrsfles jnsou`rel sus nrrfrns.
‟ Nqubhb`rbf nltrn e`streoobÿl y oflornobÿl. Nxbstnl jbåhfifs qun sfl jbvnrinltns y lf `usoel nh eounrjf,
sblf f`tnlnr dås blafrdeobÿl y oflter ofl ule bdeinl dås edphbe. _fl sehuje`hns, pnrf nl foesbflns mey
qun peuter tbndpfs pere qun, jnspuâs jn nse aesn jbvnrinltn, nh jbåhfif sn veye eonroeljf prfirnsbvednltn eh
f`kntf jn he jbsousbÿl y oflahuye nl âh pere hfirer ul oflsnlsf qun `usoe hf ofdûl jn jbvnrses pnrspnotbves
bljbvbjuehns.
‟ Pnahnxbÿl, bljeieobÿl y ourbfsbjej. Snrdbtbr qun lunstres fpblbflns suarel blahunlobes eknles. Lf oflauljbr
lunstrfs dfjnhfs dnltehns ofl he rnehbjej.
‟ Bltnireobÿl jnh oflahbotf. Nh oflahbotf ns mudelf y ns prfjuotbvf. Hfs nqubpfs pfof nanotbvfs vbvnl
pfherbzejfs f nl ule erdfläe supnrabobeh. Oueljf hfs oflahbotfs sn oeduahel, he nlnriäe sn jnjboe e ounstbflns
ehnkejes jnh prfpÿsbtf.

9.:. Lnifobeobÿl ornetbve. Oflstrubr sblnribes

 Oflstrubr sblnribes ns hfirer ofl nh tfjf ehif deyfr qun he sude jn hes pertns. Ns esudbr qun jn delnre bljbvbjueh
luloe vedfs e oflsniubr hf qun sn hfire jn delnre ofdpertbje.
Nstf bdphboe, pfr ul hejf, peser jn hes pfsbobflns e hfs bltnrnsns. Pnsuhte duomf dås snlobhhf oflsnlsuer hfs
bltnrnsns qun su`yeonl e hes pfsbobflns, qun hes pfsbobflns nl sä. _n trete jn jntnoter hes lnonsbjejns ofdulns qun
mey jntrås jn hes ehtnrletbves nxbstnltns. Sfljrâ ul nkndphf; nl ul nqubpf, he pnrsfle qun rnprnsnlte eh jnpertednltf
jn prfjuoobÿl sn lbnie e blorndnlter nl ul 0% nh prnsupunstf jnstblejf e pu`hbobjej, dbnltres qun he pnrsfle jn
dergntbli hf pheltne ofdf blnhujb`hn pere he supnrvbvnlobe jn he ndprnse. ^le delnre jn eonroer pfstures tbnln qun
vnr ofl jnsvnher quâ bltnrnsns su`yeonl, pfr nkndphf7 evnrbiuer he rezÿl pfr he qun jnsjn prfjuoobÿl sn pfsbobflnl
nl ofltre. Nlafoejf jnsjn equä qubzå surkel ounstbflns qun tbnlnl qun vnr ofl qun nsn jnsnd`fhsf pnrkujbqun e hes
dnkfres f blvnrsbflns nl dequblerbe qun qubnrnl prfpflnr f e ehif dås bltelib`hn, ofdf he bdpfrtelobe rnhetbve jn
he prfjuoobÿl nl nh oflkultf jn he ndprnse. ^le vnz nsouomejf nsn bltnrâs f prnfoupeobÿl, pfjndfs jer ule
rnspunste ejnoueje y jns`hfquner he sbtueobÿl, pfr nkndphf, iereltbzeljf ftrf 0% jn blvnrsbÿl nl dequblerbe f
ofdprfdntbnljf qun he blvnrsbÿl jnh sbiubnltn nknrobobf sn merå nl nh jnpertednltf jn prfjuoobÿl, nto.
Sfr ftrf hejf, sblnribzer ted`bâl bdphboe eonpter, vehfrer y onhn`rer hes jbanrnlobes (Ofvny, 5223). E`rbr he punrte
e he ornetbvbjej. Nstn pultf ted`bâl nstå vblouhejf ofl hf eltnrbfr, pfrqun oueljf sn trete jn rnspfljnr e bltnrnsns,
hes pfsb`bhbjejns jn jer rnspunste sn duhtbphboel, arnltn e hes pfsbobflns qun sunhnl snr dås räibjes n blahnxb`hns.
Nl foesbflns, vbsuehbzedfs hfs jbhndes ofdf bltnreoobflns sbdâtrboes, nl hfs qun sb yf jbif E, he ftre pnrsfle
jbon @, ofdf ehif fpunstf e db pfsture. _bl nd`erif, oueljf hes jbstbltes pnrspnotbves sn nlafoel jnsjn hes
bltnreoobflns ofdphndnlterbes, nstf qubnrn jnobr qun sb yf jbif E, ftre pnrsfle punjn jnobr E‒ y ftre E‒‒, y tfjes
nhhes punjnl tnlnr, esä, he pfsb`bhbjej jn oflahubr nl ule fpobÿl ofdpertbje (Afrâs y @eom, 033=).

Biuehdnltn, he sblnribe ns trelsafrdeobÿl, ns eprfvnomer hes oepeobjejns ornetbves. Lf sn trete jn trelsbibr, sblf jn
orner. Ns ul prfonsf frbnltejf e rnsuhtejfs. Ns ul nsaunrzf pere oflsniubr ule sfhuobÿl, ul prfonsf nxbinltn, lf
oflafrdbste. R pertn, pfr supunstf, jn he epnrture e hf jbanrnltn, jn he oepeobjej jn vnrlfs ofdf ul tfjf, lf ofdf
nhndnltfs snperejfs. _niurednltn, me`rås fäjf ehiule vnz he aresn jn; «lf « lf sbies, qun dn ves e eoe`er
oflvnlobnljf·,
oflvnlobnljf ·, ofdf sb aunre ul pnhbirf qun ehiubnl lfs oflvnlobnre.
Dntfjfhfiäe; ¶Oÿdf sn meon6
Zn prfpflif ehiules mnrredbnltes `åsboes pere nstn prfonsf (Ofvny, 5223);
‟ Qnrbaboer he jbspfsbobÿl. Srbdnrf mey qun prniulter y vehfrer nl quâ ofltnxtf f sbtueobÿl jn pertbje lfs
nlofltredfs; sb nxbstnl `errnres, sb sn jntnotel mfstbhbjejns, nto.
‟ Eofrjer ul tbndpf pere oflstrubr oflsnlsf. He aehte jn tbndpf hhnve e he supnrabobehbjej. Eh nvbter treter hf
prfauljf, lf `usoedfs he sfhuobÿl.
‟ Uun oeje pnrsfle tnlie ul turlf nl nh qun punje farnonr su fpblbÿl sbl bltnrrupobflns.
‟ Uun e pertbr jn nse prbdnre nxpfsbobÿl, qubnl bltnrvnlie rnahnkn hfs pultfs jn vbste jn hes jndås pnrsfles, eltns
jnh suyf. Lf sn punjn pheltner he bjne prfpbe, meste qun lf sn jndunstre qun sn me ofdprnljbjf he eknle.
‟ Lf sn punjn kuzier, sfhf pnjbr oherbaboeobflns.
‟ Uun tfjes hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf tnliel oherf qun oueljf nsouomel, tbnlnl qun nsouomer eotbvednltn. Ofl
epnrture y suspnljbnljf nh kubobf. Zreterndfs jn nhhf ofl jntehhn nl nh sbiubnltn `hfqun.
‟ Srfpflnr y inlnrer lunves bjnes meste qun sn hfire ule lunve ehtnrletbve ornetbve.

9.>. Nh tbndpf nl nh prfonsf jn jnobjbr

Nl nstn epertejf dn vfy e onltrer nl he esbileobÿl jnh tbndpf nl hes rnulbflns jn tre`ekf y nl rnheobÿl ofl nh
frjnl jnh jäe, qun ye evelze`e nl nh epertejf jn hes ounstbflns prnvbes.
He prbdnre ounstbÿl e jbhuobjer nl nstn snltbjf ns nh f`kntbvf inlnreh jn he rnulbÿl. Lf ns hf dbsdf qun sn
oflvfqun ule rnulbÿl blafrdetbve, jn jn`etn f rnahnxbve, pere tfder ule jnobsbÿl f pere sfhuobfler ule ounstbÿl
oflornte. Nh nqubpf jn`n oherbaboer quâ sn nspnre jnh ofhnotbvf. Jn hf ofltrerbf, suribrål jujes y he lf oherbjej jn
f`kntbvfs merå qun he rnulbÿl sne dås prfohbvn e snr pfof aruotäanre. Sfr teltf, eltns jn oflvfoer ule rnulbÿl, jn`n
qunjer nspnobaboejf pere quâ lfs rnulbdfs, ouåh ns nh f`kntbvf.
f`kntbvf. Esbdbsdf, ns prnobsf tnlnr nl ounlte obnrtes
tnljnlobes qun sunhnl epernonr vblouhejes e he tbpfhfiäe jn oeje rnulbÿl;
‟ _b ule pnrsfle jbledbze he rnulbÿl y he tbnln duy `bnl prnpereje y offrjbleje, he rnulbÿl snrå naboez, pnrf ns
pfsb`hn qun jnserrfhhn pesbvbjej nl nh rnstf.
‟ ^le rnulbÿl duy e`bnrte y pertbobpetbve aevfrnon nh oflsnlsf, pnrf punjn rehnltbzer y meonrsn blnaboez.
‟ ^le `unle rnulbÿl blafrdetbve tbnln nh vehfr jnh ofltnlbjf, pnrf lf aevfrnon he tfde jn jnobsbflns.
‟ Hes rnulbflns jns`frjeltns jn ornetbvbjej punjnl farnonr jbabouhtejns pere qun hes pnrsfles sn onltrnl.
E pertbr jn nstn pultf, surin nh frjnl jnh jäe,
jäe, qun ns he peute e trevâs jn he oueh sn frjnlel hfs esultfs qun nh
nqubpf jn`n treter nl oflkultf (Oerjfl, 033>). Nl nstn snltbjf, rnsuhte duy oherbaboejfr f`snrver oÿdf nh nqubpf
frielbze sus bltnrvehfs jn tbndpf y nh snltbjf qun su`yeon eh frjnl jnh jäe; hf qun sbilbaboe, hf qun aeobhbte, hf qun
rnaunrze f hf qun f`steouhbze.
Ehiules prniultes rnofdnlje`hns eh rnspnotf pfjräel snr;

‟ Uuâ sbilbaboe qun nh nqubpf ofhfqun nstn tnde nl nstn nspeobf jn he rnulbÿl (prblobpbf, dbtej, ableh).
‟ Uuâ sbilbaboe qun hn meye oflonjbjf ule oeltbjej jn tbndpf e nsn tnde.
‟ Uuâ tndes lf epernonl nl nh frjnl jnh jäe y jn`nräel abiurer.
‟ Ouåhns lf jn`nräel abiurer.
‟ Nl nh trelsoursf jn he rnulbÿl, elehbzer sb sn oed`bel jn frjnl hfs tndes f sb sn hn rnesbilel tbndpfs (dås pere
ehiulfs espnotfs y dnlfs pere ftrfs).
‟ Omnquner sb sn prfjuonl jns`frjedbnltfs, nl nh snltbjf jn sb lfs nlofltredfs ofl tndes pere hfs qun nste`e
prnvbste ule jureobÿl qun eoe`e sf`rnpesåljfsn, y utbhbzeljf nh tbndpf jn ftrfs epertejfs.
‟ Ouåhns sfl hfs tndes onltrehns y hfs pnrbaârbofs. Qehfrer sb jn`ndfs oed`ber prbfrbjejns.
‟ Uuâ prnfoupeobflns rnepernonl sbstndåtboednltn
sbstndåtboednltn y lf sn tretel meste nh ableh.
‟ Uuâ prfynotfs sfl tretejfs prbfrbterbednltn, `bnl pfr nh huier nl nh qun sn ofhfoel nl nh frjnl jnh jäe f pfr nh
tbndpf qun sn hns jnjboe y, sbl nd`erif, lf epfrtel irel vehfr.
‟ Uuâ jnobsbflns sn fhvbjel.
‟ Ouåhns sfl hfs prf`hndes oäohbofs.

Leje ns oesueh. Zfjf tbnln ul snltbjf. He ounstbÿl ohevn ns elehbzer quâ sbilbaboe pere nh nqubpf aulobfler jn nste
delnre, pere quâ hn nstå sbrvbnljf. Nh nqubpf punjn elehbzer jn quâ delnre trete sus tndes y, pfr nkndphf, ieler
oflsobnlobe sf`rn he bdpfrtelobe rnhetbve qun nstå jeljf e ehiulfs jn nhhfs, nl jntrbdnltf jn ftrfs.

Zed`bâl snpunjn
ndpbnzel, elehbzery he
jnserrfhhel oehbjejhes
tnrdblel jnhrnulbflns.
tbndpf jnjboejf, hfs he
Bjnehdnltn, rbtdfs f hejn`nräe
rnulbÿl oflonltreobÿl
tnlnr ulnl hfs nqubhb`rejf
rbtdf tndes. Oÿdf y
deltnlbjf (Oerjfl, 033>). Jn ehiule delnre, hes rnulbflns sfl ul dfjnhf jn oÿdf sn instbflel nl ftre nsoehe hfs
prfynotfs.
Ablehdnltn, snräe `unlf abker orbtnrbfs jn dnjbobÿl, elehbzeljf pfr nkndphf nh frjnl jnh jäe jn hes ûhtbdes > f 53
rnulbflns y elehbzeljf hes jnobsbflns qun sn tfderfl y nh irejf jn oudphbdbnltf f rnsuhtejf jn hes dbsdes.
Nl rnsudnl, hes rnulbflns y nh sniubdbnltf jn tndes nl hes dbsdes sfl ul åd`btf nxtrefrjblerbf jn eutfelåhbsbs y
eprnljbzekn pere nh nqubpf.

9.1. Mnrredbnltes
Nl nstn epertejf vfy e ofdpertbr ofltbif ehiules mnrredbnltes qun punjnl ofltrb`ubr e dnkfrer nh prfonsf jn
tfde jn jnobsbflns nl tu nqubpf. ¡Ofdnlzedfs!

e) Pnulbflns jnhniejes
 Ehebl Oerjfl5 (033?) nl su f`re Ofeombli jn nqubpfs prfpfln nste tâolboe jn ephboeobÿl pere nqubpfs qun nstål
oflstbtubjfs y qun tre`ekel kultfs jn delnre me`btueh.
_n utbhbze pere meonr arnltn e obnrtes jbsaulobflehbjejns qun surinl ofdf oflsnounlobe jn qun hes dbsdes
pnrsfles sunhnl jnsndpnõer hfs dbsdfs rfhns nl hes rnulbflns.
Oflsbstn nl oed`ber me`btuehdnltn y jn delnre sbstndåtboe jn rfh nl hes rnulbflns, nxonptf nh jnh einltn jn
jnobsbÿl, qun lfrdehdnltn sunhn ofrrnspfljnr eh hbjnrezif. He rfteobÿl aeobhbte he blafrdeobÿl, jnhnieobÿl,
ofhe`freobÿl, ofrrnspflse`bhbjej
ofrrnspflse`bhbjej y rnpertf jn blahunlobe (Oerjfl, 033>).
Nltrn hfs rfhns jn he rnulbÿl qun sn bltnroed`bel sn nlounltrel hfs sbiubnltns;

‟ Srfonsf jn jnobsbÿl
_b hn pnrtnlnon nl nxohusbve eh hbjnrezif, nh nqubpf sn meon pesbvf y sn kustbaboe ofl nh ofltrfh qun fstnlte qubnl
hbjnre. Ns lnonserbf blsteurer ule ouhture jn he jnhnieobÿl y qun nh hbjnrezif tfdn hes jnobsbflns qun hn
ofrrnspfljnl nl vbrtuj jn su rfh, sbnljf biuehdnltn blafrdejf jn hes jnobsbflns jnh nqubpf.

‟ Pfh jn pertbobpeltn
Hf tbnlnl tfjes hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf. _n nspnre qun hes pnrsfles tnliel fpblbÿl y epfrtnl su oflfobdbnltf y
nxpnrbnlobe. He pertbobpeobÿl tbnln qun prbfrbzer hfs bltnrnsns jnh nqubpf, lf hfs jn ftrfs punstfs qun foupedfs.

‟ Dfjnreobÿl
Ns he pnrsfle qun jbledbze, qun jbrbin he rnulbÿl. Etren he etnlobÿl y instbfle he nlnriäe. Zrete jn qun hes
rnheobflns snel ahubjes.

‟ Uubnl prnsbfle hes jnobsbflns

Nstn rfh trete jn iereltbzer qun hes jnobsbflns nstâl oherednltn afrduhejes y qun snel dnjb`hns, qun
nste`hnzoedfs phezfs y rnspflse`hns (ule ûlboe pnrsfle pere nvbter oflausbÿl). Jn`n prnperer ul rnsudnl jn he
jbstrb`uobÿl jn ternes bldnjbetednltn jnspuâs jn he rnulbÿl y ofdpertbrhe ofl nh rnstf.

‟ Uubnl deroe nh rbtdf

Ns ul rnhfk perheltn. Nh rbtdf jn bltnrvnlobflns tbnln qun snr biueh pere tfje he rnulbÿl y lf supnrer hfs 53
dblutfs. Lf ns rnspflse`hn jn qun sn oudphel hfs phezfs f jn pfjnr bltnrrudpbr f ofrter. Nh tbndpf jn he
rnulbÿl pnrtnlnon eh nqubpf.

‟ Ofeom
Eh ableh jn he rnulbÿl, sn rnsnrve ul dälbdf jn 5> dblutfs pere qun ule f jfs pnrsfles jnl fpblbflns sf`rn
oÿdf dnkfrer, nvbteljf kubobfs y f`snrveobflns inlnrehns. Jn`nl me`her jnsjn nh yf y prfpflnr sfhuobflns.

`) Zâolboe jn he vfz jnh nqubpf

_n utbhbze pere euler nhndnltfs qun sn vbvnl ofdf ul jbhnde, pere treter tndes qun sfl epernltndnltn
ofltrejbotfrbfs f qun prnsnltel lnonsbjejns ofltrepunstes.
Nste tâolboe pertn jn qun nl ul nqubpf oeje pnrsfle tbnln sus pnrspnotbves y lnonsbjejns, pnrf ted`bâl jn qun nl
tfjfs hfs nqubpfs sn orne ule bjnltbjej jbanrnltn jn he sude jn hes pertns. _u f`kntbvf ns farnonr ule mnrredbnlte
pere sehbr jn hes pnrspnotbves bljbvbjuehns y ofhfoerlfs nl he pnrspnotbve jnh nqubpf.
Sere nhhf, sn ofhfoe ule sbhhe veoäe nl ul huier qun lf tnlie ofllfteobflns y sn blvbte e hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf e
fouperhe pere farnonr jnsjn ehhä «he
«he vfz jnh nqubpf·,
nqubpf·, ns jnobr, pere me`her jnsjn nh «lfsftrfs/es·, jnsjn nh prfpÿsbtf
ofdpertbjf (Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).
Ehiules rnofdnljeobflns eh rnspnotf snräel;

‟ Eltns jn pflnrtn nl he sbhhe jnh nqubpf, ns rnofdnlje`hn me`nr farnobjf tu fpblbÿl pnrsfleh.

‟ Jer ul tbndpf pere treshejertn aäsboednltn jn tu sbhhe e he jnh nqubpf.

‟ Qehfrer sb hf qun ves e nxpflnr hf jbons jnsjn tu vbsbÿl bljbvbjueh f jnsjn he jnh nqubpf. Nxphfrer sb ns nh sbtbf
 dås ejnouejf pere he epfrteobÿl qun ves e meonr.
‟ Lf pnrdbtbr qun sn usn he sbhhe pere fpblbflns pnrsflehns.
‟ Uun hes bltnrvnlobflns nl lfd`rn jnh nqubpf snel `rnvns.

Nste tâolboe sunhn snrvbr pere nvbjnlober quâ punjn nster lnonsbteljf nh nqubpf7 quâ se`n nh nqubpf nl nh åd`btf
ofhnotbvf qun bilfre bljbvbjuehdnltn7 sb nh nqubpf pujbnre jnobr ehif e hes pnrsfles bltnireltns, quâ snräe.

o) Hes tbnrres
Nste tâolboe sn utbhbze pere tre`eker ofl he jbvnrsbjej, ofl blofdprnlsbflns mbstÿrboes, nl âpfoes jn oed`bf f
oueljf lfs nlofltredfs ofl pnrsfles jn jbstbltfs fräinlns. Ouelte dås jbanrnlobe, dås eprnljbzekn. Zfjes hes
pnrspnotbves tbnlnl pertn jn vnrjej y, tfjes, hbdbteobflns.
hbdbteobflns.
_n trete jn orner ul oedpf ndfobfleh qun pnrdbte sehbr jn lunstre bljbvbjuehbjej y jn lunstre pnrspnotbve.
Oflstrubr ofdprnlsbÿl y eprnobeobÿl nltrn jnpertednltfs jn he frielbzeobÿl y nltrn pnrsfles jn ul nqubpf qun nl
eperbnlobe rnsuhtel brrnoflobhbe`hns.
brrnoflobhbe`hns. Afrtehnonr nh «lfsftrfs/es·.
Nh f`kntbvf ns qun oeje jnpertednltf f pnrsfle sn pflie nl hfs zepetfs jn ftrf. Lf meon aehte qun nstâ jn
eounrjf. Ns sbdphndnltn ul vbekn nxphfretfrbf. Qes e ftre ouhture y he vbsbtes ofl rnspntf. Zbnln ul f`kntbvf dås jn
snltbr qun jn reobflehbzer (Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).
Aäsboednltn, sn jbvbjn nh nspeobf nl verbfs jnpertednltfs f snoobflns. Hes pnrsfles qun pertbobpel sn ofhfoel nl
nh nspeobf qun ofrrnspfljn e oeje ulf jn nsfs jnpertednltfs y hfs vel vbsbteljf ulf e ulf jureltn ul tbndpf, nl nh
qun nxpnrbdnltel oÿdf ns «vbvbr· nl nsn huier, oÿdf ns tre`eker nl nstn jnpertednltf, quâ fourrn, quâ prnfoupe,
quâ lnonsbtel. Jnspuâs, ofdnltel y jnoherel ouåh ns su pfsbobÿl.
Zres ablehbzer nstn pnrbphf pfr he tftehbjej jn su`snoobflns, hes pnrsfles sn ofhfoel kultes nl nh dbsdf ouejreltn
qun rnprnsnlte lunstre tbnrre, nh «lfsftrfs/es·. He ounstbÿl ns qun nh nqubpf vbsuehbon y ofdprnlje, ofl hf qun tren
jn tfjf nh btblnrerbf, quâ me oed`bejf y quâ punjn oflstrubr jnkeljf etrås pnrspnotbves bljbvbjuehns.
Ofdf oflohusbÿl, dn iusteräe pultuehbzer qun nstes tâolboes lf sfl ehif ebshejf qun tbnln ul bdpeotf jbrnotf f
rejboeh, sblf qun jn`nl oflsbjnrersn ofdf pertn jn ul prfonsf. Ns lnonserbf qun jntrås jn nstes mnrredbnltes nxbste
ul jbeilÿstbof qun hes kustbabqun y ule prnjbspfsbobÿl pfr pertn jnh nqubpf e qunrnr oed`ber, eprnljnr y dnkfrer.

5 Ehebl Oerjfl ns ofeom jnsjn 0330 y me sbjf rnoflfobjf auljednltehdnltn pfr sus ofdpntnlobes nspnoäaboes nl
ofeombli sbstâdbof nknoutbvf, ofeombli jn nqubpfs y ofeombli frielbzeobfleh, ephboejes biuehdnltn e he afrdeobÿl y
he oflsuhtfräe.
@HFU^N BB
NU^BSF. NDFOBFLEHBJEJ OFHNOZBQE R DFZBQEOBßL
 Oepätuhf =
Nh nqubpf ofdf rnheobÿl
 Ofdnlzedfs nh epesbfleltn vbekn jn sudnribrlfs nl nh elåhbsbs jnh nqubpf, jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jn he rnheobÿl. Nl
nstn epertejf treterndfs jn ounstbflns qun jn delnre blnhujb`hn rnsuhtel ofdulns e hes bltnreoobflns mudeles nl
inlnreh, eulqun ofl hfs detbons qun eh nqubpf hn oflabnrn he prnsnlobe jn su terne y nh mnomf jn qun hes pnrsfles lf
sunhnl tnlnr oepeobjej pere nhnibr ofl quâ ftres pnrsfles afrde ul nqubpf. ¶Dn eofdpeões nl nste evnlture6
Nl prbdnr huier, dn iusteräe rnsoeter qun he pehe`re nqubpf
nqubpf,, nl su eonpobÿl blihnse tned
tned,, tbnln ntbdfhÿiboednltn
ntbdfhÿiboednltn
jfs sbilbaboejfs; ulf, ns rehne f hblekn, pnrf nh ftrf, qun ns nh qun qubnrf jnsteoer equä, ns «elbdehns jn tbrf· (Ejebr,
035:). Iuerjeljf
jn pnrsfles, hes jbstelobes,
su pftnlobe jn tbrfdn iuste nsteNlsniulje
f ndpukn. eonpobÿl lf
nstn nsonlerbf, pfrqun
oe`ndn
hf nvfoe
qun nlhe Ssbofhfiäe
eoobÿl ofd`bleje
sfobeh snjnjnlfdble
ul irupf
«mfhiezelnräe sfobeh·, qun sn prfjuon oueljf ehiubnl sn pnrdbtn lf epfrter su oepeobjej eh ofhnotbvf, vbvbnljf jnh
nsaunrzf jn hfs jndås (Ievbrbe nt eh.,
eh., 035?).
Hfs nqubpfs sfhf ehoelzel su irejf ÿptbdf jn naboeobe sb tfjf nh duljf «je nh oehhf· f «suje he oedbsnte·. Jn
lunvf, nl blihâs nxbstn ule nxprnsbÿl duy rnvnhejfre ofdf nqubvehnltn e nstes ftres qun ns «puhh tmn wnbimt·, qun
sbilbaboe «nomer f pflnr nh pnsf·. Nste nxprnsbÿl vbnln jnh rndf, y sn jn`n e qun ule pnrsfle qun nl ule trbpuheobÿl
lf bdprbdn tfjf su pnsf eh rndf supfln ul hestrn pere nh rnstf, y nl obnrtf irejf, sn oflvbnrtn nl ul peseknrf, ul
pnsf dunrtf (Ejebr, 035:). Nl nusgnre
nusgnre,, pfr nkndphf, he nxprnsbÿl `etniblbg nkndphbaboe nh mnomf jn qun nh nqubpf sn
meon ulf. Nl tfjf oesf, nh âxbtf jnpnljn jn qun oeje pnrsfle jnh nqubpf meie tfjf hf qun punje, jåljfhf tfjf jn sä
dbsde.
Jnh rnofrrbjf qun mndfs rnehbzejf meste emfre, ye mndfs eprnljbjf qun hes jblådboes lf sfl oesuehns y lf
fourrnl pfrqun sä. Uun e vnons ns prnobsf `uoner `ekf he supnrabobn pere vnr quâ aunrzes punjnl nster eanoteljf e hes
ofljuotes y ofdpfrtedbnltfs bljbvbjuehns y ofhnotbvfs. Zfjfs hfs tndes tretejfs nl nh @hfqun B tbnlnl ule
blahunlobe tresonljnltn nl he blvfhuoreobÿl jn hes pnrsfles y fs blvbtf e elehbzer su jnsndpnõf jnsjn prbsdes
ehnkejfs jn hfs kubobfs y jn hes ouhpe`bhbzeobflns. Me`herndfs jn nstf ofl jntehhn nl he vbsbÿl sbstâdboe, pnrf he
prndbse jn pertbje ns qun tfjes hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf sfdfs ofrrnspflse`hns jn hf qun sn orne nl lunstre
bltnreoobÿl.
Nl tfjf oesf, dn iusteräe ofdnlzer rnofibnljf ehiulfs etrb`utfs qun jn`nl afrder pertn jnh nqubpf nl su
vnrtbnltn rnheobfleh (Ejebr, 035:);

‟ Hnehtej y ofdprfdbsf
Hnehtej jn hes pnrsfles eh prfpÿsbtf ofdûl, blvbrtbnljf kultes su tbndpf y su tehnltf, ehnkejes jn ouehqubnr
nsqunde jn pesbvbjej.

‟ Ofdphndnlterbnjej
Nh nsaunrzf ofd`blejf supnre hf qun punjn oflsniubr ouehqubnr dbnd`rf bljbvbjueh. Nh nqubpf jn`n snltbr qun
kultfs/es sfl dås aunrtns.

‟ ^lbjej
Nh hbjnrezif jn`n prfdfvnr he ulbjej, nvbteljf aevfrnonr e pnrsfles f su`irupfs nl jntrbdnltf jn ftrfs,
meobnljf f jbobnljf ofses qun ehbdnltnl hes jbsnlsbflns y he jbsofrjbe; «Zfjfs tus petfs sfl obslns·.

‟ Jn biueh e biueh
Hes frielbzeobflns eltns nrel knrårquboes, petnrlehbstes. Emfre, sn trete jn orner ul pertnlerbejf, ule
oflvnrseobÿl nltrn pnrsfles ejuhtes. Nl nstn epertejf, he nsouome eotbve ns ule ofdpntnlobe auljednlteh.

‟ Pnspflse`bhbjej
He rnspflse`bhbjej bdphboe oerie, pnrf ns he ûlboe väe pere tnlnr y snltbr nh ofltrfh. Hf fpunstf e he
rnspflse`bhbjej ns nh vbotbdbsdf f he qunke, qun lfs hb`nre pnrf lfs bloepeobte. ¶Uuâ sehn dås oerf6

‟ Pnspntf e he bljbvbjuehbjej
Hfs nqubpfs nstål ofdpunstfs pfr pnrsfles bljbvbjuehns, oeje ule ofl ul oflkultf prfpbf jn lnonsbjejns. Nh
nqubpf jn`n eprnljnr e eprfvnomer hf ûlbof y nxonpobfleh jn oeje pnrsfle.
 Nl ouehqubnr oesf, nl nh åd`btf ndfobfleh, hes frielbzeobflns y ndprnses jn`nl eprnljnr e snr dås oflsobnltns
sf`rn oÿdf sn sbnltnl, e ieler deyfr reobflehbjej sf`rn su duljf ndfobfleh y sf`rn oÿdf nstn eanote e su
jnsndpnõf. _n trete jn ule me`bhbjej qun, eh biueh qun ouehqubnr ofdpntnlobe, sn nltrnle. ¶Oÿdf6 Srnsteljf
etnlobÿl e tfjf hf qun fourrn, pnroetåljfsn jn hes oflsnounlobes, oflsbjnreljf e hes jndås pnrsfles y e ulf/e
dbsdf/e ofdf jetfs rnhnveltns, rnoflfobnljf eh ftrf/e ofdf ul «tu·.
Re ofdnltedfs eh prblobpbf jn nstn hb`rf qun ule pnrsfle bltnhbinltn lf meon e ul nqubpf bltnhbinltn y qun mey
nqubpfs qun aulobflel «e pnser jn· hes pnrsfles qun tre`ekel nl nhhfs, dbnltres ftrfs, ofdpunstfs pfr pnrsfles
`rbhheltns, jnserrfhhel blnrobes blnaboeons. ^l nqubpf bltnhbinltn ns equnh oepez jn seoer hf dnkfr jn hes pnrsfles.
^le jn hes ohevns pere nhhf pertn brÿlboednltn jn qun nh nqubpf esude qun, teltf bljbvbjuehdnltn ofdf ofhnotbvf,
ns mudelf y, pfr teltf, bdpnranotf. Ofdf nxpfln deibstrehdnltn Snõehvnr (0332), ul nqubpf naboez ns oepez jn
jersn ounlte jn sus jn`bhbjejns y supnrer hes tnljnlobes leturehns qun f`steouhbzel he oflabelze, nh oflahbotf, nh
ofdprfdbsf, he rnspflse`bhbjej y nh tre`ekf onltrejf nl hfs rnsuhtejfs.
Hes ndfobflns y nstejfs jn ålbdf jnh nqubpf, eulqun snel ofdf ule snlseobÿl jbause qun lf sn vn oherednltn
pnrf qun sn rnspbre y sn sbnltn nl nh ed`bnltn, eanotel e su jnsndpnõf nl ul ireljäsbdf pfronltekn. Ehiulfs/es
eutfrns/es me`hel jn ule blobjnlobe jnh ?3% nl sus rnsuhtejfs. Nl foesbflns, sn jnjboe ule blinltn oeltbjej jn
tbndpf, rnoursfs y nlnriäe e nstretnibes, phelns y prfonjbdbnltfs qun, sfrprnljnltndnltn, lf farnonl hfs rnsuhtejfs
qun sn nspnrel. Dnrnon he pnle, pfr oflsbiubnltn, ieler nl oflsobnlobe y tre`eker nl he nxpelsbÿl jn ofltnxtfs
ndfobflehns bltnhbinltns, pfsbtbvfs y iretbaboeltns qun pfsb`bhbtnl, esä, nh jnserrfhhf pnrsfleh y prfansbfleh (Snõehvnr,
0332).
Eh biueh qun hes pnrsfles, nl hfs nqubpfs ted`bâl nxbstn ul trbåliuhf qun blohuyn hf qun nh nqubpf pbnlse, hf qun
sbnltn y oÿdf sn ofdpfrte. Nl aulobÿl jn oÿdf pbnlsn nh nqubpf, esä sn snltbrå y eotuerå nl oflsnounlobe.
¶Uubnrns qun tu nqubpf jbsarutn f suare su rnehbjej6 Nl ouehqubnr obroulstelobe, tû y tu nqubpf pfjâbs nhnibr.
 Oepätuhf 2
Oflfonrtn y oflfonr e tu nqubpf

2.5. Eutfnstbde y afrtehnzes.

2.0. Snlsedbnltf, ndfobÿl, eoobÿl.
2.?. Oepeobjej jn nhnibr y ofrrnspflse`bhbjej.
 Jnsjn qun Jelbnh Ifhndel5 (522>) oflsbiubÿ pfpuherbzer nh oflonptf jn bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh,
ndfobfleh,0 he bltnhbinlobe
sn oflsbjnre ul aeotfr dûhtbphn, lf ûlbof, qun blohuyn he instbÿl jn hes ndfobflns.
He bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh blohuyn, nltrn ftres me`bhbjejns, he oepeobjej jn dftbverlfs, jn pnrsnvnrer nl nh
ndpnõf e pnser jn hes pfsb`hns arustreobflns, jn ofltrfher hfs bdpuhsfs, jn jbanrbr hes iretbaboeobflns, jn rniuher
lunstrfs prfpbfs nstejfs jn ålbdf, jn nvbter qun he eliustbe, he re`be f nh dbnjf bltnrabnrel nl lunstres aeouhtejns
reobflehns y he oepeobjej jn ndpetbzer y oflaber nl ftres pnrsfles. Nl rnsudnl, sn trete jn he me`bhbjej jn jfter jn
bltnhbinlobe e he
jn bltnreoobÿl ndfobÿl
mudele, pfry hf
suqun
åd`btf jn ephboeobÿl
biuehdnltn eanote supnre nh åd`btf
eh jnserrfhhf bljbvbjuehnlpere
jnh hbjnrezif afrder pertn
hfs nqubpfs jn ouehqubnr
(Ifhndel, 035>). tbpf
Sntnr _ehfvny? utbhbzÿ he ohesbaboeobÿl jn hes bltnhbinlobes pnrsflehns jn Mfwerj Ierjlnr : y hes frielbzÿ meste
e`eroer oblof ofdpntnlobes prblobpehns;
5. Nh oflfobdbnltf jn hes prfpbes ndfobflns.
0. He oepeobjej jn ofltrfher hes ndfobflns.
?. He oepeobjej jn dftbversn ulf/e dbsdf/e.
:. Nh rnoflfobdbnltf jn hes ndfobflns eknles f ndpetäe.
>. Nh ofltrfh jn hes rnheobflns.

Ofdf vns, he prbdnre jn nses oepeobjejns tbnln qun vnr ofl nh oflfobdbnltf jn hes prfpbes ndfobflns. Meon
rnanrnlobe eh eutfoflfobdbnltf
eutfoflfobdbnltf y, eulqun blbobehdnltn punje pernonr ule pnrfiruhheje, oflfonrsn lf ns ule ounstbÿl

tel aåobh, lb bljbvbjuehdnltn, lb nl nh åd`btf jn ul nqubpf.

Kfsnpm Huat y Merry Blimed ornerfl he vnltele jn Kfmerb, e he qun ye mbon rnanrnlobe nl nh epertejf jnh annj`eo
nl he ofdulboeobÿl jnh nqubpf, prnobsednltn pere nspnobaboer qun tfjes hes pnrsfles tnlndfs;
‟ ^l årne qun yf oflfzof y hfs jndås oflfonl jn dä. Db årne hb`rn f pû`hboe.
‟ ^l årne qun yf oflfzof, pnrf hfs jndås lf oflfonl jn dä. _n trete jn db pertn fouhte, ältbde f snornte.
‟ ^l årne jn dä qun yf lf oflfzof, pnrf qun hfs jndås sä oflfonl jn dä. Db årne obnie.
‟ Ablehdnltn, ul årne qun lb yf lb hfs jndås oflfonl jn dä. Ns db årne jnsoflfobje. Nh su`oflsobnltn.

Pnoupnrf nste ohesbaboeobÿl pfrqun jn pure snlobhhnz lf punjn rnsuhter dås rnvnhejfre. Zfjes hes pnrsfles
tnlndfs, sniûl nste tnfräe, jfs årnes jn lunstrf oeråotnr qun jnsoflfondfs y qun, sbl nd`erif, nxbstnl y if`bnrlel
irel pertn jn lunstre ofljuote, jn lunstres jnobsbflns y jn hf qun, nl sude, sfdfs. Nl nh oesf jn hfs nqubpfs fourrn
biueh. Nxbstnl resifs jn he pnrsflehbjej jn hfs nqubpfs qun hes prfpbes pnrsfles qun hf ofdpflnl jnsoflfonl y qun,
sbl nd`erif, rnsuhtel nvbjnltns e qubnlns hfs vnl jnsjn aunre. ¶Sfjndfs sniubr onrreljf hfs fkfs e nse rnehbjej y
ablibr qun he ofltrfhedfs pfr ofdphntf f ns prnobsf blbober nh oedblf jn eprnljnr e rnoflfonrlfs y jnsjn nsn pultf
evelzer ofl mudbhjej y ourbfsbjej meobe he dnkfr vnrsbÿl jn lfsftrfs/es dbsdfs/es6
He dåxbde jn _ÿoretns «Oflÿontn
«Oflÿontn e tb dbsdf·
dbsdf· ns he pbnjre eliuher jn he bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh. R hf ns
biuehdnltn jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jnh nqubpf. Oflfonrsn ofdf nqubpf sbilbaboe blvnstbier y «nsoer`er· nl oÿdf
pbnlse lunstrf nqubpf7 ofl quâ aeobhbjej, prfauljbjej y vnhfobjej sbnltn y hn eanotel hes ofses7 jbsnoobfler lunstrfs
bdpuhsfs y nltnljnr hes aunltns jn lunstre bre, jn lunstre trbstnze, jn lunstre arustreobÿl f jn lunstre dftbveobÿl y
lunstre aunrze.
Hfs bltnltfs jn hfs nqubpfs y hes pnrsfles pfr bilfrer f rnprbdbr hes ndfobflns lf sfl lb selfs, lb aruotäanrfs, sblf
qun lfs e`foel e vbvbr etrepejfs f rnsbilejfs e lunstres ndfobflns y, ejndås, supflnl ul jrnlekn jn nlnriäe
bldnlsf qun jnke jn nster jbspflb`hn pere he terne. Nh nqubpf jn`n oflfonrsn y oflfonr su ndfobflehbjej. Ieler
oflobnlobe jn sä dbsdf. Nstn ns nh prbdnr pesf pere instbfler y eprnljnr e oflvbvbr ofl hes ndfobflns. Lunstres
ndfobflns jntnrdblel oÿdf snltbdfs nh duljf. Eulqun ouhturehdnltn hn etrb`ubdfs e lunstre aeonte reobfleh he
pertn dås bdpfrteltn jn lunstrf oflfobdbnltf, nl rnehbjej, he vbje sn `ese nl hf qun snltbdfs qun sfdfs.sfdfs . Zeltf
hes pnrsfles ofdf hfs nqubpfs punjnl ornonr y oed`ber petrflns ndfobflehns, pfr duy lnietbvfs qun snel. Nsf sä,
nh prbdnr pesf ns snr oflsobnltn jn nhhfs.
2.5. Eutfnstbde y afrtehnzes
^le pertn jnh pepnh jnh hbjnrezif nl nh jnserrfhhf jn su nqubpf oflsbstn nl oflfonr hfs pultfs aunrtns nxohusbvfs
jn oeje pnrsfle jnh nqubpf, esä ofdf hfs jnh ofhnotbvf, y tre`eker pere prfdfvnr su pftnlobeobÿl y jnserrfhhf. _u
terne prblobpeh ns, pfr teltf, orner nh ofltnxtf qun pfsb`bhbtn qun hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf punjel jer hf dnkfr jn sä
dbsdes.

Snrf nstnoflfonrhes
afrtehnzes, oflfobdbnltf lf jn`n
y tnlnrhes snr nxohusbvf
prnsnltns7 jnh hbjnrezif.
esä ofdf Ns rnofdnlje`hn
hes jn hes pnrsfles tnlnrofl
qun tre`ekel ul lfsftrfs/es,
hbstejf jn lunstres prfpbes
rnofrjåljfhes
pere rnourrbr e nhhes nl dfdnltfs jn orbsbs y rnheobflåljflfs ofl hfs jndås jnsjn sus afrtehnzes.
Ouhturehdnltn lfs mel njuoejf nl he ornnlobe jn qun nstå deh vbstf me`her jn lunstres afrtehnzes, pfrqun nstf sn
bjnltbaboe ofl sf`nr`be, prnpftnlobe f aehte jn mudbhjej. _bl nd`erif, snr oflsobnltn jn lunstres afrtehnzes tbnln
ftres hnotures jbanrnltns sb hes u`boedfs nl nh perejbide jn he e`uljelobe qun ofdnltedfs nl nh epertejf jnjboejf
eh nsqunde ieler-ieler. Nh mnomf jn qun ule pnrsfle sne pnrsnvnreltn, pfr nkndphf, lf bdphboe qun ftre hf sne
dnlfs. Jnsjn nste pnrspnotbve, nh snr oflsobnltn jn hf qun sfdfs y jn lunstrf vehfr lf sn nlounltre rnõbjf ofl he
mudbhjej ouhtureh nl he qun lfs mel njuoejf. Rf lf sfy dås qun lejbn, pnrf tedpfof dnlfs. ¡Fkf!, pfr teltf, ofl
he mudbhjej qun lf pnrdbtn eonpter meheifs, pfrqun rnehdnltn ns tfjf hf ofltrerbf. Jn`ndfs snr oflsobnltns jn
lunstre lnonsbjej jn snltbrlfs vehbfsfs. Lnonsbtf snr oflsobnltn jn dbs etrb`utfs pfsbtbvfs pere tnlnr ul
eutfoflonptf sehuje`hn y ule nstbde pfr dä qun dn pnrdbte snr anhbz (Anrlåljnz-E`esoeh nt eh., eh., 0350). Jn hf
ofltrerbf, hes rnpnrousbflns lnietbves lf sn hbdbterål e dä, sblf qun nknronrål su blahunlobe sf`rn db oärouhf jn
rnheobflns.

Ofltedfs ofl ule jblådboe duy pfjnrfse nl ul nqubpf qun oflsbstn nl jnobrhn e oeje pnrsfle ouåhns sfl sus
prblobpehns afrtehnzes. Sere nvbter qun ehiules pnrsfles rnob`el duomfs blputs pfsbtbvfs y ftres pnrsfles rnob`el
dnlfs, sn punjn hbdbter e vnr`ehbzer ? f > prblobpehns afrtehnzes. Pnsuhte e`sfhutednltn ndpfjnrejfr qun hes
vbrtujns, sus pultfs aunrtns, su epfrteobÿl jn vehfr eh
pnrsfles nsouomnl jn sus ofdpeõnrfs/es ouåhns sfl sus vbrtujns,
ofhnotbvf.
_n trete, lb dås lb dnlfs, jn oflfonr, snr oflsobnltn y pflnr nl vehfr hfs rnoursfs ofl hfs qun ounlte nh nqubpf y
nstfs sfl sbl juje hes afrtehnzes jn sus dbnd`rfs. Hf me`btueh ns qun jn nses afrtehnzes bljbvbjuehns surkel ted`bâl
hes afrtehnzes jnh nqubpf, eulqun nstes lf tbnlnl pfr quâ ofblobjbr ofl hes bljbvbjuehns. Re mndfs ofdnltejf qun nh
nqubpf ns ule nltbjej jbanrnltn jn hes pnrsfles qun hf afrdel y, pfr teltf, tbnln oereotnrästboes prfpbes.
Zeltf jn delnre bljbvbjueh ofdf nl nh åd`btf jnh nqubpf, hes afrtehnzes y jn`bhbjejns nl foesbflns lf sfl
nhndnltfs jbanrnltns, sblf ule ounstbÿl jn irejf nl rnheobÿl ofl ul ofltbluf. Sfr nkndphf, qun ule pnrsfle sunhe
ejfpter me`btuehdnltn ul rfh orätbof y ounstbflejfr pere ofl nh ofhnotbvf punjn qun prfvfqun obnrtf dehnster e sus
ofdpeõnrfs/es, pnrf eh dbsdf tbndpf su epfrteobÿl eh nqubpf punjn qun sne tresonljnltn, pfrqun jn hf ofltrerbf nh
ofhnotbvf pfjräe vbvbr nl he e`sfhute eutfofdpheonlobe. ¶_n trete nltflons jn ule jn`bhbjej f jn ule afrtehnze6 Ns
lnonserbf eprnljnr e pfsbtbvbzer hes jn`bhbjejns, jnsjn ule vbsbÿl dås edphbe.
He bdpfrtelobe jn oflfonr dbs afrtehnzes, hes jn hes pnrsfles qun tre`ekel ofldbif, esä ofdf hes jnh nqubpf,
farnon ul deiläabof oedpf pere rnheobflerlfs jnsjn hf pfsbtbvf. Lf nstfy me`heljf jn fhvbjersn jn hfs åd`btfs jn
dnkfre, dn nstfy rnabrbnljf e jÿljn pflnr nh afof. He lnietbvbjej ns duy pfjnrfse, pfr nsf ns lnonserbf onltrer
bltnlobflejednltn he nlnriäe jnh nqubpf nl hf pfsbtbvf, nl hf qun aulobfle7 jn hf ofltrerbf ofrrndfs nh rbnsif jn qun
lfs blveje he snlseobÿl jn qun tfjf ns ul areoesf, deilbaboeljf y inlnrehbzeljf he lnietbvbjej.
Nl nstn snltbjf, jn`ndfs tnlnr oubjejf ofl hes prfanoäes eutfoudphbjes.
eutfoudphbjes. _b pertbdfs jn ule vbsbÿl lnietbve,
bloflsobnltndnltn merndfs hf pfsb`hn pfr qun sn oudphe pere ofrrf`frer lunstre bjne blbobeh, pfrqun `usoedfs
oflirunlobe dnlteh. _b ornf qun db nqubpf lf ns oepez, lf hf snrå.
¶Nl quâ oed`beräel hes ofses nl tu nqubpf sb eprnljbnre e rnheobflersn vbsuehbzeljf hes epfrteobflns jn hes
pnrsfles6

2.0. Snlsedbnltf, ndfobÿl, eoobÿl

 Nxbstn ule rnihe `åsboe nl instbÿl ndfobfleh qun pertn jnh sbiubnltn nsqunde;
Snlsedbnltf Ndfobÿl Pneoobÿl
➗ ➗

Lfs mndfs eofstud`rejf e pnlser qun he delnre nl he qun lfs snltbdfs ns prfjuotf jn hes ofses qun lfs fourrnl.
_bl nd`erif, hes ofses lf aulobflel nxeotednltn esä. Jn mnomf, nse ns he rezÿl pfr he qun hes pnrsfles
rneoobfledfs jn afrdes jbstbltes eltn he dbsde sbtueobÿl. He jbanrnlobe jn lunstre ofljuote rejboe nl hf qun
pnlsedfs. Hfs pnlsedbnltfs jntnrdblel prblobpehdnltn nl lunstres ndfobflns. _b lf ofdprnljndfs hf qun
pnlsedfs y pfr quâ hf pnlsedfs, tedpfof hfirerndfs ofdprnljnr pfr quâ snltbdfs hf qun snltbdfs y, nl
oflsnounlobe, pfr quâ eotuedfs jn he afrde nl qun hf meondfs.
Nstf bdphboe qun sfdfs rnspflse`hns jn oÿdf lfs snltbdfs.
snltbdfs . _b pfjndfs ofltrfher n bltnrvnlbr nl hf qun
pnlsedfs, pfjndfs jnobjbr quâ snltbr (Ifhndel, 522>).
Nl nh åd`btf jnh nqubpf, nste rnihe ted`bâl sn ephboe. _b ul nqubpf tbnln ornnlobes y pnlsedbnltfs tÿxbofs, su
nstejf ndfobfleh snrå lnietbvf y rnstrbotbvf7 dbnltres qun sb sus pnlsedbnltfs sfl ndpfjnrejfrns y pfsbtbvfs, su
ohbde ndfobfleh snrå nxpelsbvf y, sbl juje, su ofljuote y rnsuhtejfs pfsbtbvfs hn eofdpeõerål nl oflsnounlobe
(Snõehvnr, 0332).
Sfr nsf, nl foesbflns, hes pnrsfles y hfs nqubpfs jn`ndfs peser pfr ule tnrepbe f oure jn jnsbltfxboeobÿl nl he
qun ounstbflndfs pnlsedbnltfs y ornnlobes qun mndfs eutfdetbzejf y qun lfs ofhfoel nl sbtueobflns hbdbteltns y
rnstrbotbves. Nstf ns pfsb`hn.

2.?. Oepeobjej jn nhnibr y ofrrnspflse`bhbjej

Nh prbdnr pesf, nl nstn oedblf jn blahunlobe, tbnln ule aeonte bljbvbjueh qun pertn jn snr oflsobnltn jn qun ofl tu
afrde jn pnlser, me`her, snltbr y meonr, blahuyns nl hes pnrsfles jn tu ehrnjnjfr, jn he dbsde delnre qun nhhfs/es
blahuynl nl tb. He bltnreoobÿl nltrn hes pnrsfles orne ule ndfobflehbjej ofhnotbve prfpbe n bljnpnljbnltn. ^le sunrtn
jn ohbde ndfobfleh,
ndfobfleh, qun e su vnz blahuyn nl hes pnrsfles.
Hes ndfobflns sn oflteibel. Eh`nrt @eljure > eouõÿ nh oflonptf jn «jntnrdblbsdf rnoäprfof·, nl nh snltbjf jn
qun nh sbstnde y nh ofdpfrtedbnltf jn ule pnrsfle sn oeusel dutuednltn. ¶Sunjf yf blahubr nl he ndfobflehbjej jn
db nqubpf6 _ä, sbl huier e jujes. Qes e blahubr eulqun lf qubnres, pnrf ted`bâl punjns meonrhf jn delnre
bltnlobfleh y vfhulterbe. Blahubdfs nl tfjf dfdnltf, sbl me`her, ofl lunstre sfhe prnsnlobe. Zfjf eanote. He
ounstbÿl ns qun yf punjf nhnibr db blahunlobe.
blahunlobe.
Nsf bdphboe rnspflse`bhbjej sf`rn hf qun yf ornf ofl db eotbtuj, ofl db afrde jn me`her, ofl hf qun jbif, ofl hf
qun sbnltf.
Ehiulfs nqubpfs vbvnl nl ule nspnobn jn nsqubzfarnlbe frielbzeobfleh, nl he qun sn fouhte, sn ablin, sn nvbte nh
oflahbotf, sn ornel rutbles jnanlsbves qun ablehdnltn ornel ule jbvnrinlobe nltrn hf qun jnobdfs y hf qun meondfs.
Sere nhujbr nh nlarnltedbnltf, sn utbhbzel dnlsekns ed`biufs f ofltrejbotfrbfs7 jnobdfs ofses y meondfs ftres7
pnlsedfs y snltbdfs ehif y vnr`ehbzedfs hf ofltrerbf (Gfadel, 0335).
He ohevn ns eotuer ofl ofmnrnlobe n bltnirbjej, etrnvnrsn e nxpflnr he ofltrejboobÿl7 e me`her jn hes fpblbflns,
pnlsedbnltfs y snltbdbnltfs prfpbfs, esudbnljf qun sfl db bltnrprnteobÿl y meobâljfdn rnspflse`hn jn he dbsde7
eotueljf, pfr teltf, ofl nh f`kntbvf jn nltnljnr, nsouomer, vnrbaboer y eprnljnr.
Nxpflndfs emfre ul oflonptf sbstâdbof qun rnofin e he pnranoobÿl nh mnomf jn qun tfjes hes pnrsfles sfdfs
oeuse y nanotf jn hes ofses qun lfs suonjnl; he obrouherbjej.
obrouherbjej. Bdphboe ieler oflobnlobe jn qun sfy ofrrnspflse`hn
jnh ohbde ndfobfleh jn hfs jbanrnltns sbstndes nl hfs qun vbvf. He ofdphnkbjej lfs e`rude, pnrf hfs prf`hndes lf
tbnlnl ule oeuse sbdphn. Ofdf nxphboe Sntnr _nlin 1 (5220), he rnehbjej nstå oflstbtubje pfr oärouhfs, pnrf vndfs
hälnes rnotes. Zfje blahunlobe ns oeuse y nanotf. Lf nxbstnl jbanrnlobes nltrn ouhpes eknles f prfpbes. Zfjfs
ofdpertbdfs he rnspflse`bhbjej pfr hfs prf`hndes inlnrejfs pfr ul sbstnde. He `ûsqunje jn ombvfs nxpbetfrbfs lf
lfs hhnve e lbliule pertn.
Jnsjn lunstre dås tbnrle blaelobe, eprnljndfs nh må`btf jnh vbotbdbsdf prfpbf y jn he ouhpe`bhbzeobÿl jn hf
nxtnrlf. Nstn nsqunde ns duy etreotbvf. Zel etreotbvf qun duomes pnrsfles sn blstehel nl âh jureltn tfje su vbje
pere nvbter hhnver sf`rn sus mfd`rfs he pnseje oerie jn he rnspflse`bhbjej (Gfadel, 0335). Jnsjn nste pnrspnotbve,
nh duljf sn «bhudble·. Rf lf tnlif he ouhpe jn leje. _b ehif dehf dn suonjn ns pfrqun oeuses nxtnrles e db
ofltrfh sn mel oflae`uhejf ofltre dä f pfrqun hes jndås pnrsfles lf dn nltbnljnl, dn dehbltnrprntel, lf dn
vehfrel…
_bl nd`erif, nh vbotbdbsdf ns ul erde jn jf`hn abhf. Oueljf lf nrns pertn jnh prf`hnde, lf punjns snr
tedpfof pertn jn he sfhuobÿl. Ofdf deiläaboednltn nxphboel ireljns iurûs jnh jnserrfhhf pnrsfleh y jnh
deleindnlt, nh mnomf jn nxbdbrlfs jn he rnspflse`bhbjej lfs ehbvbe jnh snltbdbnltf jn ouhpe, pnrf e oed`bf lfs
vndfs f`hbiejfs e peier nh pnekn jn he aehte jn ofltrfh sf`rn lunstre prfpbe vbje. ¶Ofdpnlse6

5 Jelbnh Ifhndel, psboÿhfif nstejfulbjnlsn, qun ejqubrbÿ aede duljbeh e pertbr jn he pu`hboeobÿl jn su hb`rf
Ndftbfleh Bltnhhbinlon (nl nspeõfh Bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh) nl 522>.
0 Bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh, teh ofdf he jnabln Jelbnh Ifhndel, ns «He oepeobjej jn rnoflfonr, eonpter y oelehbzer
lunstres ndfobflns pere jbrbibr lunstres ofljuotes e f`kntbvfs jnsnejfs, hfirerhf y ofdpertbrhf ofl o fl hfs jndås·.
? Sntnr _ehfvny, psboÿhfif sfobeh jn he ^lbvnrsbjej jn Rehn, ns ulf jn hfs pbflnrfs y prblobpehns blvnstbiejfrns nl
bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh.
: Mfwerj Ierjlnr prfpusf nl 52=? su aedfsf dfjnhf jnlfdblejf «bltnhbinlobes dûhtbphns· qun blohuyn sbntn tbpfs
jn bltnhbinlobe; vnr`eh, hÿibof-detndåtboe, nspeobeh, dusboeh, oblnstâsboe, bltnrpnrsfleh, bltrepnrsfleh.
> Eh`nrt @eljure (Duljern, Oelejå, : jn jbobnd`rn jn 520>) ns ul psboÿhfif uorelbelf-oelejbnlsn jn tnljnlobe
ofljuotueh-ofilbtbve, prfansfr jn he ^lbvnrsbjej jn _telafrj. Ns rnoflfobjf pfr su tre`ekf sf`rn he tnfräe jnh
eprnljbzekn sfobeh y su nvfhuobÿl eh sfobfofilbtbvbsdf, esä ofdf pfr me`nr pfstuhejf he oetnifräe jn eutfnaboeobe.
1
Sntnr D.Dfjnhbli
_ystnds _nlin leobÿ nl 52:9.
nl DBZ. _n irejuÿ
Ns nh jbrnotfr jnhnl blinlbnräe
onltrf pere nhpfr he ^lbvnrsbjej
Eprnljbzekn jn _telafrj,jnhoursÿ
Frielbzeobfleh ul Dåstnr
Blstbtutf nl _fobeh
Znolfhÿibof jn
Desseomusntts. Nl 5223 nsorb`n nh hb`rf Zmn Abatm Jbsobphbln,
Jbsobphbln, jfljn jnserrfhhe he lfobÿl jn frielbzeobÿl ofdf ul
sbstnde (jnsjn nh pultf jn vbste jn he Znfräe Inlnreh jn _bstndes), nl nh oueh nxpfln ul jredåtbof oed`bf jn
dnltehbjej prfansbfleh.
 Oepätuhf 53
Ndfobflehbjej ofhnotbve

53.5. ¶Uuâ ns ul sbstnde6

53.0. Ornnlobes ofhnotbves. Hfs depes dnltehns jnh nqubpf.
53.?. Ndfobflns, nstejfs jn ålbdf y su nxprnsbÿl.
53.:. Oÿdf blahubr nl he ndfobflehbjej ofhnotbve.
53.5. ¶Uuâ ns ul sbstnde6
^l sbstnde ns ul oflkultf nste`hn jn nhndnltfs qun sn bltnrrnheobflel n bltnreotûel nltrn sä, jeljf huier e ul
lunvf nhndnltf dås ofdphnkf qun rnehbze aulobflns jbanrnltns jn hes jn oeje ule jn hes pertns pfr snperejf.
Zfjfs hfs sbstndes tbnlnl nltrejes y sehbjes jn blafrdeobÿl, rnoursfs, nhndnltfs trelsafrdejfrns,
rntrfehbdnlteobÿl,
rntrfehbdnlteobÿl, hädbtns ofl nh nxtnrbfr y ule bjnltbjej f nsnlobe prfpbe. Nl ul sbstnde, sn prfjuonl bltnreoobflns
y sn inlnrel välouhfs y rnheobflns. E trevâs jn fanrtes y pntbobflns, sn ou`rnl lnonsbjejns y sn offrjblel eoobflns.
Hfs nqubpfs sfl sbstndes.
^l nqubpf, sbnljf ul sbstnde, ns dås qun he sude jn sus pertns. Zbnln vbje prfpbe. Ns e`bnrtf, jblådbof n
bltnreotbvf, sn trelsafrde y sn rnorne, sn punjn rnprfjuobr y dunrn. Nl sude, tbnln vbje ofdf nltbjej.
Nlofltredfs blludnre`hns jnsorbpobflns
jnsorbpobflns jn hes rnihes, hnyns, ÿrjnlns f prblobpbfs qun rbinl hfs sbstndes. Rf vfy
e rnsudbr e ofltblueobÿl hes lnonsbjejns jn hfs sbstndes qun nxpusf Eltfl jn Grffl 5 nl ule afrdeobÿl sf`rn
frielbzeobflehns, frielbzeje pfr Nde
oflstnheobflns frielbzeobflehns, Ndele, e he qun tuvn nh pheonr jn esbstbr. Dn hhede pfjnrfsednltn
he etnlobÿl jnsou`rbr oÿdf nh mnomf jn qun nstes lnonsbjejns `åsboes nstâl etnljbjes f lf punjn eanoter eh
jnsndpnõf jn hfs nqubpfs y jn hfs sbstndes nl inlnreh.

‟ Frbinl. Lnonsbjej jn qun nh nqubpf mflrn su frbinl, hes rezflns, hfs jnsnfs, hfs f`kntbvfs jn hes pnrsfles qun
jnobjbnrfl ornerhf, sus auljednltfs, sus oeuses. Oflfondfs nqubpfs qun vbvnl jn nspehjes e su frbinl.
‟ Mbstfrbe. Ofdf nltn vbvf qun ns, nh nqubpf ounlte ofl ule treynotfrbe vbteh, ule snrbn jn mbtfs qun deroel su
mbstfrbe. Nl foesbflns, hfs nqubpfs f hfs sbstndes tretel jn fhvbjer hes pertns jn su pesejf qun aunrfl lnietbves
f supusbnrfl ul areoesf.
‟ ^l huier pere tfjf nh qun pnrtnlnon. Ns he lnonsbjej jn pnrtnlnlobe eh sbstnde. Ouehqubnr dbnd`rf tbnln
jnrnomf e pnrtnlnonr eh sbstnde, y nstf oflhhnve he f`hbieobÿl jn epfrter nsaunrzf y epfyf. Oueljf sn eperte e
ehiubnl jn ule delnre jnsoflsbjnreje, nh sbstnde sunhn qunjer jeõejf. He oflabelze y nh välouhf sn vnl
pnrkujboejfs.
‟ Oeje pnrsfle foupe nh huier qun hn ofrrnspfljn.
ofrrnspfljn. _bstâdboednltn, lf ns sehuje`hn qun ehiubnl foupn ul rfh
qun lf hn ofrrnspfljn. Oueljf nh frjnl ns jbstfrsbflejf, nh sbstnde sn rnsbnltn. Ofltedfs ofl blludnre`hns
nkndphfs jn nqubpfs f sbstndes, nl hfs qun hes pnrsfles lf foupel nh huier qun hns ofrrnspfljn; pnrsfles
lfvetes qun qubnrnl pernonr hes dås bltnirejes y ofdprfdntbjes ofl he ndprnse, ndphnejfs/es qun pernonl
knans/es, knans/es qun lf hbjnrel… Eulqun nstf sn prfjuzoe jn delnre bloflsobnltn y `bnlbltnlobfleje, sn
prfjuonl jnsnqubhb`rbfs lnietbvfs.
‟ Jnltrf jn nstn epertejf, ns prnobsf oflsbjnrer he prnvehnlobe jn qubnlns hhnierfl prbdnrf. Lfs rnanrbdfs, pfr
supunstf, e sbtueobflns nl hes qun nses pnrsfles sn ofdpfrterfl mflrfsednltn. Nl nstn oesf, ireobes e hf qun
nses pnrsfles oflstruynrfl, lfsftrfs/es pfjndfs nster equä. Eulqun pnlsndfs qun hf me`räedfs mnomf dnkfr,
ns lnonserbf rnoflfonr, mflrer y eirejnonr e qubnlns lfs prnonjbnrfl, rnspnteljf y vehfreljf nh jnsndpnõf jn
oeje ofdpflnltn.
‟ Nqubhb`rbf nltrn jer y rnob`br. Nl hfs nqubpfs mey jfs tbpfs jn bltnroed`bf; ulf bltnrlf nltrn hes pertns jnh
sbstnde y ftrf nxtnrlf ofl nh nltfrlf. Hfs `ehelons jnsnqubhb`rejfs susobtel jnsofltnltf y snltbdbnltfs jn
blkustbobe y jn ouhpe, rnohedeljf ule ofdpnlseobÿl. Lfs snltbdfs deh y nh sbstnde sn rnsbnltn. Nh välouhf sn
jn`bhbte n blohusf sn rfdpn.

Db f`kntbvf eh nxpflnr nstfs prblobpbfs ns pflnr jn delbabnstf qun oueljf nl ul sbstnde nstes lnonsbjejns lf sn
rnspntel f lf sn oudphnl, he pftnlobe jn eutfrrniuheobÿl prfjuon sältfdes. Inlnrehdnltn, sb lfs qunjedfs nl he
supnrabobn, nstfs sältfdes sfl vbstfs ofdf prf`hndes pfr hes pnrsfles jn he frielbzeobÿl. Nh sältfde tbnln jfs
aulobflns; ns ule snõeh pere hheder he etnlobÿl y ule sfhuobÿl pere etnljnr ule lnonsbjej auljednlteh.

Ofdf nxpfln deibstrehdnltn Sntnr _nlin nl He qublte jbsobphble (5220), lf sn trete jn bilfrer he ofdphnkbjej,
sblf jn frjnlerhe jn delnre qun bhudbln sf`rn hes oeuses jn hfs prf`hndes y jn elehbzer hfs nhndnltfs qun su`yeonl
pfr jn`ekf jn hfs mnomfs bldnjbetfs y hes nxphboeobflns aåotboes jn lunstre ofljuote. Lnonsbtedfs ule ofdprnlsbÿl
dås prfaulje jn hes bltnrrnheobflns ohevn. Hes nstruotures inlnrel petrflns jn ofljuote. Znlndfs nh pfjnr jn ehtnrer
hes nstruotures nl hes qun fpnredfs, pnrf e dnlujf lf pnrob`bdfs nsn pfjnr y lfs snltbdfs f`hbiejfs e eotuer jn
jntnrdblejes delnres.

53.0. Ornnlobes ofhnotbves. Hfs depes dnltehns jnh nqubpf

Ofdf mndfs vbstf, pnrob`bdfs n bltnrprntedfs ofltbluednltn hf qun suonjn e lunstrf ehrnjnjfr. Lunstrfs
pnlsedbnltfs, ndfobflns y ofljuotes sfl nh rnsuhtejf jn ul prfonsf jn «nhe`freobÿl· blahubjf pfr lunstre
pnrsflehbjej, lunstre mbstfrbe pnrsfleh, lunstre ouhture, nto. Nl vbrtuj jn nhhf, hes pnrsfles oflstrubdfs jbvnrses
afrdes jn vnr nh duljf.
Nl ul nqubpf suonjn nxeotednltn biueh. Hfs nqubpfs ted`bâl tbnlnl ornnlobes f depes dnltehns qun mel ornejf e
trevâs jn sus prfpbes nxpnrbnlobes (Snõehvnr, 0332). Aresns ofdf; «dås
«dås vehn hf dehf oflfobjf qun hf `unlf pfr
oflfonr·,
oflfonr ·, «meste emfre lf lfs me bjf tel deh·,
deh·, «pere quâ dbrer eh auturf, mey qun snr rnehbstes·,
rnehbstes·, «ouehqubnr
tbndpf pesejf aun dnkfr·,
dnkfr·, «lf
«lf tnlndfs rnoursfs·,
rnoursfs·, «qun
«qun bllfvnl ftrfs·,
ftrfs·, «sfdfs esä·, «ye lf pfjndfs oed`ber·,
oed`ber·,
nto., sfl nkndphfs jn nstes ornnlobes.
Ehiules ornnlobes sfl ndpfjnrejfres, pnrf ftres sfl hbdbteltns y ornel ule ndfobflehbjej lnietbve y rnstrbotbve
nl nh nqubpf. Oueljf nstn ns nh oesf, hf prbdnrf ns prnobsf tfder oflsobnlobe jn su nxbstnlobe, y e pertbr jn nsn
pultf, treter jn auljednlter nstfs kubobfs `usoeljf mnomfs y nvbjnlobes qun hfs prun`nl. _b lf sn punjnl oflsteter
f`kntbvednltn, ns lnonserbf elehbzer quâ ieledfs pnlseljf esä (Nomnvnrräe, 0330).

jnJnpnljbnljf jn hes ornnlobes

ule delnre jntnrdbleje qun tnlie
(Snõehvnr, nh nqubpf,
0332). esä snrå
Jn delnre su delnre
ofhnotbve, jn vnr
nh nqubpf nh nltfrlf
ofdpertn y nstf hn
ornnlobes meråtndes
sf`rn ofdpfrtersn
ofdf;

‟ Jn oeråotnr inlnreh. Uuâ ns ul `unl nqubpf, quâ ns prfansbflehbjej.

‟ _f`rn nh prfpbf nqubpf. Oÿdf ns lunstre frielbzeobÿl, oÿdf nstedfs aulobfleljf, sb ofdpnlse nh nsaunrzf y
he jnjboeobÿl qun epfrtedfs, sb sn pnrob`n kustbobe nl nstn nqubpf, sb oeje pnrsfle foupe su huier…
‟ _u dbsbÿl. Sere quâ nxbstbdfs, quâ snltbjf tbnln lunstrf nqubpf, quâ epfrtedfs e he sfobnjej.
‟ _u vbsbÿl. Ouåh ns lunstre vbsbÿl, sb tnlndfs nxpnotetbves bhusbfleltns, oÿdf lfs vndfs jnltrf jn ulfs eõfs,
quâ qunrndfs oflsniubr, quâ rntfs y f`kntbvfs lfs pheltnedfs e dnjbf phezf.
‟ _us vehfrns. @ekf quâ perådntrfs qunrndfs eotuer, quâ orbtnrbfs vel e rnibr lunstres jnobsbflns dås
bdpfrteltns…

53.?. Ndfobflns, nstejfs jn ålbdf y su nxprnsbÿl

Re mndfs ofdnltejf qun hfs nqubpfs, ofdf hes pnrsfles, pbnlsel, tbnlnl vfhultej, sbnltnl, tbnlnl jnsnfs, rntfs,
nto. R tfjf nhhf, nl ul tresafljf ndfobfleh qun aeobhbte f jbabouhte sus rnsuhtejfs. Nh nstejf ndfobfleh jn ul nqubpf
nxpeljn f ofltren su oepeobjej y sus rnsuhtejfs y ejndås hf meon jn delnre nxpflnlobeh.
Sfr oflsbiubnltn, pernon hÿibof espbrer e treter jn blahubr nl nh ohbde ndfobfleh jnh nqubpf. Sere nhhf, ns prnobsf
jbanrnlober, nl prbdnr huier, nltrn ndfobflns y nstejfs jn ålbdf.

‟ Hes ndfobflns sfl prfonsfs qun sn eotbvel oeje vnz qun lunstrf eperetf psäqubof jntnote ehiûl oed`bf
sbilbaboetbvf nl lfsftrfs/es. _fl rnsuhtejf jn nxpnrbnlobes oflorntes, pultuehns, dås bltnlses y ofl ule
jureobÿl dnlfr. ^l nqubpf punjn snltbr ul irel lûdnrf jn ndfobflns y nstes punjnl snr eireje`hns f
jnseireje`hns.
‟ Hfs nstejfs jn ålbdf,
ålbdf, pfr su pertn, sfl sbtueobflns elädboes dås jurejnres, dnlfs oflorntes. _n `esel dnlfs
nl mnomfs vbvbjfs f eofltnobdbnltfs oflorntfs. Ofdf mndfs vbstf nl nh epertejf eltnrbfr, sn rnheobflel ofl
hfs kubobfs ofhnotbvfs jn hes pnrsfles bltnireltns sf`rn hf qun fourrn nl nh nqubpf, lf sfhndfs snr oflsobnltns
jn nhhfs y, sbl nd`erif, pnrjurel nl nh tbndpf y jnablnl nh oedpf jn pfsb`bhbjejns jnh nqubpf abhtråljfhes.

_niûl nxphboe Fvbjbf Snõehvnr0 (0332) nl su f`re Ndfobflns ofhnotbves,

ofhnotbves, hfs kubobfs ofhnotbvfs punjnl snr
pfsbtbvfs f lnietbvfs, y hes ndfobflns y nstejfs jn ålbdf qun prfvfoel, nxpelsbvfs f rnstrbotbvfs.

e) Hfs kubobfs pfsbtbvfs sn `esel nl hfs mnomfs, nl hf qun me fourrbjf y lf sn punjn oed`ber. _n trete jn ehif
esudbjf y qun mey qun eonpter. Nstfs kubobfs, pfr teltf, sn onltrel nl instbfler he lunve sbtueobÿl, blvbtel e he
eoobÿl y ornel pfsb`bhbjejns.
`) Hfs kubobfs lnietbvfs sn ndpnõel nl lf eonpter hf qun pesÿ y ted`bâl nl ornnr qun hes ofses lf sn punjnl
oed`ber. Nl oueltf e hes pfsb`bhbjejns e auturf, leje jn hf qun sn meie punjn eanoter eh auturf. Nh jnstblf ye
nstå nsorbtf.
Ofdf rnsuhtejf jnh oruon jn hfs kubobfs nxpelsbvfs f rnstrbotbvfs
rnstrbotbvfs nl rnheobÿl teltf ofl nh pesejf (hf qun fourrbÿ)
ofdf ofl nh auturf (hf qun hhnierå), surinl ouetrf nstejfs jn ålbdf jbanrnlobejfs (Snõehvnr, 0332);

‟ _nrnlbjej (kubobfs nxpelsbvfs sf`rn nh pesejf). Ehif fourrbÿ nl nh pesejf qun pultuehdnltn lf lfs iustÿ. Hes
ndfobflns tuvbnrfl ule jureobÿl oflornte y lf orbstehbzerfl nl nstejfs jn ålbdf. Nh kubobf ofhnotbvf eonpte hfs
mnomfs y vbvn ofl nste`bhbjej, pez, trelqubhbjej y erdfläe.
‟ Ed`bobÿl (kubobfs nxpelsbvfs sf`rn nh auturf). Nh ofhnotbvf epunste pfr he supnreobÿl y nh ornobdbnltf. _n trete
jn ed`bobÿl nl nh snltbjf jn ornobdbnltf y eprnljbzekn. Esudnl rbnsifs, ejfptel ul pepnh prfeotbvf y sn
sbnltnl rnspflse`hns jn su jnstblf.
‟ Pnsnltbdbnltf (kubobfs rnstrbotbvfs sf`rn nh pesejf). Nh nqubpf sn me qunjejf elohejf e ule sbtueobÿl lnietbve
jnh pesejf qun lf me sbjf oepez jn eonpter. _n rnspbre rnlofr y fjbf. _u nxprnsbÿl ns he re`be. Ofdf
oflsnounlobe `usoe väotbdes, pnlehbze ouhpe`hns y ehbdnlte jnsnfs jn vnlielze. Inlnre suarbdbnltf e sus
dbnd`rfs.
‟ Pnsbileobÿl (kubobf rnstrbotbvf sf`rn nh auturf). Lf inlnre vbfhnlobe, lb rnsbstnlobe, sblf sudbsbÿl y rnlulobe.
He trbstnze y he epetäe snräel hes ndfobflns prblobpehns. _n sbnltnl tätnrns jnh jnstblf ofltre nh qun lf punjnl
meonr leje. He eutfnstbde sn rnsbnltn. _u dåxbde nxprnsbÿl ns he snlseobÿl jn jnrrfte.

Ouåh jn hfs jfs ûhtbdfs ns dås pnrlbobfsf f oueh jn hfs jfs prbdnrfs ns dås jnsne`hn, jnpnljn jn he leturehnze y
hes obroulstelobes jn oeje sbstnde. Lf sfl purfs y e`sfhutfs. Ouehqubnr sbstnde prnsnlte obnrtfs resifs f sältfdes
jn oeje ulf jn nhhfs, eulqun ulf f jfs punjnl snr hfs dås prnjfdbleltns.

53.:. Oÿdf blahubr nl he ndfobflehbjej ofhnotbve

Ofdf mndfs dnlobflejf nl hfs epertejfs eltnrbfrns, hfs prbdnrfs pesfs pere treter jn blahubr nl he ndfobflehbjej
jnh nqubpf bdphboel (Snõehvnr, 0332);

‟ prnjfdbleltns.
Zfder oflobnlobe. Nspnobehdnltn
Pnoflfonr jn hfs
y esudbr he nstejfs jn ålbdf,
ndfobflehbjej jndås qun jnnqubpf.
lunstrf hes ndfobflns ebshejes.
Bjnltbaboer Bjnltbaboer hfs
hes nxpnrbnlobes y
ornnlobes qun inlnrerfl nl nh pesejf nsn tbpf jn ndfobflns jn delnre rnpntbtbve.
‟ _nltbrlfs rnspflse`hns. Nh nqubpf jn`n nvbter he qunke, nh pnsbdbsdf, he bleoobÿl y meonrsn rnspflse`hn jn hf
qun hn fourrn. Ns prfteiflbste. Sunjn blahubr y eotuer. Ns lnonserbf rnoupnrer nh ofltrfh pere tnlnr oflabelze,
friuhhf jn pnrtnlnlobe, sniurbjej y an nl nh auturf.
‟ Seser e he eoobÿl. Nl nstn epertejf, ns lnonserbf jbanrnlober sb he ndfobflehbjej e dfjbaboer ns prfjuotf jn
ule sbtueobÿl oflornte f sn trete jn ul nstejf ndfobfleh qun sn me blstehejf jn delnre ofltblueje nl nh nqubpf.
e) Nl nh oesf jn ule ndfobflehbjej pultueh, arutf jn ule sbtueobÿl oflornte, sn punjnl utbhbzer ehiulfs rnoursfs
ofdf hfs sbiubnltns;

‟ Meonrhn ul nspeobf e nse ndfobÿl, snltbrhe, pnrob`brhe.

pnrob`brhe.
‟ Bjnltbaboerhe, lfd`rerhe (pfsb`bhbjej jn utbhbzer dntåafres).
‟ Lfrdehbzerhe, suevbzerhe, eonpter qun ns lfrdeh. Eofinr hes ndfobflns qun nstål suribnljf. Snrob`br hes
ndfobflns y jnvfhvnrhes. Pnofinr hf qun nstå peseljf.
‟ Zfjes hes ndfobflns trenl ul dnlsekn. Nh nqubpf jn`n elehbzer ouåh ns he lnonsbjej qun prfvfoe he ndfobÿl,
 quâ ns hf qun nh nqubpf nstå lnonsbteljf.
‟ Seser e he eoobÿl. Jnobjbr quâ pfjndfs meonr pere setbsaeonr nse lnonsbjej, e quâ lfs blvbte.
`) Oueljf hf qun `usoedfs ns bltnrvnlbr nl ul nstejf jn ålbdf jn oeråotnr ofltbluejf, pfrqun nl nh nqubpf rnble
he epetäe, he trbstnze, he re`be f he bdpftnlobe, jn`ndfs tre`eker e ul lbvnh dås prfauljf, elehbzeljf ouåhns sfl
hfs kubobfs ofhnotbvfs jnh nqubpf qun su`yeonl, ouåhns sfl hes ornnlobes jnh nqubpf y treter jn ounstbflerhes f
detbzerhes ofl mnomfs f nxpnrbnlobes oflorntes. Ns fpfrtulf rnofrjer qun tfjes hes rnehbjejns, nl ehiûl
dfdnltf, jnkel jn snrhf y sn oflvbnrtnl nl rnounrjfs. _fhf oed`beljf he afrde nl qun pbnlse nh nqubpf
oed`berå he afrde nl qun sbnltn, su ndfobflehbjej ofhnotbve.
Nlofltredfs duomäsbdfs nkndphfs jn nstn tbpf jn ornnlobes ofdf; «e « e db knan/e lf hn bdpfrtf nl e`sfhutf·7
e`sfhutf·7
«db nqubpf ns dnjbforn·7
dnjbforn·7 «hes rnulbflns lf vehnl pere leje·7 leje·7 «luloe oflsniubrndfs hf qun lfs
prfpflndfs·,
prfpflndfs ·, nto.

Oueljf hfs kubobfs qun prfvfoel he ndfobflehbjej jnh nqubpf tbnlnl qun vnr ofl ehiule nxpnrbnlobe jnh pesejf
qun ye lf pfjndfs dfjbaboer, hf qun sä nstå nl delfs jnh nqubpf ns oed`ber oÿdf lfs eanote y oÿdf hf
bltnrprntedfs. Oueljf ul nqubpf sn blstehe nl nh rnsnltbdbnltf, suarn. Hn je ul huier prnjfdbleltn e he pnrsfle f eh
mnomf qun hn oeusÿ nh jeõf y, ejndås, oeje vnz qun rndndfre nh eofltnobdbnltf, nh nqubpf vunhvn e vbvbr nh jfhfr.
Nl nstn oesf, ns lnonserbf bjnltbaboer hfs kubobfs qun epfyel nsn rnsnltbdbnltf jnsjn nh prnsnltn, rntrfonjbnljf y
treteljf jn elehbzer hf qun fourrbÿ `esåljflfs nl mnomfs y nl nvbjnlobes (vehfrer sb lunstres nxpnotetbves nrel
hniätbdes f jnsdnjbjes, sb hes prfdnses f pnjbjfs qubzå lf aunrel mflrejfs ejnouejednltn y sb mu`f ule
rnohedeobÿl nxphäobte
nxphäobte eh rnspnotf, hes rezflns qun pujbnrfl prfvfoer hf qun fourrbÿ…). Nl tfjf oesf, snrå lnonserbf
nl ehiûl dfdnltf bdpuhser ule jnohereobÿl pere jer pfr onrrejf nh esultf, sfhter hestrn y meonrsn prfteiflbstes jn
hf qun nstå pfr vnlbr, jnkeljf jn dbrer eh pesejf (Snõehvnr, 0332).
Zed`bâl vndfs nqubpfs qun tbnlnl ornnlobes qun lf hns pnrdbtnl snltbr; «tre`ekedfs
« tre`ekedfs nl ul snotfr duy snrbf y
prfansbfleh y he onroeläe eanotbve lf nstå `bnl vbste·7
vbste·7 «lfs
«lfs peiel pfr meonr hes ofses `bnl, lf ns lnonserbf jnobrhf
lb rnoflfonrhf·7
rnoflfonrhf·7 «jn`ndfs deltnlnr hes jbstelobes, sb lf tn pbnrjnl nh rnspntf·,
rnspntf·, nto. Nl jnablbtbve, nh duljf
ndfobfleh prfvfoe dbnjf y sn vbvn ofdf ule jn`bhbjej.
Ofdf sn me dnlobflejf, snrå lnonserbf biuehdnltn ounstbfler nstfs kubobfs y vehfrer sb sfl hbdbteltns f
nxpelsbvfs, jnobjbnljf oÿdf instbflerhfs.
Hf qun nl lbliûl oesf rnsuhte jn eyuje eh nqubpf ns blstehersn nl he ouhture jn he qunke pnrdelnltn y lf meonr
leje pfr oed`ber nh sbstnde. Nxbstnl `åsboednltn trns pfsb`bhbjejns eh rnspnotf; esudbr ofl pez y snrnlbjej he
rnehbjej y treter jn orner hes ofljbobflns prfpbobes qun jnsnedfs7 rnsbilersn y eiueltersn, f brsn (Snõehvnr,
0332).
Deltnlnr he lunve ndfobflehbjej. Nl târdblfs inlnrehns, nh nqubpf jn`n prfvfoer nxpnrbnlobes qun inlnrnl
ndfobflns pfsbtbvesehiules
punjnl prfpflnrsn rnourrnltns y qun hn
nstretnibes pnrdbtel instbfler jn delnre ejnoueje sus ndfobflns lnietbves. Sere nhhf,
snlobhhes;

‟ Pnsnrver ul nspeobf jnltrf jn oeje rnulbÿl pere me`her jn oÿdf lfs snltbdfs.
‟ Hhnver ul eutfrrnibstrf jn hes ndfobflns qun sn vbvnl y jn oÿdf sn vbvnl.
‟ Me`her e`bnrtednltn jn pfsb`hns ornnlobes f kubobfs ofhnotbvfs.
‟ Pnafrzer he instbÿl ejnoueje jn hfs oflahbotfs y he nxprnsbÿl eutâltboe jn hf qun pnlsedfs.
‟ Sfsbtbvbzer hes rnheobflns. Jbsnõer eotbvbjejns, rutbles y må`btfs qun afdnltnl jntnrdblejes ndfobflns. Uuâ
ofses pfsbtbvbzel hes rnheobflns nl hfs nqubpfs; dfdnltfs jn oflnxbÿl, jn vnrlfs ofdf pnrsfles, hfs
rnoflfobdbnltfs y hes onhn`reobflns, nh mudfr, nh oflteotf aäsbof, hfs e`rezfs, lfrdehbzer y jer nspeobf e hf qun
pese, lf kuzier, eirejnonr, pnjbr pnrjÿl, me`her jn hf qun meondfs `bnl, jn hfs hfirfs, jer eprnobeobÿl, jnobr hf
qun eprnobf y vehfrf jn dbs ofdpeõnrfs/es, nxpflnr he vuhlnre`bhbjej, nto.

Lf sfdfs rnspflse`hns jn hfs nstejfs jn ålbdf nl qun lfs nlofltredfs, pnrf sä hf sfdfs jn pnrdelnonr nl nhhfs.
Nl ul nqubpf, he an nl nh rnsuhtejf, he ed`bobÿl y he bhusbÿl ofdpertbje blobjnl jn delnre jbrnote nl su jnsndpnõf.
5 Eltfl jn Grffl (52:?) ns ofeom ndprnserbeh n bljbvbjueh jnsjn hfs eõfs fomnlte. Snranoobflÿ su dâtfjf ofl `esn
nl hes oflstnheobflns aedbhberns jn @nrt Mnhhblinr, ephboåljfhes e hes frielbzeobflns. Sfstnrbfrdnltn, jnserrfhhÿ
nstretnibes pere utbhbzer nh tresafljf bjnfhÿibof jn hes oflstnheobflns nl esnsfredbnltf y ofeombli, jn delnre qun
aunre pfsb`hn prnsobljbr jn he nhe`freobÿl jn ule oflstnheobÿl. Eotuehdnltn bdpertn oursfs y tehhnrns sf`rn
bltnrvnlobÿl sbstâdboe nl nh Blstbtutf @nrt Mnhhblinr nl Irflblinl, Seäsns @ekfs, y ftres blstbtuobflns.
0 Fvbjbf Snõehvnr ns sfobf jbrnotfr jn B_EQBE Oflsuhtfrns, jfljn nknron sus ternes jn psboÿhfif, afrdejfr,
oflanrnlobeltn y ofeom.
 Oepätuhf 55
Dftbveobÿl

55.5. Mudelbzer hes rnheobflns nl nh ttre`ekf.

re`ekf.
55.0. @hbljersn ofltre he jnsdftbveobÿl.
55.?. Qehfreobÿl y rnoflfobdbnltf. Lutrbr hes rnheobflns.
 Dn je he snlseobÿl jn qun he dftbveobÿl sn nstå oflvbrtbnljf nl lunstrfs tbndpfs nl he pbnjre abhfsfaeh pere
pnrsfles y frielbzeobflns. Lfs ndpnõedfs, teltf nl he nsanre bljbvbjueh ofdf nl he ofhnotbve, nl hfirer he
dftbveobÿl lnonserbe qun lfs hhnvn, ofdf pfr ertn jn deibe, e oflsniubr lunstrfs hfirfs. _upfljräe ehif esä ofdf he
âxbtf.
peleone jnh âxbtf.
_bl juje, sn trete jn ul tnde epesbfleltn qun, eh dbsdf tbndpf, dn rnsuhte jn ule nxtrefrjblerbe snlobhhnz. E
vnons, hes ofses dås snlobhhes sfl hes qun perejÿkboednltn dås lfs nxbinl, ¶vnrjej6
Sere ndpnzer; ¶quâ ns he dftbveobÿl6 Ntbdfhÿiboednltn, nste pehe`re vbnln jnh vnr`f nl hetäl dfvnrn
dfvnrn,, qun ns ul
vnr`f jn eoobÿl ye qun bdphboe dfvbdbnltf, eonroedbnlt
eonroedbnltff meobe ehif (ul jnsnf, ule dnte, ul f`kntbvf…). Ns jnobr,
he dftbveobÿl tbnln nl he deyfräe jn hfs oesfs ule pertn jn vbsb`bhbjej. Oueljf ejfptedfs ule ofljuote eotbve meobe
ul hfirf, nxbstn dftbveobÿl.
Eh derinl jn su frbinl ntbdfhÿibof, nl hnliuekn hhelf, he dftbveobÿl ns ehif esä ofdf « tnlnr dftbvfs·,
dftbvfs·, ns nh
«pfrquâ· jn ule ofljuote. Nsohernonjfr, ¶lf6 _b ehiubnl lf tbnln ul dftbvf jnh tbpf qun sne pere oflsniubr ule
dnte, lf ve e nsafrzersn luloe nl ehoelzerhe, eulqun epernltn hf ofltrerbf eltn sä dbsdf/e y eltn nh rnstf.
Ejndås jn su sbilbaboejf, dn iusteräe ofdpertbr ofltbif ehiules oflsbjnreobflns inlnrehns;

‟ Lfrdehdnltn pnlsedfs qun he dftbveobÿl ns ofdf ul bltnrruptfr fl-faa, y qun nstedfs dftbvejfs/es f
jnsdftbvejfs/es, pnrf pernon qun nste verbe`hn aulobfle dås ofdf ul ofltbluf qun punjn nster nloeuzejf nl
jbstbltes jbrnoobflns. Uubzå nstâ jnsdftbveje pere sehbr e ofrrnr, pnrf lf pere vnr he tnhnvbsbÿl.
‟ Sfjräe jnobrsn qun nxbstnl teltes dftbveobflns ofdf pnrsfles y obroulstelobes, pfrqun lf sn trete jn qun
jntnrdblejfs
pnrsfle he qunnhndnltfs
«tedbze· jnl huier,
hf qun ofdf nl
hn fourrn hes obnlobes
y pnrob`n, y nlnxeotes,
aulobÿle jn
ul sus
irejf jn dftbveobÿl
nxpnotetbves, sus xx,
, sblf qun nsyoeje
nxpnrbnlobes sus
etrb`uobflns, tbnln ul irejf deyfr f dnlfr jn dftbveobÿl meobe ul f`kntbvf f dnte.
Hfs nxpnrtfs nl Ssbofhfiäe jn he Dftbveobÿl mel jnsirelejf oeuses y fräinlns jn lunstres ofljuotes, y nltrn
nhhes, mel nste`hnobjf ohesbaboeobflns
ohesbaboeobflns,, jn hes qun yf vfy e rnsoeter e ofltblueobÿl jfs duy snlobhhes (_elz nt eh.,
eh.,
035?);

‟ Sfr ul hejf, lfs nlofltredfs ofl dftbvfs prbderbfs

prbderbfs,, blletfs f `bfhÿibofs, qun tbnlnl qun vnr ofl he
su`sbstnlobe y qun sfl ofdulns e tfjes hes nspnobns. Sfr ftrf hejf, sn nlounltrel hfs dftbvfs snouljerbfs
snouljerbfs,,
ejqubrbjfs f sfobehns. Lfrdehdnltn, sfl prfjuotf jn ul prfonsf jn eprnljbzekn y nstål rnheobflejfs ofl nh
ornobdbnltf pnrsfleh. Nstfs ûhtbdfs pernonl snr nxohusbvfs jn hfs snrns mudelfs.
‟ Sfr ftre pertn, ofltedfs ofl ule ohesbaboeobÿl qun me`he jn dftbveobÿl nxträlsnoe
nxträlsnoe,, ofdf dnjbf pere oflsniubr
ul abl y qun sn nlounltre rniuheje pfr nh ed`bnltn, nl afrde jn nstäduhfs qun eotûel ofdf rnafrzejfrns, y jn
dftbveobÿl blträlsnoe
blträlsnoe,, qun surin pfr prfpbe setbsaeoobÿl y qun lf jnpnljn jn lbliule obroulstelobe nxtnrle.

Hf ûlbof qun prntnljf ofl nstes jfs ohesbaboeobflns ns farnonrtn ul eonroedbnltf `åsbof e he bldnlse ofdphnkbjej
jn nhndnltfs oeuseltns jn lunstre ofljuote pnrf qun, eh dbsdf tbndpf, sbrvel pere eutfelehbzerlfs f elehbzer
ofdpfrtedbnltfs eknlfs treteljf jn u`boerhfs nl ehiûl huier jn nste jbvbsbÿl. R ofl rnspnotf e he rnheobÿl nltrn
nxträlsnoe, e ofltblueobÿl tn rnsudf ehiules jn hes prblobpehns oflohusbflns (_elz nt eh.,
dftbveobÿl blträlsnoe y nxträlsnoe, eh.,
035?);

‟ Ofl dftbveobÿl blträlsnoe, sn snhnoobflel ternes jn jbabouhtej y ornetbvbjej dfjnrejes7 ofl dftbveobÿl
nxträlsnoe, dntes dnlfs ornetbves y dås aåobhns.
‟ _b ule terne sn deltbnln sfhf pfr rnofdpnlse nxtnrbfr7 oueljf onse nh prndbf, onse he terne.
‟ Nl ule eotbvbjej vfhulterbe, he dftbveobÿl bltnrle ns ehte.
‟ Hfs aeotfrns nxträlsnofs qun blafrdel sf`rn lunstrf jnsndpnõf aeobhbtel he dftbveobÿl bltnrle, pnrf hfs
ofltrfhejfrns he jbsdbluynl.
‟ Sere ablehbzer, dn iusteräe jnsteoer he jnlfdbleje Znfräe jn he _f`rnkustbaboeobÿl f he perejfke jnh blonltbvf.
blonltbvf.
Oueljf ule pnrsfle sn nlounltre blträlsnoednltn dftbveje,
dftbveje, sb sn hn farnonl prndbfs nxtnrlfs qun blonltbvnl su
ofljuote, ourbfsednltn hf qun fourrn ns qun su dftbveobÿl blträlsnoe jnsonljnrå, pfrqun nsterå
 sf`rnkustbaboeje. Sfr hf teltf, oueljf ule pnrsfle lf nstå blträlsnoednltn dftbveje, hfs prndbfs nxtnrlfs
punjnl eudnlter su bltnrâs, pnrf sb nxbstn ye ule dftbveobÿl bltnrle, ¡oubjejf! pfrqun hfs prndbfs punjnl
jns`ereterhf tfjf.

Nl tfjf oesf, earflter he dftbveobÿl jn ul nqubpf lf rnsuhte nl e`sfhutf ule terne aåobh. Hes pnrsfles sfl hb`rns n
biuehns nl nspärbtu. Zbnlnl hb`nrtej pere ofhe`frer
ofhe`frer f e`stnlnrsn jn meonrhf. _fl hb`rns pere jer hf dnkfr jn sä dbsdes
f pere lf nsafrzersn (Gfadel, 0335). Sfr ftrf hejf, oeje vnz dås sn nxpnrbdnltel snlseobflns jn nstrâs y elsbnjej
nl nh tre`ekf.Hfs
oflahbotfs. Lfnqubpfs
nxbstnl deluehns qun lfs eyujnl
nstål ofdpunstfs e treter ofl
pfr pnrsfles, oflhesublonrtbjud`rn,
afrde jbstblteofljnhesnr
ofdphnkbjej mudele,
y sus prfpbes ofl hfs
vbsbflns y
lnonsbjejns. Hes frielbzeobflns, oeje vnz nl deyfr dnjbje, nstål prnobseljf ul hbjnrezif qun sne oepez jn eotuer
ofdf ul oetehbzejfr, ireobes eh oueh nh nqubpf jnsou`rn y jnserrfhhe sus tehnltfs.
Ofl nstn rntf sf`rn he dnse y meste nstn pultf, mndfs rnpesejf nl hes påibles eltnrbfrns ehiules jn hes ounstbflns
qun, jn afrde jbrnote, eanotel e he dftbveobÿl jn hes pnrsfles. Eltns jn sniubr evelzeljf, blohuyf ul `rnvn rnsudnl
jn hes dbsdes;

‟ Oflter ofl ul f`kntbvf f prfpÿsbtf ofdf nqubpf.

‟ Oherbjej jn nxpnotetbves y epfrteobÿl jn vehfr pnrsfleh eh nqubpf.
‟ Nqubhb`rbf nltrn he nxbinlobe y he oepeobjej.
‟ _bltfläe nltrn he bjnltbjej y hfs vehfrns bljbvbjuehns y hfs jnh nqubpf.
‟ Ehbelze f peotf qun setbsaeie hes lnonsbjejns bljbvbjuehns pere pfjnr jnsndpnõer ejnouejednltn hes ternes.
‟ Må`btfs ofhnotbvfs jn rnspntf eh ofdprfdbsf.
‟ Nltfrlf jn oflabelze qun prfdunve he eutnltbobjej.
‟ Ûlbof deroejfr jn rnsuhtejfs.
‟ Sfsbtbvbjej nl hes rnheobflns. Jnsjn hes afrtehnzes.
‟ Lnonsbjejns sbstâdboes setbsanomes (frbinl, mbstfrbe, nqubhb`rbf nltrn jer y rnob`br, pnrtnlnlobe y rfh
ofrrnspfljbnltn).
‟ Kubobfs ofhnotbvfs nxpelsbvfs.

Oueljf ehiule jn nstes ounstbflns nl ul nqubpf lf nstå jn`bjednltn rnsunhte, he prbdnre jn hes verbe`hns qun sn
vnrå eanoteje snrå he dftbveobÿl
dftbveobÿl.. Ofdf ofdnlte`e eh prblobpbf jn nstn hb`rf, nstn omnog hbst tbnln ofdf f`kntbvf
eyujertn e jbeilfstboer nl hes sbtueobflns e hes qun tn nlarnltns, ouåh f ouåhns jn nstfs aeotfrns punjnl nster
eanoteljf eh nqubpf y e su dftbveobÿl.
Snrf, pfr sb tfjes nstes ounstbflns aunrel blsuabobnltns, e ofltblueobÿl blohuyf ehiules ftres.

55.5. Mudelbzer hes rnheobflns nl nh tre`ekf

Ofdf mn dnlobflejf, nl hfs ûhtbdfs tbndpfs sn me me`hejf y nsorbtf duomf sf`rn he dftbveobÿl nspnobehdnltn
nl nh duljf he`freh, sf`rn nh jnsndpnõf jn pnrsfles y nqubpfs nl rnheobÿl ofl sus oepeobjejns. He rezÿl ns qun hes
frielbzeobflns y ndprnses jnh sbihf ]]B mel bltnrbfrbzejf qun sus rnsuhtejfs jnpnljnl jn hes pnrsfles.
pnrsfles. Lb dås lb
dnlfs. R mel oflstetejf qun nh sbstnde jn blonltbvfs jnh dfjnhf «pehf-zelemfrbe· me jnkejf jn aulobfler. Duomes
jn nhhes (ehiules tfjeväe lf) sn mel pnroetejf ablehdnltn jn qun lnonsbtel pnrsfles dftbvejes, blvfhuorejes,
oepeons jn pflnr su oflfobdbnltf, su nxpnrbnlobe, y hf dås bdpfrteltn, sus ieles, eh snrvbobf jn hfs f`kntbvfs jn he
frielbzeobÿl. R ns nl nsn dfdnltf y pfr rezflns prfjuotbves, lf veyedfs e pnlser nl oeuses lf`hns, qun trunlel
hes vfons qun, e vfz nl irbtf, delbabnstel pû`hboednltn y sbl rnperf ehiulf qun «nl« nl nste frielbzeobÿl, hf dås
bdpfrteltn sfl hes pnrsfles·.
pnrsfles·.
_fy `esteltn nsoâptboe sf`rn nstn tbpf jn delbansteobflns y lf pfrqun lf orne nl nhhes, tfjf hf ofltrerbf, sblf
pfrqun lf vnf e db ehrnjnjfr duomes frielbzeobflns qun vnrjejnrednltn sn prnfoupnl pfr hes pnrsfles. E nstn
rnspnotf, rnoflfzof qun lf sâ sb qunjerdn ofl bloepeobjej ofhnotbve f mbpfornsäe jnsoereje.
 Uubzå, nl prbdnr huier, snräe lnonserbf oherbaboer quâ sbilbaboe prnfoupersn jn hes pnrsfles.
pnrsfles. Nl db fpblbÿl, nstf
tresobnljn nh mnomf jn qun meye dfqunte y oehnaeoobÿl, f ahnxb`bhbjej mfrerbe f ofljbobflns he`frehns jbiedfs
«jbiles·. Aäketn qun nsorb`f nstes påibles nl nh dfdnltf eotueh, nl qun hes pnrsfles qun nstål nl eotbvf hf vbvnl
ofdf sb tnlnr ul tre`ekf (qun ns ul jnrnomf) aunre nh nqubvehnltn e qun tn mu`bnsn tfoejf he hftnräe. _niurf qun mes
fäjf nh «nstål
«nstål hes ofses ofdf pere qunkersn…·.
qunkersn…·. Snrf lf me`hf jn qunke, me`hf jn snlsetnz y jn oehbjej mudele.
mudele.
He verbe`hn jnh tbndpf lf ns pere dä he dnkfr dnjbje, pnrf snräe `unlf ofdnlzer prniulteljf nl hes
frielbzeobflns; ¶ouåljf me sbjf he ûhtbde vnz qun me`âbs onhn`rejf ehif6, ¶ouåljf me sbjf he ûhtbde vnz qun ule
verbe`hn nstretâiboe jn he frielbzeobÿl sn me jn`etbjf jn afrde ofdpertbje pfr nh nqubpf (bljnpnljbnltndnltn jn
qun he jnobsbÿl ableh hn pnrtnlnzoe eh hbjnrezif)6, ¶ouåltf tbndpf hn mes jnjboejf e oeje pnrsfle jn tu nqubpf nl nh
ûhtbdf dns f nl nh ûhtbdf trbdnstrn…6
Jnsjn db mudbhjn pnrspnotbve, prnfoupersn pfr hes pnrsfles sbilbaboe ehif duomf dås prfauljf y dås pnrsfleh
qun hf qun nh tbndpf dbjn. Bdphboe nsouomerhes, vehfrerhes, blafrderhes ejnouejednltn sf`rn su jnsndpnõf y sus
årnes jn dnkfre, trelsdbtbrhns lunstres nxpnotetbves, oflfonr hf qun epfrtel, oflfonr su pftnlobeh y eyujerhes e qun
punjel ornonr y farnonrhf, oflstrubr ofl nhhes he dnte jn he frielbzeobÿl y hes suyes prfpbes… R ejndås jn tfjf
nhhf, pfr sb aunre pfof, ted`bâl sn trete jn mudelbzer hes rnheobflns. _fdfs pnrsfles, lf dåqubles. Znlndfs
ndfobflns y snltbdbnltfs. Lfs prnfoupel ounstbflns jn lunstre vbje pnrsfleh y he`freh.
Dbnltres qun nh tre`ekf lf farnzoe ul bltnrâs inlublf pfr hes pnrsfles, jnsjn he hb`nrtej, lf jnsjn nh ofltrfh7
dbnltres qun hes pnrsfles lf sn sbnltel vehfrejes y rnoflfobjes7
rnoflfobjes7 dbnltres qun nl hes frielbzeobflns lf lfs
prnfoupndfs jn seoer hf dnkfr jn hfs tehnltfs bljbvbjuehns, y dbnltres hes pnrsfles lf tnliel ul nspeobf pere
«mudelbzersn·,, pere jnoherer nl ul dfdnltf sus jfhfrns, arustreobflns, prnfoupeobflns, trbstnzes y re`bes y,
«mudelbzersn·
ejndås, sus ehniräes,
hes pnrsfles y lf snrå friuhhfs, nspnrelzes
nxtreõf qun n bhusbflns,
lf sn sbnltel lf nsterndfs nl pfsbobÿl jn jnobr qun hf dås bdpfrteltn sfl
dftbvejes.

55.0. @hbljersn ofltre he jnsdftbveobÿl

Nltrn tfjfs hfs nhndnltfs qun prfjuonl jnsdftbveobÿl, ejndås jn hfs epultejfs nl hfs epertejfs eltnrbfrns jn
nstn hb`rf, pfjndfs ofltndpher biuehdnltn;

‟ Aehte jn oflteotf pnrsfleh.

‟ Pnomezf rnbtnrejf.
‟ Zre`ekf rutblerbf, tnjbfsf.
‟ Blsniurbjej.
‟ _nltbdbnltf jn f`hbieobÿl.
‟ He qunke.
‟ _f`rnoerie, nstrâs.
‟ Eusnlobe jn prndbfs f blonltbvfs.

Snrf, ofdf mndfs vbstf nl nh epertejf jn instbÿl jn hes ndfobflns ofhnotbves, hfs nqubpfs punjnl afdnlter sus
pfsbtbves, eh biueh qun hes pnrsfles. _n trete sbdphndnltn jn onltrersn tnlezdnltn nl hf pfsbtbvf.
ndfobflns pfsbtbves,

Snrsflehdnltn, dn blohblf e pnlser qun he anhbobjej ns, sf`rn tfjf, ule bltnlobÿl. bltnlobÿl . Hfs nqubpfs punjnl
ndpnõersn nl oflsniubr nh âxbtf, y pere nhhf meonl aehte ehiulfs blirnjbnltns nxtre;

‟ Nh nsaunrzf ns ohevn. Lejbn je leje iretbs. Sere hfirer ouehqubnr prfpÿsbtf, ns lnonserbf sbl juje rbifr,
pnrsnvnrelobe y ule nxbinlobe ofltbluejfs. Ns lnonserbf qun nh nqubpf sn prnpern pere nh nsaunrzf, sbl
prfoestbleobÿl (ns jnobr, sbl jndfre). «Hf qun tfoe, tfoe…·; nse ns he oflsbile. Lf sn trete jn ul
ofdpfrtedbnltf âpbof. Ns sbdphndnltn pråotbof.
pråotbof. Esudbr qun hes ofses `unles qun jnsnedfs sfhf sn oflsbiunl
ofl nsaunrzf y jnjboeobÿl. Hf snltbdfs, lf mey tredpes lb etekfs.
‟ Nh mudfr. He rbse prfvfoe qun nh sbstnde nljforblf frjnln eh onrn`rf he snornobÿl jn nljfrables, qun eyujel e
ofltrfher hes snlseobflns lnietbves7 ted`bâl aevfrnon he inlnreobÿl jn ejrnlehble, mfrdfle qun bdphboe he
 eotbveobÿl jn hfs onltrfs rnspflse`hns jn he ornetbvbjej y he bdeibleobÿl7 jn jfpedble, qun aeobhbte he eibhbjej
dnlteh, y ablehdnltn, jn snrftflble, he dås bdpfrteltn jn tfjes, ouyfs nanotfs oehdeltns jbsdbluynl he
elsbnjej y hes ofljuotes ofdpuhsbves.
‟ Hes blvnstbieobflns jndunstrel qun nltrn hes vnltekes jn nster jn `unl mudfr sn nlounltre ule deyfr
ornetbvbjej y ahnxb`bhbjej dnlteh, qun aeobhbte he rnsfhuobÿl jn prf`hndes y he tfde jn jnobsbflns (Kåurniub,
0350). Nl ofltrepertbje, sn me ofdprf`ejf qun punjn jbabouhter nh snltbjf orätbof f he etnlobÿl e hfs jntehhns y,
nl foesbflns, lfs punjn frbnlter e tfder jnobsbflns jn delnre prnobpbteje.
‟ Nl târdblfs inlnrehns, lfs mel nlsnõejf ouhturehdnltn e pnlser qun he prfansbflehbjej nstå rnõbje ofl nh
mudfr, y nstf punjn snr esä nl duomes obroulstelobes, pnrf nxbstnl duomes ftres nl hes qun nh mudfr punjn
farnonr ule deiläaboe våhvuhe jn nsoepn pere prnsbflns, ndfobflns lnietbves y, sbl juje, ns ul irel ehbejf jn
he ofmnsbÿl jnh nqubpf y ofltrb`uyn e eoobflns dås errbnsiejes y evnlturejes. ¶_n rän tu nqubpf6
‟ Nspnrelze y jndfre jn he iretbaboeobÿl. Ouehqubnr nqubpf qun sn jbspflie e oflsniubr ul f`kntbvf lnonsbte
nspnrelze pere pnrsnvnrer nl nh dbsdf ofl he oflvboobÿl jn qun hf hfirerå. He nspnrelze ns ehif dås qun he
bdeinl jn qun tfjf brå `bnl. Bdphboe he ornnlobe jn qun tnlndfs vfhultej y oepeobjej pere oflsniubr lunstrfs
f`kntbvfs. _n trete jnh nhndnltf qun prftnin y sehveiuerje eh nqubpf eltn he elsbnjej, nh jnrrftbsdf f he
arustreobÿl oueljf epernonl jbabouhtejns y ofltretbndpfs.
‟ Qblouheje ofl he nspnrelze sn nlounltre he oepeobjej jn jndfrer he iretbaboeobÿl, nh prndbf. _b ul nqubpf tbnln
ule ornnlobe hbdbteltn nl nh snltbjf jn qun jn`n oflsniubr sus f`kntbvfs jn delnre bldnjbete, lf snrå oepez jn
eiuelter hfs herifs pnräfjfs jn sbnd`re qun sfl bdprnsobljb`hns eltns jn rnofhnoter. «Pfde lf sn oflstruyÿ nl
jäe·.
ul jäe·.
‟ Ofdf blirnjbnltn ableh jn nste rnonte, qubsbnre dnlobfler hf qun yf jnlfdblf fptbdbsdf rnspflse`hn.
rnspflse`hn. Hf
hhedf esä pfrqun lf dn rnabnrf eh fptbdbsdf me`btuehdnltn orbtboejf jn vnr he vbje jn ofhfr jn rfse, eulqun sne
irbs (nl ehiulfs dfdnltfs). Dn rnabnrf e he tnljnlobe e elehbzer hes ofses qun lfs fourrnl, oflonltråljflfs nl
hf qun pfjndfs meonr. Nl he prfeotbvbjej. _nperer hf qun nltre jnltrf jn db åd`btf jn eotueobÿl, jn tfjf hf
qun lf ns dås qun ule aunltn jn prnfoupeobÿl y sf`rn hf qun lf tnlif oepeobjej jn blahunlobe, lb jbrnote, lb
bljbrnote.

Nl ftrfs epertejfs jn nstn hb`rf ye mn me`hejf jn he lnonsbjej jn snltbr he oepeobjej jn ofltrfh y jn he bdpfrtelobe
jn meonrlfs rnspflse`hns jn lunstre vbje, pfr hf qun lf dn eherierâ nl nstn pultf. _fhf dn pnrdbtf rnsudbr lunstre
lnonserbe rnspflse`bhbjej
rnspflse`bhbjej blofljbobfleh rnofrjåljftn qun jäe e jäe, hf qun nhbins, hf qun pbnlses y hf qun meons ns nl
qubnl tn oflvbnrtns. Oeje deõele tbnlns nl tus delfs he hhevn jn tus prf`hndes y jn tus sfhuobflns y tu nqubpf
ted`bâl. Nl ouehqubnr sbtueobÿl, ZÛ jnobjns.

55.?. Qehfreobÿl y rnoflfobdbnltf. Lutrbr hes rnheobflns

Nh rnoflfobdbnltf meobe hf qun ule pnrsfle epfrte eh nqubpf ns ftre jn hes ounstbflns qun jn delnre tresonljnltn
eanote e su dftbveobÿl. Ns auljednlteh vehfrer e hes pnrsfles.
pnrsfles.
Nh rnoflfobdbnltf leon jnh eprnobf y jnh eirejnobdbnltf qun snltbdfs pfr ehif qun rnob`bdfs jn ftre pnrsfle y
qun nstbdedfs qun me tnlbjf ul nanotf pfsbtbvf nl lfsftrfs/es (Gfadel, 0335). Nl ul nqubpf, oueljf sn hf
trelsdbtbdfs e he ftre pnrsfle, sn afrtehnon he rnheobÿl.
Snrf, biuehdnltn, jnsou`rbr afrtehnzes y vbrtujns nl ftre pnrsfle bdpuhse e eprnljnr dutuednltn. Oueljf hf
nxprnsedfs, rnaunrze su bjnltbjej y supfln ule dunstre jn rnspntf, ye qun hn jnvunhvf e he pnrsfle ule bdeinl
pfjnrfse jn sä dbsde y jn su epfrteobÿl.
Sfr ftrf hejf, oflfonr qun lunstre pertbobpeobÿl y lunstres eoobflns sfl rnhnveltns y ofltrb`uynl eh f`kntbvf jnh
nqubpf ted`bâl rnsuhte pfsbtbvf pere nh snltbdbnltf jn epfrteobÿl y pere qun hes pnrsfles oflsbjnrnl qun su
ofltrb`uobÿl y su nsaunrzf tbnlnl ul snltbjf.
Nl târdblfs inlnrehns, hes pnrsfles lnonsbtedfs edfr
edfr,, snltbr qun sfdfs vehbfses, bdpfrteltns (Ehb`âs, 0355). _n
trete jn ul nhndnltf `åsbof. Rf dn etrnvnräe e jnobr qun ûlboednltn pfr jntrås jn hes lnonsbjejns absbfhÿiboes
vblouhejes ofl he supnrvbvnlobe n, blohusf nl foesbflns, pfr jnheltn jn nhhes. Nh edfr nl sus jbstbltes nxprnsbflns;
oerbõf, eanotf, rnoflfobdbnltf, vehfreobÿl…, ns, pfr teltf, ule jn hes lnonsbjejns ndfobflehns tresonljnltns pere
hes pnrsfles y hfs nqubpfs.
_bl juje, rneoobfledfs pfsbtbvednltn eltn qubnlns lfs oubjel. Nl nh nqubpf ns lnonserbf jndfstrer jn he afrde
dås nxphäobte pfsb`hn qun oeje pnrsfle ns bdpfrteltn. Re mndfs tretejf nstn tnde nl nh epertejf jn mudelbzer hes
rnheobflns nl nh tre`ekf, pfr hf qun lf dn vfy e nxtnljnr nl he lnonsbjej jn qun nh hbjnrezif iereltbon nh jnserrfhhf
jn hes pnrsfles jn su nqubpf jnsjn he oflabelze jn qun sfl oepeons.

Snrf ¶oÿdf sn trelsdbtn vehfreobÿl6

Bjnehdnltn ofl eutnltbobjej
eutnltbobjej,, jnsorb`bnljf ofl oflornobÿl hf qun he pnrsfle me mnomf qun ns jbilf jn nhfibf y e
trevâs jn ul rnoflfobdbnltf sblonrf, pfsbtbvf n blofljbobfleh (sbl nspnrer leje e oed`bf). Sunjn rnehbzersn sf`rn su
pnrsfle f ofdf eirejnobdbnltf pfr ehiûl mnomf oflorntf (Gfadel, 0335).
_bl nd`erif, rnoflfonr y vehfrer sunhn supflnr tnlnr qun nlarnltersn e obnrtfs f`ståouhfs. Jnsjn he pnrspnotbve
jnh qun meheie, surinl pnlsedbnltfs nvesbvfs nl he hälne jn « ye hf se`n·,
se`n·, «lf
«lf meon aehte·…,
aehte·…, f nh dbnjf eh rbjäouhf
qun sn sbnltn eh nxprnser ndfobflns. Qehfrer e ehiubnl bdphboe e`eljfler he ofreze jn he blsnlsb`bhbjej y rnoflfonr
eltn nse pnrsfle qun tbnlns he mudelbjej suabobnltn pere eprnober su vehfr. ¶Ns nstf, jn ehiule delnre, vnriflzfsf6
Sfr ftrf hejf, y nl eres e he mudbhjej, rnob`br vehfreobflns e vnons sn oflsbjnre ul sbilf jn sf`nr`be y, nltflons,
nxmb`bdfs ul irel lûdnrf jn nstretnibes jn rnomezf qun tretel jn dblbdbzer nh nanotf jnh rnoflfobdbnltf. _bl
nd`erif, sn trete jn tfjf hf ofltrerbf. Jn`ndfs eirejnonr hes vehfreobflns qun rnob`bdfs pfrqun rnehdnltn lfs
meonl aehte (Afrâs y @eom, 033=).
He vehfreobÿl ns, pfr teltf, ul aeotfr jn bdpfrtelobe tresonljnlteh pere he pfsbtbvbzeobÿl jn hes rnheobflns
he`frehns y pere he dftbveobÿl pnrsfleh.
 Oepätuhf 50
Ofdulboeobÿl,, nsouome y ndpetäe
Ofdulboeobÿl

50.5. Ofdulboeobÿl; vnr`eh y lf vnr`eh.

50.0. Oflvnrseobflns pû`hboes y prbvejes.
50.?. Hnkfs jn he orätboe y nh nlkubobedbnltf.
50.:. Uuâ ns y quâ lf ns ndpetäe.
50.>. Nsouome nlafoeje.
 Mndfs tretejf jn he bdpfrtelobe jn he ofdulboeobÿl nl nh nqubpf nl ule jn hes snoobflns jnh @hfqun B jnjboeje eh
prfpÿsbtf, pnrf lf dn rnsbstf e blohubr nl nstn epertejf sf`rn nh nqubpf, jnsjn su pnrspnotbve rnheobfleh, ehiules
pähjfres rnhetbves e he ofdulboeobÿl
ofdulboeobÿl,, jnsjn nh nlafqun jn he bltnrrnheobÿl pnrsfleh.
_bl juje, lfs snltbdfs dås onroe jn hes pnrsfles ofl hes qun pnrob`bdfs qun nstedfs nl sbltfläe, puns bdphboe
qun he ftre pnrsfle sbnltn hf qun sbnltf yf (Ehb`âs, 0355). Nstf ns hf fpunstf e he dehbltnrprnteobÿl. Oueljf nl ule
rnheobÿl pnrsfleh surinl dehnltnljbjfs, arutf jn hnotures bltnrles jbsofrjeltns sf`rn hfs dbsdfs dnlsekns, he
rnheobÿl sn jntnrbfre.
Sfr nsf, hfirer qun nl nh nqubpf nxbste nse sbltfläe ns ulf jn hfs rnqubsbtfs `åsbofs jn qun sne nanotbvf. E
ofltblueobÿl tn farnzof ehiules peutes eh rnspnotf.

50.5. Ofdulboeobÿl; vnr`eh y lf vnr`eh

Lunstrf eprnljbzekn sn jnserrfhhe pfr bdbteobÿl. Sfr nsf, sfl dås bdpfrteltns hfs mnomfs qun hes pehe`res.
pehe`res.
Lunstrf jboobflerbf ndfobfleh lf nstå `esejf nl ofdphboejes jnablbobflns jn hfs nstejfs jn ålbdf, sblf nl hes
nxpnrbnlobes pnrsflehns, teltf hes lunstres ofdf hes qun f`snrvedfs nl hes pnrsfles jn lunstrf nltfrlf.
Jn nste delnre, he deyfräe jn hes afrdes jn ofdpfrterlfs qun jel afrde e lunstrf nstbhf ofljuotueh y e lunstre
pnrsflehbjej hes vedfs eprnljbnljf y dfjbaboeljf sbl tnlnr oflobnlobe jn nhhf, hes eprnljndfs nl he pråotboe, sbl
pnlser, ofdf sn eprnljn e eljer nl `bobohnte (Ehb`âs, 0355).
Jnltrf jn nsn `eiekn jn oflfobdbnltfs ndfobfleh
ndfobflehns,
ns, eprnljndfs e «hnnr· he dnltn jn hfs jndås y e eltbobper sus
rnspunstes. Zed`bâl utbhbzedfs nse blafrdeobÿl pere rniuher hf qun lfsftrfs/es dbsdfs/es snltbdfs. Snrf, pere
eoonjnr e hes ndfobflns jn hfs jndås, mey qun oepter hfs dnlsekns lf vnr`ehns (nh tflf jn vfz, hfs instfs, he
nxprnsbÿl aeobeh, ofrpfreh…).
_n delnkel obares eprfxbdejes jn qun, nl lunstre ofdulboeobÿl, sfhf nh 9% jnh dnlsekn qun trelsdbtbdfs sn
nlounltre nl hes pehe`res. Nh ?=% jnpnljn jn lunstre vfz (nh tflf, nh vfhudnl, he bltnlsbjej, he nxprnsbvbjej, he
nltfleobÿl…) y leje dnlfs qun nh >>% rnsteltn rnoen nl he absbfhfiäe, nl nh rnstf jn lunstre ofrpfrehbjej. Ofdf
vns, trelsdbtbdfs duomf dås ofl lunstre pfsture y eotbtuj aäsboe qun ofl lunstres pehe`res.
He dnltn reobfleh sn ofdulboe e trevâs jn hes pehe`res, pnrf hes ndfobflns hf meonl jn ul dfjf lf vnr`eh. Hfs
snltbdbnltfs ofljbobflel nh tbpf jn rnheobÿl qun nste`hnondfs. _fl ohevns pere bltnrprnter ofrrnotednltn nh
dnlsekn, pnrf sunhnl snr hfs ireljns fhvbjejfs. Ofdulboedfs ule bjne, ule pntbobÿl, ule suinrnlobe, ule bltubobÿl,
pnrf lf me`hedfs jn jujes, tndfrns, tnlsbflns, bhusbflns y nxpnotetbves. Ornndfs qun hf qun lf sn lfd`re ns ofdf
sb lf nxbstbnre. Snrf sä nxbstn y, ejndås, jntnrdble lunstrf ofdpfrtedbn
ofdpfrtedbnltf
ltf y hf qun ofdulboedfs (Ehb`âs, 0355).

Sfr nsf, ns duy bdpfrteltn ieler oflobnlobe sf`rn hf qun snltbdfs y sf`rn hf qun ofdulboedfs pfrqun nstål
ältbdednltn rnheobflejfs. _b jfs pnrsfles me`hel sbl hnibtbdersn, sbl rnoflfonrsn ofdf biuehns, sbl bdpfrterhns
leje nh ftrf, pfr duomf qun me`hnl ve e snr jbaäobh qun sn nltbnljel. Lf sfhf bdpfrte hf qun jbif, sblf jnsjn
jbif, ofl quâ snltbdbnltf y oÿdf hf rnob`n y hn eanote eh ftrf (Afrâs y @eom, 033=).
jÿljn hf jbif,

50.0. Oflvnrseobflns pû`hboes y prbvejes

He ofhudle bzqubnrje ns ule afrde jn elehbzer hes oflvnrseobflns prfpunste pfr Omrbs Eriyrbs5 y Jflehj _omñl0
(Gfadel, 0335).
Nstn nknrobobf pnrdbtn ofdperer lunstrf hnliuekn vnr`eh hbtnreh nl ule oflvnrseobÿl ouehqubnre, ofl hes
bltnrprnteobflns,, fpblbflns, kubobfs, blanrnlobes, prnkubobfs, supfsbobflns, ndfobflns y snltbdbnltfs, qun delnkedfs
bltnrprnteobflns
bltnrlednltn nl nh trelsoursf jn nse dbsde oflvnrseobÿl. ^l vnrjejnrf rntf, ¶vnrjej6

Bdeiblf
dnlfs, perequn nh mnomfnhdbsdf
dä suibnrn dbsdf jn pheltnersn
vârtbif nh nknrobobf prfvfoe he snlseobÿl jn esfdersn e ul prnobpbobf f, eh
y rnspntf.
 Nse nspnobn jn blofdfjbjej jnrbve jn qun he nxbstnlobe jn he ofhudle bzqubnrje rnvnhe qun lf sfdfs tel
f`kntbvfs/es ofdf pnlsedfs snr. Re mndfs me`hejf nl verbfs dfdnltfs jn nstn hb`rf jn qun lfs mndfs
eofstud`rejf e pnlser qun lunstres fpblbflns sfl vnrjejnrfs mnomfs ofltrestejfs, sfl «he vnrjej·, y hes pnrsfles
qun lf hes ofdpertnl, sbdphndnltn nstål nqubvfoejes.
Nh mnomf jn elehbzer he bltreoflvnrseobÿl qun oeje pnrsfle deltbnln oflsbif dbsde y rnehbzer nh nsaunrzf jn vnr
oÿdf nse dbsde oflvnrseobÿl, pheieje jn ounstbflns purednltn su`kntbves, nstå blahuynljf nl lunstres
oflvnrseobflns y, nl oflsnounlobe, nl lunstres rnheobflns, dn pernon ule vnrjejnre oure jn mudbhjej.
^le vnz qun oflfondfs he nxbstnlobe jn he ofhudle bzqubnrje lf pfjndfs ablibr qun lf nxbstn nl lunstrf oesf y
qun tedpfof nxbstn nl nh oesf jn hes jndås pnrsfles. He su`kntbvbjej lfs eofdpeõe blnhujb`hndnl
blnhujb`hndnltn,
tn, pnrf nh pnhbirf
lf rejboe nl tnlnr fpblbflns su`kntbves, sblf nl lf snr oflsobnltn jn qun sfl prnobsednltn nsf, fpblbflns. Mey qun
snr vehbnltn pere etrnvnrsn e nxphfrer hes ofhudles bzqubnrjes eknles y pflnr nl ounstbÿl hes prfpbes. Nsf sn hhede
eprnljbzekn..
eprnljbzekn
Nl tfjf oesf, hes ehtnrletbves qun farnon he ofhudle bzqubnrje sfl `åsboednltn;
e) Nxprnserhe sbl ofrtepbses, `ekf nh edperf jn snr ule pnrsfle sblonre y mflnste. Nstf, sniûl Arnj Gfadel, ns
«vfdbter· he ofhudle bzqubnrje. Nstf prfvfoerå, blnvbte`hndnltn,
blnvbte`hndnltn, oflahbotfs y ofljuotes eltbsfobehns.
`) Oehhårsnhe, ns jnobr, nl hnliuekn ofhfqubeh «treiårsnhe·. Nstf tedpfof prfjuon sfhuobflns, inlnre rnsnltbdbnltf
y jnke pertn jn he vnrjej nsofljbje.
o) He tnronre ehtnrletbve oflsbstn nl prfonser nh ofltnlbjf jn nse ofhudle bzqubnrje pere treshejer su nsnlobe eh
nxtnrbfr jn delnre ejnoueje. Nl he pertn supnrabobeh jn lunstre ofhudle sunhnl eahfrer ounstbflns ofl hes qun
lf lfs
pfr iustejnbjnltbaboerlfs
jn`ekf (bre, dbnjf,
nse oepe supnrabobeh blsniurbjej,
pere hhnier arustreobÿl,
e hf prfauljf re`be…).
y eutâltbof jnh Nh rntf oflsbstn nl sniubr nsoer`eljf
dnlsekn.

50.?. Hnkfs jn he orätboe y nh nlkubobedbnltf

Hfs kubobfs y oereotnrbzeobflns jn hes pnrsfles prfvfoel aåobhdnltn dehnltnljbjfs. Hf pnhbirfsf lf ns nlkubober,
sblf lf snr oflsobnltn jn nhhf y ejndås tfderhf ofdf onrtnzes blaehb`hns. Ns prnobsf instbfler lunstrfs kubobfs ofl
mudbhjej y ofdf su`kntbvfs qun sfl. Lf sfl vnrjej f dnltbre, pnrf sä punjnl snr kubobfs oflstruotbvfs f
jnstruotbvfs (Nomnvnrräe, 0330).
Hes pnrsfles nstedfs nl oflsteltn nvfhuobÿl.
nvfhuobÿl. Rf lf sfy he qun nre, lb snrâ he qun sfy mfy. Nstfy nl oed`bf
pnrdelnltn y tnlif jnrnomf e db nvfhuobÿl. _bl nd`erif, oueljf tretedfs e hes jndås pnrsfles oflkntureljf oÿdf
sn ofdpfrterål nl nh auturf, nl `esn e su ofljuote peseje, nstedfs lniåljfhns su jnrnomf e oed`ber, e nvfhuobfler,
e snr jbstbltfs, e meonr hes ofses jn ftre delnre he prÿxbde vnz. Ns ofdf afsbhbzer e hes pnrsfles nl ule bdeinl qun
yf dbsdf/e mn ornejf.
Jn eounrjf ofl ule blvnstbieobÿl hhnveje e oe`f pfr Deriernt Gndnly, prfansfre jnh Jnpertednltf jn
Ssbqubeträe jn he ^lbvnrsbjej jn Oehbafrlbe (_el Arelobsof), hes pnrsfles suarbdfs dås oueljf ornndfs qun nh jeõf
qun lfs mel oeusejf me sbjf bltnlobflejf.
_b nstf ns esä, eprnljnr e instbfler ofl oflabelze hf qun vbvbdfs ofdf fanlses jn hfs jndås ns jn irel
bdpfrtelobe (Oestelynr, 035?). _b pbnlses qun he ftre pnrsfle f`re jn `unle an y hf me mnomf hf dnkfr qun punjn y
se`n, ofl hes mnrredbnltes ofl hes qun ounlte, eulqun dnte he pete meste nh afljf, lunstrf jfhfr ndfobfleh snrå
dnlfr.
_n trete jn eofstud`rersn e dbrer e hfs jndås ofl `unlfs fkfs. Znlndfs nh pfjnr jn nd`nhhnonr f nlsuober hf
qun vndfs ofl lunstre dbreje. Mey qun pertbr jn qun hes pnrsfles sfl ältnires, e dnlfs qun jndunstrnl hf
ofltrerbf. Re mndfs me`hejf nl ftrfs oepätuhfs jn nstn hb`rf jnh nanotf qun tbnlnl lunstres ornnlobes sf`rn hes jndås
pnrsfles. Ns obnrtf qun, e vnons, hes pnrsfles lfs jnonpobflel (y lfsftrfs/es jnonpobfledfs e hfs/es jndås, eõejf),
pnrf he vnlteke jn pertbr jn he oflabelze ns qun ns aåobh qun hes pnrsfles rnspfljel ofl oflabelze oueljf nstf ns hf
qun pnrob`nl.
Snrf, ejndås jn pertbr jn ule prnjbspfsbobÿl pfsbtbve nl lunstres rnheobflns, ns lnonserbf qun sn blsteurnl nl nh
nqubpf `unlfs må`btfs ofdulboetbvfs.
ofdulboetbvfs. Nltrn ftrfs;
‟ Uun he oflabelze sn oflstruye ofl jbåhfif,
jbåhfif, ofl ofdpfrtedbnltfs, ofl ofdprfdbsfs. Ns lnonserbf ehnkersn jn
he nxbinlobe bljbvbjuehbste y pnlser nl ofhnotbvf.
‟ Zfjes hes pnrsfles jnh nqubpf jn`nräel snr oepeons jn jnobrsn sbl tndfr he vnrjej nltrn nhhes, blohuynljf nl
nstf eh hbjnrezif. Ns lnonserbf qun meye mflnstbjej y eutnltbobjej. Lf punjn nxbstbr oflabelze sbl vnrjej.
Ofdf jnoäe Demetde Ieljmb; «Uun «Uun hf qun pbnlses, hf qun jbons y hf qun meons nstâl nl erdfläe·
erdfläe · (Ejebr,
035:). Ns lnonserbf ofhfoersn, pfr teltf, nl nh nxtrndf fpunstf e he dnltbre, e he erdfläe abotbobe, e he orätboe
nsofljbje…
‟ Nsf sä, lf sn trete jn «oelterhn
«oelterhn hes ouernlte·
ouernlte· e lejbn. Re me`hedfs jn ehiules mnrredbnltes oflorntes pere jer
annj`eog lnietbvf. Ns lnonserbf pertbr jn he ofdulboeobÿl esnrtbve qun sn esbnlte nl qun jn`f rnspnter teltf
dbs jnrnomfs, lnonsbjejns y jnsnfs, ofdf hfs jn he pnrsfle ofl he qun dn ofdulbof.

50.:. Uuâ ns y quâ lf ns ndpetäe

^lf jn hfs ofdpflnltns dås bdpfrteltns nl he ofdulboeobÿl jn ul nqubpf y nl ouehqubnr bltnreoobÿl mudele
tbnln qun vnr ofl he oepeobjej jn pflnrlfs nl nh huier jn ftre pnrsfle y nxpnrbdnlter y snltbr hf qun nse pnrsfle
punjn nster sbltbnljf. Oueljf sfdfs oepeons jn nstf, sn jnspbnrte he ofdpesbÿl.
Ntbdfhÿiboednltn ndpetäe sbilbaboe «snltbr jnltrf· y surin oueljf lunstres lnurfles nspnkf bdbtel nl lunstrf
bltnrbfr nh nstejf ndfobfleh jn ftre pnrsfle.
Nxbstnl jbstbltes ohesns jn ndpetäe;
‟ Ofilbtbve,
Ofilbtbve, qun tbnln qun vnr ofl he oepeobjej jn bltubr oÿdf vn hes ofses he ftre pnrsfle, bdeibler ouåh ns su
pnrspnotbve.
‟ Ndfobfleh. Snrob`br hf qun nse pnrsfle nstå sbltbnljf y oÿdf dn snltbräe yf nl su sbtueobÿl. Bdphboe ieler
oflobnlobe sf`rn nh nstejf ndfobfleh jn ftre pnrsfle.
‟ Srnfoupeobÿl ndpåtboe,
ndpåtboe, lf sfhf lfs hbdbtedfs e bdeibler hes ndfobflns.
Nl nstn pultf, ns prnobsf jbanrnlober ndpetäe jn sbdpetäe
sbdpetäe.. He ndpetäe bdphboe meonr ul vbekn jnsjn db duljf eh
jn ftre pnrsfle pere vbvbr y snltbr he rnehbjej jnsjn su pnrspnotbve, pnrf rnirnseljf e db pfsbobÿl pere rnoupnrer db
prfpbf pultf jn vbste. He sbdpetäe bdphboe, pfr nh ofltrerbf, jnkersn hhnver pfr hes ndfobflns jn ftre pnrsfle y
oflteibersn jn nhhes meste meonrhes prfpbes.
Jn ehiule delnre, lunstrf frielbsdf nstå prnperejf pere dbdntbzersn ofl su nltfrlf, prf`e`hndnltn ofdf ule
mnrredbnlte pere su supnrvbvnlobe. E pnser jn nhhf, y eulqun nl eperbnlobe jndfstrer ndpetäe punjn pernonr
snlobhhf, nl duomes foesbflns ntbquntedfs jn ndpåtbofs ofdpfrtedbnltfs qun lf sfl tehns, epfyåljflfs nl qun
lunstre bltnlobÿl blbobeh ns he jn farnonr lunstre eyuje y ofdprnlsbÿl e he ftre pnrsfle.
Ndpetäe lf bdphboe prniulter, bljeier, eoflsnker, ejfotrbler, rnieõer, abhfsfaer… Jn mnomf, pere snr ndpåtbof ns
dås bdpfrteltn nsouomer qun me`her (Afrâs y @eom, 033=). Uubzå sne ule ounstbÿl jn aesns y jn dfjuher eoobflns
y, esä, oueljf ehiubnl nstå ndfobflehdnltn eanotejf pfr ule sbtueobÿl, nl ul prbdnr dfdnltf sne suabobnltn ofl
ofdprnljnr qun nse pnrsfle nstå nl ftrf huier. Snrdbtbr qun nstâ y lf qunrnr seoerhf/e jn emä ofdf sne. E`eljfler
pfr ul dfdnltf dbs ornnlobes y fpblbflns, nsouomer y ofdprnljnr _^ snltbdbnltf.
Ftrf pesf snräe ofhfoerlfs sbhnlobfse y rnspntufsednltn e su hejf.
hejf . Rf sbnltf pfr tb (oÿdf dn snltbräe yf y
oÿdf dn meon snltbr).
Lfrdehdnltn, hes pnrsfles sfhf jnsnel snr nsouomejes y pere nhhf ns prnobsf hbdbterlfs e nster prnsnltns y
jbspflb`hns, sbl dås. Sernon snlobhhf, pnrf rnsuhte rnehdnltn jbabouhtfsf…
He ndpetäe lf tbnln ofrrnheobÿl ofl he bltnhbinlobe eoejâdboe, pnrf oueljf nl ul nqubpf hes pnrsfles sfl oepeons
jn hnnr hfs dnlsekns ndfobflehns, dunstrel deyfr rnspntf, dås nste`bhbjej ndfobfleh y deyfr rnljbdbnltf.
50.>. Nsouome nlafoeje
Qblouheje ofl he ndpetäe, sn nlounltre nsnlobehdnltn oflnoteje he oepeobjej jn nsouomer. Nsouomer jn delnre
eotbve pflbnljf nh afof nl he ftre pnrsfle ns ule ofdpntnlobe duy bdpfrteltn y ted`bâl nsoese. ¶Sfr quâ6
@åsboednltn pfrqun lf lfs nlsnõel e nsouomer. Sfr oeje oursf jn fretfrbe, ¶ouåltfs oursfs jn nsouome sn bdpertnl6
Lf ns lnonserbf rnspfljnr. He jnsprfpfrobÿl ns e`bsdeh.

Nsouomer ounste
bdpfrteltns duomf,
y pere qun pfrqun
lunstre e hes pnrsfles
bdpfrtelobe hf qun qunrndfs
sne rnoflfobje rnehdnltn qun
lfs hes
iuste ns pnrsfles
jndås me`her. Uunrndfs snltbrlfs
lfs nsouomnl, pnrf
oueljf sn trete jn qun lfsftrfs/es meiedfs nsn nsaunrzf, ¶nstedfs jbspunstfs/es6 Pnieher e ehiubnl lunstre nsouome
ns ule vnrjejnre dunstre jn eanotf.
Nl lunstre pehnte jn ofhfrns nxbstn ule edphäsbde iede jn irbsns nl he nsouome qun vel jnsjn bilfrer
nxphäobtednltn e ehiubnl, peseljf pfr nsouomes dås f dnlfs jnsoflnotejes, meste hhnier e he nsouome nlafoeje,
eotbve f ndpåtboe (Sbzerrf y Nomnvnrräe, 5229).
Sfr ounstbflns jn oepeobjej y jn nqubhb`rbf, lf pfjndfs pnrdelnonr tfjf nh tbndpf nl nstn dfjf jn nsouome
eotbve. _bl nd`erif, nl foesbflns nsn ns, prnobsednltn, nh lbvnh jn nxbinlobe nl nh qun jn`nräedfs dfvnrlfs.
Nh perejbide nanotbvf jn nsouomer sn `ese nl he bltnlobflehbjej jn nltnljnr. Nsouomer jn afrde prfeotbve bdphboe
treter jn evnrbiuer nh pultf jn vbste jn he ftre pnrsfle. _bl nd`erif, pere nhhf ns bdprnsobljb`hn huomer ofltre he
duhtbtuj jn nstäduhfs qun sn jbsperel nl lunstre oe`nze oueljf ehiubnl lfs me`he.
Hes pnrsfles vbvbdfs nl pnrdelnltn jbåhfif ofl lfsftres dbsdes. Nh prf`hnde jn nstn jbåhfif oflsbstn nl qun, sb
nh vfhudnl jn db eutfoflvnrseobÿl ns jndesbejf nhnvejf, ofdf sb aunre he rejbf, lf dn ve e pnrdbtbr rnob`br
ejnouejednltn hf qun dn trelsdbtn he ftre pnrsfle.
Mey ftrf tbpf jn bdpnjbdnltfs rnheobflejfs
rnheobflejfs ofl qun, nl ule oflvnrseobÿl, nh tbndpf jn nsouome hf jnjboedfs, nl
duomes foesbflns, e prnperer f nlseyer lunstre rnspunste y, nltflons, nh jbåhfif lf ns teh y sn oflvbnrtn nl ule
jblådboe jn sbdphndnltn nspnrer turlf pere me`her. _n trete, pfr nh ofltrerbf, jn nsouomer pere ofdprnljnr, lf
rnspfljnr. R nsouomer jn afrde eotbve bdphboe lf sfhf rnofinr hes pehe`res, sblf bltnrprnter, snltbr, f`snrver,
pere rnspfljnr.
nsouomer he bltnlobÿl qun su`yeon, quâ ftrf tbpf jn dnlsekns dn nstå nlvbeljf he ftre pnrsfle, lf sfhf vnr`ehdnltn
ofdf mndfs vbstf, sblf ofl tfje su oepeobjej ofdulboetbve.
Snrf nstfs lf sfl hfs ûlbofs f`ståouhfs qun jbabouhtel he nsouome nlafoeje, eotbve f ndpåtboe. E ofltblueobÿl tn
rnsudf ftrfs (Gfadel, 0335);
‟ Ofdperersn f bjnltbaboersn. Jer rnspunstes eutf`bfiråaboes.
‟ Hnnr nh pnlsedbnltf.

‟ Abhtrer nxpnotetbves.
‟ Kuzier.
‟ Bltnrprnter f ejbvbler.
‟ Zrelqubhbzer.
‟ Eoflsnker, jer sfhuobflns, esudbnljf qun he ftre pnrsfle lf ns oepez jn nlofltrerhes.
‟ Jbsoutbr.
‟ Srnsupflnr qun tnlif rezÿl.
‟ Oed`ber jn tnde.
‟ @usoer he eprf`eobÿl.
Ehiulfs truofs pere dnkfrer lunstre oehbjej jn nsouome snräel, nltrn ftrfs;
«rnihe jn hfs jfs tnrobfs· prfpunste pfr Areléfbs Eâhbfl;?
‟ Ofdf nste`hnon he «rnihe
5. Nsouomer nh jf`hn jn hf qun me`hedfs.
0. Eh me`her, afrduher nh jf`hn jn prniultes qun jn eabrdeobflns.
 ?. Eh eabrder, utbhbzer nh jf`hn jn vnons hes pehe`res jnh bltnrhfoutfr/e qun hes prfpbes. Nste mnrredbnlte sn
jnlfdble perearesner.
‟ Znlnr ul f`kntbvf eh nsouomer.
‟ _uspnljnr tfjf kubobf blbobeh. Nsouomer sbl peltehhe.
‟ Onltrersn nl qubnl me`he, rnsbstbâljfsn e tfjf tbpf jn jbstreoobflns. Zfder oflobnlobe jn db oflvnrseobÿl
bltnrle y suspnljnrhe tndpfrehdnltn.
‟ Snrob`br jnsjn jÿljn tn me`he, bltubr quâ sbnltn he ftre pnrsfle. Nsouomer ofl nh ofrezÿl.
‟ Zbndpf jbanrnlobeh nltrn pnlser y rnspfljnr. _nperer he nsouome jn he rnspunste.
Snrf lf `este ofl nsouomer. Rf eõejbräe qun ns lnonserbf qun he ftre pnrsfle hf pnrob`e. Hes pnrsfles lnonsbtedfs
snltbr qun sfdfs nsouomejes. _upfln ule irel aunltn jn arustreobÿl oueljf jnsnes ofdulboer ehif y pnrob`ns qun
lf tn nsouomel. Lf vehn ablibr etnlobÿl. Ejndås, ye mndfs vbstf nl nh epertejf jn ofdulboeobÿl lf vnr`eh qun
sfdfs oepeons jn hnnr hes snõehns y he ftre pnrsfle sn je ounlte jn qun tu nsouome lf ns eutâltboe. He eotbtuj jn
nsouome jn`n snr nxphäobte7 pere nhhf ns lnonserbf nster nl sbhnlobf, nster prnsnltn, dbrer sblonrednltn e hfs fkfs,
tbndpf…
rnieher tbndpf…
Jnsou`rbr he nsouome ns ul pheonr.
pheonr. Lfs pnrdbtn oflnoter ofl nh bltnrbfr jn hes pnrsfles, nvbte lunstres jnanlses y
lfs seoe jnh ebshedbnltf. Lfs mudelbze. ¶Srf`edfs6

5 Omrbs Eriyrbs (520?-035?) aun ul tnÿrbof jnh deleindnlt, prfansfr ndârbtf jn Merverj @usblnss _omffh, y ul häjnr
jn pnlsedbnltf nl Dflbtfr Irfup. Ns oflfobjf ofdf ofauljejfr jn he Frielbzeobÿl pere nh Jnserrfhhf, y pfr su
tre`ekf nl frielbzeobflns jn eprnljbzekn.
0 Jflehj Ehel _omñl (52?3-5229) aun ul pnlsejfr blahuynltn nl nh jnserrfhhf jn he tnfräe y he pråotboe jnh
eprnljbzekn prfansbfleh rnahnxbvf nl nh sbihf ]].
? Areléfbs Eâhbfl ns dbnd`rf jn he Ednrboel Abnhj _nrvbon y prnsbjn Jeltmrfs, frielbzeobÿl qun tre`eke pfr nh
jnserrfhhf jnh jnsndpnõf mudelf y he nxonhnlobe qun auljÿ nl 52=1.
 Oepätuhf 5?
Instbÿl jnh oflahbotf

5?.5. Nh oflahbotf ns mudelf.

5?.0. Zfxbles nl he ofdulboeobÿl.
5?.5. Nh oflahbotf ns mudelf
Nh oflahbotf nstå hhnlf jn dbtfs y, lfrdehdnltn, he sfhe prnsnlobe jn he pehe`re punjn ofltrb`ubr e qun
nxpnrbdnltndfs obnrte blofdfjbjej (_frbelf, 0355). _bl nd`erif, snr mudelf bdphboe tnlnr oflahbotfs. Lf
pfjndfs nsoeper jn lunstres lnonsbjejns, dbnjfs, nifäsdfs y nlaejfs. _fhf pfjndfs nhnibr oÿdf rnspfljnr eltn
nhhfs..
nhhfs
Jnpnljbnljf jn lunstres ornnlobes y nxpnrbnlobes vbtehns, y jn lunvf sbiubnljf e Gfadel (0335), nlofltredfs
jbstbltes rnspunstes pfsb`hns;
Lnierhfs,, qun ns ofdf oueljf hfs/es tbnrlfs blaeltns obnrrel hfs fkfs pere qun lf hns vnel. _biunl nsteljf emä.
5. Lnierhfs
Nvbterhfs,, supfln jer ireljns rfjnfs pere lf nlarnltersn e ul prnobpbobf. Oflsudn tbndpf y nlnriäe, pnrf lf
0. Nvbterhfs
hf sfhuobfle.
?. Pnljbrsn bdphboe rnsbileobÿl, rnsnltbdbnltf y rnljbobÿl.
:. Evesehher punjn jer `nlnabobfs e ofrtf phezf, pnrf e herif phezf jntnrbfre hes rnheobflns. Lejbn qubnrn nster
ofl pnrsfles eirnsbves.
Ofdprfdbsf,, oflonsbflns dutues, bdphboe nster e dbtej jn oedblf. Ns he sfhuobÿl sehfdÿlboe nl he qun hes
>. Ofdprfdbsf
pnrsfles blvfhuorejes pbnrjnl ul pfof oeje ule.

ofhe`fretbve, qun ns he fpobÿl qun dn iusteräe elehbzer equä.

1. Pnsfhuobÿl ornetbve y ofhe`fretbve,
Eh derinl jnh tbpf jn rnspunste, nxbstnl jfs tbpfs jn oflahbotf;
oflahbotf;
‟ Hfs oflahbotfs fpnretbvfs epernonl oueljf hes pnrsfles blvfhuorejes tbnlnl nh pfjnr pere jnobjbr eoobflns
autures. Ejndås, nh oflahbotf sn `ese nl ule nsoesnz f hbdbteobÿl qun bdpbjn qun oeje pnrsfle f`tnlie hf qun
jnsne jn afrde bljnpnljbnltn (nkndphfs ofhfqubehns snräel «f « f blvnrtbdfs nl oehbjej f blvnrtbdfs nl
dergntbli·,
dergntbli ·, «f vedfs jn veoeobflns eh dfltn f vedfs e he pheye·).
pheye ·). _b tuvbâredfs suabobnltns rnoursfs pere
blvnrtbr nl ed`fs snotfrns f pere brlfs jn veoeobflns e hfs jfs jnstblfs, lf nxbstbräe oflahbotf.
‟ Oueljf nh oflahbotf eanote e he rnheobÿl, e he eutfnstbde y e hfs snltbdbnltfs ns ul oflahbotf pnrsfleh.
pnrsfleh.
¡Fkf! Zfjfs hfs oflahbotfs bdphboel verbe`hns pnrsflehns, pnrf sfhf ehiulfs sfl fpnretbvfs. Nl ul oflahbotf
fpnretbvf he jbanrnlobe rejboe nl ule jnobsbÿl detnrbeh7 nl ul oflahbotf pnrsfleh rnsbjn nl ul vehfr e`streotf; qubâl
tbnln rezÿl.
Nl oueltf e he afrde jn instbflerhfs, nl tfjfs hfs oesfs jn`ndfs prnster etnlobÿl e hes rnheobflns y e he
ndfobflehbjej (_frbelf, 0355). _b sfl oflahbotfs pnrsflehns y, pfr teltf, lf mey nsoesnz jn «rezÿl·, sn trete jn ule
jbanrnlobe jn iustfs y fpblbflns sbndprn su`kntbves («quâ nstå dås rbof; nh mnhejf jn arnse f nh jn omfofhetn…·). Nh
nhndnltf jbsfhvnltn jnh oflahbotf ns nh rnspntf pfr he ftre pnrsfle, he eohereobÿl jn hes pfsbobflns y jn hes
nxpnotetbves y he nsouome eotbve. _n punjn hhnier e ul eounrjf afrdeh f sbdphndnltn eofrjer qun sn nstå nl
jnseounrjf.
Oueljf sn trete jn oflahbotfs fpnretbvfs,
fpnretbvfs, mey qun jnobjbr nh dnoelbsdf jn jnobsbÿl, nl oesf jn qun lf sn hfirn nh
oflsnlsf. Ejndås, ofdf oueljf tretedfs nh tnde jn sblnribzer, ns bltnrnseltn jbanrnlober nltrn pfsbobÿl
pfsbobÿl,, qun ns he
pfsture qun sn delbabnste, n bltnrâs
bltnrâs,, qun meon rnanrnlobe e hfs jnsnfs y lnonsbjejns qun nstål nl he reäz jn hes
pfsbobflns (Ofvny, 5223). Hfs bltnrnsns sfl ofdpetb`hns, hf qun lf sunhn snr ofdpetb`hn sfl hfs dnjbfs. Instbfler
nh oflahbotf ofdf ul tre`ekf ornetbvf y ofhe`fretbvf, nl nh qun hes pnrsfles blvfhuorejes `usoel oÿdf jer rnspunste
e sus dutufs bltnrnsns, bdphboe peser jn ul dfjnhf nl nh qun qubnrf tnlnr rezÿl f qun db pnrspnotbve sne he
ielejfre pere earflterhf treteljf jn jer rnspunste e hes lnonsbjejns n bltnrnsns jn ed`es pertns.
Hes ehtnrletbves nstål nlobde jn he dnse y he vbje ns ule nsounhe deiläaboe qun `rblje oeje jäe dûhtbphns
fpfrtulbjejns pere preotboer. ¶Qes e oed`ber ehif nl tu afrde jn earflter nh prÿxbdf oflahbotf6 ¡Etrâvntn e

bltnlterhf!
5?.0. Zfxbles nl he ofdulboeobÿl
_bl nd`erif, hes pnrsfles lf sbndprn sfdfs oepeons jn instbfler lunstrfs oflahbotfs jn ule delnre tel frtfjfxe
f pfsbtbve. Hes rneoobflns qun lfs ehnkel jn he instbÿl oflstruotbve jn lunstrfs oflahbotfs jnrbvel, jn ule delnre
sbdphbste, jn qun lfs snltbdfs eteoejfs. Lejbn rneoobfle jn ule delnre eirnsbve, sb lf ns pfrqun jn ehiule delnre
sn sbnltn mnrbjf/e f arustrejf/e.

Hf qunpunjn
ehiubnl jbabouhte pflnr
jfhnrhn qunlfd`rn e nsteule
ounstbflnl sbtueobÿl ns qun
me`bhbjej suye,hesdbnltres
pnrsflesqun
lfsesnltbdfs mnrbjes
ftre hf qun pfr jbstbltes
hn dfhnste lf ns heounstbflns.
orätboe, sblfE
he aehte jn etnlobÿl.
Sere jerhn dås ndfobÿl e nstn tnde, nl foesbflns lf nstedfs eh jäe jn lunstres ndfobflns y lunstres rneoobflns
sfl arutf jn eofltnobdbnltfs jbstelobejfs nl nh tbndpf, qun lf sn mel vnr`ehbzejf nl su dfdnltf, y jn hfs qun lb
lfsftrfs/es dbsdfs/es sfdfs oflsobnltns.
Kfml D. Ifttdel y Lel _bhvnr5 me`hel jn hes tfxbles nl he ofdulboeobÿl y hfs jnlfdblel hfs kblntns jn he
Epfoehbpsbs jn hes rnheobflns pnrsflehns. Nstes sfl;

‟ He orätboe, nh rnprfomn, nh kubobf.

‟ Sflnrsn e he jnanlsbve.
‟ Brfläe, oblbsdf…
‟ @hfqunf, bilfrer…
Zfjf nh duljf hes utbhbze, pnrf ule jn nhhes sunhn snr lunstre nspnobehbjej. Oueljf ehiule jn nstes tfxbles sn
bltrfjuon nl ule oflvnrseobÿl, e dnlfs qun snedfs oepeons jn vbsuehbzerhe nl oueltf epernon y instbfler
ejnouejednltn hf qun lfs supfln pnrsflehdnltn su eperbobÿl, aåobhdnltn pfjndfs nltrer nl ule nspbreh jn tfxbles,
nl he qun vedfs peseljf suonsbvednltn jn ules e ftres y ofl oerie ndfobfleh bl ornsonljf (Eibrrn nt eh.,
eh., 035:).
Nh ûlbof eltäjftf pere supnrer nh usf y hfs nanotfs jn nstes tfxbles supfln pertbr jn he esnrtbvbjej. Deltnlnrlfs
abrdndnltn ulbjfs eh f`kntbvf jn sfstnlnr ule oflvnrseobÿl nl he qun dbs bjnes, dbs jnsnfs y dbs lnonsbjejns snel
etnljbjfs y rnspntejfs, jn he dbsde afrde qun sn rnspntel y etbnljnl hes eknles. _n trete jn nlafoer he oflvnrseobÿl
jnsjn he pnrspnotbve jn jnrnomfs y jn`nrns esnrtbvfs pfr ed`es pertns (Oestelynr, 035?).
Nl tfjf oesf, ehiules rnofdnljeobflns inlnrehns tbnlnl qun vnr ofl rnanrbrlfs e eotfs f ofdpfrtedbnltfs y lf e
he pnrsfle, mubr jn hes inlnrehbzeobflns y hes ntbquntes, nvbter etrb`ubr bltnlobflns lf nxphäobtes y, nl he dnjbje jn hf
pfsb`hn, me`her jnsjn nh RF.
RF.
E nstn rnspnotf, nh Jr. Mebd Iblftt 0 prfpfln ule snlobhhe rnihe utbhbzeljf dnlsekns jnsjn nh «yf·; «Oueljf me
fourrbjf ], yf dn mn snltbjf R, y dn iusteräe [· (Afrâs y @eom, 033=).
Nste nxprnsbÿl bdphboe qun lfs jbrbibdfs jnsjn lunstrf duljf ndfobfleh, blounstbfle`hn. Rf tnlif jnrnomf e
dbs ndfobflns, me`hf jn hf qun bltnrlednltn dn me prfvfoejf ul mnomf y, e pertbr jn emä, afrduhf ule pntbobÿl. Nh
f`kntbvf lf ns rnprnljnr, lb rnorbdbler, lb oestbier. Ns jer sfhuobÿl e ule lnonsbjej qun ule sbtueobÿl oflornte dn
prfvfoe jnsjn nh rnspntf y jnsjn hes ndfobflns.
ndfobflns.

5 Kfml D. Ifttdel y Lel _bhvnr sfl hfs eutfrns jn Zmn _nvnl Srblobphns afr Degbli Derrbein Yfrg . Nste f`re sn
`ese nl ule blvnstbieobÿl obnltäaboe nl he qun mel nstujbejf jureltn verbfs eõfs hfs må`btfs jn hfs detrbdflbfs,
f`tnlbnljf ul âxbtf jnh 25% nl sus prnjboobflns sf`rn nh auturf jn hes pernkes. Nstn hb`rf rnsudn sbntn rnihes jn frf
pere rnoupnrer f afrtehnonr ule pernke nl orbsbs.
0 Mebd Iblftt ofdnlzÿ ofdf prfansfr jn Nsounhe Srbderbe nl Bsrenh nl 52:9. Jnspuâs jn ndbirer e Nstejfs
^lbjfs, nstujbÿ psbofhfiäe nl he ^lbvnrsbjej jn Ofhud`be, jfljn f`tuvf ul jfotfrejf nl psbofhfiäe ohälboe nl 52>0.
Aun pbflnrf nl tâolboes pere oflvnrser ofl hfs lbõfs qun tfjeväe sn nlsnõel mfy.
 Obnrrn

R meste equä me hhniejf lunstre evnlture pfr nh epesbfleltn duljf jn he instbÿl jn nqubpfs. Nspnrf qun he
rnofpbheobÿl jn bjnes qun mn vfhoejf nl nstes påibles tn eyujn e jbeilfstboer blbobehdnltn
blbobehdnltn ehiules jn hes ounstbflns
qun punjnl nster eanoteljf e tu nqubpf. E pertbr jn nsn oflfobdbnltf, snrå dås aåobh nlofltrer y ephboer hfs
nhndnltfs qun punjel ofltrb`ubr e oflsniubr hfs f`kntbvfs qun prntnljes.
Ofdf tfjes hes rnheobflns mudeles, ul nqubpf ns ule aunltn jn rntfs, jn oflahbotfs y jn prf`hndes, pnrf ted`bâl
jn eprnljbzekns, jn inlnrfsbjej, jn pnrsnvnrelobe y jn pesbÿl.
Lf nxbstnl dfjnhfs `unlfs f dehfs pnr sn,sn, sblf nsqundes qun nl jntnrdblejfs ofltnxtfs jeõel he dftbveobÿl y
he sehuj jn hes pnrsfles, y ftrfs qun aulobflel y qun farnonl fpfrtulbjejns jn ornobdbnltf y jn trelsafrdeobÿl qun
supnrel hes hbdbteobflns bljbvbjuehns.
He vbje ns ule deiläaboe nsounhe qun farnon blludnre`hns ehtnrletbves jn tnster afrdes, nsqundes, eonroedbnltfs,
mnrredbnltes pere vnr hf qun lfs aulobfle y hf qun lf lfs aulobfle.
_bdphndnltn, tn jnsnf nh ofrekn jn bltnlterhf y he vehnltäe pere nqubvfoertn, pfrqun jn nhhf suribrå, sbl
juje, nh nspeobf jn tu ornobdbnltf y nh jn hes pnrsfles qun tn rfjnel.

Lf meon
`usoe aehte qunqun
hfs elohekns tn tn
ejnheltn
eyujnlqun lf sn trete
e jnobjbr jn ulenlterne
tus pesfs aåobh. Re
ofmnrnlobe oflhfqubâl
se`ns.nrns
Snrfy,pnrdätntn
e pertbr jnsnltbrtn vuhlnre`hn,
emä, iuäetn pfr tu
bltubobÿl y tus vehfrns. ¡E pfr nhhf!
 @b`hbfireaäe

EJEBP, K. (035:); Nh hbjnrezif sniûl Oflauobf. @eronhfle. Njbobflns ^relf, _.E.

EHB@Â_, P. P. (0355); He oflnxbÿl ndfobfleh.
ndfobfleh. @eronhfle. Njbobflns Fotenjrf, _.H.
ÅHQEPN[, D. (035?); @ûsoetn he vbje. Ofeombli y ouejrf jn deljf pnrsfleh. @eronhfle. Srfabt Njbtfrbeh B., _.H.
EIBPPN, E.7 ANPLÅLJN[, B.7 IEHHE_ZNIB, E.7 _EOELNHH, N., y _EPE_FHE, D. (035:); Ofeombli jn nqubpfs. @bh`ef.
Ndele.
E_^NPF, E. D. (033=); Ofl rud`f prfpbf. @eronhfle. Sheteafrde Njbtfrbeh.
OEPJFL, E. (033>); Ofeombli jn Nqubpfs. @eronhfle. Instbÿl 0333.
OE_ZELRNP, F. (035?); He esnrtbvbjej; nxprnsbÿl jn ule sele eutfnstbde. @bh`ef. Njbtfrbeh Jnsohân jn @rfuwnr,
_.E.
‚ (035:); Ephboeobflns jn he
he esnrtbvbjej. @bh`ef. Njbtfrbeh Jnsohân jn @rfuwnr, _.E.
OFSN, D. (0353); Zmn snornts fa suoonss bl ofeombli. Irnet @rbtebl. Snersfl Njuoetbfl Hbdbtnj.
OFPZBLE, E. (035?); ¶Sere quâ sbrvn rnehdnltn... HE ÂZBOE6 @eronhfle. Njbtfrbeh Sebjÿs.
OFQNR, _. P. (5223); Hfs 9 må`btfs jn he inltn ehtednltn
ehtednltn nanotbve. @eronhfle. Sebjÿs.
JEQB_, A. (035?); He ofdulboeobÿl lf vnr`eh. Dejrbj. Ehbelze Njbtfrbeh, _.E.
NOMNQNPPÄE, P. (0330); Nh ertn jn he rntrfehbdnlteobÿl
rntrfehbdnlteobÿl nl hfs nqubpfs jn ehtf jnsndpnõf. Qnlnzunhe. Lnwabnhj
Oflsuhtbli.
ANPLÅLJN[-E@E_OEH, N. I.7 IEPOÄE P FJPÄI^N[, @.7 KBDÂLN[ _ ÅLOMN[, D. S.7 DEPZÄL JÄE[, D. J., y J FDÄLI^N[
_ÅLOMN[, A. K. (0350); Ssbofhfiäe jn he ndfobÿl. Dejrbj. Njbtfrbeh Onltrf jn Nstujbfs Pedÿl Ernons, _.E.
AHFPN_, A. (52=2); Blvnlteljf he ndprnse
ndprnse jnh sbihf ]]B. _eltbeif jn Ombhn. Njbobflns Snjeiÿiboes Ombhnles, _.E.
‚ (522:); Orneljf frielbzeobflns pere nh auturf.
auturf. Ombhn. Jfhdnl.
AFPÂ_, N., y @EOM, E. (033=); He esnrtbvbjej. @eronhfle. Sheteafrde Njbtfrbeh.
APELGH, Q. (033:); Nh mfd`rn nl `usoe jn snltbjf. @eronhfle. Mnrjnr Njbtfrbeh, _.H.

IEQBPBE _ZNYEPZ
Dejrbj. , N.7
Njbtfrbeh HßSN[
_elz _ÅN[_.H.
y Zfrrns, , D., y O^EJPEJF I^BPEJF, B. (035?); Bltrfjuoobÿl e he psbofhfiäe sfobeh.
INFPIN, D. (0331); Jfl‒t int dej,
dej, int wbsn. @rbtebl. F @ffgs.
IFHNDEL, J. (522>); Bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh.
ndfobfleh. @eronhfle. Njbtfrbeh Gebrÿs, _.E.
‚ (0350); Nh onrn`rf y he bltnhbinlobe ndfobfleh.
ndfobfleh. Lunvfs jnsou`rbdbnltfs. @eronhfle. Njbobflns @, _.E.
‚ (035:); Hbjnrezif. @eronhfle. Njbobflns @, _.E.
‚ (035>); Oÿdf snr ul häjnr. @eronhfle. Njbobflns @, _.E.
IFPNHH, P. (035?); Irfup Ofeombli. Hfljfl. Gfiel Sein Hbdbtnj.
KÅ^PNI^B, N. (0350); Nh snltbjf jnh mudfr.
mudfr. Delueh jn blstruoobflns.
blstruoobflns. @eronhfle. P@E Hb`rfs, _.E.
KFBLN_, B., y _ZNYEPZ, Q. (0355); EZ Mfy. ^le lunve bltrfjuoobÿl eh elåhbsbs
elåhbsbs trelseoobfleh.
trelseoobfleh. Dejrbj. Njbtfrbeh OO_.
GMNDE, E. (522:); _bnljf lejbn, ynljf e lbliule pertn. @eronhfle. Njbobflns Bljbif, _.E.
GBD_NR-MF^_N, M.7 GBD_NR-MF^_N, G.7 _ELJEMH, S., y YMBZYFPZM, H. (035:); Ofeombli ofeotbvf. @eronhfle.
Sebjÿs.
GFADEL, A. (0335); Dntedeleindnlt. @unlfs Ebrns. Irelboe.
HEJQE, E. (035?); Bt‒s tbdn afr
afr Pnhetbflsmbps. Hfljfl. @remde Guderbs Blafrdetbfl _nrvbons, Htj.
HNLOBFLB, S. (033?); Hes oblof jbsaulobflns
jbsaulobflns jn ul nqubpf. @eronhfle. Njbobflns ^relf, _.E.
HNQR, L. (5222); He se`bjuräe jn hes
hes ndfobflns. @eronhfle. Njbtfrbeh _ujednrboele, _.E.
DFHNPF, A., y DFPEHN_, K. A. (0355); Hbjnrezif; mnomf y aboobÿl. Dejrbj. Ehbelze Njbtfrbeh, _.E.
FJBFPLN, I. _. (0355); Me`bhbjejns jbrnotbves
jbrnotbves jn ehtf bdpeotf. Dejrbj. Ednrboel Zreblbli Irfup, _.H.
FPZNIE, N., y OE_ZELRNP, F. (0335); ¶Sfr quâ lf hfirf snr esnrtbvf6 @bh`ef. Njbtfrbeh Jnsohân jn @rfuwnr, _.E.
FYNL, K. (035?); Mfw tf ofeom. @rbtebl. Snersfl Njuoetbfl Hbdbtnj.
SNÕEHQNP, F. (0332); Ndfobflns ofhnotbves.
ofhnotbves. @eronhfle. Ehbnlte Njbtfrbeh.
SB[EPPF, E., y NOMNQNPPÄE, P. (5229); Mnrredbnltes pere
pere ul nsouomer nanotbvf.
nanotbvf. Qnlnzunhe. Lnwabnhj Oflsuhtbli.
S^L_NZ, N. (033=); @rûkuhe pere levnieltns ndfobflehns. Dejrbj. _eltbhhele Njbobflns Inlnrehns, _.H.
PFKE_ DEPOF_, H. (033>); He aunrze jnh fptbdbsdf.
fptbdbsdf. Dejrbj. _eltbhhele Njbobflns Inlnrehns, _.H.
‚ (0339); He eutfnstbde. Dejrbj. Nspese Oehpn, _.E.
_EL[ ESEPBOBF, D. Z.7 DNLÂLJN[ @EHEÕE, A. K.7 PBQNPF N]Sß_BZF, D. S., y OFLJN S E_ZFP, D. (035?); Ssbofhfiäe
jn he dftbveobÿl; tnfräe y pråotboe. Dejrbj. Njbtfrbeh _elz y Zfrrns, _.H.
_NLIN, S. D. (5220); He qublte jbsobphble.
jbsobphble. @eronhfle. Njbobflns Irelboe, _.E.
_FPBELF, S. O. (0355); Njuoer nl y pere nh
nh oflahbotf. @eronhfle. Oåtnjre ^lnsof sf`rn Sez y Jnrnomfs Mudelfs.
‚ (l.» 0=9); ¶Uuâ ns `unlf se`nr sf`rn nh oflahbotf6 Ouejnrlfs jn Snjeifiäe,
Snjeifiäe, >9-92.
_ZEPP, K. (0355); Zmn Ofeombli Delueh. @rbtebl. Snersfl Njuoetbfl Hbdbtnj.
ZBNPLF, @. (035?); Gåretn Dnlteh. Dejrbj. Njbobflns Shelnte Dejrbj, _.E.
Ftrfs tätuhfs pu`hboejfs;

Jbrnoobÿl pertbobpetbve
Oÿdf pftnlober he pertbobpeobÿl jn hfs tre`ekejfrns7 ul rntf pere tfjfs
Kuel Hubs ^rofhe Znhhnräe
Lnrne ^rofhe Dertbelnre
Pnahnxbflns sf`rn hfs oed`bfs lnonserbfs nl he ndprnse.
Jbrbibjf e ndprnserbfs, jbrnotbvfs, frielbzeobflns sbljboehns y tre`ekejfrns
t re`ekejfrns jn mfy qun jnsnnl ejnouersn e hfs
lunvfs tbndpfs.

Oÿdf nlafoer hfs oed`bfs

Uuâ tn dunvn
Deräe Ålinhns Omeverräe
Lf dehiestndfs he vbje pfr pnlser qun «deõele· pfjrndfs meonr hf qun teltf elmnhedfs. Lf tnt n eanrrns e he
oÿdfje ofstud`rn. Srfvfoe tû nh oed`bf. Srfvfoe emfre dbsdf tu fpfrtulbjej. _fhf nltflons trelsafrderås ule
nxbstnlobe rutblerbe y elfjble nl ule vbje nxonpobfleh.

Iuäe pere nh elåhbsbs jn prf`hndes y tfde jn jnobsbflns

Ålinh Kfsâ Fhez Oepbtål
Nl nste f`re nh eutfr elehbze jnsjn ule pnrspnotbve sbstâdboe, oÿdf nh elåhbsbs prnvbf jnh prf`hnde ns ohevn pere
nlafoer y dås terjn rnehbzer ule ejnoueje tfde jn jnobsbflns.
@ûsqunje y jnserrfhhf jnh tehnltf
He inlbehbjej jn hf bdpnranotf
Deräe Ålinhns Omeverräe
Zfjeväe nxbstn nh dbtf jn qun nh tehnltf ns ul prbvbhnibf, ule bhudbleobÿl sfhf eh ehoelon jn inlbfs f supnrjftejfs.
_bl nd`erif, ofdf vnrndfs e hf herif jn nstes påibles, nh tehnltf nstå eh ehoelon jn tfjfs. Nl lunstres delfs nstå
jnsou`rbrhf y pftnloberhf.