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[WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF
Drnj tea onn` [WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF3 Knfkapts hfg Khsas oy _lkhrgn J. Ylbhras LLL
***
KEHYWA_ L
LFW_NGQKWLNF
H. OHK@M_NQFG
8. GADLFLWLNF
H_WLKBA TLLL, [aktlnf 8 nd tea 8<5= Knfstltutlnf vasts cuglklhb pnwar
lf tea [upraja Knurt hfg suke ntear knurts asthoblseag oy bhw.
Cuglklhb Ynwar
lfkbugas ‒tea guty nd tea knurts nd custlka tn sattba hktuhb
knftrnvarslas lfvnbvlfm rlmets welke hra bamhbby gajhfghoba hfg
afdnrkahoba, hfg tn gatarjlfa weatear nr fnt teara ehs oaaf
mrhva housa nd glskratlnf hjnuftlfm tn bhk` nr axkass nd
curlsglktlnf nf hfy phrt nd hfy orhfke nr lfstrujafthblty nd tea
mnvarfjaft‚
‒tea rlmet tn gatarjlfa hktuhb knftrnvarslas hrlslfm oatwaaf
hgvarsa bltlmhfts, guby lfstltutag lf knurts nd prnpar curlsglktlnf‚
Ndtaf tljas raqulras tea knfstruktlnf nd sthtutas hs hppblag lf tea
khsa oadnra teaj.
Khbtax (Yelblpplfas), Lfk. v. Yhbnjhr gadlfag knfstruktlnf hs ‒tea hrt nr
prnkass nd glsknvarlfm nr axpnufglfm tea jahflfm hfg lftaftlnf nd tea
hutenrs nd tea bhw wlte raspakt tn tea hppblkhtlnf tn h mlvaf khsa, weara
teht lftaftlnf ls rafgarag gnuotdub, hjnfmst ntears, oy rahsnf nd tea dhkt
teht tea mlvaf khsa ls fnt axpblkltby prnvlgag dnr lf tea bhw‚
Jarrl hj-]aostar“s Glktlnfhry nd Bhw gadlfas knfstruktlnf hs ‒tea hkt nr
rasubt nd knfstrulfm, lftarpratlfm nr axpbhlflfm PteaZ jahflfm nr addakt P nd h
sthtuta nr knftrhktZ
Wels suocakt ls hbsn khbbag BAMHB EA_JAFAQWLK[, welke ls gadlfag hs
‒tea systajhtlk ongy nd rubas welke hra raknmflzag hs hppblkhoba tn tea
knfstruktlnf hfg lftarprathtlnf nd bamhb wrltlfms‚
?. KEH_HKWA_L[WLK[ ND KNF[W_QKWLNF
Ohsag nf tea gadlfltlnf prnvlgag lf Khbtax (Yelblpplfas), Lfk. v. Yhbnjhr,
sthtutnry knfstruktlnf jhy oa orn`af gnwf lftn tea dnbbnwlfm
kehrhktarlstlks3
h. Lt Ls Hf Hrt Nr Yrnkass
Knfstruktlnf ls fnt hf axhkt sklafka. Lt gnas fnt gapafg nf h sat
nd dnrjubhs teht khf oa rahglby hppblag lf avary khsa. Lf dhkt, h
sthtuta jhy oa lftarpratag glddaraftby ld glddaraft jhxljs nd
knfstruktlnf hra hppblag. Wea glddaraft prlfklpbas nd sthtutnry
knfstruktlnf senubg fnt oa usag ld lts hppblkhtlnf wlbb ruf knuftar
tn tea kbahr bamlsbhtlva lftaft welke khf oa gatarjlfag drnj tea
ntear phrts nd tea bhw.
FHWQ_A ND KNFW_QKWLNF
Lf Khmhyhf Thbbay Aftarprlsas, Lfk. v. Knurt nd Hppahbs tea
[upraja Knurt glskussag teht tea vary fhtura nd knfstruktlnf ls
tn gatarjlfa tea lftaftlnf nd tea bamlsbhtura, bafgs ltsabd tn
suocaktlvlty hfg ufkarthlfty.
AUHJYBA[3
Wea gnktrlfa nd bhst hftakagaft welke ls gadlfag hs ‒quhbldylfm
wnrgs hfg perhsas fnrjhbby radar tn tea bhst hftakagaft wnrg nr
perhsa, ufbass tea knftaxt ntearwlsa prnvlgas‚ whs fnt hgnptag
lf tea khsa nd Whøhgh v. Wuvarh welke lfvnbvas tea lftarprathtlnf
nd Hrtlkba ? nd t ea Klvlb Knga, weara tea Knurt eabg teht tea perhsa
‒ufbass ntearwlsa prnvlgag‚ gnas fnt quhbldy lts ljjaglhta
hftakagaft, welke ls tea raqulrajaft nd puoblkhtlnf, out rhtear
tea parlng nd puoblkhtlnf welke ls sthtag ht tea oamlfflfm nd tea
prnvlslnf.
Lf tea khsa nd Yelblpplfa Hjarlkhf Grum , Kn. v. Knjjls s lnfar
nd Lftarfhb _ avafua eabg teht tea gnktrlfa nd acusgaj mafarls ls
out h ruba nd knfstruktlnf hgnptag hs hf hlg tn hskarthlf hfg mlva
addakt tn bamlsbhtlva lftaft out teht tea shja ‒senubg fnt oa mlvaf
suke wlga hppblkhtlnf teht wnubg nparhta tn gadaht tea purpnsa
nd tea bhw.‚

Weasa khsas senw teht tea jara dhkt teht tea wnrgs nd tea sthtuta
hra nrmhflzag lf h jhffar knftajpbhtag oy h ruba nd knfstruktlnf
gnas fnt hutnjhtlkhbby jahf teht suke ruba senubg oa hppblag.
Wea khfnfs nd knfstruktlnf senubg oa knfslgarag hs huxlblhry
rubas nd knfstruktlnf welke hra faltear uflvarshb fnr knfkbuslva
lf hppblkhtlnf.
Weus, hs eabg lf Yrljarn v. Knurt nd Hppahbs , ‒lt senubg oa
hppblag nfby hs jahfs nd glsknvarlfm bamlsbhtlva lftaft welke ls
fnt ntearwlsa jhfldast hfg senubg fnt oa parjlttag tn gadaht tea
pbhlfby lfglkhtag purpnsa nd tea bamlsbhtura.‚
Lf Yelblpplfa Hjarlkhf Grum Kn. gaklslnf, h khfnf nd
knfstruktlnf ls fnt knfkbuslva sljpby oakhusa tea wnrgs usag lf
tea sthtuta, nr tea syfthx nd tea prnvlslnf khbbs dnr tea hppblkhtlnf
nd tea shja. Qslfm glddaraft khfnfs nd knfstruktlnf khf rasubt lf
glddaraft lftarprathtlnfs.
o. Lt Lfvnbvas Wea Gatarjlfhtlnf Nd Bamlsbhtlva Lftaft
Lf [ afhrlbbns v. Earjns ls ljh, tea Knurt eabg teht tea cuglklhb
lftarprathtlnf nd sthtutas knfstltutas phrt nd tea bhw hs nd tea ghta
tea bhw whs phssag, slfka shlg knfstruktlnf jaraby asthoblseas
tea bamlsbhtlva lftaft teht tea lftarpratag bhw khrrlag lftn addakt.
Weus, weaf tea knurts knfstrua h bhw, teay hra jaraby hddlrjlfm
weht whs nrlmlfhbby lftafgag oy tea bamlsbhtura lf afhktlfm tea
shja.
Lf Wnrras v. Bljchp , lt eabg teht tea lftaft nd tea bhw-jh`ar
senubg hbwhys oa hskarthlfag hfg mlvaf addakt, hfg knurts wlbb
fnt dnbbnw tea battar nd h sthtuta weaf lt bahgs hwhy drnj tea trua
lftaft hfg purpnsa nd tea Bamlsbhtura hfg tn knfkbuslnfs
lfknfslstaft wlte tea splrlt nd tea hkt.
Lt durtear eabg teht tea lftaft ls tea vlthb phrt, tea assafka nd tea
bhw, hfg tea prljhry ruba nd knfstruktlnf ls tn hskarthlf hfg mlva
addakt tn teht lftaft. Lftaft ls tea splrlt welke mlvas blda tn h
bamlsbhtlva afhktjaft.
Lf H rhath v. Glfm bhshf, tea Knurt eabg teht h ruba just oa tastag
hkknrglfm tn lts rasubts, teht ls, tea lftaftlnf nd tea bhw lf quastlnf
just oa snumet dnr lf lts fhtura, tea nocakt tn oa hkknjpblseag,
tea purpnsa tn oa suosarvag hfg lts rabhtlnf tn tea Knfstltutlnf.
k. Lt Ls Fakasshry ]eaf Wea Bamlsbhtlva Lftaft Khffnt Oa _ahglby
Hskarthlfag Drnj Wea ]nrgs Qsag Lf Wea Bhw Hs Hppblag Qfgar
H [at Nd Dhkts
Lf Onbns v. O nbns, tea Knurt axpbhlfag teht tea khrglfhb ruba lf
sthtutnry knfstruktlnf ls teht weaf tea bhw ls kbahf hfg draa drnj
hfy gnuot nr hjolmulty, teara ls fn rnnj dnr hppblkhtlnf. Hs tea
sthtura ls kbahr, pbhlf hfg draa drnj hjolmulty, lt just oa mlvaf
lts bltarhb jahflfm hfg hppblag wltenut httajptag lftarprathtlnf.
Wels ls weht ls `fnwf hs tea pbhlf-jahflfm ruba nr varoh bam ls .
Lt ls axprassag lf tea jhxlj, lfgax hfljl sarjn, nr ―spaake ls
tea lfgax nd l ftaftlnf“. Durtearjnra, teara ls tea jhxlj varohb
amls fnf ast rakagafguj, nr ―drnj tea wnrgs nd h sthtuta
teara senubg oa fn gaphrtura.
Lf Yanpba v. Jhph, tea [upraja Knurt eabg teht lts dlrst hfg
dufghjafthb guty ls tn hppby tea bhw. Wea knurt durtear eabg teht
‒knfstruktlnf hfg lftarprathtlnf knja nfby hdtar lt ehs oaaf
gajnfstrhtag teht hppblkhtlnf ls ljpnssloba nr lfhgaquhta
wltenut teaj.
Lf Ghnhfm v. Juflklphb Cugma nd [hf Flknbhs, Lbnkns Fnrta
tea knurt eabg teht knfstruktlnf ls nfby fakasshry nfby ld tea bhw
ls hjolmunus. Weus ‒tea ruba ls teht nfby sthtutas wlte hf
hjolmunus nr gnuotdub jahflfm jhy oa suocakt nd sthtutnry
knfstruktlnf.‚
Lf Gab Jhr v. YH M KN_ , tea [upraja Knurt gadlfag h sthtuta tn
oa hjolmunus weaf ‒lt ls khphoba nd oalfm ufgarstnng oy
rahsnfhoby wabb-lfdnrjag parsnfs lf wltear twn nr jnra safsas.‚
Lf Yanpba v. Fhzhrln, tea Knurt eabg teht tea tast tn gatarjlfa
weatear h sthtuta ls vhmua ls weaf lt bhk`s knjpraeafsloba
sthfghrgs teht ‒jaf nd knjjnf lftabblmafka just fakasshrlby
muass ht lts jahflfm hfg glddar hs tn lts hppblkhtlnf.‚
Lt khffnt oa prasujag teht bhws lftafg hf hosurglty, hfg tea
knurts senubg knfstrua bhws hs tn hvnlg lt.
Knjpblag oy3 Ghflh [. Hbknrhf Yhma 8 nd 7
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[WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF
Drnj tea onn` [WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF3 Knfkapts hfg Khsas oy _lkhrgn J. Ylbhras LLL
WA[W[ WN GAWA_JLFA ]EAWEA_ H [WHWQWA L[
HJOLMQNQ[3
8. WA[W ND JQBWLYBA LFWA_Y_AWHWLNF[ ‛ weaf tea
sthtuta ls khphoba nd twn nr jnra rahsnfhoba lftarprathtlnfs,
suke teht jaf nd knjjnf lftabblmafka just fakasshrlby
muass ht lts jahflfm hfg glddar hs tn lts hppblkhtlnf.
?. WA[W ND LJYN[[LOLBLW\ ‛ weaf bltarhb hppblkhtlnf ls
ljpnssloba nr lfhgaquhta.
;. WA[W ND HO[Q_GLW\ N_ QF_AH[NFHOBAFA[[ ‛
weaf h bltarhb lftarprathtlnf nd tea sthtuta bahgs tn hf ufcust,
hosurg, ufrahsnfhoba nr jlskelavnus rasubt, nr nfa ht
vhrlhfka wlte tea pnblky nd tea bamlsbhtlnf hs h wenba.
g. Lt Ls H Cuglklhb Dufktlnf
Lf Lf ra3 _. JkKubbnke Glk` , tea knurt eabg teht ufgar tea
Yelblpplfa systaj nd mnvarfjaft, tea guty hfg ubtljhta pnwar tn
knfstrua tea bhws ls vastag lf tea cuglklhb gaphrtjaft.
Lf A fgafklh v. Ghvlg , tea knurt axpbhlfag teht tea lftarprathtlnf
hfg hppblkhtlnf nd shlg bhws oabnfm axkbuslvaby tn tea Cuglklhb
gaphrtjaft.
Gadlflfm hfg lftarpratlfm tea bhw ls h cuglklhb dufktlnf hfg tea
bamlsbhtlva jhy fnt bljlt nr rastrlkt tea pnwar mrhftag tn tea knurts
oy tea Knfstltutlnf.
]eafavar h sthtuta ls lf vlnbhtlnf nd tea dufghjafthb bhw, tea
knurts just sn hgcugma hfg tearaoy mlva addakt tn tea
Knfstltutlnf. Hfy ntear knursa wnubg bahg tn tea gastruktlnf nd
tea Knfstltutlnf.
Qfgar tea Hjarlk hf s ys taj nd knfs tltutlnfhb m nvarf jaft,
hjnfm tea jnst ljpnrthft dufktlnfs lftrustag tn tea cuglklhry hra
tea lftarpratlfm nd Knfstltutlnfs hfg, hs h bnnsaby knffaktag
pnwar, tea gatarjlfhtlnf nd weatear bhws hfg hkts nd tea
bamlsbhtura hra nr hra fnt knftrhry tn tea prnvlslnfs nd tea Dagarhb
hfg [thta Knfstltutlnfs.
Wea ruba ls raknmflzag absaweara teht tea bamlsbhtura khffnt phss
hfy gakbhrhtnry hkt, nr hkt gakbhrhtnry nd weht tea bhw whs oadnra
lts phsshma, sn hs tn mlva lt hfy olfglfm walmet wlte tea knurts. H
bamlsbhtlva gadlfltlnf nd h wnrg usag lf h s sthtuta ls fnt knfkbuslva
nd lts jahflfm hs usag absaweara0 ntearwlsa, tea bamlsbhtura
wnubg oa usurplfm h cuglklhb dufktlnf uf gadlflfm h tarj.
Wea bamlsbhtura khffnt, upnf phsslfm h bhw welke vlnbhtas h
knfstltutlnfhb prnvlslnf, vhblghta lt sn hs tn pravaft hf htthk`
tearanf lf tea knurts, oy h gakbhrhtlnf teht lt sehbb oa sn
knfstruag hs fnt tn vlnbhta tea knfstltutlnfhb lfeloltlnf.
Fnta teht tea prlfklpba teht sthtutnry knfstruktlnf ls lfearaftby h
cuglklhb dufktlnf gnas fnt prakbuga Knfmrass drnj afhktlfm
kurhtlva bamlsbhtlnfs.
Durtearjnra, lf Yelblpplfa Gupblkhtnrs , Lfk. v. FB_ K, at hb eabg
teht tea knftajpnrhfanus knfstruktlnf nd bhws oy hmafklas
ths`ag wlte tea ljpbajafthtlnf nd tea shja ls elmeby parsuhslva.
Lt eabg teht ‒tea prlfklpba teht knftajpnrhfanus knfstruktlnf nd h
sthtuta oy tea axakutlva nddlkars nd tea mnvarfjaft wensa guty lt
ls tn axakuta lt, ls aftltbag tn mraht raspakt, hfg senubg nrglfhrlby
knftrnb hfg knfstruktlnf nd sthtas oy tea knurts, ls sn dlrjby
ajoaggag lf nur curlsprugafka teht f hutenrltlas faag oa kltag
tn suppnrt lt.
Lf Bhxhjhfh v. O hbthzhr, tea Knurt durtear hggag teht ‒weara h
sthtuta ehs rakalvag h knftajpnrhfanus hfg prhktlkhb
lftarprathtlnf hfg tea sthtuta hs lftarpratag ls ra-afhktag, tea
prhktlkhb lftarprathtlnf ls hkknrgag mrahtar walmet tehf lt
nrglfhrlby rakalvas, hfg ls ramhrgag hs prasujptlvaby tea knrrakt
lftarprathtlnf nd tea bhw. Durtearjnra, ‒tea ruba x x x ls ohsag
upnf tea teanry teht tea bamlsbhtura ls hkquhlftag wlte tea
knftajpnrhfanus knfstruktlnf nd h sthtuta, aspaklhbby weaf
jhga oy hf hgjlflstrhtlva ongy nr axakutlva nddlkars kehrmag
wlte tea guty nd hgjlflstarlfm nr afdnrklfm tea bhw, hfg tearadnra
ljpblagby hgnpts tea lftarprathtlnf upnf ra-afhktjaft.
Lf Yelblpplfa Ohf` nd K njjuflkhtlnfs v. Knjjlss lnfar nd
Lftarfhb _avafua, tea Knurt eabg teht hgjlflstrhtlva gaklslnfs

lftarpratlfm sthtutas gn fnt afcny tea shja bavab nd raknmfltlnf
hs gaklslnfs nd tea [upraja Knurt, welke dnrj phrt nd tea bamhb
systaj ufgar Hrtlkba 5 nd tea Klvlb Knga. H wrnfm knfstruktlnf nd
tea bhw oy hf hgjlflstrhtlva hmafky gnas fnt krahta vastag rlmets
hfg suke wrnfm lftarprathtlnf khffnt pbhka tea mnvarfjaft lf
astnppab tn knrrakt nr nvarruba tea shja.
;. YQ_YN[A
Wea purpnsa nd sthtutnry knfstruktlnf ls tn gatarjlfa bamlsbhtlva lftaft
weaf tea shja khffnt oa rahglby hskarthlfag drnj tea pbhlf bhfmuhma
nd tea bhw. Lts prljhry knfslgarhtlnf ls tea gatarjlfhtlnf nd bamlsbhtlva
lftaft. ‛ Whøhgh v. \ ubn
‒Wea purpnsa nd hbb rubag nr jhxljs hs tn tea knfstruktlnf nr lftarprathtlnfs
nd sthtutas ls tn glsknvar tea trua lftaftlnf nd tea bhw.‚ ‛ Whøhgh v. K uafkn,
at hb.
Qfgar tea prlfklpba nd addaktlvafass, h sthtuta just oa rahg uf suke h
why hs tn mlva addakt tn tea purpnsa prncaktag lf tea sthtuta. Wea purpnsa
nd knfstruktlnf ls tn glsknvar tea lftaftlnf nd tea bhw, hfg fnt tn krahta
gnuot.
Lf Klty nd Ohmuln v. Fhmh, tea Knurt eabg teht tea trua nocakt nd hbb
lftarprathtlnf ls tn hskarthlf tea jahflfm hfg wlbb nd tea bhw-jh`lfm ongy,
tn tea afg teht lt jhy oa afdnrkag. Lf vhrylfm bhfmuhma, tea purpnsa nd hb
rubas nr jhxljs lf lftarprathtlnf ls tn glsknvar tea trua lftaftlnf nd tea bhw.
Wea splrlt nr lftaftlnf nd h sthtuta pravhlbs nvar tea battar tearand. H sthtuta
senubg oa knfstruag hkknrglfm tn lts splrlt hfg rahsnf, glsramhrglfm hs dhr
hs fakasshry, tea battar nd tea bhw. Oy tels, wa gn fnt knrrakt tea hkt nd tea
Bamlsbhtura, out rhtear … khrry ut hfg mlva gua knursa tn lts trua lftaft.
7. WEAN_LA[ ND LFWA_Y_AWHWLNF
Weara hra vhrylfm teanrlas lf sthtutnry lftarprathtlnf3
8. Waxtuhblst teanry nr nrlmlfhblsj
]nrgs usag lf tea sthtuta th`as prakagafka nvar hfy ntear
jngas nd knfstruktlnf. Weus, tea nrglfhry nr pbhlf jahflfm nd
knfstruktlnf senubg knftrnb lts lftarprathtlnf.
Waxtuhblsts dnkus nf tea taxt nd tea bamhb prnvlslnf, hs lt ls
prasujag teht tea wnrgs, mrhjjhr, hfg pufktuhtlnf
knjjuflkhta lts jahflfm.
Wealr jhlf nocaktlva ls tn dlfg tea ‒puoblk jahflfm‚ nd tea sthtuta
nr tea jahflfm nd bamhb taxt hs nrglfhry panpba ufgarsthfg lt.
Axtrlfslk snurkas nd knfstruktlnf hra hvnlgag ufbass lftrlfslk
snurkas nd jahflfm hra dnufg tn oa lfsuddlklaft.
Jngarf taxtuhblsts hbsn radar tn axtrlfslk snurkas hs h jahfs tn
knfdlrj hfg varldy tea pbhlf jahflfm tn lftarprathtlnf.
]ah`fass3 ]nrgs ndtaf gn fnt jahf tea shja tn avarynfa.
Weara ls dhbsa oablad teht bhfmuhma ehs lftrlfslk jahflfm.
Bhfmuhma avnbva, hfg tea jahflfm nd wnrgs avnbvas.
?. Lftaftlnfhblsj teanry nr nrlmlfhblsj
Dnkusas nf bamlsbhtlva lftaft ‒lf tea oablad teht tea pnblklas hfg
abaktag, raprasafthtlva ongy kensa senubg mnvarf snklaty‚
Lt ls tea guty nd tea knurt tn glskarf tea lftaft nd teht
raprasafthtlva ongy hfg lftarprat sthtutas tn durtear teht lftaft.
Glddarafka wlte taxtuhblsj3
Lt gnas fnt raqulra tea asthoblsejaft nd hjolmulty oadnra lt khf
rasnrt tn axtrlfslk snurkas nd knfstruktlnf, oakhusa tea nrlmlfhb
lftaft nd tea drhjars nd tea bhw teht senubg ehva prljhky lf tea
gatarjlfhtlnf nd lts jahflfm. Mrahtar ajpehsls ls pbhkag nf tea
nrlmlfhb lftaft nd tea grhdtars nd tea bhw hfg tels raqulras h ravlaw
nd bamlsbhtlva elstnry hfg bamlsbhtlva gabloarhtlnfs.
[trafmte3 Knfslstafky wlte tea nocaktlva nd knfstruktlnf, hs lt
raqulras tea knurt tn lfqulra lftn tea nrlmlfhb lftaft nd tea
bamlsbhtura wen wrnta tea bhw.
]ah`fass3 Wea bamlsbhtura knfslsts nd jhfy (lf tea Yelblpplfas,
eufgrags) lfglvlguhbs knjlfm drnj glddaraft ohk`mrnufgs hfg
wlte glddaraft jntlvhtlnfs. Bamlsbhtlva gatarjlfhtlnf jhy fnt oa
h rablhoba snurka nd lftarprathtlnf hs lt nfby sarvas hs avlgafka
nd tea lftaftlnf nd out h daw jajoars nd Knfmrass wen hktlvaby
phrtlklphtag lf tea gabloarhtlnf nd h bhw, hfg wensa vlaws jhy
fnt oa fakasshrlby sehrag oy tea ntear jajoars nd knfmrass.
Knjpblag oy3 Ghflh [. Hbknrhf Yhma ? nd 7
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[WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF 
Drnj tea onn` [WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF3 Knfkapts hfg Khsas oy _lkhrgn J. Ylbhras LLL

Lt dhlbs tn raknfklba oatwaaf mafarhb bamlsbhtlva lftaft hfg

spakldlk bamlsbhtlva lftaft. Wea dnrjar radars tn tea mafarhb Enwavar, lt ls aquhbby dufghjafthb teht tea bamlsbhtlva lftaft just oa
lftaftlnf nd knfmrass lf grhdtlfm h bhw hs h welba, welba tea bhttar gatarjlfag drnj tea bhfmuhma nd tea sthtuta ltsabd. Wels prlfklpba just oa
radars tn tea spakldlk lftaftlnf nd tea bamlsbhtura lf wrltlfm h hgearag tn avaf tenume tea knurt oa knfvlfkag oy axtrhfanus
spakldlk saktlnf nr prnvlslnf nd tea sthtuta. klrkujsthfkas teht tea Bamlsbhtura lftafgag tn afhkt snjatelfm vary
glddaraft drnj teht welke lt glg afhkt.
Lf lts axtraja, lt dnkusas nf spakldlk bamlsbhtlva lftaft welke knubg
oa jlsbahglfm lf tea safsa teht lt dhlbs tn vlaw tea sthtuta lf tea Hf noskurlty khffnt oa krahtag tn oa kbahrag up oy knfstruktlnf hfg elggaf
blmet nd tea mafarhb lftaftlnf teht tea bamlsbhtura lftafgag lf tea jahflfms ht vhrlhfka wlte tea bhfmuhma lsag khffnt oa snumet nut. Wn
sthtuta hs h wenba. httajpt tn gn sn ls h parlbnus ufgarth`lfm, hfg ls qulta hpt tn bahg tn hf
hjafgjaft nd h bhw oy cuglklhb knfstruktlnf.
;. Yurpnslvlsj nr Bamhb prnkass teanry
Wn gaphrt drnj tea jahflfm axprassag oy tea wnrgs ls tn hbtar tea sthtuta,
Dnkusas nf gatarjlflfm tea prnobaj teht tea bamlsbhtura ls ls tn bamlsbhta fnt tn lftarprat.
saa`lfm tn hggrass.
Lftarprathtlnf ls jhga wlte h vlaw tn tea puoblk pnblky teht tea BLOA_HB KNF[W_QKWLNF T. CQGLKLHB BAML[BHWLNF
sthtuta saa`s tn hgvhfka. Oy bloarhb knfstruktlnf nd sthtutas, knurts drnj tea bhfmuhma
usag, tea suocakt jhttar, hfg tea purpnsas nd tensa drhjlfm teaj
Hf hfhbysls nd tea Yelblpplfa [upraja Knurt gaklslnfs senws teht wa gn hra hoba tn dlfg nut tealr trua jahflfm. Weara ls h sehrp
fnt hgnpt h slfmba, uflthry teanry nd knfstruktlnf. glstlfktlnf, enwavar, oatwaaf knfstruktlnf nd tels fhtura hfg tea
hkt nd h knurt afmrhdtlfm upnf h bhw snjatelfm teht ehs oaaf
]elba nur Knurts hra jngarhta taxtuhblsts lf teanry, lf dnkuslfm nf tea pbhlf njlttag welke snjanfa oablavas numet tn ehva oaaf ajorhkag
jahflfm teanry nd knfstruktlnf, teay hra, nf tea ntear ehfg, lftaftlnfhblsts Wea dnrjar ls bloarhb knfstruktlnf hfg ls h bamltljhta axarklsa
hfg purpnslvlsts lf hpprnhke. nd cuglklhb pnwar. Wea bhttar ls cuglklhb bamlsbhtlnf dnrolggaf oy
tea trlphrtlta glvlslnf nd pnwars hjnfm tea teraa gaphrtjafts nd
Wels ls avlgafkag oy tea dhkt teht welba tea Knurt prlnrltlzas tea pbhlf mnvarfjaft, tea axakutlva, tea bamlsbhtlva, hfg tea cuglklhb.
jahflfm ruba hs tea nocaktlva jhfldasthtlnf nd bamlsbhtlva lftaft, tea Knurt
ehs fnt easlthtag tn sthta teht ld tea bhfmuhma nd tea sthtuta ls lfknfslstaft Lf Fhhtlnfhb Jhr` atlfm Knr pnrhtlnf v. Waks nf, at. hb., tea Knurt eabg teht
wlte lts splrlt nr rhtln bamls, teaf tea bhttar senubg pravhlb. ld puoblk lftarast gajhfgs h ravarslnf tn tea pnblky ajonglag lf tea _avlsag
Hgjlflstrhtlva Knga, tels jhy oa gnfa ternume bamlsbhtlva prnkass, fnt oy
Wea dhkt teht nur bamhb systaj gnas fnt hgnpt h slfmba teanry nd knfstruktlnf cuglklhb gakraa.
mlvas tea Knurts dbaxlolblty lf hgvhfklfm lts lftarprathtlnf nd h sthtuta.
Knurts khffnt, ufgar tea mulsa nd lftarprathtlnf, ‒spakubhta hs tn hf lftaft
hfg suppby h jahflfm fnt dnufg lf tea perhsanbnmy nd tea bhw‚ hfg ‒tea
O. _ABHWAG BAMHB Y_LFKLYBA[ knurts khffnt hssuja snja purpnsa lf fn why axprassag hfg teaf
knfstrua tea sthtuta tn hkknjpblse tels suppnsag lftaftlnf.
8. [AYH_HWLNF ND YN]A_[
Wea knurt sthtag lf Knr puz v. Yanpba teht tea prljnrglhb guty nd tea Knurt
ls jaraby tn hppby tea bhw lf suke h why teht lt sehbb fnt usurp bamlsbhtlva
Lf H fm hrh v. Abaktnrhb Knjjls s lnf, tea Knurt gaskrloag tea rabhtlnfselp
pnwars oy cugl kl hb baml s bhtlnf hfg teht lf tea knursa nd suke hppblkhtlnf nr
nd tea teraa orhfkeas nd tea mnvarfjaft ternume tea prlfklpbas nd
knfstruktlnf, lt senubg fnt jh`a nr suparvlsa bamlsbhtlnf, nr ufgar tea mulsa
saphrhtlnf nd pnwars hfg keak`s hfg ohbhfkas3 Wea saphrhtlnf nd pnwars
nd lftarprathtlnf, jngldy, ravlsa, hjafg, glstnrt, rajngab, nr rawrlta tea bhw,
ls h dufghjafthb prlfklpba lf nur systaj nd mnvarfjaft. Lt nothlfs fnt
nr mlva tea bhw h knfstruktlnf welke ls rapumfhft tn lts t arjs.
ternume axprass prnvlslnf out oy hktuhb glvlslnf lf nur Knfstltutlnf.
Wea Knurt senubg sey hwhy drnj afkrnhkelfm upnf tea prljhry dufktlnf nd
Wea Knfstltutlnf ehs prnvlgag dnr hf abhonrhta systaj nd keak`s hfg
h kn-aquhb orhfke nd tea Mnvarfjaft0 ntearwlsa, tels wnubg bahg tn hf
ohbhfkas tn sakura knnrglfhtlnf lf tea wnr`lfms nd tea vhrlnus gaphrtjafts
lfaxkushoba orahke nd tea gnktrlfa nd saphrhtlnf nd pnwars oy jahfs nd
nd tea mnvarfjaft.
cuglklhb bamlsbhtlnf.
Lf khsas nd knfdblkt, tea cuglklhb gaphrtjaft ls tea nfby knfstltutlnfhb nrmhf
welke khf oa khbbag upnf tn gatarjlfa prnpar hbbnkhtlnf nd pnwars oatwaaf
?. EAL_H_KE\ ND BH][
tea savarhb gaphrtjafts hfg hjnfm tea lftamrhb nr knfstltuaft uflts
tearand.
H_WLKBA = nd tea Klvlb Knga prnvlgas3
Wea Knfstltutlnf ls h gadlfltlnf nd tea pnwars nd mnvarfjaft. ]en ls tn
Hrt. =. Bhws hra rapahbag nfby oy suosaquaft nfas, hfg tealr
gatarjlfa tea fhtura, sknpa hfg axtaft nd suke pnwars> Wea Knfstltutlnf
vlnbhtlnf nr fnf-nosarvhfka sehbb fnt oa axkusag oy glsusa, nr
ltsabd ehs prnvlgag dnr tea lfstrujafthblty nd tea cuglklhry hs tea rhtlnfhb why.
kustnj nr prhktlka tn tea knftrhry.
Hfg weaf tea cuglklhry jaglhtas tn hbbnkhta knfstltutlnfhb onufghrlas, lt
gnas fnt hssart hfy suparlnrlty nvar tea ntear gaphrtjafts0 lt gnas fnt lf
]eaf tea knurts gakbhrag h bhw tn oa lfknfslstaft wlte tea
rahblty fubbldy nr lfvhblghta hf hkt nd tea bamlsbhtura, out nfby hssarts tea
Knfstltutlnf, tea dnrjar sehbb oa vnlg hfg tea bhttar sehbb mnvarf.
snbajf hfg shkrag noblmhtlnf hsslmfag tn lt oy tea Knfstltutlnf tn gatarjlfa
knfdblktlfm kbhljs nd hutenrlty ufgar tea Knfstltutlnf hfg tn asthoblse dnr tea
Hgjlflstrhtlva nr axakutlva hkts, nrgars hfg ramubhtlnfs sehbb oa
phrtlas lf hf hktuhb knftrnvarsy tea rlmets welke teht lfstrujaft sakuras
vhblg nfby weaf teay hra fnt knftrhry tn tea bhws nr tea
hfg muhrhftaas tn teaj.
Knfstltutlnf.
Wels ls lf trute hbb teht ls lfvnbvag lf weht ls tarjag cuglklhb suprajhky
Qfgar tea prl fkl pba nd elarhrkey nd bhws , tea Yelblpplfa Knfstltutlnf ls
welke prnparby ls tea pnwar nd cuglklhb ravlaw ufgar tea knfstltutlnf. Avaf
supraja nvar hbb bhws, hfg hs suke, hkts nd Knfmrass, axakutlva hmafklas
teaf, tels pnwar nd cuglklhb ravlaw ls bljltag tn hktuhb khsas hfg
axarklslfm quhsl-cuglklhb dufktlnfs hfg bnkhb bamlsbhtlva onglas just oa
knftrnvarslas tn oa axarklsag hdtar dubb nppnrtuflty nd hrmujaft oy tea
knfslstaft wlte tea Knfstltutlnf.
phrtlas, hfg bljltag durtear tn tea knfstltutlnfhb quastlnf rhlsag nr tea vary
bls jnth prasaftag.
;. [WH_A GAKL[L[
Qfgar tea prlfklpba nd saphrhtlnf nd pnwars, tea Knfstltutlnf vasts lf tea
bamlsbhtlva orhfke nd mnvarfjaft tea pnwar tn afhkt bhws, tea axakutlva
Wea jhxlj s thra gakls ls at fnf qulath jnvara (dnbbnw phst prakagafts
orhfke, tea pnwar tn axakuta bhws, hfg lf tea cuglklhb orhfke, tea pnwar tn
hfg gn fnt glsturo weht ehs oaaf sattbag) ls ajonglag lf Hrtlkba 5 nd tea
lftarprat bhws.
Klvlb Knga welke prnvlgas3
Hs eabg lf Afgafklh v. Ghvlg, tea lftarprathtlnf hfg hppblkhtlnf nd bhws ls
Hrt. 5. Cuglklhb gaklslnfs hppbylfm nr lftarpratlfm tea bhws nr tea
vastag lf tea cuglklhb gaphrtjaft nd mnvarfjaft.
Knfstltutlnf sehbb dnrj h phrt nd tea bamhb systaj nd tea
Yelblpplfas.
Wea prlfklpba nd saphrhtlnf nd pnwars bl`awlsa ljpnsas h bljlthtlnf tn
cuglklhb pnwar. Wea pnwar nd tea knurts ls bljltag tn tea lftarprathtlnf nd tea
Nfka h quastlnf nd bhw ehs oaaf axhjlfag hfg gaklgag, lt senubg oa
bhws afhktag oy tea bamlsbhtura hfg fnt tn bamlsbhta, welke ls vastag
gaajag sattbag hfg kbnsag tn durtear hrmujaft. Wels prlfklpba ls nfa pnblky
axkbuslvaby lf tea bamlsbhtlva orhfke nd mnvarfjaft.

Knjpblag oy3 Ghflh [. Hbknrhf Yhma ; nd 7

 of 4
[WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF 
Drnj tea onn` [WHWQWN_\ KNF[W_QKWLNF3 Knfkapts hfg Khsas oy _lkhrgn J. Ylbhras LLL

mrnufgag nf tea fakasslty dnr sakurlfm karthlfty hfg stholblty lf cuglklhb

gaklslnfs.

Bamls lftarprathtlnf bamls vlj notlfat nr tea lftarprathtlnf pbhkag upnf

tea wrlttaf bhw oy h knjpataft knurt ehs tea dnrka nd bhw. Wea [upraja
Knurt ls gaskrloag hs ehvlfm tea bhst wnrg nf weht tea bhw ls, hs lt ls tea
dlfhb hroltar nd hfy custlklhoba knftrnvarsy. Hs suke, bnwar knurts hra
afcnlfag tn dnbbnw tea gaklslnfs nd tea [upraja Knurt.

Wea gnktrlfa nd s thra gakl s ls ajonglas tea bamhb jhxlj teht h prlfklpba
nr ruba nd bhw welke ehs oaaf asthoblseag oy tea gaklslnf nd h knurt nd
knftrnbblfm curlsglktlnf wlbb oa dnbbnwag lf ntear khsas lfvnbvlfm h sljlbhr
sltuhtlnf. Lt ls dnufgag nf tea fakasslty dnr sakurlfm karthlfty hfg stholblty
lf tea bhw hfg gnas fnt raqulra lgaftlty nd nr prlvlty nd phrtlas.

Drnj tea wnrglfms nd Hrtlkba 5 nd tea Klvlb Knga, lt ls avaf shlg teht suke
gaklslnfs hssuja tea shja hutenrlty hs tea sthtuta ltsabd hfg, uftlb
hutenrlthtlvaby hohfgnfag, fakasshrlby oaknja, tn t ea axtaft teht teay hra
hppblkhoba, tea krltarlh welke just knftrnb tea hktuhtlnfs fnt nfby nd tensa
khbbag upnf tn gaklga tearaoy out hbsn nd tensa lf guty onufg tn afdnrka
noaglafka tearatn.

Hohfgnfjaft tearand just oa ohsag nfby nf strnfm hfg knjpabblfm

rahsnfs, ntearwlsa, tea oaknjlfm vlrtua nd praglktholblty welke ls axpaktag
drnj tels Knurt wnubg oa ljjahsurhoby hddaktag hfg tea puoblk“s
knfdlgafka lf tea stholblty nd tea snbajf prnfnufkajafts gljlflseag.

Dnr tea gnktrlfa nd sthra gaklsls tn hppby, tea prlfklpba nd bhw bhlg gnwf oy
tea [upraja Knurt lf tea prakagaft khsa just parthlf tn tea jhlf lssua nd
tea khsa hfg fnt jaraby noltar glktuj. H glktuj ls hf nplflnf nd h cugma
welke gnas fnt ajongy tea rasnbutlnf nr gatarjlfhtlnf nd tea knurt hfg
jhga wltenut hrmujaft, nr dubb knfslgarhtlnf nd tea pnlft, fnt tea prnddarag
gabloarhta nplflnf nd tea cugma eljsabd. Hs suke, jara glkth hra fnt
olfglfm ufgar tea gnktrlfa nd s thra gaklsl s.

Wea [upraja Knurt ls fnt prakbugag drnj kehfmlfm lts j lfg hfg ravarslfm
h pravlnus gnktrlfa teht ls bhlg gnwf. H_WLKBA TLLL, [aktlnf 7(;) nd tea
Yelblpplfa Knfstltutlnf sthtas teht ‒fn gnktrlfa nr prlfklpba nd bhw bhlg
gnwf oy tea Knurt lf h gaklslnf rafgarag af ohfk nr lf h glvlslnf jhy oa
jngldlag nr ravarsag axkapt oy tea Knurt slttlfm af ohfk.

Enw wnubg ntear sljlbhr pafglfm khsas oa gaklgag lf blmet nd tea

gnktrlfhb kehfma vl s -é-vls tea prlfklpba nd sthra gaklsls >
Lf Wlfm v. Wlfm , ‒tea lftarprathtlnf nr knfstruktlnf nd h bhw oy knurts
knfstltutas h phrt nd tea bhw hs nd tea ghta tea sthtuta ls afhktag‚ hfg teht
‒lt ls nfby weaf h prlnr rublfm nd tels Knurt ls nvarrubag, hfg h glddaraft vlaw
ls hgnptag, teht tea faw gnktrlfa jhy ehva tn oa hppblag prnspaktlvaby lf
dhvnr nd phrtlas wen ehva rablag nf tea nbg gnktrlfa hfg ehva hktag lf mnng
dhlte, lf hkknrghfka tearawlte ufgar tea dhjlblhr ruba nd bax prnsplklt, fnt
rasplklt.

Knjpblag oy3 Ghflh [. Hbknrhf Yhma 7 nd 7

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Statutory Construciton Reviewer