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HISTORY

March 2024

MARKING SCHEME

CHAMAKAMMBU JOINT EXAMINATIONS

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

Paper 2

MARKING SCHEME

(CONFIDENTIAL)

This Marking Scheme consists of 10 printed page

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SECTION A (25 Marks)

Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided after question 24.

1. State two forms of oral traditions as a source of information on history and government. (2 marks)

i. Riddles
ii. Myths
iii. Songs
iv. Proverbs
v. Folktales/ stories
vi. Tongue twisters
vii. Legends
viii. Poems
2. Identify the pre-historic in Tanzania where the remains of Australopithecus was discovered.
(1 mark)
 Olduvai Gorge
3. Mention two river valleys along which early agriculture developed. (2 marks)

i. Nile River Valley

ii. Tigris-Euphrates River Valley

4. Name two ports that developed along the West African coast during the Trans-Atlantic trade.

(2 marks)
i. Lagos.
ii. Elmina.
iii. Dakar.
iv. Whydah.
v. Accra.
vi. Goree.
vii. Winneba.
viii. Badagri.
ix. Sekondi.

5. State two challenges facing space exploration. (2 marks)

i. Accidents though rare are fatal when they occur

ii. It is expensive and a preserve of only rich nations
iii. It contributes to environmental degradation e.g degradation of the ozone layer
iv. There are deadly hazards such as solar and cosmic radiation which can damage a space craft.
v. The natural environment in space is hostile and unsuitable for human life
vi. Extreme temperatures and light/ extreme darkness and bright sunlight

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6. Give one type of message conveyed by drum beats as a form of communication during the ancient

times. (1 mark)

i. Death mourning.
ii. Announcement of death.
iii. Community festivals.
iv. Declaration of war.
v. Arrival of strangers.
vi. Impending attack.
7. Outline two uses of wind as an early source of energy. (2 marks)

i. Used in winnowing grains.

ii. Used to drive sailing ships.
iii. Used to grind grains.
iv. Used to pump water.
v. Used to generate electricity.
8. State one political factor that led to the growth of London as an early urban centre in Europe.
(1 mark)
 Administrative centre
9. Identify two social classes among the Asante in the 19th century. (2 marks)

i. Royal family/ kings

ii. Chiefs
iii. Merchants
iv. Peasants
v. Slaves
10. Name one type of constitution. (1 mark)

i. Written
ii. Unwritten
11. Define the term democracy. (1 mark)

 Refers to a government in which people freely elect their leaders and enjoys basic rights and
freedoms

12. Identify the humanitarian factor for the scramble of Africa by the European powers. (1 mark)

 The desire to abolish inhuman slave trade/slavery

13. State two roles of Emirs in Northern Nigeria during the colonial period. (2 marks)

i. They collected taxes

ii. They tried cases/ settled disputes

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iii. They maintained law and order

iv. They recruited labour for public works
v. They eliminated practices that were not acceptable to the british
14. Name one nationalist who fought for independence in Mozambique. (1 mark)

i. Edwardo Mondlane Chirambo

ii. Samora Machel
15. State two demands presented to Serbia by Austria-Hungary after the Sarajevo assassination.
(2 marks)

i. Serbia should suppress all anti-Austrian publications and organizations.

ii. Serbia should dismiss all officials to whom Austria objected.
iii. Austrian police should be allowed to enter Serbia to ensure that the demands given by
Austria were met.
iv. An explanation for the assassination of archduke and his wife.
v. Serbia to apologize to Austria- Hungary.
vi. Serbia should allow Austrian officials to participate in the inquiry concerning the
assassination.

16. Give two organs of the League of Nations. (2 marks)

i. Assembly
ii. Council
iii. Secretariat
iv. Permanent court of international justice
v. Specialized agencies
17. Identify one economic alliance formed during cold war. (1 mark)

i. Marshall Plan
ii. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

SECTION B (45 Marks)

Answer any three questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 24.
18. a) State five reasons why Africa is regarded as the original homeland of mankind. (5 marks)
i. The availability of forests provided possible shelter/ habitat/settlement for early man
ii. Africa is centrally located and it is from here that man may have migrated to other parts
of the world/ centre of the pangea
iii. Compared to other continents, the oldest fossils of man were discovered in Africa/
archaeological sites were many
iv. Africa has many rivers/ lakes which provided water for use by the early man
v. African continent has relatively good climate which may have favoured human
settlement

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vi. The savanna grasslands available in the continent provided suitable hunting grounds for
early man
b) Describe the way of life of man during the Old Stone Age. (10 marks)
i. they made simple tools for domestic use/ oldowan tools/ acheulian tools
ii. they lived in small groups in order to assist each other
iii. they obtained food through hunting and gathering
iv. they ate raw food because fire had not been invented
v. they had no specific dwelling places/ they lived on trees and caves to hide from predators
vi. they wore no clothing but their hairy bodies kept them warm
vii. they lived near rivers and lakes
viii. they communicated by use of gestures and whistles
19. a) State three advantages of animal transport. (3 marks)
i. They are cheap to maintain/take care of/ obtain
ii. They can be used in inaccessible areas
iii. They can sense danger
iv. They can provide door to door service/ convenient to use
v. They are hardy/ can withstand harsh environmental conditions
vi. They are safer than any other means/ accidents are rare
vii. They help to maintain ecological balance
viii. They are non-pollutant
b) Explain six positive effects of telecommunication today. (12 marks)
i. It enables storage of information for future use/ reference
ii. It enables faster transmission of information hence saves time
iii. It provides entertainment / recreation thereby enabling positive use of leisure time
iv. It enhances reality as live pictures are transmitted to the viewers
v. It promotes trade through e-commerce/ e-banking/ advertisement thus making
transactions more effective/ efficient
vi. It enhances security as crime could easily be detected using various telecommunication
devices
vii. It creates employment opportunities enabling people to improve their living standards/
earn incomes
viii. It generated revenue to the government which enabled it to undertake development
ix. It promotes cultural exchange thereby enhancing understanding/ improving relations
between nations
x. It promotes water/air transport through the use of telecommunication devices that guides
crew

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xi. It has promoted space exploration through the use of satellites thereby enabling better
understanding of the outer space
xii. Promotes education by radio, tv and internet
xiii. Accessibility to remote areas has been made possible by the use of a cellphone
xiv. Has enhanced weather forecasting by the use of a satellite
xv. Promotes the spread of ideas by use of internet/ global village
20. a) Give five functions of the ancient city of Cairo. (5 marks)
i. Administrative centre
ii. Centre of trade/ commerce
iii. Industrial centre
iv. Education centre
v. Cultural centre
vi. Religious centre
vii. Transport and communication centre
viii. Agricultural centre
b) Discuss five challenges experienced in the city of Johannesburg. (10 marks)
i. There exists a huge gap between the wealthy Europeans and the poor Africans
ii. High unemployment rate among the people hence poverty
iii. High rate of infection of HIV/AIDS pandemic has increased the cost of treatment/ loss of
lives
iv. There is air/water/land pollution caused by emission of poisonous gas from the industries
v. There is inadequate housing which has led to the development of slums / shanties
vi. There is discrimination where Africans are mistreated/ despised in work places / mines
vii. It experiences industrial unrest/ strikes by the industrial workers
viii. Traffic jams are rampant in the city due to increased number of vehicles
ix. High rates of crime due to unemployment
x. Congestion due to high populations
xi. Inadequate social amenities such as education
21. a) State five terms of the Berlin conference. (5 marks)

i. Any European country laying claim in any part of Africa should inform others.
ii. Those countries who signed the agreement must declare their spheres of influence/ areas of
occupation.
iii. The interior of the coast area claimed by a European power becomes its sphere of influence
iv. Each European country must effectively occupy their sphere of influence/ area of
occupation / develop it.
v. European countries that acquire colonies in Africa must abolish slave trade/ slavery
vi. R. Niger, R. Congo and R. Zambezi basins were free for all European countries to navigate
and trade
vii. European countries should demonstrate their authority to protect Europeans in their areas of
occupation
viii. Congo was declared a free state under King Leopold II of Belgium.
ix. Conflicts over bounderies were to be settled through negotiations.

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b) Explain five results of the collaboration between Lewanika of the Lozi and the British.
(10 marks)

i. Lewanika received payment of 2000 sterling pounds yearly

ii. Loss of independe nce
iii. BSACO took control of the minerals
iv. The lozi land was alienated and given to the british settlers
v. The lozi were force d to pay taxes in order to maintain the administration
vi. The lozi were forced to work as labourers on settler farms
vii. The lozi were employed by the civil service
viii. BSACO developed infrastructure in Barotseland
ix. The british established their rule peacefully in northern Rhodesia
x. Lewanika was honoured with the title of paramount chief until his death
xi. The british used Barotseland as a base to conquer the neighbouring communities
xii. The lozi were protected by the british from their enemies

SECTION C (30 Marks)

Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after question 24.
22. a) State five characteristics of direct rule in Zimbabwe. (3 marks)

i. It was dominated by European officials

ii. The British used company rule i.e BSACo
iii. The Africans held low positions in government
iv. The settlers had considerable influence in government
v. The British regarded Zimbabwe as a white man’s country
vi. It embraced racial segregation
vii. There was a legislative council dominated by the whites
b) Explain five reasons why assimilation policy failed in West Africa during the colonial period.
(10 marks)

i. It conflicted with the general objective of colonization

ii. It required social amenities/ schools which were expensive to start
iii. It was resisted/ rejected by the traditional African rulers since it threatened/ undermined
their positions/ rule
iv. It was opposed by the Frenchmen back at home since it elevated the assimilated to the
French status
v. The Muslims refused to be converted to Christianity thereby posing a challenge
vi. The French citizens feared that the assimilated people would outnumber them in the
French chamber of deputies

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vii. Racial discrimination by the French against the assimilated people whom they refused to
acknowledge/ accept as equals
viii. The Africans were deeply rooted in their culture hence made it difficult to forsake them
ix. Nationalism conflicted with the policy of assimilation
x. The region was vast for effective supervision/ poor transport network
xi. Opposition from the French traders/ business men who feared competition from the
African traders
xii. Language barrier/ communication barrier made it difficult for the administrators to be
effective
xiii. Strict conditions for assimilation e.g French language, Christianity, French scheme of
service etc
xiv. Missionaries concentrated in spreading Christianity rather than assimilating Africans
23. a) Name three countries that belonged to the Triple Alliance during the First World War.
(3 marks)
i. Germany
ii. Austria- Hungary
iii. Italy

b) Explain six causes of the Second World War. (12 marks)

i. The policy of appeasement
ii. The great depression
iii. Violation of the Versailles treaty
iv. Growth of nationalism in Europe
v. Failure of the league of nations to prevent war
vi. Formation of alliances
vii. The emergence of dictators in Europe
viii. Rise of Adolf Hitler/ his ambition
ix. Arms race/ rearmament/militarization
24. a) Give three levels of international relations. (3 marks)

i. Economic relations
ii. Diplomatic relations
iii. Socio-cultural relations
iv. Political relations
b) Explain six challenges facing the United Nations since its inception. (12 marks)

i. It lacks a standing army/ military as it relies on the goodwill of the member states
ii. There is lack of objectivity in voting by some member states who vote as a block
according to their interests
iii. National interests of individual member states are given more prominence/importance
than those of the UN.
iv. Inadequate funds as some member states fail to remit their contributions on time thereby
hampering their operations

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v. Meddling into the affairs of former colonies among powerful nations has continued to
bring suspicion/ mistrust among member states
vi. Political instability as a result of constant conflicts in many parts of the world undermines
the operations of the UN/ civil wars or conflicts among nations
vii. Terrorism in the world has threatened efforts to attain international peace
viii. Inability to implement certain decisions/policies due to the use of veto power
ix. Ideological differences which have heightened suspicion among member states
x. Different levels of development among member states makes some to feel
disenfranchised/denied development opportunities/ disadvantaged
xi. Members always prioritize their membership/ commitment to regional organizations at
the expense of those of the UN/ divided loyalty.
xii. Natural disasters/ floods/ famine/ landslides strain the organizations budget thereby
delaying its development projects
xiii. Arms race/ the issue of rearmament has brought about suspicion among members

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