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    Ch1 Number

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    Snehashis Bose

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    Number Systems “THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES © Intyoduction > Natural Numbers > Whole Numbers INTRODUCTION > Integers Rational Numbers Natural Numbers © — Representing Rational Numbers on Number Line ‘These are the counting numbers. 1 is the first natural Inserting Rational Numbers between Two umber and there is no last natural timber. /.6? natural Given Rational Numbers numbers are collection of infinite counting numbers. © Decimal Representation of Rational Numbers Collection of natural numbers is denoted by/Ny . ato al Ne >» Some Usetul’.Results on Irrational Numbers © Representing Irrational Numbers on the ‘Number Line © Real Numbers: and Real Number Line then natural numbers will transform into the collection of ‘whole numbers. » Visualisation of Representation of Real Numbers by using the Process of First whole number is zergg ‘Successive Magnification We 0,1,2,3,4,..) > Rationalisation ‘© Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers © Quick Recap Integers © Assignment lfwe include negative number to the-collection of whole numbers, then it transforms into the collection of integers. TOSI SST Tiss eT Negative integers Positive integers Zero Non positive integers Non negative integers These are the numbers which involve negative, zero as well as positive numbers. Collection of integers is denoted by Z. Negative integers : ......, -6, -5, -4, ~3, -2, -1 Positive integers : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Non negative integers : 0, 1, 2, 3. Non positive integers = 1,0 In case of negative numbers, ~1 is the greatest of all the negative integers. As we move towards the left on the number line, numbers become smaller. ‘On the number line, we represent numbers lke 1, 2, .... ete. 4. 2001 2° 2007 ' What do we mean, when But, what about the numbers lying between 0 and 4 i.e., numbers 1 we say > 4 oatg org 4 ofakg or + + pat cof something? What are these numbers, 5.7, etc. called? Let us discuss these numbers in detall RATIONAL NUMBERS ‘These are the numbers which can be represented in the form qa #0, pandiq are integers. The collection of rational numbers is denoted by Q. are rational. ole ole e.g. numbers like 49 49. SPA 5g = 7g 212 all ational numbers. Rational numbers include natural numbers, whole numbers, integers and fractions. Rational numbers do not have a unique representation in the form i. where p and q are integers and q +0. 2_10_ 25 F755 7 ay and soon. For example, 4 ‘These are equivalent rational numbers. However, when we say © isa rational number or when we represent © onthe number line, we assume that q #0 and that p and q have no common factors other than 1 i.e, e and q are oo-prime). It means for all ‘equivalent rational numbers, we will choose a unique point to represent them. Teor Gn HE Taner en Fatsonal Numbers (Gy Integers (Z) qinae Numbers Tips Arational number fe is positive, if a and b both have same signs i., either positive or negative. Aravonal numoor 2s negavo i @ and b nave arent signs a £.f2 If two rational numbers 55 and = are equal, then = => ad = be. Every fraction is a rational number. But, every rational number is not a fraction. Pp F is 2 rational number and q + 0 because division by zero is not defined, q Every rational number can be expressed as either a terminating decimal or a recurring decimal. Equivalent rational numbers 1516 144 246 30 32 These are known as equivalent rational numbers. We know that, Every integer can be expressed as ©, where q ‘State whether the following statements are true/false. Give reasons for your answer. Every natural number is a whole number. (i) Every integer is @ whole number. (ii) Every rational number is a whole number. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Cifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 (wv) Every whole number is a rational number. (Every integer is a rational number. (¥)_ Every rational number is an integer. Solution : @ Tne, 4,.2, 3, son are natural numbers. 0, 1, 2, 3, .n.. are whole numbers, (i) False, 5 is an integer but not a whole number. (ii) False, 3 is a rational number but not a whole number. () Tue, ™ (wi) False, 2 § ($a rational number but not an integer. REPRESENTING RATIONAL NUMBERS ON/NUMBER LINE. In a rational number, the numeral below the bar Ze., denominator, represents the number of equal pats into which first part ie., numerator has been divided. In order to represent rational numbers on a number line, we: draw a line and mark a point O on it, to represent the rational number zero. The positive rational humbers will be represented by points on the line, lying to the right of point O and negative rational numbers will be represented by the points on the line, lying to the left Of point ©. If we mark a point A on thes tine, to the right of O, to represent 1, then OA = 1 unit. Similarly, we ‘can mark a point A’ on the line, to the left of O, to represent 1. Now, suppose we wish to represent rational 1 number > on the number line. For this, we divide the segment OA into two equal parts. Let P be the mid 1 Point of OA. Then, OP = PA = >. Since, O represents 0 and A represents 1. Therefore, P represents rational number : as shown below 1-23-18 42. 1 SS x Rk @ 06 A Similarly, if we wish to represent rational numbers =~ and — on the number line, then we divide the segment 3 (Of into three equal parts. Then, OO = OR = RA’ - Since, O represents 0 (zero) and A’ represonts —1 ‘Therefore, Q and R represent ara = remedy Draw a number line and mark a point O on it. It represents zero. Now, mark two points A and B such that A= 1 unit and OB = 2 units. BC A 0 ACB 2-410 12 8 43 Now, g=15 Divide AB into fve equal pars. AC represents @ ofa unit. ‘Thus, OC represents 1 ope s = Similarly, OC" represents z. Represent 2 on a number line Z A Oonits 2010. Pees ke ine > such that OA = 1 unit, OB = 2 units and OC = 3 units. De hea We are now clear with the definitions of different types of numbers. Now, let us go a bit deeper and try to Jeam few important characteristics of numbers. INSERTING RATIONAL NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO GIVEN RATIONAL NUMBERS Ifa! and ‘are two rational numbers, then 2+” ies between them ie. 0S a<22? a arts y.ta>d 0g if a= 5 and b=7, then 5228 55 ie,9>7 > 5, which is Example Find three rational numbers between ~2 and —1. Solution : A rational number lying between -2 and —1 is -3 25) _, Now, rational number lying between ~2 and [> will be —>—— ie. ‘A rational number lying between > and —1 will be Example 7 : Insert 100 rational numbers between Solution : ‘We have, 3x10 _ -30 2730 ang 9 J 9x10 43x10 ~ 130 GAO 90 13x10 130 90 i 3 4 55 > 490 a0 erUivalent rational numbers | ‘We know, -30 <-29 < -28 -30 <70 <80< 90 008 een ete 2.) TO ofBOL 5 0 730 “130 “130°” “730 <° “430 “130° < 430 < 430 “130 , -3_-30 9 _ 90 Hence, 100 rational numbers between 7 =$0 nd 35 = 99 BP 15, 10. 7q lies between (1) Oand (3) 1 and Noe) + cere een oe W 16 4 Oo Qa 25 5 @ -2 oa 7. The rational number lying between 7 and 8 is 36 72 oF a5 5 75 @) ag 4) too 8. Two rational numbers lying between -2 and 5 are. (1) 3,2 (2) 2,4 (3) 4,8 (4) -1,6 9. 2 lies between 5 1 (1) tand 5 (2) Oand 5 @) tend 3 @ fon 2 (2) -Sand 1 8 @) 5 and2 [elon “(he (2)8 (2)2 (ro “suv DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS In earior classes, we have leamt about conversion of fractions into decimals) and vice-versa. A rational number like all fractions, can also be expressed asa decimal number. This is done by long division method. We will understand this with the help of an illustration; Mlustration 1 7 Express 5 into decimal form. Solution 8) 7.000 (0.875 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 Express 2 into decimal form. Solution : 16) 38.000 (2.1875 32. Express 3.1 in decimal form Solution : 2 a 8) zon (a2: 10 So, in the above illustrations we hae Seen that division process comes to an end after a finite number of steps. Infact, the division stops at a point, where there is no remainder i.e. there are finite number of digits in the decimal part of given rational numbers.,Such decimals are known as terminating decimals, Now, there are some rational numbers, when we try to express them in decimal form by division method, no ‘matter how long we divide, there is always a remainder i.e. division never ends. But, remainder starts repeating after a certain number of steps. In such a case, digits or block of digits repeat itself in the decimal representation of the rational number. Such decimals are called non-terminating recurring or non- terminating repeating decimals. For example, 0.123123 ....... These are represented by putting a bar over first block of repeating digits and omit other repeating parts For example, 0.123123123 ....... is written as 0.123 and 0.1296296296 is written as 0.1296 . Here, we will not put bar over ‘1’, since it is not repeating, Let us consider certain illustrations. POAC OCCT uustration 4: | Express ; into decimal form. Solution : 3 g000 (e6ee... os 20 18 20 418 So, from the above illustrations, we get the information that rational numbers are of two types. () Terminating decimals. i) Non-terminating repeating decimals, Let us define them once again. Terminating decimals Some decimal expansions end (terminate) after a finite number of steps of division. Such type of decimal expansion is known as terminating decimal expansion For example, $0.75, 42 =1.625 Non-terminating repeating decimals ‘The decimal expansions in which remainder is never zero and it starts repeating atter a certain number of steps is known as non-terminating repeating decimal expansion or non-terminating recurring decimal expansion. For example, 2 = 0.2222. at 30 366 Example 8: Find the decimal expansion of 22. Solution = 7) 22 (3.1428871428671 zi 10 Z 30 28 20 44. ao 56 40, 35 ‘50 49 10 7 30 28 20 14. 60 56 20 35 ‘50 49 10 7 z 3.142857 What can be the maximum number of digits in tho repeating block of digits in the decimal expansion of 4 ? Perform the division to check your answer. Solution : 17) 1.00 (0.0588235294117647058 ‘We observe that remainder starts repeating after 16 divisions. y= 0.0588235200777647 Mathematics - Claas 1X (Level) 12. The decimal (to two places) representation of 3 (1) 025 @) 023 (8) 0.32 (4) 0.58 13. Which of the following is terminating decimal? 23 18 ae @ 16 15 ©> ®& 14, Which of the following is non-terminating decimal? 6 15 ®) 700 7 9 @ ae @) 20 415. The decimal expansion of - is (1) 0.45 2) 0.55 (3) 0.56 @) 036 (vst (eet (er (eden (te suv) Conversion of the decimal number into rational number of the form a where'p and q are integers and q #0. In the previous saction, we have seen that, a rational number can be represented either as a terminating decimal or a nonerminating repeating decimal, In this section, we will learn about the reverse process. We shall learn how to convert a given decimal number into an equivalent rational number of the form ’ It can be done in two ways () When the decimal representation is terminating (i) When the decimal representation is hon-terminating repeating Procedure of converting a terminating decimal number to the form e where p and q are integers and q #0. Step 1: Take the decimal number. Step 2: Count the number of digits after the decimal. Step 3: Remove decimal point from the numerator. Write 1 in the denominator for the decimal point and put ‘as many zeroes on right side of 1, as number of digits after the decimal in the given number. Step 4: Express it in its standard form by dividing numerator and denominator by their common factor. Let us go through some illustrations and change terminating decimal number to © form using steps that are q mentioned above. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 gg [Number Systems “Mathematics - Class IX (Levels) | Express 0.15 in the form : where p and q are co-prime intagers and q + 0. Solution : 15 0.15 = 700 15/5 sTa0i8: {5 is the common factor of 15 and 100] Mlustration 7 Express 0.00026 in the form é where p and q are co-prime integers and q # 0. Solution : 26 13 0.00026 = = 100000 "50000 Conversion of non-terminating repeating decimal to the form”, where p and q are integers and q20. + First ofall, we will categorize the non-terminating repeating] decimals into two tyaes > w “ Pure recurring decimals : A decimal number in/which all the digits or block of digits after the decimal point are repeated. These types of decimals. ate known as pure recurring decimals, 9. 0.6, 0.16, 0.123 are pure recurring decimals. Mixed recurring decimals : A decimal number in which atieast one of the digits after the decimal point is not repeated and then a digit or block of digits are repeated. These types of decimals are known as mixed recurring decimals. 2.9. 0.236, 1.28 are mixed recurring decimals: Procedure of converting a non-terminating recurring decimal number to the © form, where p and @ are co-prime integers and q+ 0 % Step 1: Take the repeating decimal number equal to x Step 2: Write the number in decimal form by removing bar from the top of the repeating digits and listing repeating digts at least twice. For example, write x = 0.8 as x= 0.888... and x= 0.74 as x= OTATATA. 0.0 Step 3: Count the number of digits having bar on their heads. Step 4: If the repeating decimal number has 1 place repetition, multiply it by 10; for two place repetition, ‘multiply it by 100, for three place repetition, multiply it by 1000 and so on. Step 5: Subtract the number taken in step 2 from the number obtained in step 4. Step 6: Divide both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x Step 7: Write the rational number in its standard form. Let us consider few illustrations and convert pure recurring decimal into aa # 0) form using above procedure. sh Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 Express the following in the form ee where p and q are co-prime integers and q + 0. O of Wi) 02 Solution : @ Letx= 04 = x=041Mt.. A) Multiply both sides of (A) by 10, tox = 1.ttt1t 8) (On subtracting (A) from (B), we get ox=4 (i) Let x= 0.2 Then, x = 0.22222... AA) Multiply both sides of (A) by 10, 40x = 2.2222... (8) (On subtracting (A) from (B), we get = o=2 Convert 0.35 into 2 form, where p and'q are Co-prime integers and q + 0. Solution : Let x = 0.35 = x= 0.353536... 0) Here, the decimal number has two place repetition after the decimal point. So, we multiply i) by 100, 10x = 99.35 7 Subtracting (j) from (i), we get 100x-— x = 35.3535... - 0.3835... = 99x=35 38, Mathematics - Class 1X (Levelt) T 1 It 5 = 0.742857 , then wnte the decimal expansion of without performing long division. Solution : Now, = can be witen as 24 but 407408657 = 20.142857 = 0.285714 [it will also have repeating block of six digits) Simieny, 9x} = 0.498874 4 7 12 2 o5 473 ®) i. 17. is equivalent to (1) 592 @) 0592 (3) 0592 (4) 0.592 18. 0.163 can be expressed as 49 18 as Ona 16 16 Sac ® 3 19. 0.994 can be expressed as 107 107 300 ® 300 306 106 ® ‘or © 324 3 20. 74 is equivalent to (1) 0.16 @) 076 @ 18 4) 168 [voz ‘Wet (Wat (e)zt (elot “suv ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 Mathematics ~ Class IX (Levelt) mbar Syston] IRRATIONAL NUMBERS In previous section, we have studied that every rational number can be expressed either in terminating decimal form or in non-terminating repeating decimal form. All the rational numbers can be represented in the form of &, where p and q are integers and q « 0. Are there any decimal numbers other than terminaing or non- terminating repeating decimals? In order to answer this, consider an example x= 0.202002000200002.... We observe that in the above decimal number x, there are either digit 2 or digit O and digit 2 are separated respectively by one zero, then two zeroes, then three zeroes and so on. Number of zeroes go on increasing by one. Therefore, decimal representation is non-terminating and non- repeating. There are many numbers whose decimal representation follow the same pattern. So, numbers can have decimal representation in ary of the following form : {) Terminating (ii) Non-terminating but repeating (ii) Non-terminating non-repeating We have already discussed (i) and (ii) types_in rational numbers and will discuss (ii) in this section. lrational numbers : A number js said to be an irational, if cannot be writen inthe form F., where and q are integers and q # 0. The decimal representation of irrational numbers is on-terminating and non-repeating. We have considered in previous section that x = 0:20200200020000..... Notice that we can generate infinitely many irrationals similar to-x. Also you have leamt in previous class to find digits in the decimal expansion of ./2 by division method .e.,. (= 1.414243562373095048801638724 .... In the same way, we can find the values of V3, v5, V7, ‘Some Useful Results on Irrational Numbers Following are some useful results'on irrational numbers. Property 1 : Negative of an irrational number is an irrational number. Explanation : Let x be an irrational number. Then, we have to show that —x is also an irrational number. If possible, let x be a rational number. We know that the negative of a rational number is also a rational number. =x is @ rational number = -(2) Is a rational number = xisa rational number This contradicts the fact that x is irrational. Hence, —x is an irrational number. Property 2 : The sum of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number Explanation : Let x be a rational number and y be an irrational number. Then, we have to show that (x + y) is an irrational number. If possible, let (x + y) be a rational number. We know that the difference of two rational numbers is a rational number. Since, (x + y) is a rational number and x is a rational number. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 = (x+y)—xis a rational number. = yisa rational number. This contradicts the fact that y is an irrational number. Hence, (x + y) is an irrational number Property 3: The product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is an irrational number. Explanation : Let x be a non-zero rational number and y be an irrational number. Then, we have to show that xy is an irrational number. if possible, let xy be a rational number. We know that the quotient of two ‘non-zero rational numbers is a rational number. Since, xy is a rational number and x is a rational number. (2) is a rational number. = yisa rational number. But, this contradicts the fact that y is an irrational number. Thus, our supposition is wrong. Hence, xy is an iational number. Property 4: The sum, difference, product and qu irrational number. Explanation : () The sum of the irrational numbers J3 and)—,/3 is 0, which is’@ rational number, whereas, the sum of irrational numbers J2 and J is.an irrational number. (ii) The difference of irrational numbers 3+ V2 and V2 is 3, which is @ rational number; (ii) The product of irrational numbers J8 and /2 is 6, which js @ rational number, {v) The quotient of irrational numberS'/12and 3 is!2, which is’a rational number. nt of two irrational numbers need not be an Mlustration 10 Give examples of two irrational numbers, which results the product @s (i) Arrational number (i) An irrational number Solution = (Product of 27 and VS is v81 = 9, which is rational. (i) ¥2% JB = VB, which is tional, Example 14 Insert a rational and an irrational number between 2 and 3. Solution : If @ and b are two positive rational numbers such that ab is not a perfect square, then Jab is an irrational number lying between a and b. Also, ah is a rational number lying between a and b. , 2438 Rational number betwoon 2 snd 3 ie 243. 8 Irrational number between 2 and 3 is (2x3 = /6 Example 12: Find two irrational numbers between 2 and 2.5. Solution : ‘An irrational number between 2 and 2.5 is /2x28 = /5 tional between 2 and JS will be J2xV5 ‘So, two irrational numbers between 2 and 2.6 are V5 and y2x V5 . Now, Example 13 Find two irrational numbers between 0.12 and 0.13. Solution : Let a= 0.12 and 6 = 0.13 Clearly, a and b are rational numbers such that a b Rational number between a and b : Let c= 0.101 be the required rational number. Now, ‘c' has a terminating decimal representation. is rational number such that 6 < ¢ b Also, on comparing a and d, we obtain a > . ‘Thus, d is an irrational number such that b < d < a. s. But, in fourth Number Systems Mathematics - Class 1X (Level) Find three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers and = Example 15: 7 Solution : Let a= ‘Thus, x, y and 2 are three rational numbers between 8 and 2 0.744285, b 7 Clearly, b > a Now, x = 0.72072007200072000072. .7 3073007300073... = 0.74074007400074... Zz We find that a Points to Remember 1. (@xbyrsanx om 2. 3. 4 5. 2, Yq = al, Ya = alld 6 Cayn= (tyr am If mis even, then (~1)" = 4, (-3)" = a” and if m is odd, then (~1)" = ~1, (-a)" = -a”. Example 21: Evaluate : 57 x 54 5° Solution = gt xst = si-8a 85 x55 125 EL [Rar sions tosis er] Example 22: Evaluate : 42? « 125-29 Solution : = (22? x (yA [ 4-2 | = 2282 x 59 (20) 125 = 5° Example 23 : Evaluate @ eae @ 125-4 (ii) 125° (w) 16 Solution : () (8% 8)? = (4 =8'=8 (125718 = Ge = SED) = 5 5 (i) (125)"8 = (599 = 51 = 5 (wy) 16 = (2) = 29 =8 Example 24 : 8 219 Evaluate : (2) x (gay? 27 Solution : 2 sc18 (2) (ey = (3) x22) 2 ie 22d “Pe 1 Renple'a® Evaluate : (243)? + (32/25 Solution : (BESK3 x3 KBs (2H Zx2x2x 2A = ys a fe @y= am) [[Matiematics - Giass ix (Levels) Example 26 : ‘Simplify = 1 O ax o Fw Solution : () 3 x gM gH 2 a3 Lo Px a= org BI _ saws _ gus (.. goa © jen (ae (ii) 328 x 728 [o> aP x bP = (aby) = 77° = (1p imple 27 Find the value of x for the given equation : 4 9 = 36 Solution 38+ 31 = 36 4 31 + 3) = 36 y 41, The value of 34 « 78 x 3-2 x 7-5 ie (1) 60 (3) 75 42, The value of (-2)° x (-2)° + 2%is () 2 @) 24 2) 16 s 4B. The vawe of 5 x(2) xo 8 3 OG 5 @3 44, Tho valuo of 12 29 x 52 « 22 ie (1) 200 @) 500 3k4 38.3 = 36 [> das an x a] 8 = Rie 3 ei S58 E8 RY 88 aoe 4) 2) 250 (@)_ 550 (iy 3? x 72 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi110005 Ph.011-47623456 EEE) [Ramer Systems Matomatca = Cas 0 Lave) 2x3? 48. The value of [(-2)1* + Soe is Oa oa A @ ggr (@) 27 «318 46. if \7Y7V7VINF =7", then the value of xis 1 32 Ms oa 31 1 ® 3 @) 30 (elon (Lob “(elpb “er (Z)zv (z)L¥ (Zor “suv) QUICK RECAP 1. umber ald 9 aon uber sana fom, cn be wen nh om 2, wer and n are co-prime integers and.n"? 0. 2. A number xis called an irrational fumber, fi cannot be writen in the form “where m and n are integers and n + 0. 3. The decimal expansion of a rational number js either terminating or non-terminating fecurring. Thus, we can say that a number whose decimal. expansion is’either terminating or non-terminating recurring is a rational number. 4. The decimal expansion of an irrational,iumber is non-terminating and non-recurring. Thus, we can say that a number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating and non-recurring is en irrational number. 5. Real numbers are the collection of rational and irrational numbers, o A real number is either. rational or irrational, 6. There is a real number corresponding to every point on the number line. Also, corresponding to every real number, there is a point on the number line. r 7. If ris rational and s is irational, then,r + s)7°—, "8 and = are irrational numbers, r + 0. If mis a natural number which is not a perfect square, then Vf is an irrational number. For every positive real number x;../x can be represented by a point on the number line. 10. Let a, b be two positive real nimbers and m, n be two rational numbers, then @) amxar=anrr (i) ame ars ann Git) (amp = a (w) a” ( (aby" ay a (3) -F (wi) a!” =(2")"" ie.” = Ya” = (ay [Here m,ne N] gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 L i UHILUILELLL ib] L 2. If both a and b are rational numbers, then find the SECTION-A values of a and b in each case. Very Short Answer Type Questions : 3-1 ( + ONS 1, Find two irrational numbers between 0,5.and.0,55. o Ba 1 VB 8 2. Rationalise : w We 32-28 2 2 “Ax VE 1 4-V5. a 8 02 in tne tom ot 2. eee xpress 02 in the fom of & 2. _sidpiy HAE Ec 324 4 => as decimals - APH pg 98 Sec ffi 22 0522455 | hon fd the value > 24/6 ae Express 15.75 in the form of ©. of a — be 6. Represent 6 on the number line. 5. Wx St Btn find the vate of («2 F. BBlindbes: a2 6.“ Find the value of x, if 5*-9.92-8 = 225, 7. 125" = 5%*-" — 100, then find x. 8. Convert each of the following into decimals 8. Prove that 5 oF yar rar? 5 (a aa @ 2 9. Find five rational numbers between 3 and 4. Long Answer Type Questions : 1. Prove that 10. Express each of the following in the form of a where p and q are co-prime integers and q = 0. 0.245 1 1 1 1 Wigs Ene ET Fb Be Short Ans\ Ty Questic < Eee erat eee 2. 2x3*(32)7 27! _ 1 thon prove that 2y3 - V5 ox? a 22 +33 a-b ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 4. Simplify Eg Number Systems Mathematics - Class 1X (Levelt) SECTION-B Objective Type Questions 1. The number (V2 +/3)? is aan (1) Rational number (2) Irrational number 12 For any natural numbers a, m and n, which of the following is incorrect? ) Means @ (amps an @) maaan @) ax bm = (aby" (3) Perfect number (4) None of these 13, Which of the following is true? 2. The number (Vx + Jy)(vx - Jy). where x, y> 0 eee ed and x, y are rationals, is a/an 5 (1) Rational (2) Irrational (2) There are infinitely many integers between any (8) Both (1) & (2) (4) None of these wo integers. 3. Irrational number lying between 0.0112345... and Vi2 0.011842076... is (@ “Jy |s not a rational number as Vi2 and (1) 0.0115364, (2) 0.153216... a @) 0.121436. (4) 0.119846. 3 are not integers 3 fe 4. If x=2-V8, then the value of x?+—> and (4) “J san irrational number 4 is 14. The value of 4.6+0.2 is z 14 (1) 14,88 2) 14,88 Oz (@) 14,-8y3 (4) -14,8y3 28 5. xis alan @ (1) Rational number 2) trratignal number 4 (3) Natural number (4) Integer. 15. The value of 55+ 6. Representation of 3 in © form is (3 £ @1 @ 0 “ # a2 46. If4*=4x- 1224, then (2x) equals to ae uM (1) BB @ 255 8) Fo 40 Os @) 125 7. The number (6 +2) (6-4/2) is alan 417.” Which of the following is an irrational number? (1) Rational (2) Integer 14 1 (3) Natural number (4) Alll of these My Qe 8. Ifa™.a" = a™, then min — 2) + n(m= 2) is 416 (y 204 eo @ v2 Os Tea ‘“ 18. If y is an irrational number, then which of the @ ™ a @ 2 following is an irrational number? 1 n- 9. at ea + aM + 4M = 4% then xis (2 @ V3 (1) 45 2) 4 1 @) 176 on @) -V3 @ Wz 10. a of (6561)°16 x at 9 is 19. Which of the following is an irrational number? 0 iH 0 o (1) 342 (2) y4+2 11. Given that, V2 = 1.414 and J = 2.236. Then the @ 3+V8 ) 26-28 1 20. Which of the following is a rational number? value of to three decimal places is () 2438 @ (2-v5)(2+ V5) (1) 2.449 (2) 0.316 (8) 1.079 (4) 3.162 (@ v3-8 o> gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd, Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-10005 Ph.011-47623456 a Number Systems "THIS CHAPTER INCLUDES © Insertion of Rational Numbers © Terminating and Non-Terminating Decimals © Shortcut to Convert Non-terminatin INSERTION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS 2 Insertion of rational numbers can also be done by the technique given below. This is actually formulated from the original method. But its details are of bit higher level, ° — /YPeS of Irational Numbers so will be explained in the higher classes. © Surds Let x and y be two rational numbets. such thatix < y. 4 ‘Suppose, we want to find n rational numbers between x ® Some Important Numbers and y. Let a=t* 7 © Assignment Then, 1 rational numbers lying between x and y Are x + d, x # 2d, x4 304 cas. x + nd, WHETE d is the diference between any two consecutive terms ie.(x * nd) — x+ (n= 1)d) =. In this way, we can find infinite number of Fat Recurring Decimal Number into : form yox d s avd ‘Then 20 rational numbers lying between = and > are 2 +1 2 and 3 are 24.1.2 ( 24a 5a 5 60'S a is the difference between any two consecutive rational numbers. 25 26 27 28 a8 ‘The numbers are &G: §O" G0" 60" 6O TERMINATING AND NON-TERMINATING DECIMALS (A rrational number has a terminating decimal expansion, if ts denominator is expressed as 2” x 5”, where mand n are whole numbers. 8 For example, consider a rational number 4 245 = 5% 2 But, it cannot be written as 2” x 5” 8 3 © 2 non-terminating repeating decimal (ii) The decimal expansion of a rational number is either terminating or non-terminating recurring. Moreover, ‘a number whose decimal expansion is terminating or non-terminating recurring is a rational number. ett Without doing actual division, find which of the following are terminating decimals. 3 7 0 30 Oe 3 17 73 © 6 Solution : 3 o 3 20=2%2%5=2x5t Denominator can be expressed as 2 x 5”, where m=2 and 3 is convertible info terminating decimal (i) BRD ev 2254] Denominator can be expressed as:2” x 5” 7 3 | convertible to terminating decimal a = Wa 13 = 134 Since, denominator cannot be expressed inthe form 2” 6?, so itis. a nomterminating decimal 7 oe 18 = 3 «2 which cannot be expressed as 2” x 5” It is a non-terminating decimal a |) SHORTCUT TO CONVERT NON-TERMINATING RECURRING DECIMAL NUMBER INTO £ FORM Formula : (Complete number without considering decimal point and bar) ~ (Number without considering decimal point and omitting digits under bar) ‘Number of 9's as there are repeating digits and number of zeroes as numbers after decimal point without bar 236-02 _ 234 _ 13 990 990” 55 Mustra Convert the following in e form, where p and q are co-prime integers and q 0. 82 2343 Solution : @ Let x=52 = x= 5.2222... (A) Multiply both sides of (A) by 10, 10x = 52.222. (8) ‘Subtracting (A) from (8), we get 9x = 62,222... - 5.2220) = 9x=47 = xed 9 Shortcut Method : 3 3e542 52=5+02=5+2 + +5 «Al 9 23.43 let x =23.43 = x= 23.4343. (A) Multiply both sides of (A) by 100, 100x = 2343.43, ®) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 ‘Subtracting (A) from (B), we get 99x = (2343.4343...) — (23.4343...) = 99x = 2320 2320 = Shortcut Method : 23.43 = 23+0.43 =2348 39 _ 23x99+43 99 _ 2277 +43 99 2, 99 TYPES OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS Irrational numbers are of two types. ‘* ALGEBRAIC IRRATIONAL NUMBER ‘* TRANSCENDENTAL IRRATIONAL NUMBER Algebraic irrational number : It is a root of a non-constant polynomial equation with rational coefficients. Let us consider some examiples of Algebiaic rational numbers. 4. Clearly 0.010010001... is a non-terminating and non-repeating decimal number and therefore, itis an irrational number. ()Simitarty, 0.003000300008... is an irrational number. (i) 0.12112111211112... tan irrational number. (ii) 0.646646664... is an irrational number. 2. If mis a positive integer which is not a perfect square, then +m is an irrational number. For example, +y2, +/3, +5, +V7, +8, +410, +11 are all irrational numbers. Similarly, 9/4, 4/5, 98... are also examples of algebraic irrational numbers. Transcendental Irrational Number : Transcendental irational number is not algebraic /¢., itis not a root of a non-constant polynomial equation with rational coefficients and also they are non-terminating and non-repeating. These are few examples of transcendental irational numbers. “Mathematics ~ Glass IX (Lovell) are ON i is a famous irrational number. People have calculated the value of Pi to over one million decimal places and stil there is no pattern. The first few digits look like this : 3.1415926535897932384626433832795... ‘The popular approximation a= 3.142857 1428571 is close to m but not accurately x. 7 ‘The number e (Euler's Number) is another famous irrational number. People have also calculated the value of ¢ to lots of decimal places without any pattern showing. The first few digits look like this : 2.7182818284590452353602874713527... ‘The Golden Ratio is an irrational number. The first few digits look like this: 1.61803398874989484820.. Mlustration 3 Prove that J/n is nota rational number, if n is a/prime number. Solution : Let n be a natural number which is prime, If possible, let square root of n be a rational number 2, which is\in its standard form. This means that p and g have no common factor and q 40; p)q = Z. {Squaring both sides} = pang @ => nis factor of p? = nis factor of p also, Let p = nm, for some natural number m. Then, p = nm = ng? = PnP [From (i)] => =m = nis factor of g? => nis factor of q As, mis factor of p and nis factor of q also. This means that n is factor of both p and q. This contradicts, the assumption that p and q have no common factor. This means that our supposition is wrong. Hence, Jn cannot be a rational number i.e. V7 is irrational, if n is not a perfect square. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 Example 2 Prove that /2 is irrational. Solution : Let us assume 2 is a rational number 2-8 (p,q are integers, @ #0 and also ® i in its standard form) Squaring both sides, we got 2 2-8 ¢ > pea 2g? my = 2is a factor of p? = 2is.a factor ofp also. = p= 2m, where mis an integer. = [Squaring both sides) = [From ()] = 2is.a factor of q? = isa factor of q also. So, both p and q are even integers and they haye a common factof 2, which contrat q have no common factor. So, our assumption is wrong, Hence, V2 is irrational. Example 3: Prove that J3 -V2 is an irrational number. the fact that p and Solution = On the contrary, let us assume that it isa rational number. Let 3-2 =x [where x isa rational number] = = (\3-V2P [Squaring both sides] = x2 342-216 = -5=-26 = le Now, x is rational. = is rational. is rational, = V6 is rational But, J6 is an irational number. We arrive at a contradiction. So, our assumption is wrong. 3 - V2 is an irrational number. [ia Wa Tara] BINA 1. Which of the following is an irrational number? () V7 @Q a @) 2423 -Vi2 (4) (2-2) (2+ V2) 2. Which of the following values of x is irrational? (1) 2225 @ 2=18 (3) x°=27 4) x42 16 3. Which of the following is a rational number? (1) Ve +2V8 @x @ 2 (4) (3+2y8 -273 4. Which of the following is a rational number? (1) 2 QW @) vi6 4) Vi 5. Irrational numbers are (1) Terminating and non-repeating (2) Non-terminating and non-repeating (3) Terminating and repeating (4) Non-terminating and repeating (2) (ely (ee (iz (W)t suv SURDS Ifa’ is a positive rational number, which is not the n” power (nis any natural number) of any rational number, then the irrational numbers Ya and —W/a are called as surds. eg: 972,2+3,18-%5 ete. Example 4 Which of the following is/are surd(s)? o M7 iy, Y29 i) V6 Solution @ 8A7 is asurd (i) {29 isa surd (ii) 416 =4 is not a surd ‘Square roots of surds of the form a+ 2yB Here, we will consider the surds of the form (a+2Vb), where a and b are rational numbers. If [a+ 2Vb) has a square root, then it is of the form (Vx + Jy). ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi10005 Ph.011-47623456 Find the square root of a surd 7 + J48 Step 1: Rewrite the given surd in the form a+2/B fe, T+ JAB =74 212 Step 2: _ Identily a pair of factors of b such that their sum is a. e., pair of factors of 12 shall be such that their sum is 7.(4 and 3 is such pair.) Step 3: If x and y are the pair of factors of b such that (x + y) = a, then the square root of (a+b) is (Ve+Y¥) i. the square woot of (7+ V48) is (Va + V8) ie., (248). Example 5: if x= 54+ 2V6, then find the value of Vx Solution = We have, x=5426 = V5. 2/6 = YB +2+2-V38-V2 s Seep 2 [> (@ + b= att b? + Zab 1 NBN2 = 5.8 gee = EB ES = 3 +2 +8 oR = 23 Example 6; Find the positive square root of 32+ 4V18. ‘Solution = 32+ 4V15 = 32+ 2/60 = (V30)" + (v2) + 260 = (V30+ 2)" [32+ 415 = 30+ V2 [ai Gis Waa ara Find the value of 742/10 + 7-210. Solution 7+ 2440 = (5 +2+2V10 = (v8) + (af 252 = (e+) = 542 [7-210 = 5 +2-2V10 = (vs) +(s2f -2v5v2 = (e-aF = 8-2 2 VT 20 + \7=2VK0 = VE + B+ VB -VB = 25 6. If 13—xJ/10 = VB + V5, then the value of x is 4) 2 Q+4 @4 @s6 —— 1 %, t=", ten ne value of (Vie te) is On Base oe @0 8. {2 can also be written as () eB @ 9a @) 36 @ 0a 9. Which of the following is incorrect? () ¥>98 @ 6.8 8) YB <44 4) 5 <92 (ips “(28 (2)z (e)9 “suv ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 SOME IMPORTANT NUMBERS Perfect Number : A number which is the sum of all its positive factors excluding itself is called a perfect number. Examples : 6, 28, 496 Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3. Their sum=1+2+3=6. Factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14. Their sum =1+2+4+7+14=28. Amicable Numbers : Two positive integers are said to be amicable numbers if each of them is equal to the sum of all the natural divisors excluding the number itself. e.g. 220 and 284 Sum of divisors of 220= 14244454104 11420422 +44 +55 + 110 = 284 Sum of divisors of 284 = 1+ 244 +71 + 142 = 220 Palindrome numbers : If a number-aid its Teverse both are same, then these types of numbers are called palindrome numbers. e.g. 123454321... eto. Fibonacci Numbers : Fibonacci numbers are those numbers in which first two numbers are O and 1 and each subsequent numbers is the sum of the previous two, eg. 0, 1, 1,2, 3,5, 8 13, 21. Absolute Value of a Real Number The absolute value | x| of a real number x is the non-negative value of umber x without any regard to is sign i.e. the magnitude of the real number. xis any real number, then absolute value of x is given by |x] x, if x>0 tc, Ixl=40, if x=0 if x<0 eg. @ 12 (©) 131 © iz 3 @) ie Here, [x] is also known as the modulus of x. ‘Also remember that : & The absolute value of a real number is never negative. It is either zero or greater than zero. & The absolute value of a real number is greater than or equal to the real number itself. lel lal ef . is a rational number, then i q gaa ECTION-A a Subjective Type Questions : 1. 2 Find the square root of 14+6V5. Evaluate : 15 OTRO 050" Y= 228° ot V10 = 3.162 x= , then find the value of x — 2x2 = 7x 2-8 +5. Prove that /7 is irrational If x=5-V24, then find the value of 1) ofa? tof x? + 5 )-a7(x+ 2) -10 Give reasons to show that the following numbers are irrational? 4 ) 445 i) B If eee — where n #0, then find the value of mx? — 2mx + n, Find the value of the x? + 7x? + 16x + 7 at 1 9+ 4/5, xe IAT CALL = Let a=3~-Vn , where nis a natural number, If! is the least positive value of a, then find the value 1 oes 2% + (2a + (222% 9 10. Wor ceayearteaayee 4 ten nd the van of x SECTIO Objective Type Questions : 1. Greater number among 17 - y12 and /11- V6 is AT —JAz @ Vi-Vé @) Both are equal (4) Can't say 2. If p:Allthe integers are rational numbers, and q: Every rational number is an integer then which of the following statements, is corect? (1) pis false and q is true 2) pis true and q is false (8) Both p and q are true (4) Both p and q are false 3. 122371, en the va of 8 + 24? 6+ 7 is (1) 10 28 os 4 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakesh Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456 4. The value of 54995 - 995 is 8 (1) S812, (2) 25V12 @ 46 (4) 45 The largest number by which the expression 1? — nis divisible for af the possible integral values ofnis (2 9 @3 @4 6 For an integer n, the statements are given below < i 1. Ifnis odd, (n + 1) is even I Ifmis even, (a1)? is odd UL If nis even, Jn—1 is irrational ‘Which of the above is true? (1) Vand i (2) Vand tt 1 (3) Mand il (4) All of these. Which of the following irrational number is smallest? off, aft, e ale 12 one ote ont ont it y= X842N2 4 V8-2N2 > FEF then equals to (0 (2) 2v2-1 (3) 22 @) 2 if y10~ x21 = V7 — V3, then the value of x is a) 7 (2) 2 8) 3 a) 4 ). (2+ Va) canfiotibe equal to B41 SF 3-1 oe 2 8 as Whit of the following is a rational number? 1) 16 2) Y124 6) ¥i96 (4) 981 If 2° = 3° = 6°, then the value of c is ab ) oo +b a= @ 4) ‘Mathematics - Ciass 1X (Level) SECTION-C Assertion & Reason Type Questions : In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R). (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (1). (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2), (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3) (4) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4). 1. A: The quotient of two integers is always a rational number. 1 : = isa rational number. 0 A: Every whole number Is not a natural number. R:: Ois not a natural number. A: Rational numbers are always closed under. division except the denominator should not be equal to zero, : Vi is a rational number if is"® perfect square. (167 + (21)? = odd number. R : Sum of squares of an even number and an odd R 2 3. R 4. 5A R number is always odd. Product of two irrational numbers is always irrational 2 v2xV3=6 SECTION: Match the Columns Type Questions : 1. Match the following : Column4 Column-tt Vax 3 @ 65 i) 10 "Number Systems] $2 B12 iy asaya W542 V5-2 a. x= VE+V2, then (9) a wed (4) aq), bam, e(), aD 2) ai, b(, o), a (3) afiii), bfiv), c(i), dfii) (4) afi), bili), c(iii), div) Match the following : Column4 Column-t a. Smallest whole i) < number is b. Smallest natural — (i) 0 number is c. /Additive:inverse of a dy Approximate value (W) 1 of ris (1) ai, bv), HD, A) ali, bev), c(i, ai) @)

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