Atoms and Molecules [this chaPTER wetuoes Ancient scientists and philosophers laid the foundation of the Concept of atomic theory. The basic idea of all these philosophers was almost same, ie., matters composed of very minute particles Which can produce large number of substances ator combination, Ineverycay life, we buy things in terms of number or in terms of mass like kilogram or dozen. But atoms and molecules are small particles that cannot be seen, consequently it is very tough to meastre their mass and number. Therefore, in order to express a definite amount of a chemical substance, chemists introduced a new term ‘mole’. Amole can be defined as the amount of a substance that contains the same numberof particles (atoms, molecules, ions etc.) as that are present in 12 9 of carbon-12 isotope. Kanad Philosophy : An ancient scholar named Maharishi Kanad of India in 500 BC postulated that if we go on dividing matter, we shall get smaller and smaller particles and a time’ will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. He named these particles Parmanu (atom). Pakudha Katyayama, another Indian philosopher, said that these particles normally exist in a combined form which gives Us various forms of matter. Democritus theory : Ancient Greek philosophers Democritus ‘and Leucippus in 400 BC euggested that if we go.on dividing matter, a stage will come when particles obtained cannot be divided further. Democritus called these particles ‘atom’ (meaning indivisible). The word ‘atom’ fias Beén derived from the Greek word ‘a-tomio’ meaning non-divisible. Though the thought of these philosophers holds true to the present context of matter, but it was merely based on speculation and did not have any experimentally proven ground. It remained speculative till an English school teacher, John Dalton propounded the first definite theory about atoms. Datton's atomic theory was based on chemical laws of combination which came into existence through the experiments carried out by French chemists Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Proust. The two quantitative laws of chemical combination i. Law of Conservation of Mass and Law of Definite Proportions were given by Antoine Lavoisier and Joseph Proust respectively © Laws of Chemical Combination > Law of Conservation of Mass > Law of Constant Proportion or Definite Composition Dalton’s Atomic Theory Atoms: > Symbols of Atoms > Atomic Weight or Atomic Mass Molecules >) “Molecules of Compounds Differences Between Atoms and Molecules Jons > Polyatomic tons Concept of Valency > Determination of Valency Chemical Formula Molecular Weight or Molecular Mass Gram Atomic Mass and Gram Molecular Mass Formula Unit and Formula Unit Mass Mole Concept Percentage Composition Quick Recap AssignmentHEA [Berts ena motecuies LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION "Chemistry - Class IX (Level) | ‘Atoms combine together to form molecules and compounds. These chemical combinations are based upon cceriain laws which are termed as laws of chemical combination. These are 1. Law of conservation of mass. 2. Law of constant proportions/constant composition/definite proportions 1. Law of Conserv of Mass It was given by French Chemist “Antoine Lavoisier’. It states that “In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants taking part in the reaction”. or “Mass can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction’. For example : If a chemical reaction is represented as follows. A+B>C+#D ‘Then, according to the law of consérvation of mass, Mass of A + Mass of B = Mass off + Mass of D i.e., Mass of reactants = Mass of products Verification of the law : 1. Take barium chloride solution in @’coniéal flask and sodium sulphate solution. in’a Small test tube. The arrangement should be as shown in the figure So that the two solutions-¢o.riot mix: Now, weigh the apparatus. Suppose its weight = x gy 2. Now, mix the two solutions by loosening the thread, ‘The reaction ‘occurs and a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed Now, again weigh the apparatus Suppose its weight = yg You will find that, weight x g = weight y 9 Na,SO, (aq) + BaCl,(aq) ——> 2NaCi(aq) +. BaSO, arum code Sogn chore Sodium aipnate sali lds Rubber cork Conical Flask Ny Barium sulphate and sodium chloride Small formed Barium chloride fest tube solution “te Sodium sulphate solution — (2) Before reaction, weight x g () After reaction, weight y g Experiment to verify the law of conservation of mass. (x 9 = y 9)Example 4 : 15.9 g of copper sulphate and 10.0 g of calcium carbonate were made to react with each other. As a result, 13.8 g copper carbonate and 12.3 g calcium sulphate was obtained. Show that these results are in accordance with the law of conservation of mass. Solution : ‘Copper sulphate + Calcium carbonate -> Calcium sulphate + Copper carbonate Totalmass of teactant = Total mass of product Hence, the law of conservation of mass proved. Example 2 If 42 g of sodium bicarbonate is added to 30.0 g of ethanoic acid (acetic acid) solution, 41 of sodium ethanoate, 9 g of water and x g of CO, is formed. Calculate the value of x Solution : ‘The chemical reaction leading to’product is : ‘Sodium bicarbonate + Ethangic acid —> ‘Sodium ethanoate + Carbon dioxide + Water Mass of reactants = Mass of NaHCO, + Mass of CH,COOH = (42 +30) #72 9 Mass of products = Mass of H,O + Mass:of CH,COONa + Mass of CO, released = (41+ 94x) =50g4x ‘According to the law of conservation of mass, Mass of reactants = Mass of products = T2g=50g+x = x=2Q Example 3 On strong heating of 20.0 g of CaCO, 11.2'g of CaO and x g of CO, were formed. Applying the law of conservation of mass calculate the mass of CO, Solution : The chemical reaction can be written as caco, SHoahesi"6, cao +o, 206 "20 x9 Now, according to the law of conservation of mass, Mass of reactants = Mass of products. > Wg=12g+x9 20g-11.29=Di eerste umple If 10 g of a compound ‘A’ is added to 8.4 g of another compound 8’, a residue (C) of 12.4 g is formed along with a gaseous product (D). Find the mass of the gas released by applying appropriate law. Solution : Let the mass of gasecus product (D) formed is x g. ‘The chemical reaction can be represented as A+B —> C+D 10g 849 124g xg ‘According to the law of conservation of mass, Mass of reactants = Mass of products 109+84g=124g9+x 184 g=x+1249 x= 184g-1249=60g u u 2. Law of Constant Proportion or Definite Composition Lavoisier along with other scientists, notéd thattmany compounds consist of two,or more elements and all these ‘compounds have same elements inthe same proportion irrespective of the source or the method of its Preparation, ¢.g,, water obtained from any source contains hydrogen and oxygen’lements in the ratio of 1 +8 by mass, ‘This law was given by French Chemist “Joseph Louls Proust’. Accordifig to this law, “A pure chemical compound always consists of the:same elements combined together in a fixed (or definite) proportion by mass.” For example : 1. Water obtained from any source (lke fiver, rain of tap ete) is always made’ up of the same elements, /e., hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) combined together in same fixed proportion of 4 : 8 by mass. 2. CO, can be prepared by any one of the following methods (@) By buming of coke C+0,-+€0, (&) By heating lime stone (CaCO,) caco, 2, cao +c0, (©) By heating sodium bicarbonate 2NaHCo, ", ‘Na,co, +H,0+60, In each case, CO, is found tobe made up of same elements, ie., C and O in a fixed ratio of 12 : 32 or 3: 8 by mass. | Example 5 : Hyrogen and oxygen combine in the rato of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen is required to react completely with 4 g of hydrogen? Solution : According to available data, Mess of oxygen combining with 1 g of hydrogen = 8 g 8 9)*(4 Mass of oxygen combining with 4 g of hydrogen = or =32g ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456ay ass Ca imma a nore DALTON'’S ATOMIC THEORY This theory was given by Dalton in 1808. Its main postulates are : 1. Mattor is made up of very small particles called atoms which cannot be divided further. ‘Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed. (law of conservation of mass) Al the atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass and chemical properties. ‘Atoms of different elements have different sizes, masses and chemical properties. ‘Atoms of two or more elements join together in a definite proportion during chemical combinations to form compounds, @.9., HO, CO,. (law of definite proportion) 6. During chemical combinations, atoms of different elements combine in simple numerical ratios, @.9., HO 92:4 CO, + 1:2 cost 7. Atoms of two elements can combine in more than one ratio to produce more than one compounds. eg, HO + 2:1 HO, + = 2:24:14 2k eN co Co, 4 12 NO > 4:4 NO, + 1:2 NO 3 2:4 Significance of Dalton’s atomic theory : It explains the formation of compounds by the combination of atoms in a simple whole number and definite proportion. This is also known as law of constant composition. We will discuss. this law in detail ater in this ‘chapter. Drawbacks = It states that atoms are not divisible. But atoms are divisible into subatomic particles called electrons, protons and neutrons. oa ‘Aand B react in ratio of 3 : 8 by mass. What weight of A should be used to react completely with 249 B? (1) 109 @) 189 @ 99 4 79 2. Term ‘atom’ was coined by (1) Boyle (2) Democritus (3) Dalton (4) Lavoisier 3. Law of constant proportions is same as law of (1) Conservation of mass (2) Chemical combination (3) Multiple proportion (4) Definite composition ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Cifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph.011.47623456[Eh cassava aiy = LD ‘4. Law of definite proportions was given by (1) John Dalton (2) Joseph Proust @) Antoine Lavoisier (4) Maharishi Kanad ‘A chemical equation is balanced in accordance with the law of (1) Constant proportion 2) Multiple proportion (3) Reciprocal proportion (4) Conservation of mass IW)s (@r (we (ez (e)i suv] ATOMS An atom is the smallest particle of an element (generally without independent existence) which can take part ina chemical reaction, Characteristics : 1. All atoms of a given element are similar but they differ from atoms of other elements 2. Each atom of an element shows all. the properties of that element. 3. Atoms are extremely tiny particles wih radius about 1 « 10° m, 4. Atoms may or may not exist in free state. Symbols of Atoms ‘A symbol is an abbreviation used to represent an element. Significance of symbol : The symbol of an element indicates the following » 4. It represents a particular element. 2. Itrepresents single atom of the element. Dalton gave pictorial representation for éléments, Sa | Eee @ | carton ‘Sulphur Lead Platinum In the beginning, the names of the elements were derived from the name of the place where they were found for the first time. For example, the name copper was taken from Cyprus, Califomium from California, Gallium from France (Galium, the Latin Gallia means “Gaul” essentially modem France), etc. Some names were taken from colours like Gold was taken from the English word for Yellow. Various other names were taken from Greek words like Hydrogen meaning Water forming, i.e.. Hydro+genes, Helium from Greek word ‘helios’ meaning Sun, etc. Some symbols have been taken from Latin or Greek names of elements. e.g., symbol of iron (Fe) from its Latin name ferrum, symbol of sodium (Na) from its Latin name natrium, symbol of potassium (Kk) from its Latin name Kalium etc. Now-a-days, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) approves names of elements, ‘Symbols of elements are often the first letter or the first two letters of their names. However, the representation as laid down by the IUPAC requires the first letter to be writen as a capital letter (uppercase) and the second letter (if any) as a small letter (lowercase) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456For example, () Hydrogen is written as H (Uranium is written as U (ii) Aluminium as Al and not AL (w) Silicon as Si and not SI ‘Symbols of some elements are formed from the first letter of the element's name and a letter appearing later in the name, such as Chlorine (Cl) and Cadmium (Cd). For some elements, the symbols have been derived from their Latin/Greek/German names such as Iron (Fe), Gold (Au), Sodium (Na), Lead (Pb) etc. ‘A ctucial requirement is that every element should have a unique symbol. Atomic Weight or Atomic Mass The atomic mass or the mass of an atom is actually very small because of its extremely small size. Today, we have sophisticated techniques like iaS8 spectrometry for determining the atomic masses quite accurately. But, in the nineteenth century, scientists could determine mass of one atom relative to another by experimental means. Scientists initially took nn of the mass’of an atom of haturally occurring oxygen as the unit due to two reasons. 1. It reacts with a large number of elements to form compounds. 2. This atomic mass unit gave masses of many elements'as whole numbers. ‘The present system of atomic masses is based on Carbon-12 as the standard and has been agreed upon in 1961. In this system, 18 is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all other atoms are given relative to\this standard. One atomic mass unit is defined as the mass exactly equal to one-tweifth the mass of one earbon-12.atom. 1 amu= 66056 * 104g Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 6736 « 10% g 4.6736 x10 g ‘Thus, in terms of amu, the mass of hydrogen atom = —-6736% 10 9. nerone 1.66058 x 10 g = 1.0078 amu = 1.0080 amu Similarly, the mass of oxygen-16 (180) atom would be 15.995 amu. Today, ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known as unified mass.Some Elements and their Atomic Masses Ceo Symbol | Atomicnumber | Atomic mass (u)[iy Sis a8 rrr rie EY MOLECULES ‘The smallest particle of matter (element or compound) which can exist in free state exhibiting all the properties of that matter ts called a molecule. These are formed by the aggregation of two or more atoms bonded together by attractive forces. Characteristics : 1. Molecules of many elements, such as argon, helium etc, are made up of only one atom of that element. 2. They are stable species with less energy content 3. All molecules of any given compound are similar. e.9., all water molecules > H,0. 4. Molecules of different compounds are different. e.g., water molecules - H,0. carbon dioxide moleghles —» CO, Atomicity : The total number of atoms constituting a molecule is called its atomicity, on the-basis of which molecules are of following types’: (a) Monoatomic molecules : Some moleciiles are found in free state in their atomic form. These molecules contain single atom in them, ie., they have atomicity ‘one! Examples : Noble gases such as Helium (He), Argon (Ar), Neon (Né), ete. (b) Diatomic molecules : Molecules'that contain two atoms.ie. they have atomicity ‘two’ Gases generally exist as diatonic molecules, for example, Nitrogen exists as N, molecule, Oxygen exists as O, molecule, Hydrogen exists as H, molecule, Chlorine exists as Cl, molecule, Fluorine exists as F, molécule et. (@) Polyatomic molecules : Molecules that have more than two atoms in them. Examples : (Ozone molecule +O, (Atomicity = 3) ie., Triatomic Phosphorus molecule P, (Atomicity = 4) i., Tetra-atomic Sulphur molecule 2S, (Atomicity = 8) i¢., Octa-atomic Hence, molecules can be defined as the combination of similar or different types of atoms. The combination of atoms however follows some specific laws, which are known as “laws of chemical combinatiorEl rrraarnemene Sa CR Molecules of Compounds ‘According to the ‘Law of Constant Proportion’, atoms of different elements join together in a constant proportion to form molecules of compounds. In a molecule, the ratio of atoms by mass as well as the ratio by number of atoms remain fixed. Using ratio by number of atoms, we are able to calculate ratio by mass and using the ratio by mass, we can calculate the ratio by number of atoms in a molecule. A. Calculation of ratio by mass using ratio by number of atoms Let us consider some molecules to calculate the ratio of their elements by mass. 4. Carbon dioxide (CO,) : Carbon dioxide molecule contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. The atomic masses of carbon and oxygen are 12u and 16u respectively. Atorricmass (u) rr 16 Ratioby number of atoms 4 2 Ratioby mass (number ofatoms x atomic mass) ‘Simplest ratio 3 8 2. Ammonia (NH,) : Ammonia Gontains 1 nitrogen atom and 3 atoms of hydrogen Atornicmass (u) 4 1 Ratio by number of atoms 4 3 Ratio by mass 1*14 3x4 (number of atoms x atomicmass) ‘Simplestratio 4 3 B. Calculation of ratio by number of afoms-using ratio by mass The ratio of number of atoms of certain’ molecules on the basis of ratio by mass of their elements can be calculated as follows 1. Water (H,0) : In a water molecule, the ratio of atoms (hydrogen and oxygen) by mass is 1: 8. The ratio by number of atoms for a water molecule can be calculated as folows : ea ee ey a o) reer d 1 ‘Oxygen (0) 8 16 ee 1 ») 16-2 The ratio by number of atoms for water is H : O = 2: 1. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456ning Gas aay Fi ae | A 2. Carbon dioxide (CO,) : In carbon dioxide molecule, the ratio of atoms (carbon and oxygen) by mass is 3:8. The ratio by number of atoms for a carbon dioxide molecule can be calculated as follows : ‘Atomic mass | Mass ratio! | Simplest ) Atomic mass | ratio Carbon (C) 3 12 ‘Oxygen (0) 8 16 ‘The ratio by number of atoms of carbon and oxygen for carbon dioxide is 1 : 2. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ATOMS AND MOLECULES Brad ‘Smallest particle ofanelementwhich | Smallest particle of a substance mayormaynotexistinfreestate. | (element or compound). which existsin free state. Generally consideredas spherical. | May have many shapes, ie., linear, angular or triangular. Highly reactive, except noble gas | Lessreactive. ‘atoms. No chemical bond in an atom. Atoms in a molecule are held together by chemical bonds). Can be subdivided into subatomic | Canbe subdivided into atoms. particles called electrons, protons andneutrons. 1ONS ‘There are some compounds of metals and non-metals which are composed of charged species. These charged ‘species are known as ions. ‘An ion can either be positively or negatively charged. A negatively charged ion is known as ‘anion’ and a positively charged ion is known as ‘cation’. ‘An atom consists of subatomic particles, /e., electrons, protons and neutrons etc. Protons and neutrons are present in the nucleus of an atom while electrons are present in extra nuclear space. The addition and removal of electrons is possible in an atom. This addition or removal of electrons leads to the formation of charged atoms, known as ions. ‘Aakash Educational Sorvices Limited - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456[Ey emcees Shani = Gas aT <8 6 Which of the following is a compound? (1) Air (2) Ammonia (3) Mercury (4) Oxygen 7. Which of the following cannot exist? (1) A molecule of an element (2) Anatom of an element (3) A molecule of a compound (4) An atom of a compound 8. Which of the following is an element? (1) Plastic (2) Alcohol @) bee (@) Cadmium 9. Monoatomic molecules are present in (1) Helium gas (2) Hycrogen gas (3) Oxygen gas (4) Ammonia gas 40. The symbol of aluminium is (1) Au @ AL @) Al (4) Am Ue)or (106 “(re (vz (Z)"suy) Polyatomic tons ‘A group of atoms having electrical charge is called @ polyatomic ion, For €xample, carbonate ion (CO) is a polyatomic ion which is made up of two types of atoms joined together (carbon and oxygen) and has two units of negative charge, hence itis a polyatomic ion, Polyatomic lgns are also known as compound ions, Polyatomic ions can have either positive or negative charge and are called polyatomic cations or polyatomic anions respectively. Examples : Polyatomic cations — Ammonium on (NHj) Phosphonium ion (PH;) Polyatomic anions — Sulphate ion (SO?) Nitrate ion (NO5) Phosphate ion (PO3-) CONCEPT OF VALENCY Valency of an element : Valeney of an element is defined as the combining capacity of that element. The valency of an element is Used to find out how the atoms of an element combine with the atoms of other elements to form a compound. It is equal to the number of hydrogen atoms or the number of chlorine atoms or double the number of oxygen atoms with which one atom of the element combines and form a chemical compound, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456By taking combining capacity with H : Valency of H is considered as 1 and valency of all other elements is measured with respect to it. Determination of Valency a eee ‘Some elements can displace H from its compounds. The number of H-atoms displaced gives the valency of that element. For example Reactions By taking combining capacity of Cl = As Cl combines with ond atom of H, its valency is 1°60, the elements Which cannot combine with H but can, combine with Cl, theirvalencies can be determined using Cl as standard. Ck Valency of an ion : Valeney of an ion is defined as the units of positive or negative Charge present on that ion. eg., Na* has one unit positive charge, so its valency. = 4 Ca?* has 2 units positive charge, so its valency = 2 Table | : Some common cations (positive ions) Monovalent cations] Divalent cations | Trivalent cations (Valency = 1) (Valency = 2) (Valency = 3 enFE) isan hay Lar {as ni ean rons (pu a) Cem en reentry Arig) (Valency = 2) (Valency = 3) hey CT ST CHEMICAL FORMULA ‘A chemical formula represents the composition of a molecule lof the substance in tetms of symbols of the elements present in the molecule. For writing the chemical formula of different compounds, it is essential to know the symbols and combining capacity of the elements (valency). Molecular formula : Molecular formula represents the actual number of atoms of various elements present in one molecule of the compound. Example - Molecular formula of benzene is C,H, which represent the actual number of ‘carbon’ atoms and ‘hydrogen’ atoms present in one moleciile of benzene. jompound | Molecular formula Significance of Molecular Formula of a substance : The molecular formula of a substance gives the following information : (0) It tells the name of the substance. (i) It tells about the names of different elements present in the substance. (ii) It represents one molecule of the substance. (hv) It tells about the number of atoms of each element present in its one molecule. ie., atomicity. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456(i rr rc For example, the formula CO,’ represents (Carbon dioxide. (i) The elements present are carbon and oxygen. (i) That one molecule of carbon dioxide contains one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen. (wv) That its atomicity is 3 i (¥) One mole of carbon dioxide. is a triatomic molecule. (W) 44.9 of CO, (ie., molecular mass expressed in grams) (i) 6.022 « 103 molecules of carbon dioxide. Rules of Writing a Molecular Formula : 1. The symbols of constituent elements must be written side by side but the symbol of more metallic element should have preference as — 4 Hydrogen chloride (HCI) 4 Sodium bromide (NaBr) 2. The number of atoms of each of the. constituting elements is indicated by subscripts as — Water (HO) Sodium sulphate (Na,SO,) 3. The number of atoms of combining elements in the molecule are writterin the inverse ratio of their valencies as — Element AB Valency a The formula is, thus, A,B,. ‘The valencies or charges on the ions must balance! 5. If a. compound consists of a metal and’a.non-metal, the name or'symbol of the metal is written first. 6. Those compounds in which polyatomic ion is present, the ion is enclosed ina bracket before writing the ‘number to indicate ratio, But if only one polyatomic ion is present, the bracket is not required, Chemical Formulae of Simple Molecular Compounds ‘Applying the above rules, the chemical formulae of some simple molecular compounds are explained below (1) Formuta of hydrogen chloride : The elements present are hydrogen and chlorine Symbol H, g < Formula = HCI Valency 4 4 (2) Formula of water : The elements present are hydrogen and oxygen. Symbol, Q 4 Formula = H,O. Valency 4 (3) Formula of hydrogen sulphide : The elements present are hydrogen and sulphur. Symbol s, < Formula =H, Valency + 216 [Atoms and Molecules (4) Formuta of ammonia : The elements present are nitrogen and hydrogen. ‘Symbol N, 4 aS Formda = NH, Valency 4 (6) Formula of methane : Methane contains carbon and hydrogen. symbol Cc. Hf < Formula = CH, Valency 4 (6) Formula of carbon dioxide : It contains carbon and oxygen. ‘Symbol c 9 Formula = CO, Valency 4. 2 Dividing by 2) 4 Common factor Chemical Formulae of Some Simple tonic Compounds : (1) Formula of sodium chloride Symbol = Na Gl Formuta’= NaCl Valency vo (2) Formula of magnesium chloride Symbol = MgC DS Forma = MgCl, Valency 2 (3) Formula of calcium oxide Symbol Ca Q 4 Formula = Ca0 ‘Valency 2 2 Dividing by 4 1 ‘Common factor (4) Formula of aluminium oxide symbol = AL w=16g ‘Atomic mass of S = 32 amu ‘Molar mass of S, = 32 * 8 = 256 ‘So, number of molecules (N) = nu Number of moles So, N= py 8022x109 = N= 2703+ 12 nig Example Calculate the number of moles in 22 grams of CO, Solution : Molar mass of CO, = 12 +2 16 = 44g Mass of CO, Molecular mass of CO, Number of moles =Sa NF | Example 20 : Express 1 mole of oxygen (0,) in diferent ways. ‘Solution : ‘1 mole of oxygen can be represented in the following ways : () 6.022 * 10% molecules of oxygen. (i) 2% 6.022 » 1028 atoms of oxygen. Gil) 32 9 of oxygen, (W) 2 mole atoms of oxygen. () 1g molecule of oxygen. Example 21 How many moles are prosent in 5 g of calcium? Solution : Gram atomic mass of calcium = ‘Number of moles of Ca atom Tren cltee2) [mera cca canis lass aver) 23. The mass of one molecule of a substance is 5.32 x 10% g. What is its molecular mass? (1) 239 @) 429 @ 329 @) 60g 24. The mass (in g) of 0.2 mole of water (H,0) is () 389 @) 489 @ 949 @ 369 25. How many moles are there in 5 9 of sodium? (1) 8.23 moles (2) 0.217 moles @) 9.26 moles (4) 0.176 moles Uzisz “(pve telez “(Wee (2)Lz suv) PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION Percentage composition of an atom in a molecule is the percent of the'total mass of the molecule which is due to that atom. It is a relative measure of each different element present in the compound. [Percentage compesition of an atom in a molecule = Example 23: Find the percentage of calcium in calcium carbonate. Solution Molecular weight of calcium carbonate (CaCO, ) +124 (16% 3) = 100u ‘Atomic mass of Ca = 40 u Percentage of Ca = x10 440% Example 24 Calculate percentage of sulphur in sulphuric acid (Given atomic mass of S = 32, H = 1, O = 16). Solution Molecular weight of sulphuric acid (H,SO,) (1 2) 4324 (18 x 4) +324 64 =o8u 32 4% of sulphur = 55% 100 = 32.65% ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Offce : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-475234561 10. 14 12, 13, Law of conservation of mass : During a chemical change, the sum of masses of reactants and products remains unchanged. Law of definite proportions : In a compound, elements are always present in a definite proportion by mass. ‘An atom is the smallest particle of the element that may or may not exist independently and takes part in a chemical reaction. One atomic mass unit is a mass unit equal to exactly one-twelfth (1/12) the mass of one atom of carbon-12, Relative atomic mass of the atom is defined as the average mass of the atom, as compared to 1/12" the mass of one carbon-12 atom. Units of atomic mass ‘A molecule is the smallest particle of the element or a compound capable of independent existence under ordinary conditions. Init of atomic mass is abbreviated as amu or u, where ‘uv’ means unified mass. Atomicity : The total numberof atoms constituting a molecule jsCalled its atomicity, e.g., eed (Positively charged (Negatively charged species) species) ‘The chemical formula of a molecular compound is determined by the valency of each element. Gram atomic mass : When atomic mass is expressed in grams, it is called gram atomic mass. Molecular weight or molecular mass : It is the sum of the atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule of the substance. Gram molecular mass : When molecular mass of a substance is expressed in grams, it is called its gram molecular mass.14, 15. 16. ‘A mole of substance represents : + 6.022 * 10% particles (Avogadro's number) 4 4 gram atom of an element 4 1 gram molecule of a substance 4 4 gram formula of an ionic substance Application of mole concept This concept is used to calculate : 4 Absolute mass of an atom or a molecule % Number of atoms or molecules present in a given mass of a substance 4 Mass of a given number of atoms or molecules: + Molar mass Total mass of element 449 Percentage composition of an element in a molecule = —jasjecuar mass QgQaaSECTION. Very Short Answer Type Questions ; 4. Name the scientist who gave the’atomic theory of, matter. 2. Name the ancient Indian philosopher who suggested that all matter is composed of small particles. 3. Give the name of any one law of chemical ‘combination 4. What do we call the positive ions? Give the major drawback of Dalton's atomic theory. 6. _ Identify diatomic molecules from the following : @ Hol or (iii) He 0, oH (co Define law of conservation of mass. 8. Calculate the number of CaO molecules in 2.8 g of quicklime. 9. How does molar mass difler from formula unit mass? 10. What is the mass in grams of 3 moles of nitrogen atoms? 11. Calculate the number of iron atoms in a piece of iron weighing 2.8 g. (Atomic mass of iron = 56 u) ASSIGNMENT Za 12. What is the number of waler molecules contained in a drop of water weighing 0.06 o? 13. How many moles of O, are there in 1.20 « 102 oxygen molecules? 14. Calculate the mass in grams of 0,2 moles of water (H,0). ‘Short Answer Type Questions(> ‘State the main points of Dalton's atomic theory of matter. 2. State the two laws of chemical combination. 3. Daltoh's atomic theory says that atoms are indivisible. Is this statement still valid? Give reasons for your answer. 4.» The’ molecular formula of glucose is CyH,,0¢, Calculate its gram molecular mass, (C = 12 u, H=1u,0=16u) 5. What do you understand by the terms? () Atom (i) Molecule 6. State the law of constant proportion. Give one, example to illustrate this law. 7. Explain the significance of a chemical formula. 8. Define the term "Molecular mass 9. Define “Gram atomic mass". What is the gram atomic mass of (i) Hydrogen atom and (i) Oxygen atom? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Aieeenoees 10. Calculate the number of moles and molecules in 10 g of the following compounds () CH, (i) CHO, 41. How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 2.57 * 40° g of hydrogen? 12. Find the percentage composition of Na, $ and O in sodium thiosulphate (Na,S,O,). Long Answer Type Questions 1. What is the mass of (i) 1 atom of nitrogen? (i) 4 atoms of aluminium? (ii) 10 gram molecules of sodium*sulphite (Na,S0,)? Define formula un. Calculate the formula unit mass of Na,CO,. (Given atomic mass Na = 23u,C = 12u,0= 16 u) (i) Give any three differences betWeen atom and molecule, 2 i 3. 15.9 gram of copper sulphate and 10.6\g of sodium carbonate were made to react with each other. As a result 14.29 sodium sulphate, and 12.3 g of copper carbonate were formed, Show, that these results are in agreement with the law of ‘conservation of mass. 4. What is the mass of (1 mole of nitrogen atom? (i) 4 moles of aluminium atoms? (ii) 10 motes of sodium sulphite (Na,SO,)? 5. The mass of a single atom of an-element X is 2.65 x 10 g. What is its gram atmic mass? What could this element be? 6. Write the ions present in following compounds and valency of atomssions @ Cac, (iy Nac (ii) AIC, () Na,CO, @ Cuso, ‘Chemistry - Class 1X (Levelt) SECTIOI Objective Type Questions = 1. The smallest particle of a pure substance showing all its properties (1) Is always an atom (2) Is always a molecule @) Is an electron (4) May be an atom or a molecule 2. Which of the following is an incorrect statement for, an element? (1) A substance with only one kind of atoms (2) A substance containing two or more kind of atoms (3) A substance with constant boiling point (4) A substance with a definite melting point 3. Divide a piece’ot ies ind two halves, divide it further and keep on dividing it many times. The smallest piece of joe that you can get by this division is (9) An atom (3) A crystal 4. When elements form compounds they become. stable by (1) Increasing the energy content (2) Decreasing the energy content @) Mutual repulsion (2) Dry ice (4) Amolecule (4) Becoming inert matter 5. Anelementary particle is (1) An element present in a compound (2) An atom present in an element ) A fragment of an atom (4) A sub-atomic particle 6. Which of the following is an element? (1) Glucose (2) Ammonia @) Carbon dioxide (4) Chromium ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345640. " 12, 13, ‘Two gaseous samples of a compound were analysed. One contained 1.2 g of carbon and 3.2 g of oxygen. The other contained 27.3% carbon and 72.7% oxygen. The experimental data is in accordance with (1) Law of conservation of mass (2) Law of definite proportion @) Law of reciprocal proportion (4) Law of multiple proportions Concept of an element was given by (1) Boyle (2) Democritus (3) Datton (4) Lavoisier Which of the following illustrates the law of conservation of mass? (1) Mixing of 10 g of sulphur and 2.9/6f sand does not show a change in mass, (2) The mass of platnum wire before and. after heating remains constant (3) 2.2 g of propane and 8 g of oxygen produce 10.2 g of gaseous mixture of carbon. dioxide and water vapours (4) 2.8 g of CO and 1.6 g of oxygen gives'3 9 of CO, ‘The cation of an element has (1) The same number of electrons as its neutral atom: (2) More electrons than its neutral atom (8) Less proton than ts neutral atom (4) Less electrons than its neutral atom ‘The element having atomicity four is most likely to be (1) Argon 2) Fluorine (3) Phosphorus 4) Calcium ‘The Latin name of potassium is (1) Ferum (2) Cuprum (@) Natrium (4) Kalium The atomicity of ozone, sulphur and argon is respectively (1) 83,4 21.8.3 (@) 3.8.1 4) 8.1.3 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 24 22. 23, The molecular mass of ethane (CH) is (1) 32u @ stu @ 30u @ 350 Which of the following pair exists in free state? (1) H&He @) Ar&O @ Ne&Nn (@) He & Ne Ifone mole of nitrogen molecules weighs 28 g, the mass of one molecule of nitrogen in grams is (1) 1.264 « 10% g 2) 1.298 x 10 g @) 6.023% 10%g (4) 4.649 x 10% g Calculate the mass of 6.022 x 10% molecules of N,, (1) 969 @) 429 @ 899 @) 29 What is the masé in grams of 3 moles of N? (1) 86g @ 929 3) 42g (4) 102g How many atoms are there in 10'g of Ne? (1) 635 «10. 2) 3.011 103 (@) 498 «108 (4) 6.022 « 108 The number of atoms of oxygen present in 02 moles of Na,CO, will be (1)"6.02 « 10% (2) 12.04 « 10% @) 3.613 * 107 (4) 31.8 « 10 The mass of one molecule of water is approximately (1) 298«10%g 2) 18g @) 1.5% 10% g (4) 4.5 «10% Which of the following represents 1 g molecule of the substance? (1) 6.02 * 10% molecules of NH, @) 4g ofhelium gas 8) 40g of calcium oxide (4) 127 g of iodine gas The mass of 0.5 moles of sucrose (C,H,,O,,) is @) 1459 @ 1259 a) 1719 @) 342g24, 28. 27. 28. Which has the highest mass? (1) 50g of iron (2) 1.5 moles of Nz (3) 0.1 g atom of Ba (atomic mass = 137 amu) (4) 10® atoms of carbon ‘The number of atoms in20 9 of SO, is approximately (1) 4x 10% 2) 1.5 x 10% @) 2% 10% (4) 6 x 102 ‘What weight in grams is represented by 1.5 moles of sulphur dioxide? (1) 60g (3) 96g 2 1409 4) 919 ‘A chemical formula represents (1) Composition of a compound (2) Composition of a molecule (3) Composition of an atom (@) Allof these Valency of an atom is/does not (1) Its combining power to form a compound (2) Indicate the formula of a compound (3) Always 1 (@) All of these Qa 29. 31. 32, Important information required to write a chemical formula is/are (1) Symbols (2) Valency (3) Number of electrons in the atom (4) Both (1) & (2) ‘The mass of 10 molecules of naphthalene (CycH,) is (1) 242 * 102g Q 212* 102g @) 212« 10% (4) 12809 ‘Suppose the cher the number of particles in a mole, the mass of 4 mole of oxygen gas would be (1) 5.32% 1043 g 2) 5.32% 10% g @) 5.321039) (4) 5.32. x 409g (One milion atoms of siver (Atomic mass = 107.81 u) fave atomic weight (1) 1.79.* 10° g (2) 3.58 10% G8) 3.58. 10% (4) 179. 103g ists would have chosen 102° as‘THE LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS This law was given by Dalton (1803). It states that “when two elements A and B are combine to form mare than one compounds, the weights. of A which combine with a fixed weight of B are in'the proportions of whole numbers.” For example - Nitrogen forms 5 types of oxides : These are N,O, NO, N,O,, N,O, and N,Og. It is evident that the amount of oxygen which combines with 28 g/of nitrogen by weight increases in a seriesias'16, 32, 48, 64 and 80 g respectively. Thus, the amounts of oxygen reacting with a definite amount of nitrogen (28 g) are in the ratio of 1:2:3:4:5. MOLE CONCEPT Atoms and Molecules [This CHAPTER weLuDes The Laws of Multiple Proportions ‘Mole Concept Application of Mo'e in Solution > — Molarity of a Solution Molality of a Solution > — Molé Fraction Calculations Based on Chemical Equations Calculations Involving Limiting Reagent Assignment v 4. Mole in terms of mass 2. Mole in terms of number 3. Mole in terms of volume In case of gaseous sul 85, it is found that’A\ ord tlitres. ot STP. (etand the same volume, i. jacro's number of molecules of any gases occupy temperature and pressure i.e., 0° C and 1 atm pressure). Hence, one mole of a gaseous substance is defined as that amount of the substance which has volume equal to 22,400 mL or 22.4 L at STP conditions. Thus, 1 mole of N, gas = 28 1 mole of CO, gas = 44 g = Given volume (in L) 24(0) v a nd) Number of moles (n) = inmt 22400 022 x 102% molecules = 22.4 L at STP 022 « 10% molecules = 22.4 L at STPCalculate the number of molecules and number of atoms present in 11.2 litre of oxygen at STP. Solution : ‘One mole of O, at STP = 22.4L 112 L of O, at STP contains = 142 = 0.5 mol Now, 1 mole of O, contains = 6.022 « 10% molecules 0.5 mole of O, contains = 6.022 x 10% x 0.5 molecules 011 « 10% molecules 1 molecule of ©, = 2 atoms of © 3.011 « 10% molecules of ©, = 3.011 * 102 * 2 = 6.022 x 102 atoms | Example The mass of 94.5 mL of a gas at STP.is found to be 0.2231 g. Calculate its molecular mass. Solution = We have, _ Vivmt) _w Number of moles n= YORE) = * 22400 _0.2231 x 22400 Mol = Ms WS BRIO SO eI = 52.88 gmol-? lolarmass V (in mL) 94.5 a Molecular mass = 52.88 u |. Concept of Molar volume : ‘The volume occupied by one mole'of any gas at STP is aways same and equal to 22400 mL or 22.4 L or 22.4 dm®. This volume is called molar volume or gram molecular volume. eg, 1 mole of oxygen (0,) = 22.4 dm? of oxygen at STP To convert given number of moles into'volume = Vint) n 22.4(L) APPLICATION OF MOLE IN SOLUTION Molarity of a Solution Itis the number of moles of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution. Itis represented as M. Moles of solute \Melarty (\) = 73 re of solution (in Tires) M where, n= Number of mole of solute pul Vv V = Volume of solution (in litre) Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456,I weight of solute is given where, w = Weight of solute M, = Molecular weight of solute \V = Volume of solution in litre Unit of motarity is moles per litre or mol L~*, ‘The symbol M is used for mol L-", I volume of solution is in mt = _w x 1000 M, » Vin mL) M=2.x1000| mol. Vv | Example 3 : ? : . 2 of sodium hydroxide (molar mass = 40.90 is shed ater an ton mado to 100 ml. ‘in a volumetric flask. Calculate the molanty of the C Solution : Number of moles of NaOH = = Mass of N&O wets 40 n Veni °° 0.05 4999 = M= Sap * 1000=0.5M Example 4 : m=" «1000 V(inml) b-. 7000 ~ 1000 ~ 49 1280Molarity Equation : To calculate the volume of a definite molarty of a solution, itis required to prepare a solution of different molarity for this purpose, we can use the relation. MV, = MAVp where, M, = Initial molarity M, = Molarity of new solution V, = Initial volume \V, = Volume of new solution This is known as molarity equation and is commonly used to calculate the molarity of solution after dilution and the amount of acid or base required to neutralise the given solution of acid or base. Molality of @ Solution Its the number of moles of the solute dissolved per 1000 g or 1 kg of the solvent. It is denoted by 'm’ Moles of solute Molality (m) = Weight of solvent (in'kg) 7 wiinkg) where, n= number of moles of solute ‘weight of solvent IF weight of solvent in gram n we Unit of molality is mol/kg or mol kg-t. The symbol m is used to represent molality | Example A solution contains 5 moles of sticrose in'250 g of solvent. Calculate the molality of solution. Solution : m= xg w(in gram) 5 4000 = 20 molkg* 250 Example Calculate the molality if 2.5 g of ethanole acid (CH,COOHY) Is dissolved in 75 g of benzene. Solution : ht of solute Molar mass of solute No. of moles of ethanoic acid = 25 60 [molar mass of ethanoic acid = 12 +3 + 12+ 16 + 16 + 1 = 60g] x 1000 = 0.533 mol/kgle Fraction It's the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all components present in the solution. Its denoted by x. Let us suppose that a solution contains n, moles of solute and n,, moles of the solvent. Then, Mole fraction of solute (xq) =

2H,O ‘According to this chemical equation 2 mol of hydrogen gas combines with 4 mol of oxygen gas to form 2 mol of water. For this reaction, if 1 mol of hydrogen’and.1'mol of oxygen reacts then hydrogen gets consumed during the ‘course of reaction and itis considered as limiting reagent and oxygen which is in excess (here 0.5 mol) will be considered as excess reagent. Example 11 What is the amount of NH, formed when 14g of N, combines with 6 g of H,? Also find the amount of excess reagent in the reaction. Solution : N+ 3H, —> 2NH, 4mol 3 mol 2 mol 2g = 6g 34g ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-4762345628 g of N, reacts with 6 g of H, to give 34 g of NH,. The amount of nitrogen provided is lesser than that required for the compete reaction with H,. Hence, N, is limiting reagent and H, is the excess reagent. As 28 9 of N, formed 34 9 of NHy 14g of N, will form 17 g of NH, As 14 of N, reacts with 3 g of H,. So the excess amount of hydrogen = 6 ~ 3 g of hydrogen. gaaic iCTILILI CALL Objective Type Questions : Subjective Type Questions 1. What will be the volume of 6.022 10% molecules of H,S at STP? 2. Write the differences between molatityand molality. 3. Define @) Motarity: (i) Molality (iil) Mole fraction with its unit and formula. 4. How many moles of sulphurare there in 107.1 gof sulphur? The molecular formula of sulphurris Sy and the atomic mass of suiphur is 32 U2, 5. Calculate the molarity of 49% (ww) aqueous solution of H,SO, if density of solution is-0.1 gfem® 6. _If5 L of gas weight 7.14 g at STP, then find out the molar mass of gas. 7. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced from 5.6 L of oxygen. 8. Whatis the volume of ammonia produced on reacting 104g of nitrogen with 10 g of hydrogen? 9. Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon diaxide and. ‘water vapour. Calculate the amount of water formed when 8 g of methane is burnt completely. 10. Inthe given reaction, Mg + 2 HCI MgCl, + H, 7 calculate the volume of hydrogen released from 189 ‘of magnesium. 1 Which of the following pairs of compound i law of multiple proporton?, (1) KOH) Gs0H @) 4,9;0,0 G) Ethane (C,H,), benzene (C,H,) (4) Kel, KBr ‘Nirogen forms five’ stable ‘oxides with formula N,O, NO, N,O,,'N,O,, N,O;. The formation of these oxides explains fully the (1), Law of definite proportions (2) Law of partial pressure 3) Law of multiple proportions (4) Law of fixed proportions A solution is prepared by dissolving 20 g NaOH in distilled water to give 200 mL. of solution. Calculate the molarity of solution (1) 228M @) 3.65 2 107M @) 25M Calculate the volume of 10 M HCI solution required to prepare 250 mL of a 5 M HCI solution (1) 125 mL (2) 450 mt @) 515mL (4) 700 mt ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office - Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi110005 Ph.011-476234565. Which of the following is/are correct? (1) Number of moles of solute in one litre of solution is molality (2) Ratio of number of moles of a component to total number of moles is known as mole fraction (3) Number of moles of solute in one kilogram of solvent is molarity 4) Allof these are correct 6. The molarity of a solution containing 40 g of NaOH dissolved in two ktre of the solution is () OSM 2 02M (3) 0.05 M (4) 001M 7. Which of the following is/are correct? (1) The sum of mole fractions ofvall. the components in a solution is always unity (2) Mole fraction depends upon tempefature (3) Mole fraction is independent of the temperature (4) Both (1) & (8) are correct 8. The number of moles of sodium chloride present in 250 mL of a 0.50 M NaC! solution is (1) 0.125 mot (2) 0.150 mot (8) 0.075 mot (4) 0.02 mot 9. The moles of sodium chloride in 500 ml oF 0.25 M NaCl are (1) 0.250 mot 2) 2mo (8) 0.125 mot (4) 1.0 mol 10. Concentration of glucose (C,H,,0,) in normal bidod is approximately 90 g in 100 mL. Whatiis the molarity of glucose solution in blood? (t) 5M (2) 0.008 (3) 0.05 M (4) 1M 11. When 5 g of glucose is dissolved in 40 g of water, calculate mole fraction of glucose. (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g) (1) 0.0123 2) 0.0163 (3) 18 (4) 0.0277 12. 4.L of water is added to 2 L of 6 M HCI. What is the molarity of the final solution? () 3M 2) 2M (3) 5M @) 1M 8. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19, 20. When 2g of KOH is dissolvedin 20 g of water, calculate the molality of solution (molar mass of KOH = 56). (1) 1.78 m (2) 2.28 m @) 56m (@ 0.02 m Volume of CO, obtained at STP by the thermal decomposition of 50 g CaCO, is (Caco, —* , Cad +C0,) (1) 224 @ 22461, @) 56L @ "2b The weight of oxygen required for the burning of 12 g of magnesium ribbon is (1) 16g @ 329 @ 89 @ 489 The volume of O, gas required to react with 56 L of hydrogen gas to giveH,0 's (at STP conditions) (1) 2240 @ 12 @) 56u @ 28L ‘The amount 6fSulphurous acid formed when 48 g of sulphur dioxide combines with 9g of water is (1) 40g @) 82g (3) 989 @ S79 ‘The ratio of yolume of carbon monoxide to that of sulphur doxide gas at S.TP. is ayn @ 7:16 Q) 2:3 @ 5:6 Consider the following reaction 2A+B+3C + A,BC, 1f6 molesof Areacts with 4 moles of B and 8 moles of C, then (1) 2.66 moles of A,BC, are formed 2) Ais the limiting reagent (3) Whole B is consumed (4) 1 mole of A,BC, is formed For the formation of 7.30 g of hydrogen chloride gas, the volumes of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas required at S..P conditions respectively are (1) 142 Land 1.42 L 2) 1.2Land 1.126 @) 2.24 Land 224i (4) 2.24L and 2241‘Chemistry - Glass IX (Level) Tia wa wine SECTION-C SECTION-D Assertion & Reason Type Questions : Match the Columns Type Questions : In the following questions, a statement of 1. Match the following assertion (A) Is followed by a statement of reason (R). Column Column-tt (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the ‘a, Compound (i) Carbon reason is the correct explanation of the b. Atom (i) Calcium carbonate assertion, then mark (1). cc. Molecule (ii) Soi (2) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the Mixture (™ Oxygen reason is not the correct expianation of the (1) alii), bi), of), dil) (2) ai, DG), efi), div) assertion, then mark (2). @) alii), bei), eC), di) (4) ati), AH), eCv), 4) (3) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is 2 Match the following false, then mark (3). Column Column-tt (4) If both Assertion and Reason are false & {Sedum ork statements, then mark (4). bt Bataselomn eu Copper, (iy Fe 1. A: Molecule is the smallest’particle of @ ‘compound which exists freely. d. Iron iy) Na 1) ali), Bil), efile d(iv) ati, BA, ct, ai RR: Atoms the smallest particle which takesipart (1) 2). PG), Hic) a, (ci, a) in the chemical reaction, (4) ali: Bai). ctv) a) 3 2. A: Chemical formula is the symbolic representation of the composition of a Colynn-t compound. (Compound) (Formula) R : H,0 is the chemical formula of watet ea mai sulghate® (nO, 3. A: 18 grams of water vapour and 18 grams of ioe Pe REED) CoS will not contain the same number of ox Zinc carbonate (i) NaCO, molecules. d®\ Soditim carbonate (vy Na,SO, R-: Number of moleculés present in acompound 2.) Calcium sulphide (¥) HS are temperature and pressure dependent. (1) ativ), tv), ef), Ai), eid 4. A: Atomic mass of Mg is 24. (2) afi), bai), cfill), div), e(v) R: An atom of magnesium is 24 tinies heavier '®) atv), bit), of) a), ei) 1 (4) ativ), Biv), efi), aii), efi) then 5th ofthe mass of carbon atom C-12.°" 4. Match the following 5. A: 32g of O, and 48 g of, contain equal ‘Column Column-tt number of free particles. a. 32gofsulphur 6.022 x 10 R= 1 mole of molecules is always double than dioxide (SO,) molec 41 mole of atoms in all molecules. b. 1.8 g of water (H,0) (i) 6.022 » 107 molecules 6A: The standard unit for expressing the mass of, atoms is amu. R : amu stands for mass of 1 atom of carbon. @ 1790fammonia (iy, $mole (NH) 7. A: Both 32g of SO, and 8 g of CH, contain same d. 11g of carbon ( 56L number of molecules. dioxide (CO,) R.: Equal moles of two compounds contain same number of molecules. (1) afi), bei), fii), dliv) (2) afi), Biiil), efi), div) (3) alii), b(t), c(i), div) (4) ati), b(i), efi ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-t10005 Ph.011-476234565. Match the following Column Column-tt ‘ n a. Molality oF . ae b. Molarity im w ©. Mole fraction @) M= oy d. Mole @) m= Molar weight of solute W,, = Weight of solvent En = sum of moles of all components, Match the following : Column Columnl a. Carbonate @ coe b. Oxide (i) NO3 c. Phosphate (iy dd. Nitrate wy POS (1) ai, bei, of, he) @ ali, Div), of), a) @) afi), ii), dv) 4) ai, bev, oti, iy