Matter in Our Surroundings [This CHAPTER wctuDes “We must have a universe of light and darkness, particles and empty space, locations with matter having some properties, locations with matter having other properties, places with order, places with chaos.” Michael Albert Everything we see and use in our daily life is ‘matter’. Matter is ‘anything that has mass and occupies space. We wil study diferent sates of matter and thei interconversions inthis chapter. There are five known states of matter, ie., solid, quid, Gaseous,-plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. In the presence of different variants’ as ‘temperature, pressure etc., these states show intercofversions among themselves. We shal also leam about evaporation, in which liquid sstate changes to gaseous state. THE MATTER © The Matter Physical Nature of Matter Classification of Matter (Based on Physical Properties) > The Solid State >» — The Liquid State > The Gaseous State > The Plasma State > “The Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) interconversion of States of Matter > State Variables > Effect of Variables on States of Matter Definition of Interconversions of States of Matter Different Terminology and Definitions Quick Recap ‘Assignment ‘Scientists gave a common term ‘matter to all the materials present in the universe. In a fruit cream cup; the cup, juice, ice-cream, fruit, chocolate, sugar etc., all are different types of matter. Even a single matter can have two or more forms or states in different conditions e.g., water when freezes at O°C tums to a hard material ice while heated above 100°C gives vapours. ‘Substance which can be calculated or estimated by ei variables is called as matter. oR “Matter is an entity which occupies space and has mas: ither (i) volume, (ji) mass, or combination of these Matter is classified on the basis of its physical properties and chemical nature. In this chapter we shall learn about matter based on its physical properties.‘Matter in Our Surroundings | ‘Chemistry - Class IX (Level) PHYS! ICAL NATURE OF MATTER 1 Matter is made up of particles Every matter is composed of several similar repeating units called particles. ‘The nature of particles and physical forces among them determine the nature of the matter. Every particle of matter is bonded to other particles due to the attractive forces among them. Every particle of matter has its own energy to move. For example, when we dissolve salt in water, the particles of salt get into the spaces between particles of water. Geta “When a particle pulls another particle towards itself, it exerts a force called attractive force but when one particle pushes the other, itexerts repulsive force. 2. Particles of matter have space between them Every matter of different states is formed by the union of a number of constituting particles which possess interstitial spaces between them. This space may vary in different matters because of the different arrangements and the nature of particles. ‘The space between two neighbouring particle units is known as interstitial space. Particles 3. Particles of matter move continuously If you put a drop of ink into water“and Keep it undisturbed for some time, you will find later on that ink has spread throughout the Water. This is because the particles of ink keep on moving So, the particles of matter move'continuously, Their movement depends upon the nature of matter, the physical forces operating between them and the kinetic energy of the particles. For example, when some crystals of copper sulphate are added to a beaker containing hot water and some of Its crystals to another beaker containing cold water, itis observed that rate of mixing cf copper sulphate is higher in hot water thain in cold water because the kinetic energy of particles increases with the increase in temperature. Particles of matter attract each other All the material looks united and constructed because thelr constituting particles are assembled. A question arises that why particles assomble together? The answer is attractive force. Every particle of matter exerts an attractive force on its neighbouring particles and hence they assemble together. Efficiency of these forces vary for the different type of materials. These forces also predict the size and the shape of the material 5. Particles of matter are very small If you put a drop of blue ink into 500 mL water, the colour of water will turn blue. Again take a drop of this solution and put it in another 500 mL water. Again the water will tum blue (however the blue colour fades). This shows that a drop of ink contains millions of particles which in turn shows that the particles of matter are very small ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456‘Chemistry - Class IX (Level ia br Baron EM CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER (BASED ON PHYSICAL PROPERTIES) ‘As the ‘nature of the particles and physical forces between them determine the nature of the matter’, so matter ‘can be in different forms or states. Generally matter can be classified into five states as — Solid state Liquid state ‘Three basic or classical states of matter Gaseous state ReNa Plasma state 5. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) In ancient time, the distinction between different forms of matter was made on the basis of difference in the bulk properties as, Solid is the state in which matter has a fixed shape and a fixed volume. Liquid is the state in which matter has a fixed volume but its shape varies according to the shape of the container. Gaseous state is the state in which matter neither has a fixed volume nor a fixed shape. According to the modern classification, thé’ matter is made up of particles (atoms or molecules) which are attracted towards each other through the:interparticle eases ores forces known as ‘interparticle forces of attraction’ | QQ. (which may also be called as ‘interatomic, ‘interionic’ or Interparticle space ‘trmolecuar ores of stration, The amply space 1) Sea) between these paricles is known as ‘interparticle space? oes (Inieratomic space’ or intermolecular space! on ‘interstial space’) Inertial space ‘me a: Peete Sao? ales (sot ate) (Liu state (Gaseous state States of matter The physical state of matter depends upon the net effect of the two factors. ()Interparticle forces of attraction (id) Kinetic energy Interparticle forces between the particles tend to bring them closer to each other, whereas motion of the particles tends to move them apart. As per modern classification, various forms of matter are — Solid state is the state which has maximum interparticle forces of attraction and therefore minimum interparticle spaces. Liquid state is the state which has lesser interparticle forces of attraction than solids but more than the gaseous state. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456[Ei eserves Cray = Cae LRH Gaseous state is the state which has minimum interparticle forces of attraction and hence maximum interparticle spaces. In addition to the above three basic forms of matter, modem classification states that those forms of matter which are not composed of molecules but are organised by different forces can also be considered in different states of matter, and hence, Plasma and Bose-Einstein Condensate are also considered as other states of matter, ‘An optimist sees the glass half full, the pessimist sees the glass half empty. The chemist sees the glass completely filed, half in the liquid state and half in the gaseous state. 1. Movement of particles depend upon (1) Nature of matter (2) Physical forces operating between them (3) Kinetic energy of the particles (4) All of these 2, Matter is made up of (1) Substances (2) Materials (@) Earth (4) Particles 3. Which of the following is not a basic state of matter? (1) Solid state (2) Plasma state (3) Bose-Einstein condensate (4) Both (2) & (3) 4, Types of interparticle forces of attraction are: (1) interatomic (Q) Intermolecular (3) Interionic (4) Allof these 5. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding gaseous state? (1) Minimum interparticle forces of attraction (2) Maximum interparticle space (3) Fixed shape and fixed volume (4) Both (1) & (2) Up)s “(why ‘(we (o)2 “(bh suv) The Solid State Matter with definite shape, boundaries and volume is said to be in solid state. Attractive forces between the particles of solid state are very strong, so it needs high pressure to deform the solid state. The particles are not free to move from one place to another within the solid but they can vibrate about their mean positions. Compressibility of solid state is minimum in comparison to other states. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Matern Our Surounaos| EJ] (a) Definite shape and volume : Since the movement of particles in a solid is restricted, these particles can only vibrate about their mean positions. Therefore, the kinetic energy of the particles in a solid is very less and hence a solid has a definite or fixed shape. However, sugar and sait take the shape of the vessel is an exception while the shape of individual sugar or salt crystal remains fixed. (b) Density : Density of a solid is very high because particles of a solid are very closely packed and have strong intermolecular forces of attraction. Density is mass per unit volume of a substance. (©) Compressibility : We can say solids have negligible compressibility because there is very litle space between partcles ie. the volume of a solid cannot be increased or decreased by reducing or increasing pressure upon it. Compressibilty shows the change in volume of a substance after altering the pressure on it However, a porous solid like @ piece of bread or a sponge is an exception. It has spaces within, which make it easily compressible, The air within such a solid is expelled on compression. (@) Rigidity : Due to the packed arrangement of particles, solids have a rigid structure. Exception - Rubber, it can change its shape on stretching but regains the same shape when excessive force is removed. If excessive force is applied, it breaks. (e) High mechanical strength : Solids have high mechanical stréngth due to rigid packing of consttuting particles, () Diffusion (mixing ability) : This is a process by which the particles of a substance may enter spontaneously into another substance. The movement of particles in a solid is restricted. Hence, a solid does not have the property of diffusion intoother solids'(without change in temperature). (@) Melting and Boiling points : Solids have high melting and boiling points’ aS there are high interparticle forces of attraction in solids. Large amount of energy needs to te given to overcome strong interparticle forces. (h) Crystalline or geometrical structure > In a solid, the constituent particles are arranged in a regular ‘manner called lattice. Lattice is a three-dimensional arrangement of particles in the space. This explains why solids have a regular geometrical shape. Generally’solids show crystalline structure. () Sublimation : Some solids change directly into vapours on heating without changing into liquid state, This phenomenon is called sublimation, For example lodine, camphor, anthracene, naphthalene, ammonium chloride (NH,CI), dry ice eto: solid A gas ‘Sublimable ‘compound‘Chemistry - Class Ix (Level) | Iron metal Coal Examples of solid substances The Liquid State A state of matter in which volume is fixed but shape is not fixed is called liquid state. A liquid takes the shape of the vessel in which it is kept. Atractive forces among the particles of liquid are less in comparison to the solid state particles and more than the gaseous state particles. While interparticle space is quite large than that in solids but less than that in gases. Characteristics of Liquid State : (@) Shape and volume : A liquid has no definite shape but has a definite volume. A liquid attains the shape of the container in which it is kept: This:is due to the fact that the liquid particles can slip over one another and finally settle down to:take the shape of the container, Since the interparticle forces in liquids are of moderate level, hence it does not vary in volume, (b) Density : The density of a liquid is lower than that of solids, while more than gases because the attractive {forces in liquid molecules are im between the solids and gases. (€) Compressibility : A liquid shows compressibilty Upto a limited extent duet litle interparticle spaces. (@) Fluidity : A liquid shows fluidity ie., it can flow due to kinetic energy of particles. This makes liquids non-rigid (€) Mechanical strength : Low mechanical strength is present in a liquid. It is just to maintain surface phenomenon, (9) Diffusion (mixing ability) : A liquid shows fluidity and hence it can diffuse. The less viscous liquids show more diffusion Ink An ink drop diffuses faster in water than does a drop of honey because honey is more viscous than ink (g) Boiling point : The boiling point of a liquid is generally less than that of a solid. This is because of less interparticle forces in them. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456[i a Tir a (h) Freezing : ‘Solidifcation’ of a liquid is called ‘freezing’. It is the transformation of a liquid into the solid state. Example - Water on freezing converts into ice. () Evaporation : Conversion of matter from liquid state to vapours at any temperature below its boilng point is called evaporation. liquid "5 vapours Explanation : Due to continuous motion, the liquid particles collide with one-another. When a liquid is exposed to air, colision between the air particles and the liquid particles takes place at surface. During these collisions, some particles of liquid get extra energy and overcome the interparticle forces of attraction. These highly energetic particles leave the surface and convert into vapours. Examples of Evaporation (2) Liquid kept in open vessel : In an open vessel, the liquid evaporates by itself because the particles Of liquid absorb energy from its suroundings. After some time, its observed that the quantity of liquid is lesser than before. (©) Hot milk or tea is easy to sip from saucer rather than cup : Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, when we spread hot milk or tea in.a saucer, it ets more space to evaporate thus leads to faster cooling (©) Drying of clothes : Wet clothes dry because they pick-up energy from the surroundings. (6) Sweating : During summers, sweaton the skin evaporates by taking entray from the surroundings. ‘and body. This causes cooling and lowering of the body temperature, Factors Affecting Rate of Evaporation (2) Surface area of the liquid : Evaporation is a'surface phenomenon. An increase in the surface area increases the rate of evaporation because more surface area provides more space for large number of particles to get evaporated. That is why an unfolded cloth dries faster than a folded one. {b) Temperature : Higher the temperature, higher will be the number of active particles with high kinetic, energy and hence mote evaporation will be there. (c) Humidity : Water vapours present in air cause’ humidity. Humidity decreases the rate of evaporation of water. So, wet clothes take’ longer time'to dry in the humid air, but they dry faster in the dry ait. (@) Wind speed : During evaporation, the air around the wet object becomes saturated with water vapours. As a result, rate of evaporation becomes slower. But with an increase in the speed of wind, the moist air is replaced by dry air. This results in faster rate of evaporation. (e) Nature of the liquid : Lower the boiling point of a liquid, higher is its rate of evaporation, ‘Cold drink Example of liquid substances Evaporation causes cooling : As evaporation is a surface phenomena i.e., in the evaporation process, the surface particles leave the surface by taking heat energy from the bulk of liquid and hence, the temperature of bulk of liquid decreases which cause cooling.I ime ‘Chemistry - Class 1X (Level) Examples ‘%* Why do we feel relief under a fan when we perspire? ‘The alr from the fan causes rapid evaporation af sweat. During evaporation, the sweat takes away heat from the body. As a result, we feel relief under a fan. ‘% Why does water get cooled in an earthen pot? ‘An earthen pot has small pores in its walls. When water is poured into it, some of it seeps through these pores to its outer surface and evaporates. The heat required for evaporation is taken from the water in the earthen pot. As a results, the water in an earthen pot gets cooled down, ‘* Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer? During summer we perspire more and cotton being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation. ‘occurs when the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure. On heating a liquid, vapours are formed over the liquid which exert some pressure on, the surface of liquid: THis'is, known as vapour pressure. ‘The temperature at which a liquid boils’andichanges rapidly into its vapours at atmospheric pressure ie., when vapour pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure is called the boiling point of the liquid. Boiling point is affected by pressure. When atmospheric pressure is less, boiling point is less and vice-versa. (That is why, tis difficult to, cook at hill stations without pressure cooker) ing : Boiling is that phenomenon which Difference between evaporation and boiling Earn Camry {(@) It is @ spontaneous process that takes | (a) It occurs at a particular temperature place at any temperature below the i.e., atthe boiling point ofiquid. tis nota bolling point ofthe liquid. ‘spontaneous process. (b) It is a surface phenomenon ‘.¢., | (b) It is a bulk phenomenon j.e., it ocours ‘evaporation takes place at surface of throughout the mass of the liquid with the liquid only. ‘of bubbles. Notes @ For a particular liquid at room temperature, the meting point of its solid state is lower than the room temperature but its Boling point is higher that is why it exists as liquid at room temperature. (i Rate of diffusion of solid particles into liquid is higher at higher temperature. (ii) Presence of impurities alters the melting points and boiling points of the pure substances. 6. Which property is found negligible in solid state? (1) Rigidity 2) High melting point and boiling point () Diffusion (4) Allof these ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456ay Sas Tara Or saa 7. Solids have (1) Definite shape (2) Definite boundaries (3) Definite volume (4) Alof these Density is (1) Mass per unit volume (2) Volume per unit mass (3) Mass per unit area (4) Area per unit mass Liquids have (1) Definite shape and volume (2) Neither fixed shape nor volume 3) Definite shape but volume is not fixed (4) Definite volume but shape is not fixed 10. Which among the following statements is wrong? (1) Evaporation is @ spontaneous process (2) Evaporation is a surface phenomenon ) is @ bulk phenomenon (4) Boiling point of a liquid decreases on increasing the atmospheric pressure [por “(6 (He “(Hz “(e)9 “suv The Gaseous State Substance with no fixed shape, size or volume is said to be in gaseous State. Altactive forces among ‘gaseous particles are very less or weak. They occupy the whole space available to\them. Molecules of gas move freely. When the fast moving particles hit the walls of the container, they exert a pressure which is known as gas pressure. Characteristics of Gaseous State : (a) Shape and volume : A gas neither has a specific shape nor a’specific volume. It acquires the shape and occupies the volume of the container. (b) Density : The density Of gas is lower than that of a Solid of liquid, because its particles are very far from each other. Therefore, mass per unit volume ie. density is very less. (©) Compressibility : A gas is highly compressible. This {s due to large interparticle spaces which can be reduced by applying pressure. For example; LPG (used in home), O, (used in hospitals) & CNG (used in vehicles and homes), can be compressed and transported easily. Piston {as panicles + fo. fi Air is compressible ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456[Ea biater in Our surounaings Chemiaty Clas Laver) (@) Fluidity : A gas shows the property of fluidity because gaseous particles can flow from a region of high concentration to lower concentration, (e) Diffusion : Due to very less interparticle forces of attraction and large interparticle spaces, gases readily intermix with each other without any external aid. This property of readily intermixing of particles is known as diffusion. With increase in temperature, rate of diffusion increases. () Melting and boiling point : At normal atmospheric pressure, the melting and boiling points of a gas are below room temperature. (g) Effect of heating and cooling of a gas : A gas generally expands and contracts respectively on heating and cooling. Actually, on heating, the gaseous particles gain energy and move apart from one another (due to very less interparticle forces of attraction) and on cooling they contract (h) Liquefaction of a gas : The conversion of a gas into liquid is called ‘Liquefaction’. Liquefaction can be carried out either by decreasing temperature or by increasing pressure. Both methods (either decreasing temperature or increasing pressure) tend the gaseous particles to come closer by reducing their kinetic energy. During liquefaction, the interparticle forces of attraction increases while interparticle space decreases. (Pressure of a gas : The gaseous molecules exert force on the walls of the container due to continuous. ‘movement and colisions with one-another and with the walls of the container. ‘The pressure of gas is the force applied by a gas per unt area on the walls of container. The pressure of air at any location on the Earth is called atmospheric pressure. It is caused by the weight of the column of air above it. Condensation The process of conversion of vapour into liquid state is called condensation ‘Vapour —Sensensation 1 iquid Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing icé cold water? The water vapours present in air, on coming in contact with the cold glass of water, loses energy and gets converted to liquid stale which we sees as droplets. ‘Comparison between Solid; Liquid and G: Ee ee 1. Interparticle space Very stall Larger (compared Largest. to solids) 2, Interparticle forces of | Very strong ‘Weaker Negligible attraction 3. Density High Low Very iow 4, Arrangement of the| Fixed Not fixed, particles | Not fixed, particles can particles ‘can move freely move freely throughout within the bulk the available space 5. Energy ofthe particles | Low High | Very high 6. Shape and volume Definite shape | No defirite shape | No definite shape and ‘and volume but has definite volume volume 7. Compressibilty Very iow ‘More (as compared | Highly compressible _| (Negligible) to solids) 8. Melting and boiling} Very high ‘Comparatively Low points higher than gases . Negligible Comparatively ‘Very high [en higher than solids iS ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456‘hemi - Cass 1X (Level Mair in Our Surroundings] U1) cD Knowledge Cloud Attractive forces - A, > A, > Ag (where, S = Solid, l= Liquid, G = Gas) Kinetic energy - KE, < KE, < KE, Density -Ds > D, > Dg 4 Density of ice is less than water : Due to the cage like structure of ice, molecules are not closely packed and vacant spaces are left. As ice melts, these molecules come closer and hence the density increases. As ice being less denser. it floats over the surface of water. On ‘ Density of water is maximum at 4°C : As ice melts, molecules come closer and hence density increases upto 4°C. After that the kinetic energy of Cece akaratrccine etles the molecules incteases so they start moving away from each other and again density starts decreasing. The Plasma State This is the fourth state of matter. In this siate’all the particles get highly activated and charged, so they make a poo! of charged gaseous particles. The particles exist in'super energetic and super excited state. ‘The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma, Inside a neon sign bulb there is neon gas and Inside a fluorescent tube there iS helium gas or some other gas. The gas gets ionised, that it gets charged when electrical energy flows through It, This. charging up creates a plasma glowing inside the tube or bulb. Plasma or ionised gases can exist at temperatures Starting at several thousand degree Celsius, where they consist of free charged particles, usually in equal numbers, such as ions and electrons. Unlike gases, plasmas may generate magnetic fields and electric currents, and respond strongly and collectively to electromagnetic forces. ‘The majority (90%) of the matter in the universe is actually found in plasma state. All the stars are made of plesma and even the space between the stars is filed with a plasma. ‘Common Forms of Plasma 1. Space and astrophysics plasma Sun, stars, solar wind, interstellar medium, charged air produced by lightning, intergalactic medium and interstellar nebulae. 2. Terrestrial plasma Lightning, St. Elmo's fire, ionosphere, polar aurorae and most flames. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456[LED [ater in Our Suroundings ‘Chemisty ~ Class 1k (Level) 3. Artificially produced plasma Plasma display including TVs, rocket exhaust, electric arc, fluorescent lamps, neon sign bulbs, an arc welder or plasma torch. Wi Lightning Examples of plasma ‘The Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) Itis also known as fifth state of matter. Physically, the BEC is just opposite to the plasma stale. It is very figid near absolute zero (0 K or -273.16°C) at this all molecular motion stops. Knowledge Cloud Water boils 373K Water freezes 273K Temperature in space «++ 3K Absolute zero <> 0K Its existence was predicted by an Indian scientist named Satyendra Bose in 1920, who took his work to Albert Einstein and named it as Bose-Einstein Condensate. It is a state in which atoms (particles) are at their lowest energy state possible, This state is obtained by super cooling of a gas of extremely low density, (about one hundred thousandth the density of normal air). This process is called Bose-Einstein Condensation. PORTH ‘Satyendra Bose and Albert Einstein had predicted BEC in the year 1920, but they didn't have the equipments and facilities to make it happen. In 1995, two scientsts, Cornell and Weiman, finally created this new state ‘of matter. In 2001, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wiemian of USA received the Nobel Prize in Physics for achieving “Bose-Einstein condensation + Athigh pressure and low temperature, carbon dioxide can be stored in the solid form. By reducing pressure on solid carbon dioxide, it directly changes to gaseous state. Solid CO, is also caled ‘dry ice’. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg) 4 The SI unit of volume is cubic meter (m’). ‘The common unit of measuring volume is litre (L). ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456nin ss ry ator ino aaron 1L=1 dm? 4 L= 1000 mL = 1000 cm? 1 ml = 1m? Deneby = volume Indian philosophers of ancient times also tried to classify the matter into five different states, that are air, earth, fire, sky and water end they named all these as ‘Panch Tatva’ % In early times, there were two different views regarding the nature of matter, one view was based on the continuous structure and the other on particle structure. & Every particle of matter exerts a special force to pull neighbouring particles towards itself, and this force is called as ‘attraction force’ but particles come closer only upto some extent. When they come very close a repulsive force operates on them which helps in retaining each particle's entity. <= ‘1. ‘Vapour’ term cannot be used for which of the following gases? a) @N @) Co, (4) Allofthese 12. Which of the following has the highest rate of diffusion? (1) Solid (2) Liquid @) Gas (4) All ofthese 13. Gases have (1) Fixed shape, size and volume (2) Shape and size fixed but volume not fixed (3) Volume and size fixed but shape not fixed (4) None of these 14. Which of the following is ‘ith state of matter? (1) Plasma state Q) Solid state @) BEC (4) Gaseous state 1. Which of the following is an example of artificially produced plasma? (1) Solar wind (2) Rocket exhaust (3) Sun (4) Interstellar nebulae and the density of a solid is maximum among three states of matter. [ist “(edps “(oer (ee (m)ib suv) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office = Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER ‘When a substance changes from its one state to another state without changing its chemical composition, the phenomenon is called interconversion of states of matter. Z-\ Sold —=—» Gas The states of matter may also be defined in terms of phase transitions. A phase transition indicates @ change in the structure and can be recognized by an abrupt change in properties. By this definition, a distinct state of matter is one out of the set of states that can be distinguished from any other set of states by a phase transition Vapour]< 1, Wee, § Sls aS g E i oo, uaa] | = 3 IH. 8 ‘Solid ee a ‘The nomenclature for the different phase transitions ‘State Variables The measurable properties required to désetibe the state of tre, sysisim are called stale variables. (@) Temperature (T) (b) Pressure (P) (©) Volume (v) Effect of Variables on States of Matter By changing the temperature and pressure conditions, the three states can be interconverted into each other. Effect of temperature : Effect of temperature can be visualised by taking the example of solid, say ice taken in a beaker. When this beaker is slightly heated then the heat energy is gained by the molecules of ice. The heat gained increases the kinetic energy of the molecules and temperature increases only upto its melting point and this increase in temperature can be checked with the help of thermometer. Once metting point is reached the heat supplied further does not increase the temperature of the substance in the beaker. The heat supplied instead is utilised in overcoming the interparticle forces of attraction holding the particles in place. ‘So, this undetectable or invisible heat eneray required to change the phase of a substance is Known as latent heat. The word ‘latent’ actually means ‘hidden’. Later on when whole of the ice (solid) is converted into water (liquid), then the heat supplied further goes into increasing the kinetic energy of the particles thus raising the temperature.‘Chemistry - Class 1 (Levels) in Ow Surounaas The concept of latent heat answers some questions as why water has more energy as compared to ice at same temperature and why steam (gas) has higher energy as compared to water (liquid) at same temperature. ‘Heat Energy Supplied —> The flat portion of the graph indicatesithe phase’change where Heat energy supplied does not change the temperature instead is used to overcome the attraction forces between the molecules. So, it is concluded that change in temporature transforms ong stato of a substance into jts another state. [Solid state] === [Liquid staté]- = [Gaseous state] Effect of pressure : On applying pressure, particles of matter come/closer to each other and their states can also be changed. Pressure gives opposite results fo thal of temperature, increase in pressure leads to a state with higher density and higher attractive forces. Applying pressure and reducing temperature’ can uefy gases. ut of the two factors, the effect of temperature is, more important. Because there is a certain minimum temperature above which the gases do not liquefy, provided how high pressure is applied. This characteristic temperature is known as the critieal temperature of the gas. ‘Temperature : There are two main scales of temperature measurement. They are degree celsius (°C) and kelvin (K) scale. Relation between the two is [Mik) = 273,164 (C)| As 0°C = (273.16 + 0) = 273.16 K 100% (273.16 + 100) = 373.16 K SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K). Pressure : Pressure is generally measured in units of atmosphere (atm), but its SI unit is pascal (Pa). Relation between the two is 2 : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Fla ater oar seromnais Say Cane 4 Temperature is also measured in degree fahrenheit. The relation between the degree celsius and, fahrenheit temperature is 5 T= BF —32) % 1°C = 33.80" % Temperature at 0 K is called 2s absolute zero. DEFINITION OF INTERCONVERSIONS OF STATES OF MATTER A. Fusion + Conversion of the solid state into the liquid state in the presence of different vatiables such as temperature, préssuré ett. is known as fusion Solidification Conversion of the liquid state into solid) state in the presence of different Variable such as temperature and pressure'ete. is known’ as solidification ution e9-> Ice weaeeae Water 8. Vaporisation Conversion of liqlild to gaseous State in the presence of variables is known 2s vaporisation, Condensation Itis the:change of the physical state of matter from gaseous state into liquid state, It is the reverse of vaporisation. epson Ge Water See Vapour ©. Sublimation + xchange of slate directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid state {called sublimation. Deposition Conversion of gaseous state into a solid state without undergoing intermediate liquic state is known as deposition Subliation 2g. = CO, SS —_—O: ale) Deposition (Gases) 2 ‘Malting loe-cream Butter Conversion of solid to liquid ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456nina TD iia Saroanes T (a) Evaporation, (b) Condensation, (c) Freezing ‘Some measurable quantities and their tilts to remember: Gey ‘Temperature 46. Which of the following has the highest energy? (1) Solid state Q) Liquid state ) Gaseous state (4) Plasma state 17. Fusion is the process of change of (1) Liquid into sotia (2) Solid into gas @) Solid into liquid (4) None of these 48. Intermixing of two or more matter on their own is called (1) Condensation 2) Diffusion (@) Sublimation (4) None of these ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakesh Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456Pl imacmomrsamaenee ST AA 19. Which of the following is an example of bulk phenomenon? (1) Condensation (2) Sublimation (@) Evaporation (4) Bolling 20. At the bolting point of any substance (1) Vapour pressure is more than the atmospheric pressure (2) Vapour pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure (8) Vapour pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure (4) None of these [e)oz (wer ‘(Zar ‘(edt “(ror “suv) DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS 1. 2 QUICK Diffusion : The spontaneous intermixing of two or more matter is called diffusion. Surface phenomenon : Any activty/process when occurs on/with all surface particles (because particles with high kinetic energy in comparison to others, come on the surface to form the surface layer) is known as surface phenomenon. Bulk phenomenon : An activity/process which occurs to most of the particles of matter at a time is called bulk phenomenon, Latent heat of vaporisation : The heat energy required to change 1 kg of a-fiquid to a gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point is called the latent heat of vaporisation, Latent heat of fusion : The heat energy required to:change 1 kg of a solid into’a liquid at atmospheric pressure at its metting point is called latent heat of fusion. Melting point : The minimum temperattite at'which a solid melts to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is known as melting point. Boiling point : When a liquid is heated, its vapour pressure gradually increases. When the vapour pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, the liquid begins’to boll. The temperature at which boiling occurs is called the boiling point of the liquid. Freezing point : The temperature at which all the partcles of a liquid start solidifying and change to solid state is known as freezing point RECAP - paee Matter of our surroundings exists mainy in three states — solid, liquid, gas and two other uncommon states are also known as plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. Existence of different states of matter is due to attraction force operated inside and over the particles of matter. States of matter are interconvertble in the presence of variables as temperature, pressure etc The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles The amount of water vapours present in the air is called humicity The process of evaporation of water from the aerial parts of plants especially leaves is known as transpiration. gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Cifice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph.011-47623456