1.

Draw the functional block diagram of a measurement system

2. Define transducer and give an example.

3. Classify sensors based on the stimulus

4. List 4 factors to consider when choosing a sensor
5. Define
✓ Accuracy
✓ Range
✓ Hysteresis
6. What is a passive transducer
7. What is active transducer
8. Give a difference between pressure and stress
9. Give expression for a Gage factor
10. What is analog transducer?
11. Define static calibration
12. Give one property of piezo-electric crystal
13. Mention different types of static characteristics.

ANS: Accuracy
Sensitivity
Reproducibility
Drift
Static error and
Dead zone.

14) What is potentiometer?

16) What is strain?
17) Mention the applications of strain gauge

18. Explain the working principle of infrared sensor

19. what is infrared light

20. Using an LDR, design a circuit which set off light during the day

and set on light during night

21. What is Microphone?

 22. Name different parts in the following embedded system

23. Let us consider a semiconductor thermistor. The resistance at 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑶 𝑪 is

𝟏𝒌𝛀 at 𝑻 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑶 𝑪, and at 𝑻 = 𝟎𝑶 𝑪 it is 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒌𝛀. Calculate the resistance at 𝑻 =
𝟒𝟎𝑶 𝑪

(note: The semiconductor thermistor characterized by the following relationship:

𝟏 𝟏
𝑹(𝑻) = 𝑹𝑻𝟎 𝒆𝒙𝒑 [𝜷 ( − )]
𝑻 𝑻𝟎

24. Calculate the gauge factor of a strain, if the value of resistance is 152ohms,
which changes by 5 ohms for 5000 microstrain

𝚫𝑳
ANS: Given strain 𝜺 = = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑳

𝑹 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝛀, 𝚫𝑹 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐𝛀

𝚫𝑹
𝟓
Gauge factor 𝑮𝒇 = 𝑹
𝚫𝑳 = 𝟏𝟓𝟐×𝟓×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖
𝑳

25. a) A 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝛀 strain gauge with a gauge factor of 2 is subjected to 250

microstrain. Calculate the change in electrical resistance of the strain gauge

b) A 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝛀 strain gauge is connected in a wheatstone brigde as shown in the

figure bellow. A 15 V DC supply in series with a resistance 𝑹𝒙 , powers the bridge.
Find the minimum value of resistance 𝑹𝒙 so that the power dissipated in the
strain gauge is less than 18mW.
26. Four identical 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝛀 strain gauges with a gauge factor of 2 are mounted on a
beam in compression and connected in a Wheatstone bridge as shown in the
figure bellow. Strain gauges 𝑺𝑮𝒂 and 𝑺𝑮𝒄 are 𝟗𝟎𝒐 to the orientation of the
compression force and strain gauges 𝑺𝑮𝒃 and 𝑺𝑮𝒅 are in the orientation of the
compressive force. Poisson’s ratio for the beam material is 0.3. The beam is
subjected to a compressive force, which calculate the bridge output voltage.

27. What is the function of a sensor?

a. To convert physical quantities into electrical signals

b. To convert electrical signals into physical quantities

c. To measure the speed of a moving object

d. To control the temperature of a system

28. Which of the following is a type of temperature sensor?

a. Thermocouple

b. Accelerometer

c. Pressure sensor

d. Proximity sensor
29. Which of the following is a type of pressure sensor?

a. Strain gauge

b. pH sensor

c. Temperature sensor

d. Flow sensor

30. Which of the following is a type of flow sensor?

a. Thermocouple

b. Strain gauge

c. pH sensor

d. Turbine flow meter

31. Explain the working principle of an ultrasonic sensor

32. Describe the working principle of a thermocouple

33. Describe the LM35 temperature sensor and write an arduido code for
displaying the temperature on the serial monitor.

34. Which of the following is a type of flow sensor?

a. Thermocouple

b. Strain gauge

c. pH sensorLED with Push Button Switch:

Projects

35. Connect an LED to a digital pin and a push button switch to another
digital pin. Program the Arduino to turn on the LED when the button is
pressed.

36. Temperature Sensor (LM35):

Connect an LM35 temperature sensor to an analog pin. Read the analog input
and display the temperature in Celsius on the serial monitor.

37. Light Sensor (LDR):

Connect an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) to an analog pin. Read the analog
input and turn on an LED when the light level falls below a certain threshold.

38. Ultrasonic Distance Sensor (HC-SR04):

Connect an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to two digital pins (trigger and echo).
Measure the distance to an obstacle and display it on an LCD screen or the
serial monitor.

39. Gas Sensor (MQ-2):

Connect an MQ-2 gas sensor to an analog pin. Read the analog input and
sound an alarm if the gas concentration exceeds a certain threshold.

40. Motion Sensor (PIR):

Connect a PIR (Passive Infrared) motion sensor to a digital pin. Detect motion
and turn on an LED or sound a buzzer when motion is detected.

41. Humidity and Temperature Sensor (DHT11 or DHT22):

Connect a DHT11 or DHT22 sensor to a digital pin. Read the temperature and
humidity values and display them on an LCD screen or the serial monitor.
42. Flex Sensor:

Connect a flex sensor to an analog pin. Measure the resistance changes when
the sensor is bent and display the values on the serial monitor or control an
output like an LED.

43. Heart Rate Sensor (Pulse Sensor):

Connect a pulse sensor to an analog pin. Read the analog input and display
the heart rate on an LCD screen or the serial monitor.

44. Soil Moisture Sensor:

Connect a soil moisture sensor to an analog pin. Read the analog input and
turn on an LED or activate a

45. Let's develop a project of a TempTaker that is capable of:

- Collecting human body temperatures using a temperature sensor in a public

place.

- Displaying on LCD Display the temperature reading.

- Indicating to the person whose temperature is taken whether her/his

temperature is normal using green indicator or abnormal using the red indicator.

- Alerting the health agents around, using the buzzer, that an abnormal
temperature is recorded.

Technically:

The formula for the Celsius Temperature = raw Data * (vcc / 1024.0) * 100;

You should consider the offset which is found by removing the sensor and then
measuring the value without the sensor.

To measure the body temperature, just squeeze the LM35 sensor between your
index finger and the thumb.

When a temperature below 35 0C is measured,

1)the green LED should turn ON,

2)the red LED should be OFF,

3) the buzzer should be OFF. Note: 35 0C is just for testing. Our body
temperature is still normal before 38 0C.

But because we don’t expect the tester to have a fever we can set any temperature
that we are sure to get.

When a temperature above 35 0C is measured,1) the green LED should turn

OFF, 2) the red LED should turn ON,

46. Temperature Monitoring in a Greenhouse:

Connect a DHT11 or DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor to Arduino.

Display real-time temperature and humidity readings on an LCD screen.

Set up thresholds to trigger alerts if temperature or humidity goes beyond certain

limits