Solar Powered Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine Group 6 - Limboran Nacilo An Consumido

SOLAR-POWERED PORTABLE WATER HYACINTH FIBER EXTRACTION
MACHINE
A Design Project Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering
University of Perpetual Help System DALTA – Calamba Campus
In Partial Fulfilment of
The Requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Consumido, Aeron S.
Limboran, Jan Muller L.
Nacilo-an, Jarish M.
August 2022
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APPROVAL SHEET
This undergraduate research design entitled “Solar Powered Portable
Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine”, created and submitted by Jan Muller L.
Limboran, Jarish M. Nacilo-an, and Aeron S. Consumido as a partial fulfillment of
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering has
been reviewed and recommended for acceptance and approval for final oral
defense.
Engr. Mark Darwin Sonido, ME
Adviser
ORAL EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
Approved by the Oral Examination with a grade of ________.
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DEDICATION
The researchers would like to dedicate their research to their devoted family
to all the future mechanical engineers
to all Engineering Faculty
to their friends, beloved ones, and to themselves
and most especially, to Almighty God.
The Researchers
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ABSTRACT
Title of the Study : Solar-Powered Portable Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction
Machine
Researchers : Aeron S. Consumido
Jan Muller L. Limboran
Jarish M. Nacilo-an
Adviser : Engr. Mark Darwin Sonido, ME
The Solar-Powered Portable Water Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine produced
fibers more efficiently than the different fiber extraction processes in terms of time
operation. The purpose of this project was to design a Water Hyacinths Fiber
Extraction Machine that is renewable and portable to use, where the objective of
the study is to help the Brgy. Ambulong residents to reduce regularly the invasive
aquatic plant that grows rapidly on their shore. Different fiber extraction processes
are laborious, that is why the researchers improved the extraction process by the
use of machine that benefit not only the environment but also the fishermen. The
extractor drum with 17 blunt blades that rotate with 696 rpm was used to fiber out
the water hyacinths stalk that produced good quality of fibers. The researchers
used an electric AC motor for the compatibility of solar panel, and used two pulleys
to pull the extractor drum smoothly.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the researcher, wanted to thank all of the individuals that contributed to
the success of this study. God bless you everyone and have a wonderful life
ahead of you.
To all our parents, friends, and professors, we are incredibly appreciative of
everything they have shared, done for us, and sacrificed, in the deepest part of our
hearts, we greatly appreciate it.
To all the people of Barangay Ambulong, Barangay officers, and residents,
we appreciated their participation and granting us the opportunity to offer what is
needed.
To our thesis adviser, Engr. Mark Darwin Sonido with his expert counsel,
assistance, and lessons, for instructing and guiding us.
To the Panel Members, Engr. Mc. Luginn Seña, and Engr. Melanie Bautista
for devoting their time and effort to filling up the gaps in our research and making it
better..
To our Acting Dean, Engr. Jerome Refran for his assistance, counsel, and
direction in every thesis defense by providing guidance, ideas, data, and a tactical
strategy.
To our dearest friends, who supported us in the planning and completion of
the study and who had faith in us to complete it.
The Researchers
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Table of Contents
Description Page No.
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
DEDICATION iii
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND
STUDIES
Introduction 1
Review of Related Literature and Studies 11
Synthesis 31
Conceptual Framework 7
Statement of the Problem 8
Hypotheses 9
Scope and Delimitation 10
Significance of the Study 9
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Definitions of Terms 10
2 METHODOLOGY 32
The Project Design 32
Research Instrument 40
Validation of Instrument 40
Data Gathering Procedure 41
Statistical Treatment of Data 42
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43
Growth Rate of Water Hyacinths 43
Material Properties of Water Hyacinth Stalks 46
Performance of Existing Fiber Extraction Process 47
Process Improvements for Solar-Powered Portable
Water Hyacinth Extraction Machine 52
4. Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations 55
Summary 55
Findings 55
Conclusions 56
Recommendations 56
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References 100
Appendices 57
Appendix A 57
Appendix B 58
Appendix C 65
Appendix D 73
Appendix E 75
Appendix F 77
Appendix G 81
Appendix H 83
Appendix I 86
Appendix J 88
Appendix K 90
Appendix L 91
Appendix M 95
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List of Figures
Figure No. Page No.
1.1. Water Hyacinth 1
1.2 Actual Water Hyacinth Plant 2
1.3 Taal Lake Map 3
1.4 Whole area of Barangay Ambulong 5
1.5 Selected Shore of Barangay Ambulong 5
1.6 Actual photo of Barangay Ambulong selected lake shore 6
1.7 Africa’s Water Hyacinths Situation 13
1.8 Filipino Man surrounded by Water Hyacinth in the Philippines 16
1.9 Growth Rate of Water Hyacinth affected by different pH level 18
note the source
1.10 Average High and Low Temperature in Tanauan in Graph 19
1.11 Chemical Fiber Extraction Process Procedure 21
1.12 Retting Fiber Extraction Process Procedure 22
1.13 Boiling Fiber Extraction Process Procedure 23
1.14 Manual Fiber Extraction Process Procedure 24
1.15 Yarn and Rope from Water Hyacinths Fiber 26
1.16 Fiber Boards made from Water Hyacinths Fiber 27
1.17 Mattings made from Water Hyacinths Fiber 27
1.18 Home Textile Fiber from Water Hyacinths Fiber 28
1.19 Dress made from Water Hyacinths Fiber 29
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1.20 Paper made of Water Hyacinths Fiber 30
2.1 SolidWorks Drawing of Solar Powered Portable Water 33
Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine in millimeter unit
Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine without Cover
Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine with Cover
2.4 SolidWorks Drawing of Extractor Blade in Millimeter unit 37
2.5 SolidWorks Drawing of Extractor Blade 38
3.1 Ambulong Shore Measurement 45
4.1 Design Drawing and Actual – Frame 65
4.2 Design Drawing and Actual – AC Motor 65
4.3 Design Drawing and Actual – Extractor Drum 66
4.4 Design Drawing and Actual – Pulley 66
4.5 Design Drawing and Actual – Belt 67
4.6 Design Drawing and Actual – Solar Panel 68
4.7 Design Drawing and Actual – Lead Acid Battery 69
4.8 Design Drawing and Actual – Inverter 69
4.9 Design Drawing and Actual – Hyacinth Bank 70
4.10 Design Drawing and Actual – Pillow Block 70
4.11 Design Drawing and Actual – Wheel 71
4.12 Design Drawing and Actual – AVR 71
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4.13 Design Drawing and Actual – Solar Charger Controller 72
4.14 Design Drawing and Actual – Shaft 72
4.15 Permission Letter to Harvest on Brgy. Ambulong Shore 90
4.16 Closer View of Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore August 2022 91
4.17 Closer View of Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore February 2023 91
4.18 Far View of Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore 92
4.19 Harvesting on Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore 92
4.20 Harvested Sacks 93
4.21 Measuring the Physical Properties of WH Stalks 93
4.22 Litmus Paper Test Color Result 94
4.23 pH Scale Color Coding 94
4.24 Extractor Design with 7 Blades 95
4.25 E Fiber Extracted with 7 Blades 95
4.26 Extracted Fiber One Time Outcome 98
4.27 Extracted Fiber Two Times Outcome 98
4.28 Fiber Extracted Before Brushing 99
4.29 Fiber Extracted After Brushing 99
4.30 Fiber Extracted After Drying 99
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List of Tables
Table No. Page No.
1.1 Average High and Low Temperature in Tanauan in 19
Graph in Table
1.2 The Chemical Comparison of Raw Water Hyacinth Fiber. 20
3.1 Problems Encountered and Solutions of Brgy. Ambulong 44
3.2 Physical Properties of Raw Water Hyacinth Stalks 46
3.3 The Composition of Raw Water Hyacinth Fiber 47
3.4 Existing Fiber Extraction Process Fiber Extracted 48
3.5 Manual Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar Powered 48
Portable Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine
3.6 Chemical Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar Powered 49
3.7 Boiling Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar Powered 49
3.8 Conventional Retting Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar 50
Powered Portable Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine
3.9 Comparison of Time Operation Data 50
3.10 Comparison of Materials and Equipment Cost Data 51
3.11 Comparison of Efficiency Rate of Different Fiber Extraction 51
Process of Water Hyacinths Stalks
3.11 Determination of Maximum and Minimum numbers 54
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of stalks extracted two times at the same time
4.1 Project Material Cost 75
4.2 Specifications of Solar Panel 77
4.3 Specifications of Lead Acid Battery 77
4.4 Specifications of AC Motor 78
4.5 Specifications of Inverter 78
4.6 Specifications of Solar Charger Controller 79
4.7 Specifications of AVR 79
4.8 Specifications of Pulley 79
4.9 Specifications of Belt
4.10 Specifications of Pillow Block 79
4.11 Interview Questions 86
4.12 Interview Results 88
4.13 Five Sacks of Extracted Fiber One time 96
4.14 Five Sacks of Extracted Fiber Two times 96
4.15 Extraction Time for One stalk 97
4.16 Extraction Time for Five stalk 97
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Introduction
Water Hyacinth is one of the world’s fastest-growing plants that may
reproduce vegetatively or asexually. Stolons, which produce daughter plants, are
used in this reproduction process. Water hyacinth stolons have multiple nodes,
and each node has the potential to develop a new daughter plant, which in turn
has the potential to develop further stolons. Water hyacinth is a flowering invasive
aquatic herb that originated in Amazon Basin, South America, and was only
introduced in the Philippines. This plant may grow up to 1 meter high above the
water surface with broad, thick, glossy, and ovate leaves. Its tall stem holds a
single spike with 8-15 notably appealing blooms with six petals, generally lavender
to pink in color.
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Figure 1.1. Water Hyacinth
Figure 1.2 Actual Water Hyacinth Plant
The common water hyacinth or Eichhornia crassipes develops rapidly and
can double its population in just 7 to 14 days, indicating its high potential to clog
waterways and cause floods. It is an aggressive invader that produces dense mats
that can cover the entire surface of a river or lake, reducing the light penetration
into the body of water causing the depletion of oxygen, and killing fish or other
aquatic life. These thick mats create suitable breeding grounds for mosquitoes that
carry diseases such as dengue and filariasis, and can also be a nest for the water
snake. In contrast, water hyacinth has been used as a reliable water treatment,
including the treatment of sewage and hospital wastewater. According to a
researcher from the University of Port Harcourt's Plant and Science Department,
water hyacinth can treat cholera, sore throats, and snake bites in addition to
having anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antibacterial functions. It can also be
used for biofuel production, animal and fish feed production, and biofertilizer
production. Despite these numerous benefits, water hyacinth can still cause a
horrible effect on the economy and the nearby residents if it’s not controlled
properly.
In the Philippines, there are three well-known lakes and these are Taal
Lake, Lanao Lake, and Laguna de Bay, which are notable for their size and
economic impact. In the province of Batangas, there is a small volcanic island in
the middle of the lake, and this lake is Taal Lake. The lake is circular, about 15
kilometers long, and 10 kilometers broad surrounded by nine villages and two
cities. It also has multiple purposes such as being used for recreation, tourism,
navigation, fishing, as a water source for Tagaytay City, and agricultural and
industrial fields. Taal lake is also polluted for many reasons, one being the
nuisance of the water hyacinth.
Figure 1.3 Taal Lake Map
Many Barangays near the shore of Taal Lake which has a problem with the
overspreading of water hyacinths. One of these Barangays is Barangay Ambulong,
one of the urbanized barangays in Tanauan City, Batangas. The researcher
selected the area of the lake shore from the Barangay Ambulong covered court to
the most affected residential area with an estimated distance of 300 meters,
where the shape of their shore is reversed letter “U”. Because of the shape of their
shore, the water hyacinth stuck and causes a lot of problems to the nearby
residents. The residents say that some water hyacinths can only be blown away
from the lake shore to the middle of the lake in the northeast direction of the wind,
but they it can be brought back in the southwest direction of the wind which also
brings some waste from the other shore. These stuck water hyacinths cause a
breeding ground for mosquitoes and reduce the speed of water flow from the canal
to the lake, which they use as prevention for flooding during heavy rain.
The livelihood of the nearby residents is the most affected because one of
their sources of income is fishing. The stuck water hyacinth impedes their route
and they wasted their time just to clear their ways before they start hunting fish in
the lake. They cleared their way physically and manually for about 12 hours, with
an estimated 8 to 10 sacks of water hyacinth and they do this every two to three
weeks because of the water hyacinth’s aggressive growth. Their way of reducing
the water hyacinth is by dumping it in one place and decomposing it. They need to
remove the root of the water hyacinth away from the water surface because if only
the leaf or stem was removed it will grow more aggressively.
Figure 1.4 Whole area of Barangay Ambulong
Figure 1.5 Selected Shore of Barangay Ambulong
Figure 1.6 Actual photo of Barangay Ambulong selected lake shore
To reduce these negative effects on the shores of Brgy. Ambulong the
researchers come up with the design and development of the “Solar Powered
Portable Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine”, also named “Hyachine” that
help the nearby residents to regularly reduce the number of water hyacinth on the
selected shore.
Conceptual Framework
The Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model was used by the researchers to
present the structure of this study. The IPO model offered the structure needed to
carry out the study's objectives. Given prior knowledge of other researchers'
perspectives and their observations on the research issue, it laid out the steps that
would need to be taken during the investigation.
The focus of this study was to design and develop the Solar Powered
Portable Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine.
Knowledge
Requirements:
• Different
Design and Progress
extracting
of Solar Powered
process of
Portable Water
water hyacinths “Solar Powered
Hyacinth Fiber
stalk Portable Water
Extraction Machine
• Operation Hyacinth Fiber
process Extraction Machine”
Performance testing
• Principles of Or known as
designing “Hyachine”
Specification
machine
adjustments of the
Equipment Knowledge
components
Water Hyacinth
information and
location
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Chart 1.1 Research Paradigm to Develop Solar-Powered Portable Water Hyacinth

Fiber Extraction Machine
Statement of the Problem
To design the Solar Powered Portable Water Hyacinth Extraction Machine
that helps regularly reduce the number of water hyacinths on the selected shore of
Barangay Ambulong, this study intended to answer the following questions:
1. Why is the growth rate of water hyacinth is high?
2. What are the material properties of water hyacinth stalk?
3. What is the performance of the Existing Fiber Extraction Process of
Water Hyacinths Stalk in terms of:
3.1. Extraction Rate
3.2. Time operation
3.3. Equipment and materials costs
3.4. Efficiency of the Extraction
4. What is the process improvement of the Solar Powered Portable Water
Hyacinth Extraction in terms of:
4.1. Number of Blades
4.2. Thickness of Blades
4.3. Length of Blades
Hypothesis
Water hyacinth infestation in Taal Lake specifically on the selected shore of
Barangay Ambulong is one of the main problems that exist in the lake that’s why
the researchers come up with the design and development of a Solar Powered
Portable Water Hyacinth Extraction Machine to help the nearby residents by
regularly reduce the increasing number of water hyacinth on their shore.
Significance of the Study
This study is about the design and development of water hyacinth fiber
extraction machines that will be beneficial to the following:
To the Barangay Ambulong, Tanauan City, this design will provide a new
machine for the fishermen and residents near the shore of Taal Lake to regularly
reduce the number of water hyacinths.
To future researchers, this study will be a reference and guide for
developing the concept of a water hyacinth fiber extraction machine.
To the Mechanical Engineering field, this study will demonstrate that the
researcher utilized what they learned in the course in an actual design to
overcome the previous research study.
Scope and Limitation
The study of this project is to design and develop a Solar Powered Portable
Water Hyacinth Extraction Machine that can help regularly reduce the increasing
number of water hyacinths on the selected lake shore of Barangay Ambulong. The
scope of the machine is mainly to extract the raw fiber of adult water hyacinth
stalks. The main location for the collection and harvesting of the adult water
hyacinth stalk is only on the selected lake shore of Brgy. Ambulong.
Definition of terms
Water Hyacinth – An invasive aquatic plant that grows in some warmer regions.
Infestation - the presence of an unusually large number of insects or animals in a
place, typically to cause damage or disease.
Bay – Coastal body of water that is connected to the ocean, lake, or even another
bay.
Fresh Water - naturally occurring water that is not salty, and is suitable for
consumption if clean or processed.
Nuisance - a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance.
Urbanize - to make or cause to become urban, as a locality.
Stalk - the main stem of an herbaceous plant.
Fiber - a thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral substance, or
textile is formed
Extraction - the action of taking out something, especially using effort or force
Portable - able to be easily carried or moved, especially because of being of a
lighter and smaller version than usual.
Solar Panels - devices that produce electricity from sunlight.
Community - a group of people living in the same place or having a particular
characteristic in common.
Impede - delay or prevent (someone or something) by obstructing them; hinder:
stolon – stems that grow at the soil surface or just below ground those form
adventitious roots at the nodes, and new plants from the buds.
nodes - a point on a stem at which a leaf or leaves are inserted
filariasis – a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of the
Filarioidea type and can be spread by blood-feeding insects such as black flies
and mosquitoes
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This section of the study presents the conceptual literature, related
literature, relevant studies, and synthesis. After extensive and in-depth research
was conducted by the study’s proponents to conceptualize the study. This section
includes ideas and relevant information from documents, books, studies, and
journals that are accessible through various online internet and actual library,
assisting the authors in better comprehending their own research study.
Water hyacinth: A Review of its Impacts on Hydrology and Ecosystem
Services
Water hyacinth intrusion has been featured to be a cause an issue for
riparian networks. They are known to lessen the speed of water bodies,
consequently filling in appropriate favorable places for mosquitoes. It is a highly
invasive type of aquatic plant not only in the Philippine bodies of water but also
around the world. Lakes and streams have shown that water hyacinth modifies
water quality. In flowing frameworks, for example, water moves to the water
hyacinth fix so water quality straightforwardly outside the fix in either course is
probably going to be affected. As a progression, floats mats overwhelmed by huge
grasses might float away or be grounded. This cycle can prompt quick and
significant changes in wetland ecology. Shallow areas of water will be switched
over completely to swamps. In sluggish water bodies, water hyacinth mats. Truly
sluggish the progression of water, causing suspended particles to be precipitated,
leading to silting. The decreased water stream can likewise cause flooding and
unfavorably influence water system plans.
Dominant plant in many aquatic communities, this perennial forms
monocultures of dense, interlocking vegetation at the water’s surface which
supports an abundant and diverse assemblage of amphibians, reptiles, and fishes.
The circumstances made by water hyacinth empower the vectors of a few human
infections, including the halfway snail hosts of bilharzia and most mosquito
vectors, including those liable for the transmission of intestinal sickness,
encephalitis, and filariasis. In pieces of Africa, water hyacinth mats are accounted
for to give cover to sneaking crocodiles and snakes. Water hyacinth can
completely cover lakes and wetlands, out-competing native aquatic species,
reducing oxygen levels for fish, and creating ideal habitat for disease-carrying
mosquitoes. Large infestations of water hyacinth can prevent river transport, and
fishing, damage bridges, and clog dams. And it’s making it hard for the residents to
make a living because no fish other than mudfish and catfish can live with water
hyacinth, and because of water hyacinth it is even hard for them to take their
fishing boats offshore, and it is taking a lot of time to remove the water hyacinth
from their way.
Figure 1.7 Africa’s Water Hyacinths Situation
Farmers’ Preferences towards Water Hyacinth control: A Contingent
Valuation Study
According to Malik (2007), Lake Tana is the main freshwater lake in
Ethiopia. Other than pressures on water quality coming about because of
urbanization and deforestation, the attack of the intriguing water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes) presents new dangers to the environment. Water hyacinth,
endemic to South America, is broadly thought to be the world's most awful
amphibian obtrusive weed. Today, almost all countries between 40°N and 40°S
face the threat of infestations on lakes, slowly moving rivers, or swamps. Water
hyacinth is a free-floating plant, known for its rapid reproduction and its tendency
for dense mat-formation.
Water hyacinth pervasions lead to natural and financial disturbances. In
Lake Victoria, bowl water hyacinth has been affecting neighborhood networks'
livelihoods since the late 1980s. Mailu (2001) portrayed the horrible effects of
these pervasions: decrease of water quality and accessibility through expanded
evapotranspiration, stopping up of water system channels and hydropower dams,
decrease in fish gets and decline of sea-going biodiversity through diminished
oxygen and mutilated water stream, an obstacle of the route, impediment on water
access for anglers and animals, ascent of human social clash and movement
through adversely impacted horticultural circumstances, flood in vector-borne
illnesses through an expansion in the favorable places, for example, mosquito,
The total economic impact was estimated in the order of billions of dollars. The
water hyacinth infestation of Lake Tana, officially recognized in 2011, led to
disruptions in the daily lives of those depending on its resources. T provided a
stakeholder group approach focusing on local smallholders around Lake Tana to
assess the value of water hyacinth control, using the contingent valuation method.
The sample size exists of 240 households in the Dembiya, Lemba Arabayitu, and
Dera woredas bordering the northern to northeastern shores of Lake Tana.
DOST Solution to the Water Hyacinth Problem in the Philippines
According to George Valencia III (2012), the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) unveiled a locally-developed solution to the increasing
number of water hyacinths clogging the metro waterways by developing a machine
that scoops up the plants and put them to good use. Water hyacinth is known
locally as a water lily and is infamous for clogging irrigations and water systems in
Liguasan Marsh in Central Mindanao, the Pasig River in Metro Manila, Laguna de
Bay, and the neighboring area of Taal lake. The DOST continues to develop
several technologies that specifically use water hyacinths. These are biogas,
animal feeds, and geotextiles that prevent soil erosion, that can be used as income
for individuals and communities. Also, the Philippine Textile Research Institute
(DOST-PTRI) held a fashion show that showcases fabrics from water hyacinth
fibers.
Figure 1.8 Filipino Man surrounded by Water Hyacinth in the Philippines
Water Hyacinth as a Source of Natural Textile Fibre
Arlene and Obmerga (2009) stated that fabrics for apparel and homes can
be made from water hyacinth fibers as a raw material. The initial result of
processing the fibers with polyester staples was blended yarns that contained 20–
35% water hyacinth. The stalks underwent a variety of chemical and mechanical
processes to obtain the crimp property of wool for better processing, lower the
amount of gum or glue present in the plant, and soften the fibers to make them fine
and suitable for knitting and weaving into clothing and other home textiles. Blends
of 80/20 and 65/35 polyester/water hyacinth fibers were employed for a yarn count
of 15 Ne appropriate for clothing. To create a yarn with a count of 10–12 Ne,
perfect for home textiles like curtains, the same polyester or water hyacinth fiber
blends were utilized.
How Water Hyacinths Stalk Considered as Matured Stalk
Goebel and Allsopp (1900) stated that seedling produces of Water Hyacinth
have a sequence of different leaf forms, eventually developing a stable adult leaf
morphology, and hormonal, and nutritional effects on heteroblastic leaf
development. The studies used mature leaf form to assay the effect of
experimental manipulations. Matured plants show delayed leaf maturation,
increased apical size, and more primordia at the shoot apex than juvenile plants.
Where Water Hyacinths stalk is considered as adults when the period plants is not
capable of flowering, reached 65 to 80 cm tall, and the leaves are dark.
Environmental Factors affect the Growth Pattern of Water Hyacinths
In the Philippine Journal of Science, Claro Santiago (2003) stated that the
growth pattern of Water Hyacinths is affected by some environmental factors. The
rhizomes of the Water Hyacinths are the one who has the ability to sprout new
plant, when are subjected to long drying periods and the ability its sprout is
decreased. Hence, the growth rate of Water Hyacinths is increased when exposed
to a full sunlight condition. While the superior growth of Water Hyacinth was
attained in shallow water where the roots were able to penetrate the mud. Normal
development of Water Hyacinths happens when the water pH level is 6.5 and 8.5.
No growth occurred at pH 4.5 and there was a decline at pH 10.5. To show clearly,
Figure 1.9 showed the growth rate of Water Hyacinths affected by different pH.
Figure 1.9 Growth Rate of Water Hyacinth affected by the different pH Levels
Water Hyacinths’ growth rate is also affected by the weather, where Claro
Santiago stated that the growth rate of Water Hyacinths is increased when
exposed to a full sunlight condition. The Philippines suffered scorching weather as
a result of the equator's year-round, almost continual exposure to sunlight.
Average Temperature in Tanauan, Batangas
Weather spark stated that Tanauan hot season lasts for 1.8 months, from
April 7 to May 31, with an average daily high temperature above 32 C. The hottest
month of the year in Tanauan with an average of 32 C and a low of 24 C. From the
studies of the Philippine Journal of Science, Claro Santiago stated that the growth
rate of water hyacinths is increased when exposed to full sunlight, whereas Figure
1.10 shows the average temperature of Tanauan, Batangas.
Figure 1.10 Average High and Low Temperature in Tanauan in Graph
Table 1.1 Average High and Low Temperature in Tanauan in Graph in Table
Averag Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Se Oct No De
e y g p v c
High 28 29 31 33 32C 31 30 30C 30 29 29C 28
C C C C C C C C C
Temp 24 25 26 27 28C 27 27 26C 26 26 25C 25
C C C C C C C C C
Low 22 22 23 24 25C 24 23 23C 23 23 23C 22
C C C C C C C C C
Source: weatherspark
Chemical Properties of Raw Water Hyacinths Fiber
Chonsakorn S. and Monggkholrattanasit R. (2018), studied and stated that
the water hyacinth fiber consisted of 72.17% cell wall, 52.63% lignocelluloses
(biofuels), 2.25% lignin (wood), 19.54% hemicelluloses and 50.38% cellulose
(fibers and cotton). However, Gunnarsson and Petersen stated in 2007, that the
following chemical analysis of Water Hyacinth gives the following results: 62.3%
cell wall, 29.0% lignocelluloses, 33.4% hemicellulose, 9.27% lignin, and 19.5%
cellulose. On the contrary, Kabir has discovered that in order to compare the
chemical compositions of other fibers, jute fiber is a cellulose fiber comprising 12–
13% lignin, 13.6–20.4% hemicellulose, and 61–71.5% cellulose. In addition, sisal
fiber is made up of 8.0–11.0% lignin, 10.0–14.2% hemicellulose, and 67–78%
cellulose.
Table 1.2 The Chemical Comparison of Raw Water Hyacinth Fiber.
Composition Pre-fermented fiber %
Cell Wall 72.17
Lignocelluloses (acid detergent fiber) 52.63
Lignin (acid detergent lignin) 2.25
Hemicelluloses 19.54
Cellulose 50.38
Chemical Fiber Extraction Process of Water Hyacinth Stalks
According to Thangiah W. and Arivendan A. (20), from this type of
extraction process, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)(Ionization) solution is used. The
fiber and the chemical ratio are 50:1. Sodium hydroxide solution is mixed with hot
water immediately the air bubbles are formed. Within ten seconds the foam is
produced to the water surfaces. Now the 50 stalks are inserted into the solution
and optimized for 1-hour period. In this work 0.25molar with 8.6g/dm3
concentration of sodium hydroxide molecules are used to extract the hyacinth fiber
from the parent plant stem. The stalk was washed with tap water repeatedly,
neutralized with diluted acetic acid, and washed again with distilled water,
following this, they were dried in a hot air oven at 70 C for 24 hours.
Figure 1.11 Chemical Fiber Extraction Process Procedure
Source: Youtube
Conventional Retting Fiber Extraction Process of Water Hyacinth Stalks
Basha A. (2011), stated that natural fibers from plants are normally
extracted through the retting process. From this process, the majority of fibers from
plants are extracted. However, this reheating process for hyacinth plants is not as
effective from the other process. 10 to 15 days is all that's required for the plant
stem to be immersed in the water surface then rinsing them in sulfuric acid solution
with concentration of 1 g/L for 2 minutes. Once the plant fiber is separated from
the stem, it is easy to separate it from the parent plant. 22 Relative humidity is
maintained at 60% during this retting process. This conventional retting process is
done by the water bodies with the level of pH 6.2, dissolved oxygen level 6.6 mg/l,
conductivity level of 0.23mS, 0.5ppt level of total dissolved solids, and salinity level
of 0.04ppt.
Figure 1.12 Retting Fiber Extraction Process Procedure
(Source: Sage Journals)
Boiling Water Fiber Extraction Process of Water Hyacinth Stalks
According to Nagarajan R. (20), normal water is boiled for twenty
minutes. Now, 50 pieced of hyacinth plant stem is inserted into the hot water for
two hours. Then it is dried and keep in the oven for two days (48 hours).
Completion of oven process hyacinth fiber is produced with boiling water. 90-100C
of hot water is used in this work with fresh water hyacinth stem. For the dry
hyacinth plant stem did not adopt to this test because the dried fiber contents did
not properly derive from the parent plant. 23,24 The ratios of the hot water and
stem weight percentage is 10lt water: 1kg hyacinth stem
Figure 1.13 Boiling Fiber Extraction Process Procedure
(Source: Getty Images)
Manual Fiber Extraction Process of Water Hyacinth Stalks
Daphne Reena (2022) stated that the water hyacinth stem is properly
dried with the open sunlight area. After drying for 24 hours, the plant stem is
sieved with the help of a steel comb then the fiber is extracted manually from the
plant stem where one stalk consumes 3 to 5 minutes of extraction. This process is
not efficient from the other process because it took a lot of efforts and time to fiber
out the stalk of water hyacinths.
Figure 1.14 Manual Fiber Extraction Process Procedure
(Source: SlideShare)
Different Application of Fibers from Water Hyacinth
Water Hyacinth as a source of natural textile fiber.
As per Arlene and Omega on 2009, fibers from water hyacinths can be
used as a raw material to create fabrics for furniture and clothes. Initial blended
yarns with a 20–35% water hyacinth component was generated by processing the
fibers with polyester staples. The stalks underwent a variety of mechanical and
chemical processes in order to obtain the crimp property of wool for better
processing, lower the plant's concentration of gum or glue, and soften the fibers to
make them fine and suitable for knitting and weaving into clothing and other home
textiles. Blends of polyester/water hyacinth fibers in the ratios of 80/20 and 65/35
were employed for a yarn count of 15 Ne appropriate for clothing. The same
polyester/water hyacinth fiber blends were utilized to create yarn with a count of
10–12 Ne, which is perfect for home textiles including curtains, upholstery, table
runners, napkins, bed covers, and pillowcases, among other things.
Yarn and Rope
To reveal the fibers, the plant stalk is torn lengthwise, and it is then
allowed to dry for a number of days. The procedure of creating rope is comparable
to that of making jute rope. To keep the completed rope from decomposing,
sodium metabisulphite is used. Local furniture makers in Bangladesh employ the
rope by winding it around a cane frame to create an appealing completed product.
Figure 1.15 Yarn and Rope from Water Hyacinths Fiber
Fiber Boards
The creation of fiberboards for a range of end products is another usage
for water hyacinth. The fabrication of fiber boards using water hyacinth fiber and
other local resources has been the subject of experimental research at the House
and Building Research Institute in Dhaka. They have created a locally made
production facility to make bituminized board for use as inexpensive roofing
material as well as fiberboard for general-purpose application. The board's
physical characteristics are sufficient for usage on interior partition walls and
ceilings. The use of bitumen-coated boards for roofing is the subject of
investigations. Making sure the fibers are completely dried before usage is
essential for a quality result. If there is moisture left in the fibers, this can soon lead
to the goods going bad.
Figure 1.16 Fiber Boards made from Water Hyacinths Fiber
Mattings
In the Philippines, water hyacinth fibers are extracted to be dried and used
for making mattings for several domestic use. This was only possible if the fibers
are dried properly before weaving because if the fibers contain even a slight
moisture it tends to rot quickly. This method is used particularly in India and
Bangladesh, they use this method to produces similar goods for tourist industry.
Figure 1.17 Mattings made from Water Hyacinths Fiber
Water Hyacinth as Home Textile Fiber
Fibers from water hyacinths are used as a raw material to make fabrics for
apparel and homes. Initial blended yarns with a 20–35% water hyacinth
component was generated by processing the fibers with polyester staples. To
obtain the crimp feature of wool for better processing, lower the plant's glue-like or
gum content, and soften the fibers to make them fine and suitable for knitting and
weaving into clothing and other home textiles, the stalks underwent a series of
chemical and mechanical treatments.
Figure 1.18 Home Textile Fiber from Water Hyacinths Fiber
Water Hyacinth for Fashion
Water hyacinths fiber (Eichornia crassipes) could also be made into clothes
for casual wear, cocktails, and long gowns. Two fashion designers form
Philippines Alex Beuna and Rommel Del Valle made a debut on fashion fair using
Water hyacinth fiber in September 2009 to advocate environmentally sound
creations and promote livelihood opportunities. They used 142 yards of
handloomed dried water hyacinth fiber in Camarines sur, they showcased this
Show in Bangladesh in order to give opportunities for Bangladeshi weavers and
artisans.
Figure 1.19 Dress made from Water Hyacinths Fiber
Paper
Researchers of the Mennonite Central Committee in Bangladesh has been
on an experiment to produce papers out of water hyacinth fibers. They have
established projects to make papers from water hyacinth fibers from Stems.
Although water hyacinth fiber alone does not make a particular good paper, they
have come to idea to blend the fibers with waste papers or jutes it has resulted
with a good quality paper. This project is quite large with 120 producers to
manufacture paper. Although some produces low results, the manufacturing has
been successful in making folders, boxes, etc. in number of countries including the
Philippines, Indonesia and India.
Figure 1.20 Paper made of Water Hyacinths Fiber
Synthesis
The researchers conducted research, analysis, and observations for the
review of related literature, and identified that the information gathered during this
process was helpful for the researchers to have progressed in terms of the
components, design, and how it is functioning.
Based on the information the researchers gathered there are different
extraction process of fiber extraction of water hyacinths stalk, at this stage
researchers found out that there is no existing research that specifically extracts
water hyacinth fiber from machine. Therefore, the researcher will use the different
fiber extraction process of Water Hyacinths Stalk for the comparison of the
collected data.
After the researchers gathered relevant reviews of related literature, they
determined that these related studies mentioned above are appropriate and
significant to the design and development of the “Solar Powered Portable Water
Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine”. The researchers mainly used the internet in
gathering the relevant studies but also used some articles and journals during this
process.
CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the methods of research which will be conducted by
the researchers to design and develop the Solar Powered Portable Water Hyacinth
Fiber Extraction Machine or the “Hyachine”. The research design, population
sampling, research instrument, validation of the instrument, and statistical
treatment of data are all considered.
The Project Design
The project design of this study includes conducting research on existing
different fiber extraction process, at this stage, the researcher finds out that there
is no existing research data specifically for Water Hyacinth fibers extraction
machines, therefore the researcher will use the different fiber extraction process of
Water Hyacinths Stalk to know the efficiency of the machine, where the researcher
still focus on regularly reduce the increasing number of water hyacinth on the
Barangay Ambulong lake shore.
Figure 2.1 SolidWorks Drawing of Solar Powered Portable Water Hyacinths Fiber
Extraction Machine in millimeter unit
Extraction Machine without Cover
Extraction Machine with Cover
Figure 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 showed the perspective view, side view, top view,
and front view to know what it looks like upon assembly. The parts of the Solar
Powered Portable Water Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine are numbered and
detailed below.
Figure 2.4 SolidWorks Drawing of Extractor Blade in Millimeter unit
Figure 2.5 SolidWorks Drawing of Extractor Blade
Major Components:
1. Solar Panel
2. AC Motor
3. Battery
4. Inverter
5. AVR
6. Roller Drum
7. Fiber Catcher
8. Solar Charger Controller
9. Frame
10. Pulleys
11. Belts
12. Pillow Blocks
13. Wheels
14. Shaft
Research Instrument
The following instruments are used by the researchers to gather information
needed for the study:
Survey – the researchers observed the negative effects of water hyacinth
on the selected lake shore of Barangay. Ambulong by providing a survey
questionnaire to the nearby residents.
Interview – the researchers conducted a personal interview with the
residents of the Brgy. Ambulong
Research Works – the researcher gathered information through web pages,
journals, and articles.
Validation of Instrument
The researchers gathered data for the performance of different manual fiber
extraction process to validate and design the Solar Powered Portable water
hyacinth extraction machine. The validation of the design was through the
SolidWorks, in order to visualize the actual design of the said machine. The
researchers provided a questionnaire for every respondent to collect data about
the problem.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher conducted the study through primary and secondary data
gathering. The secondary data gathering was from the knowledge of the residents
of Barangay Ambulong and the researchers’ adviser.
1. The researchers went to the different Barangays that are nearby Laguna de
Bay and Taal lake to look for the most affected lake shore area due to
overspreading of water hyacinth.
2. The researcher found the Barangay Ambulong, located in Tanauan City,
province of Batangas. The researcher went to Barangay Ambulong Hall and
ask the most affected area by water hyacinth and their solutions.
3. The researcher provides a survey questionnaire to 25 respondents of
Barangay Ambulong residents. The collected data helps the researcher to
determine the root of the problems and research a possible solution.
4. The researchers gathered information from web pages, articles, previous
research studies, and journals on what is the possible machine equipment
for the fiber hyacinth extraction machine.
Primary data gathering was also used, where the researchers used original data,
collected by the researchers who also collect information from the experts.
1. The researcher used a handbook to determine the mechanical properties of
Water Hyacinth Fiber.
2. The researcher conducted an experiment and collect an adult raw water
hyacinth from Barangay Ambulong to know the physical properties that will
be used in design calculations.
3. After the researcher determined the needed properties of water hyacinth,
they used handbook, journals, and other studies to determine the formula
for the design calculations and applied it to Solid Works to picture out the
actual design of the machine.
Statistical analysis of data
The researcher uses different statistical methods and techniques to analyze
the collected data from the residents of Barangay Ambulong. The researcher uses
the following statistical analysis of data:
Summation – this allows the researcher to identify the total sum of collected
data and determine that Water Hyacinth is a problem for the resident
Averaging – the researchers allow determining the average number of
results from the provided survey questionnaire for the residents of Barangay
Ambulong.
Ranging – this allows the researcher to set a limit to the data.
CHAPTER 3
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the results and discussion of the data gathered that
provided the answers to the problem previously stated. It also includes the
analysis and interpretation of data necessary in making sense of the findings,
conclusions, and recommendations of the research.
3.1 Growth Rate of Water Hyacinth
3.1.1 Water Hyacinths Growth Rate on the Selected Shore
The researchers used the pH level of lake water on Brgy. Ambulong
lakeshore to determine why the number of Water Hyacinths still increasing.
The researchers determined the pH water level of lake water on Brgy.
Ambulong by testing the collected lake water using a blue litmus paper.
Litmus Paper is blue when the pH is greater than 8.3, and if the
litmus paper test turns purple, the pH level is close to neutral. Therefore, the
researchers concluded that light purple is resulted as pH level of 8, that
showed on Appendix L, Figure 4.22, where the pH level of Brgy. Ambulong
lake water is 8.
The researchers also determined the growth rate by the weather,
Claro Santiago (2003) stated that every full sunlight, Water Hyacinths
growth rate is increased. From weather spark, Tanauan, Batangas has a
hottest season from April to May, and a hot season from January to
November where the growth rate of Water Hyacinths increased from its
normal development.
3.1.3 Action of Brgy. Ambulong to the Water Hyacinth on their shore
From the interview result collected by the researcher, Table 3.1
shows how Brgy. Ambulong take action to prevent and reduce the problems
they encountered from overspreading of Water Hyacinths.
Table 3.1 Problems Encountered and Solutions of Brgy. Ambulong
Problems Encountered Solutions
Flooding Clean the canal connected to the lake and remove
the hyacinth manually
Bad Odor Reduce the garbage from the lake and remove
water hyacinth manually
Mosquitoes Pumped the mosquitoes control product remove
water hyacinth manually
Nuisances to the fishes Remove water hyacinth manually
Therefore, the researchers concluded that most of the solution that
Ambulong residents is to remove the water hyacinth manually. From
remove the water hyacinth manually refers to the “Linis Lawa Programa”,
where the Barangay Captain of Ambulong and neighboring area hired
people to clean the lake shore where the overspread Water Hyacinths is
placed. This “Linis Lawa Programa” happened only when the month of “no
fishing” happens. From Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR),
implemented the three-month closed fishing season which happens from
November to January. The researchers conclude that this “Linis Lawa
Programa” is effective only in a span of three months, where the growth rate
of Water Hyacinths is still high in the month of January to October.
3.1.3 Total Numbers of Water Hyacinth on the Selected Shore
Figure 3.1 Ambulong Shore Measurement
Total Sectional Area = m2
Fresh W.H. density = 0.0000960 g/mm3
Fresh W.H. base = 22.47 mm
1
W (kg) = Total Sectional Area (mm 2 ¿ x base (mm) x density ( g/mm 3) x
1000
1
= 1261010000 x 22.47 x 0.000096 x
1000
= 2,720.15 kg of fresh water hyacinth on the selected shore
= 2,720.15 kg / 5 kg per sack = 544 sacks
= 544 sacks x 130 pieces = 70,723.5 pieces of stalks
3.2 Material Properties of Water Hyacinth Stalks
3.2.1 Physical Properties
The researchers collected 100 pieces of Fresh Adult Water
Hyacinths Stalk on the selected shore of Barangay Ambulong. Table 3.2
shows the physical properties of the Raw Water Hyacinth Stalks that used
for design calculations.
Table 3.2 Physical Properties of Raw Water Hyacinth Stalks
Property Average (mm) Minimum (mm) Maximum (mm)
Length 751.20 729 773
Base 22.47 22.23 22.71
Height 11.11 5.5 16.72
3.2.2 Material Strength of Water Hyacinth Stalk
The researchers used Table 3.3 shows the material strength of
Water Hyacinth Stalks to determine the Modulus of Elasticity of the fibers
that used for the design calculations.
Table 3.3 Material Strength of Raw Water Hyacinth
Tensile Flexural Strength Flexural Modulus Strain
Strength
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
0.022 0.011 0.344 0.18
3.2.3 Composition of Water Hyacinths Stalk
Table 3.3 shows the pre-fermented fiber content on different
composition, which the researcher used as a proof that Raw Water
Hyacinth Stalk can be extract as fiber.
Table 3.3 The Composition of Raw Water Hyacinth Fiber
Composition Pre-fermented fiber %
Cell Wall 72.17
Lignocelluloses (acid detergent fiber) 52.63
Lignin (acid detergent lignin) 2.25
Hemicelluloses 19.54
Cellulose 50.38
3.3 Performance of the Existing Fiber Extraction Process
The researchers used the different fiber extraction process to the
comparison of data. Table 3.4 shows the collected data of fiber extracted and time
duration.
Table 3.4 Existing Fiber Extraction Process Fiber Extracted
Process Fiber Extracted Time Duration
Manual Fiber Extraction 0.0164 kg 2 hrs
Process
Chemical Fiber 0.0385 kg 2 hrs
Extraction Process
Boiling Fiber Extraction 0.0192 kg 2 hrs
Process
Conventional Retting 0.0385 kg 240 hrs
Fiber Extraction Process
3.3.1 Extraction Rate
The researchers used the data collected from Appendix M, Table
4.15, Water Hyacinths Stalk fed two times to determine the extraction rate of the
machine.
Table 3.5 Manual Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar Powered Portable Water
Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine
Manual Fiber Extraction Solar Powered Portable
Process Water Hyacinth Fiber
Extraction Machine
Time Duration 2 hr 2 hr
Fiber extracted 0.0164 kg 0.45 kg
Extraction Rate 0.0082 kg/hr 0.225 kg/hr
Extraction Efficiency 26.43 % 96.35%
Table 3.6 Chemical Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar Powered Portable Water
Chemical Fiber Solar Powered Portable
Extraction Process Water Hyacinth Fiber
Extraction Machine
Extraction Efficiency 10.72 % 91.47 %
Table 3.7 Boiling Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar Powered Portable Water
Boiling Fiber Extraction Solar Powered Portable
Process Water Hyacinth Fiber
Extraction Machine
Table 3.8 Conventional Retting Fiber Extraction Process vs Solar Powered
Conventional Retting Solar Powered Portable
Fiber Extraction Process Water Hyacinth Fiber
Extraction Machine
3.3.2 Time Operation

Table 3.9 Comparison of Time Operation Data
Extraction Process Time Duration Stalks Extracted
Manual Fiber Extraction 4 minutes 1 piece
Process
Boiling Fiber Extraction Process 120 minutes 50 pieces
Chemical Fiber Extraction 60 minutes 100 pieces
Process
Retting Fiber Extraction 14,400 minutes 100 pieces
Process
Solar Powered Portable Water 120 minutes 1,170 pieces
Hyacinths Fiber Extraction
Machine
3.3.3 Materials and Equipment Cost
Table 3.10 Comparison of Materials and Equipment Cost Data
Extraction Process Materials Cost
Manual Fiber Extraction Process 229 Php
Boiling Fiber Extraction Process 2,690.95 Php
Chemical Fiber Extraction Process 24,653 Php
Retting Fiber Extraction Process 8,519.51 Php
Solar Powered Portable Water 18,632.7 Php
Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine
4.4 Efficiency Rate
Table 3.11 Comparison of Efficiency Rate of Different Fiber Extraction Process of
Water Hyacinths Stalks
Extraction Process Efficiency Rate
Manual Fiber Extraction Process 26 %
Chemical Fiber Extraction Process 10.72 %
Boiling Fiber Extraction Process 22.45 %
Conventional Retting Fiber Extraction 14.05 %
Process
Solar Powered Portable Water 95.87 %
The researcher uses the formula of Extraction Rate Efficiency =
ideal fiber extracted− Actual fiber extracted

. The researcher used the 1,170 stalks
Ideal Count of Fiber Extracted
extracted with duration time of 120 minutes as ideal value of fiber extracted.
3.4 Process improvements for the Solar Powered Portable Water Hyacinth
Extraction Machine
3.3.1 Number of Blades
The researcher conducted a trial and error for the count of blades to
be used. From the Figure 4.25 of Appendix M showed that having 7 blades
resulted a bad quality of fiber due to its large clearance of blades.
Researchers maximized the number of blades by maintaining the distance
blade of 50 mm that resulted a 17 number of blades, which resulted a good
quality of fiber that showed on Figure 4.27 to Figure 4.30 of Appendix M.
Therefore, the number of blades affect the quality of fiber extracted in which
one of the goals of the machine, that helped the researcher arrived to a
conclusion of the more the blades that run on the stalk results on good
quality of the fiber extracted.
3.3.2 Thickness of Blades
Through researching the materials properties of Water Hyacinths
Stalks, it showed that the stalk has a smooth and soft fiber that easily
fractured if beaten hardly or sharply. The researchers referenced to the
Manual Fiber Extraction Process, where it used steel comb that is blunt and
not sharp. Therefore, the researcher concludes that having a 50mm blunt
blades will avoid the fracture of fiber during extraction of Water Hyacinths
Stalk. The flexural rigidity, pulping force and elasticity are considered to
meet the fiber quality expectations.
3.3.3 Length of Blades
The researchers used 400 mm length of blades to extract not only
one stalk, but three to five stalks at the same time. The researcher
conducted a trial and error to know the maximum and minimum number of
stalks to be extracted on the roller blades. Table 3.3.3 shows the time
duration to determine the maximum and minimum numbers of stalks
extracted two times at the same time on the extractor blades.
Table 3.12 Determination of Maximum and Minimum numbers of stalks extracted
two times at the same time
Number of Stalks Time duration
One stalk 00:24.05 s
Three stalks 00:29.15 s
Five stalks 00:33.05 s
Eight Stalks 01:24.56 s
The researchers conclude that extracting eight stalks at the same
time caused a slowed rotation of extractor blades that affect the fiber quality
and time duration. Therefore, the minimum number of stalks extracted at
the same time is three stalks, and the maximum number of stalks extracted
at the same time is five stalks.
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Water hyacinth infestation to the bodies of water could affect the population of the
fishes, fishermen source of income and especially the environment. Different
studies showed that water hyacinth can be really a nuisance in different factors.
Water hyacinth infestation causes factors that affect the environment, hydrology
and biology of the bodies of water.
Findings
The researchers considered the force and torque to pulp the water hyacinth’s stalk
by using the formula of flexural rigidity to avoid the failure or rupture during the
extraction process. The researchers find out that having difficulty on collecting the
data can lead to miscalculations. The researchers found out that the inverter can’t
produce required output voltage to run the electric AC motor due to the
specification that we used. The researchers replaced the inverter with the new
specification that can run the electric AC motor, but the output is too much for the
battery. The researchers added AVR to the electrical system of the machine in
order to regulate the output voltage going in to the electric motor. The researchers
found out that the cylinder with 7 blades is not enough to extract the water
hyacinth stalk properly so the researchers added 10 more blades.
Conclusions
Therefore, the researchers conclude that all the design calculations have been
considered. Solar Powered Portable Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine is
developed to extract water hyacinth’s fiber that helps the nearby residents to
regularly reduce the number of water hyacinth on the selected shore of Barangay
Ambulong, Tanuan Batangas, in terms of livelihood. In such way that they can
continue fishing even at the peak growth rate of water hyacinth.
Recommendations
The researchers recommend to consider the safety precautions during extraction
process. Also, regard the machine’s maintenance to mitigate the risk of accident
and improve safety design of machine.
• Change the angle bar blades into aluminum.
• Get bigger wheels in order to sustain the weight of the machine.
• Lower the RPM of the Electric motor or controller for the motor.
• Buy bigger starting capacitor to avoid the delay of the rotor.
• Buy thicker sheet metal to avoid excessive noises.
APPENDIX A
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES
Start
Researching for Studies
Review Literature
Gathered Data from Selected Study
Evaluated Data
Project Design Identified
Computer Aided Design

No
Can the Machine

Yes Extract the Stalk?
Solar Powered Water Hyacinth End

Fiber Extraction Machine
APPENDIX B
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Design Calculations
The following specifications for Water Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine are
considered:
 Water hyacinth stalk length = 751.2 mm
 Water hyacinth stalk average width = 22.47 mm
 Water hyacinth stalk average thickness = 11.11 mm
 Driving means = electric motor
 Motor operating voltage = 220V
 Feeding method = Manual
 Coupling method = Belt method
 Belt type = Flat Belt
 Source of Power = DC and AC
Power Design
For Modulus of Elasticity:
Tensile stregth
E=
strain
22,000 Pa
E= = 1.20x105 N/mm 2
0.18
For Inertia:
3
bh
I=
12
3
(22.47)(11.11)
I= = 2,560.88 mm 4
12
EI = (1.20x105)(2,560.88) = 330353520 = 307x106 N/mm 2
For the Pulping Force:
EI 48 y
f= 3
L
6
(307 x 10 )(48)(1.38)
f= 3
751.2
f = 47.98 N force needed to fiber out the stalk
For Torque:
T=fr
T = (47.98 N) (100 mm) = 4,798 N-mm
T = 4.79 N-m = 3.53 ft-lb per blade
T = 3.53 ft-lb x 17 blades = 60.01 ft-lb
For the Power:
2 πTN
P=
33,000
d 1 = driver pulley = 80 mm
d 2 = driven pulley = 200 mm
N2 d1 N2 80 mm
= = =
N 1 d 2 1740 rpm 200 mm
N = 696 rpm
2 π (3.53)(696)
P=
33,000
P = 0.46 Hp or 0.5 Hp
For Belt computation:
For belt length:
(r 2−r 1)
L = π (r2 + r1) + 2C +
C
(100 mm−38.2 mm)

L = π (100 mm + 38.2 mm) + 2(736.28) +
736.28 mm
L = 1,906.59 mm – Belt length required
For angle of contact:
(200 mm−76.4 mm)

Ɵ = 180 (±) 2 sin-1 ( )
2(736.28 mm)
Ɵ = 189.63 rad – for driven pulley
Ɵ = 170.37 rad – for driver pulley
For velocity of the belt:
π (d 1 N )
V=
60
π (0.0764 m)(1740 rpm)
V=
60
V = 6.96 m/s – Belt velocity
For belt tension and slack:
F 1 fƟ
=e
F2
π
F 1 (0.4 )(170 x 180 )
=e
F2
F 1=3.82 F 2
F1
J=
A
300 psi = F 1 ¿
F 1=2,120.57 lbs∨9,436.54 N – Tension side
F 2=646.51lbs∨2,876.97 N – Slack Side
For Shaft design:
P = 0.5 HP
N 1=1740 rpm
N 2=696 rpm
D=
√3 (696)(0.5)
(696)
D = 0.79 inch = 1 inch or 25.4 mm – required diameter for shafting
For working stress of frame:
Ultimate strength of ASTM AB Steel = 235 Mpa
Using factor of safety of 2.5
Ultimate Strength
Factor of safety =
Working Stress
235
2.5 =
Working Stress
Working stress = 94 Mpa – working stress of frame
For Inverter:
Battery Voltage x Battery Capacity = Wh
12V x 65 Ah = 780 watts inverter
For Solar Charge Controller (SCC):
Solar Panel Wattage

+ 25% (safety margin) = Ampere
Battery Voltage
120W
+ 25% = 10.25A SCC
12 V
For the Charging time:
Solar Panel Wattage

= I1
Battery Voltage
120W
= 10 A
12 V
I 1 x (1-15% (rule-of-thumb)) x controller efficiency = I 2
10 x 1-15% x 80% = 6.8 A
1
Battery capacity x = Ah1
Battery Charge Efficiency
1
65Ah x = 81.25 Ah
80 %
Ah1
= Hr 1
I2
68.42
= 11.95 estimated charging hours
8.075
Hr 1x DoD = Hr 2
11.95 x 50% = 5.97 hrs
Hr 2+ 2 hrs (account for the absorption charging stage) = Total hours
5.97 + 2 = 7.97 Hours to charge 12V Battery with 120W Solar Panel
(*insert computation ng charging time pag humid)
Time Operation When Battery is Full Charge:
Power load of Motor

Battery Current =
Battery Voltage
370Watts
Battery Current =
12 V
Battery Current = 30.83 A
Battery Capacity
Time Operation =
Battery Current
65 Ah
Time Operation = = 2.11hrs
30.83 A
Amount of Fiber Extracted When Battery is Full charge
2.11 hrs = 127 mins
Average extraction time for 1 sack = 14mins 27secs and 85milliseconds
127 mins
Number of sacks =
14 mins 27 s 85 milliseconds
Number of sacks = 9 sacks
Average count of stalk for 1 sack = 130 pieces
Amount of fiber extracted = 9 sacks x 130 pieces = 1,170 pieces of stalks
extracted when battery is full charge
Time Operation When Battery is Not Full Charge:
Power load of Motor

Battery Current =
Battery Voltage
370Watts
Battery Current =
12 V
Battery Current = 30.83 A
Battery Capacity
Time Operation =
Battery Current
32.5 Ah
Time Operation = = 1.05hrs
30.83 A
Amount of Fiber Extracted When Battery is Not Full charge
1.05 hrs = 63 mins
Average extraction time for 1 sack = 14mins 27secs and 85milliseconds
63 mins
Number of sacks =
14 mins 27 s 85 milliseconds
Number of sacks = 4.41 sacks
Average count of stalk for 1 sack = 130 pieces
Amount of fiber extracted = 4.41 sacks x 130 pieces = 574 pieces of stalks
extracted when battery is not full charge
APPENDIX C
DESIGN DRAWING AND ACTUAL PICTURE OF COMPONENTS
1. Frame
Figure 4.1 Design Drawing and Actual – Frame
2. AC Motor
Figure 4.2 Design Drawing and Actual – AC Motor
3. Extractor Drum
Figure 4.3 Design Drawing and Actual – Extractor Drum
4. Pulley
Figure 4.4 Design Drawing and Actual – Pulley
5. Belt
Figure 4.5 Design Drawing and Actual – Belt
6. Solar Panel
Figure 4.6 Design Drawing and Actual – Solar Panel
7. Lead Acid Battery
Figure 4.7 Design Drawing and Actual – Lead Acid Battery
8. Inverter
Figure 4.8 Design Drawing and Actual – Inverter
9. Hyacinth Bank
Figure 4.9 Design Drawing and Actual – Hyacinth Bank
10. Pillow Block
Figure 4.10 Design Drawing and Actual – Pillow Block
11. Wheel
Figure 4.11 Design Drawing and Actual – Wheel
12. Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)
Figure 4.12 Design Drawing and Actual – AVR
13. Solar Charger Controller
Figure 4.13 Design Drawing and Actual – Solar Charger Controller
14. Shaft
Figure 4.14 Design Drawing and Actual – Shaft
APPENDIX D
PARTS AND FUNCTION
Frame – supports the other components and enclose them.
AC Motor – Converts alternating current into mechanical energy.
Shaft – drives the shaft attached to the roller blades where it is coupled to an AC
Motor.
Extractor drum – to pulp the stalk from its 17 numbers of rolling blades.
Pulley – two pulleys are utilized, one with the engine and the other with the roller
blades. The pulley with the motor is stationary, allowing the rope to deviate and the
force on the belt to move around its circle. The second pulley is moveable,
providing a higher mechanical advantage while passing through around the
perimeter.
Belt – a belt connects two revolving shafts mechanically. The shaft connects to the
roller blades and the shaft connected to the motor.
Solar Panel – it catches the sunlight as a source of radiant energy, which is then
turned into direct current power.
Lead Acid Battery – a rechargeable battery that using lead and sulfuric acid to
powered. Used to restore power from the solar panel.
Inverter – an electronic device that convert Direct Current to Alternating Current.
Hyacinth Bank – served as the catcher of the fiber extracted.
Ball Bearing – to support the spinning shafts connected to the roller blades to
reduce the friction between shafts and stationary machine parts.
Wheel – used to meet the portability of the machine.
Automatic Voltage Regulator – to regulate the voltage output of the inverter to
the motor.
Solar Charger Controller – to keep the battery from overcharging by regulating
the voltage and current coming from the solar panel to the battery.
APPENDIX E
MATERIALS COST
Table 4.1 Project Material Cost
MATERIALS QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST

(PHP) (PHP)
ANGLE BAR 1 Pc 3/16 x2 440 440
1 pc 1/8x1 195 195
4 pc 1/8x1 ½ 240 960
FLAT BAR 1 pc 1/6x1 240 240
1 pc 3/16x2 310 310
CHINT METAL 1pc 105 105
CABLE TIE 1 pack 4 x 150 (B) 20 20
l-2000
RUBBER 6 pcs 45 270
BUSHING
RUBBER WHEEL 2 pcs 3inches 58 116
2 pcs 3 inches w/ 108 216
breaks.
WELDING ROD 2 kg 120 240
S WIRES 4 meters 30 120
HT ASS SCREW 4 5.82 23.8
REBORING 1 700 700
PULLEY
BLIND RIVET 1 box 157 157
DRILL BIT 2 pcs 80 160
SQUARE 2 pcs 6.13 12.26
HEADSET SREW
SPRAY PAINT Primer gray 1 pc 120 230
Silver 1 pc 110
WIRE 2 meters 250 500
TERMINALS 4cs 50 200
SHAFTING 3.5 meters 70 245
FLAT BELT w/o 2 pcs 200 400
teeth
GRINDER DISK Cutting 2 pcs 38 76
2 pcs maxco gold 12 24
FLANGE BOLT 8 pcs 5.19 41.52
FLANGE NUT 8 pcs 4.40 35.2
WASHER 8 pcs 0.83 6.64
STEEL MATTING 1 pc 250 250
PILLOW BLOCK 2 pcs 270 540
SOLAR PANEL 1 pc
120 watts
BATTERY 65A 5000 5000
CONTROLLER 1 pc
30A 1 pc
INVERTER 2000 1 pc 3000 3000
WATTS
ELECTRIC 1pc 3000 3000
MOTOR
PULLEY 1 pc small 350 350
1 pc big 450 450
TOTAL PHP 18,632.7
MATERIAL COST
APPENDIX F
SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENTS
Table 4.2 Specifications of Solar Panel
Specifications Output
Peak Power 120 W
Maximum Power Voltage 18.45 V
Maximum Power Current 6.50 A
Open Circuit Voltage 21.97 V
Short Circuit Current 6.96 A
Dimensions 1126x666x35mm
Table 4.3 Specifications of Lead Acid Battery
Maximum Voltage 12 V
Battery Capacity 65 Ah
Depth of Discharge (DoD) 50%
Table 4.4 Specifications of AC Motor
Power 0.5 HP
Current 4.3 A
Speed 1420 RPM
Table 4.5 Specifications of Inverter
Power 2000 Watts
Voltage 12 V
Table 4.6 Specifications of Solar Charger Controller
Charge Current 10 A
Discharge Current 10 A
Weight 132 g
Table 4.7 Specifications of AVR
Voltage Input 220 V
Voltage Output 220 V
Table 4.8 Specifications of Pulley
Driven Pulley Diameter 200 mm
Driver Pulley Diameter 76.4 mm
Table 4.9 Specifications of Belt
Type Flat Belt
Length 1,906.59 mm
Width 12.7 mm
Thick 7.92 mm
Weight 0.168 kg
Table 4.10 Specifications of Pillow Block
Inside Diameter 25 mm
Centre Height 36.5 mm
Mount Hole Size 13 mm
APPENDIX G
OPERATIONAL GUIDE
Controls & Main Parts
1. Solar Panel
2. Solar Charge Controller
3. Battery
4. Inverter
5. AVR
6. Electric Motor
Preparation
1. Turn on the Inverter
2. Turn on the AVR
3. Plug the main plug of the machine to the outlet
Instruction
1. On the toggle switch to start the machine
2. Off the switch of the main plug and on the switch of the battery while the drum
extractor is spinning
Safety Precautions
- Do not on the switch of the main plug and the battery switch at the same time to
avoid fuse.
- Make sure when you are using the battery the main switch is off and vice versa
APPENDIX H
ECONOMIC STUDY
Total Project Cost
Materials Cost 18,632.7 Php
Fabrication Cost 5,000.00 Php
Contingency Cost (10% of Project Cost) + 1,863.27 Php
Total Project Cost 25,495.97 Php
Cost and Benefits Analysis
a. Power Bill
0.5Hp 3.70 KWh
1 kWh 9.66 Php
1 year x 260 working days
Power Bill 9,292.92 Php per year
b. One Operator Salary
Rate per day 350 Php
1 year x 260 working days
One Operator Salary 91,000.00 Php per year
c. Total Maintenance
For Solar Panel 2,500.00 Php
For AC Motor 3,500.00 Php
For Battery 5,000.00 Php
For Inverter + 2,000.00 Php
Total Maintenance 13,000.00 Php per year
d. Savings
Power Bill 9,292.92 Php
One Operator Salary 91,000.00 Php
Maintenance + 13,000.00 Php
Savings 113,292.92 Php per year
e. Depreciation Cost
Original Cost 25,495.97 Php
Salvage Value (50% of Original Cost) - 12,747.99 Php
12,747.99 Php
Useful Life ÷ 5 years
Depreciation Cost 2,549.60 Php
f. Total Savings
Expenses 13,000.00 Php
+ 2,549.60 Php
15,549.60 Php
Savings - 113,292.92 Php
Total Savings 97,743.32 Php per year
Return of Investment
Total Project Cost −Total Savings

ROI = x 100
Total Savings
25,495.97 Php−97,743.32 Php
ROI = x 100
97,743.32 Php
Return of Investment 73.91 %
Payback Period
Total Project Cost 25,495.97 Php
Total Saving ÷ 97,743.32 Php
Payback Period 3.1 months
APPENDIX I
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
The researcher uses the method of an interview questionnaire with 25
respondents from the resident of Barangay Ambulong to determine the problem
that they have encountered from the overspreading Water Hyacinths.
Table 4.11 Interview Questions
Interview Questions Interview Answers
1. Did you encounter any Yes No Maybe
problems caused by the
overspreading of water hyacinth?
Number of respondents
2. If yes, please specify or Flooding Bad Mosquitoe Nuisances
describe the problem you’ve odor s the fishes
encountered.
3. In terms of Flooding, what is Clean the canal Remove the water None
the action you do to prevent this? connected to the hyacinth manually
lake
4. In terms of Bad odor, what is Reducing the Remove the water None
the action you do to prevent this? garbage from the hyacinth manually
lake
5. In terms of Mosquitoes, what is Pump the Remove the water None
the action you do to prevent this? mosquitoes hyacinth manually
control product
6. In terms of Nuisances the Clean the canal Remove the water None
fishes, what is the action you do connected to the hyacinth manually
to prevent this? lake
APPENDIX J
INTERVIEW RESULTS
The researcher uses the method of an interview questionnaire with 25
respondents from the resident of Barangay Ambulong to determine the problem
that they have encountered from the overspreading Water Hyacinths.
Table 4.12 Interview Results
Interview Questions Interview Answers
1. Did you encounter any Yes No Maybe
problems caused by the
overspreading of water hyacinth?
Number of respondents 22 3 0
2. If yes, please specify or Flooding Bad Mosquitoe Nuisances
describe the problem you’ve odor s the fishes
encountered.
Number of respondents 12 8 22 22
3. In terms of Flooding, what is Clean the canal Remove the water None
the action you do to prevent this? connected to the hyacinth manually
lake
4. In terms of Bad odor, what is Reducing the Remove the water None
the action you do to prevent this? garbage from the hyacinth manually
lake
5. In terms of Mosquitoes, what is Pump the Remove the water None
the action you do to prevent this? mosquitoes hyacinth manually
control product
6. In terms of Nuisances the Clean the canal Remove the water None
fishes, what is the action you do connected to the hyacinth manually
to prevent this? lake
APPENDIX K
COMMUNICATION LETTER
Figure 4.15 Permission Letter to Harvest on Brgy. Ambulong Shore
APPENDIX L
DOCUMENTATION OF THE DATA GATHERING
Figure 4.16 Closer View of Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore August 2022
Figure 4.17 Closer View of Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore February 2023
Figure 4.18 Far View of Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore
Figure 4.19 Harvesting on Brgy. Ambulong Selected Shore
Figure 4.20 Harvested Sacks
Figure 4.21 Measuring the Physical Properties of WH Stalks
Figure 4.22 Litmus Paper Test Color Result
Figure 4.23 pH Scale Color Coding
(Source: shutterstock.com)
APPENDIX M
EXTRACTION TEST
Figure 4.24 Extractor Design with 7 Blades
Figure 4.25 Fiber Extracted with 7 Blades
The researchers conducted a trial and error to determine which extraction
procedure that will produce a good quality of fiber. Table 4.13 shows the extraction
time of five sacks of water hyacinths stalk, where the stalk is fed to the roller
blades one time only. While Table 4.14 shows the extraction time of five sacks of
water hyacinths stalk, where the stalks are fed to the roller blades two times.
Therefore, the researcher will use the data collected from Table 4.14 is used for
the data calculations.
Table 4.13 Five Sacks of Extracted Fiber One time
Sacks Extraction Time Number of Stalks
1st 7:05.89 123
2nd 6:56.25 125
3rd 6:49.45 124
4th 7:04.72 126
5th 7:01.51 139
Average Total 7:24.16 127
Table 4.14 Five Sacks of Extracted Fiber Two times
Sacks Extraction Time Number of Stalks
1st 13:55.05 125
2nd 14:17.08 128
3rd 14:06.67 130
4th 14:28.81 127
5th 15:31.66 139
Average Total 14:27.85 130
Table 4.15 Extraction Time for One stalk
Trial Input Average Time
Extracted One time 14.36 s
Extracted Two times 24.05 s
Table 4.16 Extraction Time for Five stalk
Trial Input Average Time
Extracted One time 23.16 s
Extracted Two times 33.05 s
Table 4.13 and 4.14 shows different extraction, where the table 4.13 has a
quick extraction but did not meet the fiber quality expectations, therefore table 4.14
shows that extracting time has a bit slower than table 4.13 but it met expectations
of fiber quality.
The researcher documented the result of extracted fiber that will show
below. Figure 4.22 shows the outcome of fiber extracted that fed on the roller
blades one time, while figure 4.23 shows the outcome of fiber extracted that fed on
the roller blades two times. After the mechanical extraction process, it will proceed

to the brushing method to lessen the excess fibers of the stalks, in which shows on
the figure 4.24. Then, figure 4.25 shows the fiber extracted two times after
brushing result.
Figure 4.26 Extracted Fiber One Time Outcome
Figure 4.27 Extracted Fiber Two Times Outcome

Figure 4.26 Fiber Extracted Before Brushing
Figure 4.29 Fiber Extracted After Brushing
Figure 4.30 Fiber Extracted After Drying

REFERENCES
 Water lily-infested Laguna Lake to get DENR`s attention next (2021, June
14) Manila Bulletin.https://mb.com.ph/2021/06/14/water-lily-riddled-laguna-
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 What are fishing nets made of? JOE`S HUNTING & FISHING GEAR. What
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 Rotating blade for natural fiber extraction machine,
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/6637?seq=2

 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard,
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%20Development%20of%20a%20Smallscale%20Machine%20for
%20Extraction%20and%20Brushing%20of%20Sisal%20Fiber.pdf?
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Manual, 13th Edition. Page 54-16


Solar Powered Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction Machine Group 6 - Limboran Nacilo An Consumido

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SOLAR-POWERED PORTABLE WATER HYACINTH FIBER EXTRACTION

A Design Project Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Engineering

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA – Calamba Campus

The Requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Limboran, Jan Muller L.

This undergraduate research design entitled “Solar Powered Portable

Limboran, Jarish M. Nacilo-an, and Aeron S. Consumido as a partial fulfillment of

requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering has

Engr. Mark Darwin Sonido, ME

ORAL EXAMINATION COMMITTEE

Approved by the Oral Examination with a grade of ________.

to all the future mechanical engineers

to all Engineering Faculty

to their friends, beloved ones, and to themselves

and most especially, to Almighty God.

Mechanical Engineering | iii

Title of the Study : Solar-Powered Portable Water Hyacinth Fiber Extraction

Researchers : Aeron S. Consumido

Jan Muller L. Limboran

Adviser : Engr. Mark Darwin Sonido, ME

The Solar-Powered Portable Water Hyacinths Fiber Extraction Machine produced

to pull the extractor drum smoothly.

To all our parents, friends, and professors, we are incredibly appreciative of

hearts, we greatly appreciate it.

To all the people of Barangay Ambulong, Barangay officers, and residents,

we appreciated their participation and granting us the opportunity to offer what is

assistance, and lessons, for instructing and guiding us.

To our dearest friends, who supported us in the planning and completion of

the study and who had faith in us to complete it.

Description Page No.

LIST OF TABLES xii

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

Review of Related Literature and Studies 11

Statement of the Problem 8

Scope and Delimitation 10

Significance of the Study 9

The Project Design 32

Data Gathering Procedure 41

Statistical Treatment of Data 42

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43

Growth Rate of Water Hyacinths 43

Material Properties of Water Hyacinth Stalks 46

Performance of Existing Fiber Extraction Process 47

Process Improvements for Solar-Powered Portable

Water Hyacinth Extraction Machine 52

4. Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations 55

Mechanical Engineering | vii

Mechanical Engineering | viii

Figure No. Page No.

1.1. Water Hyacinth 1

1.2 Actual Water Hyacinth Plant 2

1.3 Taal Lake Map 3

1.4 Whole area of Barangay Ambulong 5

1.5 Selected Shore of Barangay Ambulong 5

1.6 Actual photo of Barangay Ambulong selected lake shore 6

1.7 Africa’s Water Hyacinths Situation 13

1.8 Filipino Man surrounded by Water Hyacinth in the Philippines 16

1.9 Growth Rate of Water Hyacinth affected by different pH level 18

note the source

1.10 Average High and Low Temperature in Tanauan in Graph 19

1.11 Chemical Fiber Extraction Process Procedure 21