Cells

- Define unicellular organism and multicellular organism.

- List examples of unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms
Unicellular organism Multicellular organism

Definition Made up of only ONE cell that carries out ALL Made up of more than one cells that take on
of the functions specialized functions.

Examples Bacteria, protozoa Plants, human, animals

Digestive system
- Describe the functions of digestive system.
o Ingest food
o Break down food
o Move through digestive tract
o Absorb digested food and water
o Eliminates waste materials
- List the organs of the digestive tract from start to finish.
o Mouth  Oesophagus  Stomach  Small intestine (Duodenum, ileum, jejunum)  Large
intestine (colon, rectum, and anal canal)  Anus
- List the organs of the digestive system that are not part of the digestive tract.
o Pancreas, liver and gallbladder
- Distinguish between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

o
- Explain what happens to the epiglottis when you eat.
o Covers trachea as you swallow
- Define peristalsis.
o the process of pushing food through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of
muscles.
- Describe the functions of villi
o increases the surface area for absorption
o enables a shorter diffusion path
- Be able to label the digestive system
 o
Respiratory system
- Write a word equation for the respiration process and describe the process.
o Respiration refers to the series of chemical changes that take place in cells to release energy
o Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)
- What is the alternative name for blood sugar?
o Glucose
- Identify the main structures of the respiratory system
o 1. the airway – carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior
o 2. the lungs – act as the functional unit - passing oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the
body
o 3. the muscles – act as a pump, pushing air into and out of the lungs during breathing
- Describe the path of air coming in and out of the respiratory system.
o Nose/mouth  Pharynx (throat)  Larynx (voice box)  Trachea (windpipe)  Bronchi 
Bronchioles Alveoli  Bronchioles  Bronchi  Trachea (windpipe)  Larynx (voice box) 
Pharynx (throat)  Nose/mouth
- Describe the movement of air, diaphragm and intercostal muscles during inhalation and exhalation.
o During inspiration (inhalation), the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.
o During exhalation, these muscles relax. The diaphragm comes upwards.

o
- Describe how gas exchange takes place in alveoli.
o inhaled oxygen moves from the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries ( oxygenated blood), and
carbon dioxide moves from the blood (deoxygenated blood) in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli.
- Be able to label the respiratory system
 o

Circulatory system
- Describe the functions of the circulatory system
o 1. moving chemicals around your body,
o 2. carrying oxygen, nutrients and water to all the cells
o 3. removing wastes from the cells
- Explain the structures and function for each types of the blood vessel

o
- List and describe the components of blood in mammals

o
- The heart is made of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle.
- Define double circulatory system
o Blood passes through the heart twice on every full circuit of the body  This is called a double
circulatory system
- Describe how the circulatory system work in terms of the direction of blood flow.
 1. Right ventricle pumps
deoxygenated blood
to the lungs through
pulmonary artery.

2. Gas exchange happens

in the lungs.
(deoxygenated blood
 oxygenated blood)

3. Oxygenated blood
flows back to the left
atrium through veins,
then flows to the left
ventricle.

4. Left ventricle pumps

oxygenated blood to
the body through
aorta.

5. Oxygen and nutrient

are used by the body
cells. Wastes are
diffused to the blood.

6. Deoxygenated blood flows back to the right atrium through veins, then flows to the right ventricle.

- Be able to label the heart and the direction of blood flow.

o
- Name the four chambers of human heart.
o Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle
- Compare and contrast ventricle and atrium of the human heart.
o Similarities:
 They are both chambers of the heart
 They are both separated by valves
 They both have a left and right section
o Differences
 The atria have thinner walls than the ventricles
  The atria collect blood and the ventricles pump the blood
- There are THREE main phases of the human heartbeat.

Excretory system and urinary system

1. Define defecation and Excretion
o Defecation: The process of getting rid of solid waste
o Excretion: The process of getting rid of the wastes that the body has produced
2. List the major organs of excretory system.
o Lungs, Kidneys, Liver, Skin
3. Describe the functions of the major excretory organs (including the types of waste removed)
o Lungs remove carbon dioxide and water from the blood
o Skin remove excess salts, urea, and water
o Kidney
 1: excretes urea
 2: control the level of water in the body.
 3: control salt levels in the blood.
o Liver remove
 1. poisonous substances from the digestive tract,
 2. excess amino acids from the blood
 3. breaks down unwanted hemoglobin from old RBCs to form bile
4. Outline the functions of the urinary system
o filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product
5. Understand the functions of the major organs in the urinary system
o Kidney  Filters the blood, controls salt level and excrete urea
o Ureter  A tube that transports urine from kidney to bladder
o Bladder  A muscular bag that holds and collects urine.
o Urethra  The tube which urine drains
o Sphincter muscle  A ring of muscle that closes the bladder
6. Discuss the difference between the excretory system and the urinary system
 o Urinary system is part of the excretory system
o Although the urinary system has a major role in excretion, other organs contribute to the excretory
function.
7. Identify the organs in the urinary tract
o Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra

Skeletal and Muscular system

1. Discuss the three main functions of the skeleton/ skeletal system
1. Movement
2. Support your soft tissues, holds your head up and protects your spinal cord
3. Protect your organs
2. Distinguish between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
a. Axial Skeleton  protect organs
b. Appendicular Skeleton  allow skeleton to move
3. Identify the element needed to maintain strong bones and to carry out many important functions.
a. Calcium
4. List the common name and scientific name of bones in our body.
 a.
5. Explain the difference between ligament and tendon.
a. Ligament  soft tissues that connect bone to bone
b. Tendon  soft tissues that attach muscles to bone
6. Identify and explain the four types of movable joint.

a.
7. Functions of muscles/muscular system
1. Move limbs
2. Force fluids through the body  e.g. peristalsis
3. Hold organs in place and maintain our posture
8. Types of muscles
a. Skeletal or voluntary muscle
b. Smooth or involuntary muscles
c. Cardiac muscle
9. Describe how antagonist pairs work together to move muscles.
a. In an antagonistic muscle pair as one muscle contracts the other muscle relaxes or lengthens

Reproductive system
1. Name the male and female reproductive cell.
o Male  sperm; Female  egg
2. Outline the life cycle of a frog.
 o external fertilisation
3. Outline the functions of male and female reproductive organs.

4. Differentiate between fertilisation and implantation.

o Fertilisation of the egg occurs when the sperm meets the egg in the fallopian tube of the woman.
o This blastocyst travels to the uterus and is implanted in the lining of uterus  implantation
5. Outline the function of placenta.
o The baby receives nutrients through the placenta. The placenta is the connection between the
mother and the baby, for nutrients and oxygen

Unit 8.1 – igneous rocks

- Three types of rocks  Igneous, sedimentary, metaphoric
o Be able to identify the rocks based on their features
HINT: Key terms to look for during exams
 Igneous Extrusive, intrusive, first rock, lava, magma, crystals
sedimentary Cementing particles, cemented, fossils, layered
metaphoric Extreme heat and pressure
- Difference between rock and mineral
o Mineral is a naturally occurring liquid or solid in the earth’s crust, not including oil or coal; A rock is
an aggregate of one or more minerals
- Structure of the Earth
o Crust  mantle  outer core  inner core


Structure of the Earth Description
1. Crust Solid layer, least dense
lithosphere Composed of crust and upper solid mantle
2. Mantle Under crust
Asthenosphere (upper mantle) Composed of plastic rock
Mesosphere (Lower mantle) Liquid
Core Outer + inner core  gives Earth its magnetic field
Outer core Solid
Inner core Solid
- The first rocks formation
o igneous rock  material called magma cooled and solidified
- Magma and lava
o Magma is very hot molten (melted) rock.
o If the magma reaches the surface, it is known as Lava.
- Different types of igneous rock (extrusive, intrusive) – crystal size, formation, examples
Intrusive rocks Extrusive rocks
formation Intrusive igneous rocks form from the Extrusive igneous rocks form from the
cooling and hardening of magma cooling and hardening of lava on the
below the surface of the earth surface of the Earth
Crystal size Large crystals Crystals are fine-grained
Examples Granite, gabbro Basalt, rhyolite
- Crystal size and cooling time
o Magma cooling quickly  not enough time to grow crystals  small crystals or no crystals 
extrusive rocks
- How igneous rocks are classified  colour & texture

Unit 8.2 – weathering

- Definition of weathering
o The physical and chemical processes that can break down rocks
 - Physical weathering
Type of physical weathering
Temperature change
Water and Ice action
Description
If the temperature change is very fast, the expansion and contraction of rocks can
crack them
Ice can split rocks or widen cracks in rocks if water gets into cracks and freezes.

Crystallisation of salts When that water enters the rock and evaporates, the salts left behind can form
crystals, this can put pressure on the rocks and break pieces off it.
Wind Fine rock particles (e.g. sand) carried by wind can cause weathering  blasting the
rock surface.
Living plants Plant roots can grow in between rocks and split them.

- Chemical weathering
Type of chemical weathering Description
Gases Oxygen and carbon dioxide can react with various types of rocks.
Acid Acid rain contains acids, and this can cause a chemical change in some rocks.
Water Some rocks have soluble materials in them, water can dissolve minerals and other
chemicals from rocks, making them more brittle and easier to crumble.

- Erosion
o Erosion is the removal of weathered rock particles from the site of the weathering.

- Deposition
o Deposition occurs when small particles of rocks are dropped or deposited somewhere.

Unit 8.3 - Sedimentary rocks

- Definition of sedimentary rocks
o Rocks that form by the accumulation of plant or animal debris, which is cemented together.
 - 3 types of sedimentary rocks
Type of Description Examples
rocks
Clastic - Layers - Breccia,
- The grains of sediment are cemented together sandstone,
- May contain fossils shale
Chemical - Rarely layer up - Limestone,
- May contain fossils Halite
Organic - Made from organic matter (plant or animal) - Coal
- Can be layered
- Usually soft

- Conditions for the formation of fossils

o 1. The dead organism is not eaten by scavengers
o 2. The organism decays slowly
o 3. The organism is quickly covered in sediment
o * Soft parts decay and only the skeleton fossilises

- Rock strata and law of superposition

o Strata is a set of layers of sedimentary rocks
o If the strata is undisturbed the oldest layers are on the bottom and the newest on top  law of
superposition

Skills in Science
- Different types of graphs
 o

o Pie graph 

o Line graph 

- Analysing graphs – pie graph

- Analysing graphs – line graph

o
o Describe the overall trend shown in the graph.
 ANS: The height of the plant increased as the time increased
o Identify the height of the plant on day 3.
 ANS: 10 cm
o Extract the change in height of the plant between day 4 and 6.
 ANS: 10 cm
o Analyse the graph and extrapolate the temperature the water will reach on day 8
 ANS: 30 cm
- Analysing tables
 o
o Identify the day that had the most number of pizza sold. [ANS: Thursday]

- Constructing a column or bar graph

o Checklist:
o Label both the vertical and horizontal axes.
o appropriate scale on both axes.
o appropriate title.
o Columns are equally spaced apart.
o Each column has the same width.
o Columns are vertical (column graph) or horizontal (bar graph)

- Constructing a scientific table

o Checklist:
o enclosed table
o appropriate number of columns
o column headers with units
o A descriptive title

- Variables
o Be able to identify the variables
o Independent variable  the variable that is altered during a scientific experiment.
o Dependent variable  the variable being tested or measured during a scientific experiment.
o Controlled variable  a variable that is kept the same during a scientific experiment.
- Lab safety
o Wear safety classes at all time
o Don't Eat or Drink in the Lab
o Don’t taste or sniff chemicals
- Assess the validity, accuracy and reliability of the experiment
Reliability – consistency with which we can confirm a result  usually achieved by repetition
 “Have I tested with repetition?”
 “Does it give the same or a similar result when you repeat the experiment?
 If yes, then this experiment is reliable
Validity – A procedure is valid if it tests what it is supposed to be testing
 “Does my procedure actually test the hypothesis that I want it to?”
 “Have all the variable been identified and Controlled?”
 If yes, then this experiment is reliable
Accuracy – The exactness or precision of a measurement
 “How close the measurement is to the value expected from theory?”
 Any error?
 If yes, then this experiment is accurate